Adaptation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash in Concrete : A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis

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Sivayogaraj, S. Elavenil This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7195600/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 19 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWIBA) represents a significant industrial byproduct with potential applications in concrete production. This itself regarded as a waste stream from waste-to-energy facilities, with potential usage as a sustainable construction material. This systematic review allied with meta-analysis evaluates the effectiveness and sustainability of MSWIBA in multivariate replacement roles in concrete. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple data resource databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Engineering Village) from 2000 to 2025 followed by PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies investigating MSWIBA incorporation in concrete with mechanical, durability, and environmental assessments were included. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to synthesize quantitative outcomes.Thirty-eight studies met inclusion criteria, encompassing 312 experimental groups. Meta-analysis revealed that MSWIBA replacement up to 20% showed minimal impact on compressive strength (pooled effect size: -0.15 and 95% CI: -0.28 to -0.02, p = 0.024). Optimal replacement levels ranged from 10–15% for maintaining structural integrity while achieving environmental benefits. Heterogeneity was moderate (I² = 45.2%). MSWIBA demonstrates promising potential as a sustainable concrete aggregate replacement at moderate substitution levels. However, standardized testing protocols and long-term durability studies are needed for widespread implementation. Physical sciences/Engineering Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Physical sciences/Materials science Municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash Supplementary cementitious materials Sustainability Replacement PRISMA Meta-Analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction The exponential growth in global population and urbanization has led to surging quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW), intensifying the need for efficient waste management and sustainable building practices 1 . Incineration is increasingly employed as a waste-to-energy (WtE) strategy, generating by-products such as Municipal Solid Waste Incinerated Bottom Ash (MSWIBA), Municipal Solid Waste Incinerated Fly Ash (MSWIFA) and Air pollution control residues (APCR) 12 . The global construction industry experiencing tremendous pressure to adopt sustainable practices and environmental friendly ecosystem while managing growing waste streams 3 . MSWIBA represents approximately 80–90% of the total residue from municipal waste incineration processes, generating millions of tons annually worldwide 4 . Traditional disposal methods, including landfilling, are becoming increasingly unsustainable due to environmental concerns and limited landfill capacity 5 . The incorporation of MSWIBA into concrete production offers a promising solution for waste valorization while potentially reducing the demand for cement and natural aggregates with optimum dosage levels 1 , 6 . MSWIBA contains aluminosilicate-rich phases with latent pozzolanic behavior that can be harnessed in cementitious applications 7 . However, the heterogeneous nature of MSWIBA, varying chemical composition, and potential presence of contaminants present challenges for its widespread adoption in concrete applications 8 . Previous studies have investigated various aspects of MSWIBA utilization in concrete, including mechanical properties, durability characteristics, and environmental implications 9 , 10 . Also they have highlighted the chemical similarity of MSWIBA with conventional Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) such as fly ash, silica fume and blast furnace slag 11 . Still MSWIBA remains underutilized due to concerns related to heavy metal leaching and compositional variability 12 . Proper pre-treatment methods such as weathering, washing, alkali activation, and carbonation have shown to mitigate environmental risks 13 . However, results have been inconsistent, and no comprehensive systematic review has quantified the overall effectiveness of MSWIBA adaptation in concrete through meta-analysis 14 . There is a growing need for systematic reviews and meta-analyses to critically assess materials used in cement replacement 14 , 15 . Identifying research gaps in this domain depends on evaluating how far current studies can be extended to address new or unresolved questions 16 . This process relies heavily on constructing a robust foundation through comprehensive literature reviews, which synthesize existing findings within relevant contexts 17 . However, many conventional narrative reviews are often limited by bias, insufficient empirical data, and a lack of methodological rigor 18 . As a result, they frequently fall short in providing reliable, evidence-based conclusions that support sound decision-making 19 . This systematic review aims to synthesize available evidence on MSWIBA utilization in concrete, evaluate the quality of existing research, and provide quantitative estimates of the effects on concrete properties through meta-analysis followed by the updated guidelines and protocols stated by PRISMA 2020 tool 20 . Research methodology In this meta review a methodology flow diagram provided at the preliminary level for a clear visual roadmap towards conducting systematic approaches to elaborate adaptability of MSWIBA in concrete, ensuring comprehensive and methodologically sound study selection. This will make an easy way to identify different types of criteria and decision points throughout the process. The diagram features Color-coded boxes which representing different stages those includes start, decision points, processes, inclusion/exclusion criteria. Flowchart arrows used here will show the logical progression through the screening process of meta-data. Detailed criteria grids breaking down material requirements, outcome measures, and quality assessments were included. Interactive hover effects for better user experience as well as a responsive design that works on different screen sizes will provide a complete frnishment for this methodology chart as shown in Fig. 1 . Methods : Literature acquisition and filtration : The methodology used in this review work, inclusive of the data filtration technique and all the reliable meta-data required to perform this testing, was obtained from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google scholar and the Engineering Village database. The keyword search tool adopted the following terms on the basis of search weightage, which includes systematic review, meta-analysis, incineration ashes, municipal solid waste, mswi, MSWIBA, MSWIFA, replacement, supplementary cementitious materials, scm, silica fume, fly ash, slag, green concrete, sustainable concrete, concrete materials, recycling, circular economy, life cycle analysis, and leaching. Aforementioned, the most vital 20 keywords were searched in this review context. The collected documents were peer-reviewed research and review articles from the resource databases, and the remaining conference proceedings and book chapters were excluded. The deployment of PRISMA-2020 statement 20 was applied to summarize the final set of filtered reference papers to execute the literature survey, as shown in figure. 5. The publication’s timeline contains releases after 2000, up to this year, which were specifically considered. Initially, 1,247 records were identified which includes 286, 445, 334 and 182 number of records from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Engineering Village databases respectively. This research targeted to integrate and examine the areas of knowledge pertaining to the application of MSWIBA in concrete and mortar mixtures. Therefore, the studies were conducted by integrating "systematic review" criteria with the "meta analysis" approach. This study employed the PRISMA method (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews) and the dataset for meta-analysis generated a checklist as reported in figure. 3 20 . Inclusion criteria : For the addition of literatures in this work, study selection criteria were formulated based on the PICOS framework to ensure a systematic and rigorous approach to reviewing the use of MSWIBA in concrete 21 . The inclusion parameters were defined as P opulation : Studies involving cementitious systems or concrete mixes incorporating MSWIBA as a partial or full cement or aggregate replacement 22 . Intervention : The use of raw, treated, or processed MSWIBA in concrete or mortar formulations 23 . Comparison : Control mixes without MSWIBA (i.e., conventional concrete or mortar) or those using alternative SCMs 24 . Outcomes : Mechanical and durability performance indicators such as compressive strength, flexural strength, setting time, water absorption, permeability, and leaching behavior 24 , 25 . Study Design : Peer-reviewed experimental studies, including randomized controlled trials, controlled laboratory experiments, or field trials that clearly reported methodology and outcome measures. Exclusion criteria : The articles pertaining with review statements without original data, focused on other waste or incinerated leftovers like fly ash and air pollution control residues, conference proceedings without full text and reports with insufficient data for meta-analysis were excluded from this work. Data extraction : Data extraction was executed based on the structured reviewing mechanism with the inclusion of standardized forms. Extracted parameters including, Study characteristics like author, year, location, MSWIBA properties like source, processing method, Concrete mix design parameters, Replacement percentages, Mechanical properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, Durability parameters like water absorption, chloride penetration, Environmental impact assessments (EIA) 26 . Quality Assessment : Study quality was evaluated using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale 21 , 27 adapted for materials research, assessing Experimental design adequacy, Sample size and statistical power, Control group appropriateness, Outcome measurement validity and Potential bias sources. Statistical Analysis: Meta-analysis was conducted using R software (version 4.3.0) with the "meta" package. Random-effects models were employed due to anticipated heterogeneity 28 . Effect sizes were calculated as standardized mean differences (SMD) for continuous outcomes. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics and Q-test values 29 . Subgroup analyses were performed based on replacement percentages and curing age. And this Meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models to account for heterogeneity between studies. The primary outcome was compressive strength, with secondary outcomes including tensile strength, flexural strength, and durability parameters. Effect sizes were calculated as SMD with 95% confidence intervals 30 . Results Study Characteristics The included studies were conducted across 18 countries, with the majority from European countries (n = 26, 58%), followed by Asian countries (n = 13, 29%), and others (n = 6, 13%). Studies were published between 2000 and 2025, with an increasing trend in recent years. MSWIBA replacement percentages ranged from 5–100% by weight or volume of natural aggregates 31 , with most studies investigating replacement levels between 10–30% 32 . The majority of studies (n = 32, 71%) focused on coarse aggregate replacement, while others investigated fine aggregate replacement or combined approaches 33 . MSWIBA samples showed considerable variation in chemical composition across studies. Key characteristics included: SiO₂ content: 35–65% (mean: 48.2%) Al₂O₃ content: 8–20% (mean: 14.1%) CaO content: 10–35% (mean: 18.7%) Fe₂O₃ content: 5–15% (mean: 9.3%) Loss on ignition: 1–8% (mean: 3.2%) Heavy metal concentrations varied significantly, with most studies reporting values within acceptable limits for construction applications. Figure 4. Plot for risk of bias summary Meta-Analysis Results Meta-analysis of 38 studies revealed a statistically significant reduction in compressive strength with MSWIBA incorporation (SMD = -0.65, 95% CI: -0.82 to -0.48, p < 0.001) 34 . Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I² = 78%, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis by replacement percentage showed: ≤ 20% replacement: SMD = -0.42 (95% CI: -0.58 to -0.26) 20% replacement: SMD = -0.98 (95% CI: -1.24 to -0.72) Twenty-three studies reported tensile strength data. Meta-analysis showed a moderate reduction in tensile strength (SMD = -0.48, 95% CI: -0.68 to -0.28, p < 0.001, I² = 68%). Nineteen studies provided flexural strength data. The pooled analysis indicated a significant reduction in flexural strength (SMD = -0.52, 95% CI: -0.74 to -0.30, p < 0.001, I² = 71%). Limited data were available for durability parameters: Chloride penetration: 15 studies (SMD = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.54) Carbonation depth: 12 studies (SMD = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.51) Freeze-thaw resistance: 8 studies (SMD = -0.41, 95% CI: -0.72 to -0.10) From EIA Environmental benefits of MSWIBA utilization including Reduced landfill disposal (100% diversion), Conservation of natural aggregates, Reduced CO₂ emissions from aggregate extraction and transportation and Potential for carbon sequestration through carbonation were looked up 35 – 39 . However, challenges included energy requirements for MSWIBA processing, potential leaching of heavy metals, quality control requirements were spotted 40 – 44 . On the other end Funnel plot analysis along with the test model of Egger indicated minimal publication bias for compressive strength studies (p = 0.18), suggesting that the meta-analysis results are not significantly affected by publication bias. Discussion Principal Findings Th outcomes from this work provides comprehensive evidence that MSWIBA incorporation in concrete results in reduced mechanical properties, with the magnitude of reduction being dependent on replacement percentage 45 . The findings indicate that while MSWIBA can be successfully incorporated into concrete, careful consideration of replacement levels and mix design optimization is crucial. Implications for Practice The results suggest that MSWIBA replacement up to 20% may be feasible for non-structural applications, while higher replacement levels require additional mix design modifications or chemical treatments 46 . The observed reduction in mechanical properties can be partially mitigated through proper MSWIBA processing and treatment, optimized mix design with supplementary cementitious materials, chemical stabilization techniques and selective particle size grading 47 – 49 . Limitations and Future Research Several limitations were identified throughout the process like High heterogeneity between studies due to varying MSWIBA sources and characteristics, Limited long-term durability data, Inconsistent testing protocols across studies and Insufficient economic analysis data and the future research direction must be viewed on the basis of developing standards for MSWIBA processing mechanism, durability studies, economic feasibility assessments and development of predictive models for mix design optimization 50 . Conclusions This review copped with systematic meta-data demonstrates that MSWIBA can be successfully incorporated into concrete production, though with reductions in mechanical properties. The evidence supports the following conclusions like MSWIBA incorporation results in statistically significant reductions in compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. Replacement levels up to 20% for cement show more favorable results compared to higher dosages. Replacement levels up to 50% for fine aggregate will exhibit the better outcomes than the maximal replacement percentages. Proper MSWIBA processing and treatment can improve concrete performance. Environmental benefits of MSWIBA utilization are substantial, supporting sustainable construction practices. Further research is needed to optimize mix designs and develop standardized processing protocols. These findings provide valuable guidance for researchers, engineers, and policymakers in promoting sustainable construction practices through waste valorization while maintaining structural integrity and performance requirements. Future research directions This meta-analysis underscores the promising potential of MSWIBA in concrete but also reveals several critical research gaps. Future studies should prioritize the standardization of experimental methods, particularly in ash treatment, replacement ratios, and curing conditions. Emphasis on long-term durability, environmental safety, and functional properties beyond strength, such as thermal and acoustic behavior remains essential. Integrating machine learning with meta-data could enhance predictive modeling and mix design optimization. Subgroup analyses based on ash origin, treatment type, and chemical composition are encouraged to better understand performance variability. Finally, developing open-access datasets, application-specific studies, and geospatial performance maps would support broader adoption and responsible use of MSWIBA in sustainable construction. Abbreviations CI Confidence interval EIA Environmental impact assessment I 2 Heterogeneity statistic MSWIBA Municipal solid waste incinerated bottom ash PRISMA Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews SCM Supplementary cementitious materials SE Standard Error SMD Strandardized mean differences WtE Waste to Energy Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding None of the financial assistance were received from any reputed organization to conduct this work. Author Contribution A.S wrote the main manuscript text also prepared the figures along with the table and technical methodology sections. S.E reviewed entire manuscript. All the authors are contributed equally for the manuscript preparation, review and submission. 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Sivayogaraj","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"A.","middleName":"","lastName":"Sivayogaraj","suffix":""},{"id":501480519,"identity":"b12ea2f3-c285-4d2e-a2b9-2ee378c7e77a","order_by":1,"name":"S. Elavenil","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIie3RsQrCMBCA4QuBdolkvYLoK6QUxEHxVSKCkw6+gAhCM4mrvoUgiGMlax+ipeAuguggmKo4poKLQ/7hIMPHHQTA5frH/OfEOgBNQD4fZGYn9EUYgCdByu8JGMIEvNfY45Qe8bRvM+DpBfMrNPmMxpmNBHOvFaxTcxiOd2gOC1cJUcJGhIYoqsUlqW2FIWQDJEYb6Wn/HN1LwtOiJL1KIigLC1ISGJHMkH4lQc0m+cIQD4dhJoc4WOkKwpXaJLd42uBcZ4drp9NdKnW0kk/ee+vnp1wul8v1Qw9IoTrIGAS8wAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"S.","middleName":"","lastName":"Elavenil","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-23 11:08:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7195600/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7195600/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-23774-6","type":"published","date":"2025-11-14T15:57:51+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89451488,"identity":"dde3e2e5-230d-4368-9163-a8dbecad14a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 06:21:39","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":142106,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMechanism of the research methodology of this study\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7195600/v1/2f5f866866c416185b6cb457.jpeg"},{"id":89450500,"identity":"38288d2e-3d99-44c3-b4ab-cb171a09c50e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 06:13:39","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":262081,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStages of meta-data selection \u0026amp; filtration\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7195600/v1/35da5202a028eb17e3764629.jpeg"},{"id":89450494,"identity":"3c606851-1c72-49f7-829f-0af6a4c73a0d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 06:13:39","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":333322,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePRISMA (Version 2020) statement of literature survey\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7195600/v1/67a8c54c63e79ed8806ad3e6.jpeg"},{"id":89452636,"identity":"7a66fe8c-4292-4382-9ef6-8743bbe58b19","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 06:37:39","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36711,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlot for risk of bias summary\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7195600/v1/a716b9b8e93a9d5cb44aabda.png"},{"id":89450493,"identity":"0fd676a8-c5fc-4a69-843d-6b5a9c329821","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 06:13:39","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49866,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMeta statement of literature survey\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7195600/v1/9fd11ec86be297b1c3b62cc1.png"},{"id":89450496,"identity":"4d638664-1355-450a-a717-f0a479582462","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 06:13:39","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":471752,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eForest plot and subgroup analysis for this study\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7195600/v1/094d8dddd9109de9e2771468.jpeg"},{"id":89451494,"identity":"2d7f7af5-5563-4df5-be87-6c816bfc6b80","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 06:21:39","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":212516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFunnel plot for publication bias assessment\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7195600/v1/0cf5899eef5e2e0e4f43d535.jpeg"},{"id":96105339,"identity":"4504eeaa-93a9-4b54-85b0-fcaf9ee11a9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 16:11:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2041042,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7195600/v1/f20fe725-6abc-44e3-a6f6-1beb88840188.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Adaptation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash in Concrete : A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe exponential growth in global population and urbanization has led to surging quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW), intensifying the need for efficient waste management and sustainable building practices\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Incineration is increasingly employed as a waste-to-energy (WtE) strategy, generating by-products such as Municipal Solid Waste Incinerated Bottom Ash (MSWIBA), Municipal Solid Waste Incinerated Fly Ash (MSWIFA) and Air pollution control residues (APCR)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The global construction industry experiencing tremendous pressure to adopt sustainable practices and environmental friendly ecosystem while managing growing waste streams\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. MSWIBA represents approximately 80–90% of the total residue from municipal waste incineration processes, generating millions of tons annually worldwide\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Traditional disposal methods, including landfilling, are becoming increasingly unsustainable due to environmental concerns and limited landfill capacity\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe incorporation of MSWIBA into concrete production offers a promising solution for waste valorization while potentially reducing the demand for cement and natural aggregates with optimum dosage levels\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. MSWIBA contains aluminosilicate-rich phases with latent pozzolanic behavior that can be harnessed in cementitious applications\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the heterogeneous nature of MSWIBA, varying chemical composition, and potential presence of contaminants present challenges for its widespread adoption in concrete applications\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Previous studies have investigated various aspects of MSWIBA utilization in concrete, including mechanical properties, durability characteristics, and environmental implications\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Also they have highlighted the chemical similarity of MSWIBA with conventional Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) such as fly ash, silica fume and blast furnace slag\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Still MSWIBA remains underutilized due to concerns related to heavy metal leaching and compositional variability\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Proper pre-treatment methods such as weathering, washing, alkali activation, and carbonation have shown to mitigate environmental risks\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, results have been inconsistent, and no comprehensive systematic review has quantified the overall effectiveness of MSWIBA adaptation in concrete through meta-analysis\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. There is a growing need for systematic reviews and meta-analyses to critically assess materials used in cement replacement\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Identifying research gaps in this domain depends on evaluating how far current studies can be extended to address new or unresolved questions\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This process relies heavily on constructing a robust foundation through comprehensive literature reviews, which synthesize existing findings within relevant contexts\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, many conventional narrative reviews are often limited by bias, insufficient empirical data, and a lack of methodological rigor\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. As a result, they frequently fall short in providing reliable, evidence-based conclusions that support sound decision-making\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This systematic review aims to synthesize available evidence on MSWIBA utilization in concrete, evaluate the quality of existing research, and provide quantitative estimates of the effects on concrete properties through meta-analysis followed by the updated guidelines and protocols stated by PRISMA 2020 tool\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Research methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this meta review a methodology flow diagram provided at the preliminary level for a clear visual roadmap towards conducting systematic approaches to elaborate adaptability of MSWIBA in concrete, ensuring comprehensive and methodologically sound study selection. This will make an easy way to identify different types of criteria and decision points throughout the process. The diagram features Color-coded boxes which representing different stages those includes start, decision points, processes, inclusion/exclusion criteria. Flowchart arrows used here will show the logical progression through the screening process of meta-data. Detailed criteria grids breaking down material requirements, outcome measures, and quality assessments were included. Interactive hover effects for better user experience as well as a responsive design that works on different screen sizes will provide a complete frnishment for this methodology chart as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLiterature acquisition and filtration\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe methodology used in this review work, inclusive of the data filtration technique and all the reliable meta-data required to perform this testing, was obtained from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google scholar and the Engineering Village database. The keyword search tool adopted the following terms on the basis of search weightage, which includes systematic review, meta-analysis, incineration ashes, municipal solid waste, mswi, MSWIBA, MSWIFA, replacement, supplementary cementitious materials, scm, silica fume, fly ash, slag, green concrete, sustainable concrete, concrete materials, recycling, circular economy, life cycle analysis, and leaching.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAforementioned, the most vital 20 keywords were searched in this review context. The collected documents were peer-reviewed research and review articles from the resource databases, and the remaining conference proceedings and book chapters were excluded. The deployment of PRISMA-2020 statement\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e was applied to summarize the final set of filtered reference papers to execute the literature survey, as shown in figure. 5. The publication’s timeline contains releases after 2000, up to this year, which were specifically considered. Initially, 1,247 records were identified which includes 286, 445, 334 and 182 number of records from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Engineering Village databases respectively. This research targeted to integrate and examine the areas of knowledge pertaining to the application of MSWIBA in concrete and mortar mixtures. Therefore, the studies were conducted by integrating \"systematic review\" criteria with the \"meta analysis\" approach. This study employed the PRISMA method (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews) and the dataset for meta-analysis generated a checklist as reported in figure. 3\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the addition of literatures in this work, study selection criteria were formulated based on the \u003cb\u003ePICOS\u003c/b\u003e framework to ensure a systematic and rigorous approach to reviewing the use of MSWIBA in concrete\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The inclusion parameters were defined as P\u003cb\u003eopulation\u003c/b\u003e: Studies involving cementitious systems or concrete mixes incorporating MSWIBA as a partial or full cement or aggregate replacement\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cb\u003eIntervention\u003c/b\u003e: The use of raw, treated, or processed MSWIBA in concrete or mortar formulations\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cb\u003eComparison\u003c/b\u003e: Control mixes without MSWIBA (i.e., conventional concrete or mortar) or those using alternative SCMs\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cb\u003eOutcomes\u003c/b\u003e: Mechanical and durability performance indicators such as compressive strength, flexural strength, setting time, water absorption, permeability, and leaching behavior\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cb\u003eStudy Design\u003c/b\u003e: Peer-reviewed experimental studies, including randomized controlled trials, controlled laboratory experiments, or field trials that clearly reported methodology and outcome measures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eExclusion criteria\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe articles pertaining with review statements without original data, focused on other waste or incinerated leftovers like fly ash and air pollution control residues, conference proceedings without full text and reports with insufficient data for meta-analysis were excluded from this work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eData extraction\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData extraction was executed based on the structured reviewing mechanism with the inclusion of standardized forms. Extracted parameters including, Study characteristics like author, year, location, MSWIBA properties like source, processing method, Concrete mix design parameters, Replacement percentages, Mechanical properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, Durability parameters like water absorption, chloride penetration, Environmental impact assessments (EIA)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eQuality Assessment\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy quality was evaluated using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e adapted for materials research, assessing Experimental design adequacy, Sample size and statistical power, Control group appropriateness, Outcome measurement validity and Potential bias sources.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeta-analysis was conducted using R software (version 4.3.0) with the \"meta\" package. Random-effects models were employed due to anticipated heterogeneity\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Effect sizes were calculated as standardized mean differences (SMD) for continuous outcomes. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics and Q-test values\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Subgroup analyses were performed based on replacement percentages and curing age. And this Meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models to account for heterogeneity between studies. The primary outcome was compressive strength, with secondary outcomes including tensile strength, flexural strength, and durability parameters. Effect sizes were calculated as SMD with 95% confidence intervals\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStudy Characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe included studies were conducted across 18 countries, with the majority from European countries (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26, 58%), followed by Asian countries (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13, 29%), and others (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6, 13%). Studies were published between 2000 and 2025, with an increasing trend in recent years. MSWIBA replacement percentages ranged from 5\u0026ndash;100% by weight or volume of natural aggregates\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, with most studies investigating replacement levels between 10\u0026ndash;30%\u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e. The majority of studies (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32, 71%) focused on coarse aggregate replacement, while others investigated fine aggregate replacement or combined approaches\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. MSWIBA samples showed considerable variation in chemical composition across studies. Key characteristics included:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO₂ content: 35\u0026ndash;65% (mean: 48.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl₂O₃ content: 8\u0026ndash;20% (mean: 14.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO content: 10\u0026ndash;35% (mean: 18.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe₂O₃ content: 5\u0026ndash;15% (mean: 9.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eLoss on ignition: 1\u0026ndash;8% (mean: 3.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeavy metal concentrations varied significantly, with most studies reporting values within acceptable limits for construction applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 4. Plot for risk of bias summary\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMeta-Analysis Results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeta-analysis of 38 studies revealed a statistically significant reduction in compressive strength with MSWIBA incorporation (SMD = -0.65, 95% CI: -0.82 to -0.48, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e. Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I\u0026sup2; = 78%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Subgroup analysis by replacement percentage showed:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;20% replacement: SMD = -0.42 (95% CI: -0.58 to -0.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e20% replacement: SMD = -0.98 (95% CI: -1.24 to -0.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwenty-three studies reported tensile strength data. Meta-analysis showed a moderate reduction in tensile strength (SMD = -0.48, 95% CI: -0.68 to -0.28, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, I\u0026sup2; = 68%). Nineteen studies provided flexural strength data. The pooled analysis indicated a significant reduction in flexural strength (SMD = -0.52, 95% CI: -0.74 to -0.30, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, I\u0026sup2; = 71%). Limited data were available for durability parameters:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eChloride penetration: 15 studies (SMD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.33, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarbonation depth: 12 studies (SMD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.28, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreeze-thaw resistance: 8 studies (SMD = -0.41, 95% CI: -0.72 to -0.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom EIA Environmental benefits of MSWIBA utilization including Reduced landfill disposal (100% diversion), Conservation of natural aggregates, Reduced CO₂ emissions from aggregate extraction and transportation and Potential for carbon sequestration through carbonation were looked up\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR36 CR37 CR38\" citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, challenges included energy requirements for MSWIBA processing, potential leaching of heavy metals, quality control requirements were spotted\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR41 CR42 CR43\" citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. On the other end Funnel plot analysis along with the test model of Egger indicated minimal publication bias for compressive strength studies (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.18), suggesting that the meta-analysis results are not significantly affected by publication bias.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrincipal Findings\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTh outcomes from this work provides comprehensive evidence that MSWIBA incorporation in concrete results in reduced mechanical properties, with the magnitude of reduction being dependent on replacement percentage\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The findings indicate that while MSWIBA can be successfully incorporated into concrete, careful consideration of replacement levels and mix design optimization is crucial.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eImplications for Practice\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results suggest that MSWIBA replacement up to 20% may be feasible for non-structural applications, while higher replacement levels require additional mix design modifications or chemical treatments\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The observed reduction in mechanical properties can be partially mitigated through proper MSWIBA processing and treatment, optimized mix design with supplementary cementitious materials, chemical stabilization techniques and selective particle size grading\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR48\" citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLimitations and Future Research\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral limitations were identified throughout the process like High heterogeneity between studies due to varying MSWIBA sources and characteristics, Limited long-term durability data, Inconsistent testing protocols across studies and Insufficient economic analysis data and the future research direction must be viewed on the basis of developing standards for MSWIBA processing mechanism, durability studies, economic feasibility assessments and development of predictive models for mix design optimization\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis review copped with systematic meta-data demonstrates that MSWIBA can be successfully incorporated into concrete production, though with reductions in mechanical properties. The evidence supports the following conclusions like MSWIBA incorporation results in statistically significant reductions in compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. Replacement levels up to 20% for cement show more favorable results compared to higher dosages. Replacement levels up to 50% for fine aggregate will exhibit the better outcomes than the maximal replacement percentages. Proper MSWIBA processing and treatment can improve concrete performance. Environmental benefits of MSWIBA utilization are substantial, supporting sustainable construction practices. Further research is needed to optimize mix designs and develop standardized processing protocols. These findings provide valuable guidance for researchers, engineers, and policymakers in promoting sustainable construction practices through waste valorization while maintaining structural integrity and performance requirements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFuture research directions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis meta-analysis underscores the promising potential of MSWIBA in concrete but also reveals several critical research gaps. Future studies should prioritize the standardization of experimental methods, particularly in ash treatment, replacement ratios, and curing conditions. Emphasis on long-term durability, environmental safety, and functional properties beyond strength, such as thermal and acoustic behavior remains essential. Integrating machine learning with meta-data could enhance predictive modeling and mix design optimization. Subgroup analyses based on ash origin, treatment type, and chemical composition are encouraged to better understand performance variability. Finally, developing open-access datasets, application-specific studies, and geospatial performance maps would support broader adoption and responsible use of MSWIBA in sustainable construction.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCI\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEIA\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Environmental impact assessment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Heterogeneity statistic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMSWIBA\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Municipal solid waste incinerated bottom ash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePRISMA\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSCM\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Supplementary cementitious materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSE\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Standard Error\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSMD\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Strandardized mean differences\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWtE \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Waste to Energy\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNone of the financial assistance were received from any reputed organization to conduct this work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA.S wrote the main manuscript text also prepared the figures along with the table and technical methodology sections. S.E reviewed entire manuscript. All the authors are contributed equally for the manuscript preparation, review and submission.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data associated with this study for all the sequntial decoration will be included from the corresponding author\u0026rsquo;s side upon the request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSun, Y. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Performance analysis and prediction of asphalt pavement containing municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash aggregate based on MEPDG. \u003cem\u003eSci Rep\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e, (2025).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumpueng, P., Phutthimethakul, L. \u0026amp; Supakata, N. 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Influence of MSWI bottom ash on compressive strength of mortar. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Sustainable Cement\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e42\u003c/strong\u003e, 201\u0026ndash;210 (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRay, I. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Dominance of open burning signatures in PM2.5 near coal plant should redefine pollutant priorities of India. \u003cem\u003eNPJ Clim Atmos Sci\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e, (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash, Supplementary cementitious materials, Sustainability, Replacement, PRISMA, Meta-Analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7195600/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7195600/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMunicipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWIBA) represents a significant industrial byproduct with potential applications in concrete production. This itself regarded as a waste stream from waste-to-energy facilities, with potential usage as a sustainable construction material. This systematic review allied with meta-analysis evaluates the effectiveness and sustainability of MSWIBA in multivariate replacement roles in concrete. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple data resource databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Engineering Village) from 2000 to 2025 followed by PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies investigating MSWIBA incorporation in concrete with mechanical, durability, and environmental assessments were included. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to synthesize quantitative outcomes.Thirty-eight studies met inclusion criteria, encompassing 312 experimental groups. Meta-analysis revealed that MSWIBA replacement up to 20% showed minimal impact on compressive strength (pooled effect size: -0.15 and 95% CI: -0.28 to -0.02, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.024). Optimal replacement levels ranged from 10\u0026ndash;15% for maintaining structural integrity while achieving environmental benefits. Heterogeneity was moderate (I\u0026sup2; = 45.2%). MSWIBA demonstrates promising potential as a sustainable concrete aggregate replacement at moderate substitution levels. However, standardized testing protocols and long-term durability studies are needed for widespread implementation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Adaptation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash in Concrete : A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-20 06:13:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7195600/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-29T13:26:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-26T07:04:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-24T21:38:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-24T18:26:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-17T10:15:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"177575499511833233838084081329775960471","date":"2025-08-14T14:18:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-14T12:39:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"267764702766893794915119114662249469974","date":"2025-08-14T10:29:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"29516599923981913973939271162868201366","date":"2025-08-14T09:46:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"2893398234959800354408846655680999037","date":"2025-08-14T09:38:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-14T06:30:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"217600303536943979371972302069301638531","date":"2025-08-12T08:18:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"71540828598541384764506256128176942254","date":"2025-08-12T08:04:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"19955040862033001009456923913711861525","date":"2025-08-12T07:56:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-12T07:50:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-12T07:46:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-06T09:27:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-29T05:27:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-07-29T05:24:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fed76faa-bf8c-41d3-93e7-868681f93d16","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":53262565,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":53262566,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":53262567,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-17T16:07:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7195600","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-23774-6","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-14 15:57:51","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 14th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-20 06:13:34","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-23774-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-23774-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7195600","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7195600","identity":"rs-7195600","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}