Ligand-responsive groove remodelling in human and macaque CD1d reveals a conserved MHC-like gating mechanism

Abstract CD1d presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. We determined a high-resolution crystal structure of human CD1d bound to α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) at 1.76 Å, enabling detailed investigation of ligand-sensitive conformational flexibility at Phe84, a conserved aromatic residue that caps the F′ groove. Electron density at Phe84 revealed multiple side-chain conformations, suggestive of ligand-induced plasticity. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the canonical rotamer is energetically favoured in the absence of a stabilising groove-occupying ligand. To assess conservation of this putative gating mechanism, we solved the first CD1d structure from a non-human primate, rhesus macaque CD1d-α-GalCer, at 1.83 Å resolution. In contrast to the human complex, Phe84 in macaque CD1d adopted a fixed conformation. As this aromatic residue is conserved across CD1 isoforms and CD1d-expressing species, and mirrors gating residues in MHC class I that regulate peptide accommodation, our findings support a shared evolutionary strategy for managing antigen diversity. These data provide critical insight into the mechanisms of antigen presentation by CD1 molecules. Significance Statement This study reveals that Phe84, a conserved aromatic residue in CD1d, may act as a ligand-responsive gate modulating F′ groove accessibility. This conditional plasticity could enable binding of structurally diverse lipid antigens and appears conserved across CD1 isoforms. The mechanism parallels class I MHC, where gating residues regulate peptide presentation, suggesting an evolutionarily shared strategy for accommodating antigen diversity. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes ↵* Joint senior authors Competing Interest Statement: All other authors declare no conflict of interest.