Review of the Effect of Heterogeneity on Wireless Sensor Networks: A Topological Perspective

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are critical for IoT, smart cities, smart health, and other smart services. Network characteristics such as energy consumption, latency, dependability, and stability have a significant impact on WSN performance. However, the numerous capabilities of the nodes, as well as the adjustment of different properties, result in a heterogeneous network. A proper classification, assessment, and management of this heterogeneity are crucial for a long-term network operation. This article gives a full topological taxonomy of heterogeneity, as well as a detailed discussion on the effect of heterogeneity on many aspects of WSN. Comparative analysis of the effect of heterogeneity on different parameters of network performance establishes the advantage of heterogeneous WSN in modern networks. Different measurement methodologies for the estimation of heterogeneity are included in the paper. Relevance of properly managed heterogeneity in the state-of-the-art technologies are presented as the possible future applications.