Influence of social media on intent to undergo cosmetic facial injections among Lebanese university students

Influence of social media on intent to undergo cosmetic facial injections among Lebanese university students | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Influence of social media on intent to undergo cosmetic facial injections among Lebanese university students Rami Salameh, Elio El Murr, Elie Ghadban, Charlie Hanna This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165399/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background With the emergence of social media platforms and accounts advertising for noninvasive cosmetic procedures, obsession with beauty and conforming to certain appearance standards is increasing among adolescents and young adults. The current study aimed to determine whether social media content exposure and other related factors, influence the decision of Lebanese university students to undergo facial cosmetic injections such as dermal fillers and Botox. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted between the first and 20th of august 2023, using an online questionnaire platform on Lebanese university students between the age of 18 and 30. The survey included questions regarding demographic features, facial cosmetic injections, social media use, facial appearance and related psychological distress. A bivariate followed by a multivariate analysis were done. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results A total of 600 responses were collected. Most of who responded were women (N: 398, 66.3%) with a mean age of 22.22+/- 3. Of the participants, 185 (30.8%) considered undergoing facial fillers or Botox injections whereas 31 (5.2%) have already undergone such procedures. Instagram was the platform used the most (N: 466, 77.7%). When considering the multivariate analysis model: being a female, following medical doctors on social media, following cosmetic pages, a personal, family or friend history of undergoing cosmetic facial injections and a bigger engagement on social media platforms as well as low satisfaction with facial appearance were significantly correlated with the intent of undergoing facial dermal fillers and Botox injections. (p = 0.001 < 0.05, OR = 0.393; p = 0.000 < 0.05, OR = 2.847; p = 0.008 < 0.05, OR = 2.034; p = 0.000 < 0.05, OR = 21.066; p = 0.001 < 0.05, OR = 2.371; p = 0.012, OR = 1.419; p = 0.029, OR :0.628 respectively). Conclusion Our study gave a dynamic comprehension about the persuasive effect of social media platforms on Lebanese university students to consider cosmetic facial injections. The significant predictors in our model were related to specific social media behaviors. The study also highlighted the psychological dimension involved in the process, that practitioners should be aware of in their practice. Social media Cosmetics Fillers Botox Appearance satisfaction psychological distress Introduction Aging is the result of a progressive accumulation of changes over time determined by interactions between genetic material and environmental exposures. 1 The changes that occur at the molecular level and the whole organ results in changes in all physiological functions, including the skin and subcutaneous tissues that affects the appearance. 2 Even though outward appearance doesn’t always reflect a person’s age 3 , as individuals get older, especially in women, the dread of looking old and losing youthful looks increase, and tend to focus more on their face compared to the body. 4 Facial aging by itself, occurs in a 3-dimensional complex process. It involves a combination of: facial skeleton structural reorganization, subcutaneous fat compartments redistribution by atrophy or accumulation, muscle tones changes, and skin weakening and thinning by loss of collagen and elasticity. Which makes age-related changes unavoidable. 5 On the other hand, in this present day, beauty is assuming a more important place in our modern society. Desire and obsession in maintaining a youthful appearance has increased over time, especially with the emergence of social media and advertising platforms showcasing unrealistic beauty standards. 6 Many aesthetic anti-aging procedures and technologies have been developed to decrease or even reverse the effect of aging on the face. 7 Several studies demonstrated factors that could be associated with acceptance and intentions to undergo cosmetic procedures. Conformity, body and face satisfaction, self-esteem, positive and negative body images have been implicated. 8 In addition, spending long hours on social media, being exposed to cosmetic surgery related material and appearance-related content, following many accounts, viewing celebrities and influencers were also associated with an increased acceptance of cosmetic procedures. 9 – 11 Posting and using filters or editing pictures were considered also as factors affecting the attitude toward cosmetic procedures. 12 , 13 A 2022 survey from the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS) reported a continuous rise in the aesthetic procedures, with 41.3% increase in both surgical and non-surgical procedures, with a significant 57.8% increase in non-surgical procedures alone over the last four years. The most common non-surgical procedures being botulinum injections followed by dermal hyaluronic acid fillers. 14 The dermal fillers and botulinum toxin market in the middle east is predicted to grow at a CAGR (Compound annual growth rate) of 4.98% and 10.03% respectively from 2023 to 2028–2030. 15 A study about cosmetic procedures in Lebanon, found a 44% prevalence of women reporting having undergone at least one cosmetic procedure in their lifetime. 16 Moreover, aesthetic procedures that were once reserved to older individuals, become a new trend in teenagers and young adults 17 , not only in western societies but also in the Middle east. 18 Thus, this present research aims to study the impact of social media exposure along with other factors, on the choice of Lebanese university students to undergo facial dermal fillers or Botox injections. Methodology Study design The following study is an observational cross-sectional study, conducted between 1 and 20th of august 2023, using an online questionnaire platform, Google Forms. Ethical consideration After proposal submission and review, ethical approval was given from the Eye & Ear hospital ethics committee. Data collected from participants were anonymous without any identifications. Before filling the survey, a clear explanatory paragraph was written to introduce the participants to the subject and the aim of the study. Accepting to proceed with the questionnaire was considered informed consent. Study population Included in the study were university students between the age of 18 and 30 years old of Lebanese nationality without any exception. Sampling technique “Snow Ball” sampling was used. Class representatives, student council members, and other trustworthy students from every university (private and public), were recruited to spread the survey to their peers and help in the sampling. Survey was distributed using a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) on social media platforms, mainly “WhatsApp”. Questionnaire and instruments The questionnaire was developed after thorough literature review. Critical discussion about the questionnaire’s structure, clarity and intelligibility were held with experts, before the final version of the survey was sent. Preliminary testing was done to asses for clarity and time needed to complete the questionnaire. The final English version of the questionnaire contained 5 sections and needed 5 minutes on average to complete. Sociodemographic information The first section of the survey collected data regarding sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. This included age, gender, marital status, educational level, type of university attended (private or public), employment status, household income per year and religious belief. Facial injections To ask about whether the participants are thinking of doing or have done cosmetic facial injections, the following questions “Have you ever undergone facial fillers/Botox injections?” and “Are you interested in undergoing any facial fillers/Botox injections?” were formulated. In addition to other related questions such as “Would you tell anyone if you have undergone facial fillers/Botox injections?” and “Have any members of your family or friends undergone any facial fillers/Botox injections?” Face satisfaction and appearance’s psychological effect After obtaining a license, the “Overall Face Satisfaction Scale – FACE-Q subscale” and “Appearance Related Psychological Distress – FACE-Q subscale” 19 containing 10 and 8 items respectively on a four-point Likert scale were used to asses for satisfaction with facial appearance and related psychological distress. Social media Social media use was assessed by asking individuals how much time they spend on social media platforms daily (in hours), what social media platforms they use the most, whether they follow any cosmetic pages, influencers or medical doctors practicing facial injections. Social media dependance was also measured using the “Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale” 20 consisting of six items on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very rarely) to 5 (very often), higher scores indicating a higher social media dependence. Statistical Analysis Data entry and analysis were executed using SPSS version 25. The dependent variable considered in the analysis: Consideration of undergoing facial cosmetic injections: fillers and Botox. Cronbach’s alpha was used to examine the internal consistency of the instruments. A cut-off points of 0.70 in the alpha’s value indicated an acceptable degree of reliability. “Overall Face Satisfaction Scale – FACE-Q subscale”, “Appearance Related Psychological Distress – FACE-Q subscale” and “Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale” showed a good internal consistency with an alpha score of 0.9, 0.91 and 0.84 respectively. Binary logistic regression was used for the independent variable. Chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Multivariable analysis was done, using factors that presented a significant association with the dependent variable in the bivariate analysis. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Minimal sample size calculation If the number of university students of Lebanese nationality was considered to be 180 000 21 , and the percentage of individual that would consider undergoing cosmetic facial injections is 34% 9 , with a confidence level of 95% and a 5% margin of error, the minimal sample size required calculated using Epi Info™ was 346 participants. Results Participants characteristics A total of 600 responses were filled by participants who satisfied the inclusion criteria. The majority of participants were women (66.3%) between the age 20- and 21-years (14% and 14.7% respectively), mean age was 22.22 (SD: 3.138). Most of who responded were single (95%), from Mount Lebanon governorate (70%), Christians (82.5), enrolled in a private university (44.3), pursuing a bachelor degree (61%), in a major not related to medicine or paramedical specialties (66.1%). Most House hold incomes were below 10,000 $ (41.3%). Detailed description of results is found in Table 1 . Table 1 Participants socio-demographic features. Variables Frequency (N) Percent (%) Mean +/- SD Age 22.22 +/- 3.138 Gender Man 202 33.7 Woman 398 66.3 Marital Status Married 1 0.2 Divorced 27 4.5 Widowed 2 0.3 Single 570 95 Educational Level Bachelor degree 366 61.0 Master degree 133 22.2 Associate Degree 56 9.3 Doctoral Degree 45 7.5 University and specialty Private university, non-health related specialties 266 44.3 Private University, health related specialties 131 21.8 Public university, non-health related specialties 131 21.8 Public University, health related specialties 72 12.0 Employment Status Employed 292 48.7 Unemployed 308 51.3 Household income Below 10k 248 41.3 (In dollars) 10k − 50k 238 39.7 50k − 100k 71 11.8 100k − 150k 29 4.8 Over 150K 14 2.3 Religious Belief Christian 495 82.5 Muslim 64 10.7 Other 24 4.0 Druze 17 2.8 Facial injections related variables Of all participants, 31 (5.2%) have undergone facial injections whereas 185 (30.8%) considered undergoing facial injections. 492 (82%) would tell others if they had facial injections, 400 (66.7%) have a family member or friend that have undergone facial injections. Refer to Table 2 for detailed description. Table 2 Participants facial injections related factors. Variables Frequency (N) Percent (%) Undergone facial injections Yes 31 5.2 No 569 94.8 Consider undergoing facial injections Yes 185 30.8 No 415 69.2 Would tell if had facial injections Yes 492 82.0 No 108 18.0 Family members or friends undergone facial injections Yes 400 66.7 No 200 33.3 Social media use Instagram was the most social media platform used (N: 466, 77.7%). Most of participants spent 3 to 5 hours daily on social media (N: 265, 44.2%). 55.5% of the participants followed a fashion influencer on social media platforms, while 41% followed medical doctors that practice facial injections or plastic surgery and 47.8% followed cosmetic pages. Of all participants, the majority (N: 286, 47.7%) took 1 to 5 selfie pictures daily, did not use any facial filters (N: 456, 76%) and did not post any picture on social media platforms (N: 499, 83.2%). Refer to Table 3 for further description. Table 3 Participants social media use related factors. Scales Variables Frequency (N) Percent (%) Social media platforms used the most Instagram 466 77.7 TikTok 84 14.0 Twitter 16 2.7 Facebook 13 2.2 Pinterest 10 1.7 Reddit 10 1.7 Snapchat 1 0.2 Hours spent on social media platforms 3–5 hours 265 44.2 1–2 hours 208 34.7 6–8 hours 58 9.7 Less than 1 hour 40 6.7 9 hours or more 29 4.8 Following fashion influencers on social media No 267 44.5 Yes 333 55.5 Following Medical doctor on social media that practice facial injections or plastic surgery No 354 59.0 Yes 246 41.0 Follow cosmetic pages on social media No 313 52.2 Yes 287 47.8 Number of selfie picture taken daily No selfie taken 283 47.2 1–5 selfies 286 47.7 6–10 selfies 22 3.7 More than 10 9 1.5 Use of face filters while taking selfie No 456 76.0 Yes 144 24.0 Number of selfie picture posted on social media daily No selfies posted 499 83.2 1–5 selfies 101 16.8 6–10 selfies 0 0.0 More than 10 0 0.0 Score results of the “Bergen social media addiction scale”, “Overall face satisfaction scale” and “Appearance related psychological distress” are shown in the table below (Table 4). Table 4 - Participants "Social Media Addiction", "Overall Face Satisfaction" and "Appearance Related Psychological Distress" scores. Scales Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Social Media Addiction 1.00 5.00 2.2428 0.86157 Overall Face Satisfaction 1.00 4.00 2.8662 0.58484 Appearance Related Psychological Distress 1.00 4.00 1.6908 0.70857 Bivariate analysis Different associations between the independent variable and sociodemographic factors of participants, facial injection variables, social media use, appearance satisfaction and related psychological distress were found using the bivariate analysis. See tables Below (Tables 5 , 6 and 7). Table 5 - Bivariate analysis of socio-demographic factors and the dependent variable : "Consideration of undergoing facial dermal fillers and Botox injections". *: significant association (p-value <0.05) Variables Consider undergoing facial injections p value Yes (N) No (N) Mean age 22.62 22.03 0.03* Gender Man 27 175 0* Woman 158 240 Marital Status Single 170 400 0.01* Married 15 12 Widowed 0 2 Divorced 0 1 Educational Level Bachelor degree 110 256 0* Master degree 40 93 Associate Degree 11 45 Doctoral Degree 24 21 University and specialty Private university, non-health related specialties 88 178 0.35 Private University, health related specialties 42 89 Public university, non-health related specialties 32 99 Public University, health related specialties 23 49 Employment status Employed 94 217 0.536 Unemployed 91 198 Household income Below 10k 66 182 0.07 10k - 50k 85 153 50k - 100k 23 48 100k - 150k 10 19 Over 150K 1 13 Religious Belief Christian 158 337 0.309 Muslim 19 45 Druze 2 15 Other 6 18 Table 6 - Bivariate analysis between social media related factors and the dependent variable : "Consideration of undergoing dermal fillers and Botox facial injections". *: significant association (p-value <0.05). Variables Consider undergoing facial injections p value Yes (N) No (N) Social media platforms used the most Instagram 151 315 0.04* Facebook 3 10 Twitter 1 15 Pinterest 1 9 TikTok 29 55 Snapchat 0 1 Reddit 0 10 Time spent daily on social media platforms Less than one hour 5 35 0* 1 - 2 hours 52 156 3 - 5 hours 96 169 6 -8 hours 20 38 9 hours or more 12 17 Following fashion influencers Yes 138 195 0* No 47 220 Following medical doctors practicing facial injections or facial plastic surgery Yes 126 120 0* No 59 295 Following cosmetic pages Yes 137 150 0* No 48 265 Number of selfie pictures taken daily No selfies 68 215 0.01* 1 to 5 105 181 6 to 10 9 13 More than 10 3 6 Number of selfie pictures posted on social media No selfies 146 353 0.08 1 to 5 39 62 6 to 10 0 0 More than 10 0 0 Using Face filters Yes 63 81 0* No 122 334 Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (Mean) 15.33 12.61 0* Table 7 - Bivariate analysis of facial injections related factors and the dependent variable: "Consideration of undergoing dermal fillers and Botox facial injections". *: significant association (p-value <0.05). Variables Consider undergoing facial injections p value Yes (N) No (N) Undergone cosmetic facial injections Yes 29 2 0* No 156 415 Family or friends who have undergone facial injections Yes 157 243 0* No 28 172 Would tell if have done facial injections Yes 155 337 0.49 No 30 78 Overall Face Satisfaction Scale (Mean) 27.1135 29.3518 0* Appearance Related Psychological Distress Scale (Mean) 15.1135 13.4868 0* Multivariate Analysis When “Considering undergoing facial injection” was considered as a dependent variable, the multivariable analysis yielded the following results: (Table 8 ) Gender was significantly associated with the intent to undergo dermal fillers or Botox face injections (p = 0.001 < 0.05); men have lower odds (by 60.7%) of considering facial injections compared to women. Following Medical doctor on social media that practices facial injections or plastic surgery and cosmetic pages were statistically significant in predicting the consideration of facial injections (p = 0.000 < 0.05, OR = 2.847; p = 0.008 < 0.05, OR = 2.034 respectively). A personal history of cosmetic facial injections or having a family member or a friend who underwent such procedures were also associated with the dependent variable (p = 0.000 < 0.05, OR = 21.066; p = 0.001 < 0.05, OR = 2.371 respectively). Among the psychological variables, social media addiction and overall face satisfaction were both significantly associated with the consideration of dermal fillers and Botox facial injections (p = 0.012, OR = 1.419; p = 0.029, OR :0.628 respectively). The constant (intercept) is statistically significant (p-value = 0.045), indicating its contribution to the model. Table 8 Multivariate analysis taking into consideration the dependent variable: "Consideration of undergoing dermal fillers and Botox facial injections". *: significant association (p-value < 0.05). p value Odds Ratio (OR) 95% Confidence interval Lower Upper Age (In years) 0.189 1.051 0.976 1.133 Gender 0.001* 0.393 0.223 0.692 Hours spent on social media 0.490 1.097 0.843 1.428 Following fashion influencers on social media 0.908 0.969 0.569 1.650 Following Medical doctor on social media that practices facial injections or plastic surgery 0.000* 2.847 1.780 4.554 Follow cosmetic pages on social media 0.008* 2.034 1.207 3.427 Use of face filters while taking selfie 0.662 0.893 0.538 1.483 Number of selfie pictures you take daily 0.327 1.191 0.839 1.691 Undergone facial injections 0.000* 21.066 4.306 103.063 Members of family or friends undergone facial injections 0.001* 2.371 1.418 3.964 Social Media Addiction 0.012* 1.419 1.079 1.866 Overall Face Satisfaction 0.029* 0.628 0.413 0.954 Appearance Related Psychological Distress 0.300 1.200 0.850 1.694 Discussion According to a 2022 global survey from the international Society of aesthetic plastic surgery, the noninvasive cosmetic procedures market is growing over the last four years, with botulinum toxin injections and dermal fillers being the most common procedures. 14 Many factors have been implicated in the acceptance and future intention to undergo cosmetic procedures including demographic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, societal as well as exposure to social media content. 8 – 11 These minimally invasive procedures that were once reserved for old people are also being used in teenagers or young adults seeking to enhance their appearance. 17 , 18 Hence, we conducted a study on Lebanese university students all over the country to investigate the impact of social media exposure and other related factors on the choice to undergo facial dermal fillers or botulinum toxin injections. A total of 600 responses were filled by participants who satisfied the inclusion criteria. The study gave a dynamic comprehension about the persuasive effect of social media platforms on Lebanese university students to consider cosmetic facial injections by creating an environment where appearance is a concern. The significant predictors of intent to undergo facial cosmetic injections in our model were related to specific social media behaviors and demographic features. We found that 30.8% (N 185) of participants considered undergoing facial injections in the future, whereas 5.2% (N 31) have already undergone facial injections. Gender was statistically significant in predicting the consideration of dermal fillers and Botox facial injections (p < 0.05). Men had lower odds of considering such treatments compared to women, similar to findings of Xingyue Jin et al., Kasmaei et al. and Hormozi et al. 22 – 24 In fact most of who responded were women (N 398, 66.3%) and those who wished to undergo or who have already undergone cosmetic facial injections (N 158, N 29 respectively). This gender difference seen can be from the greater demand on woman's appearance and sociocultural pressure to conform to the new norms of beauty and attractiveness 1 , in addition to the restricting masculine ideologies and roles, sociocultural stigma and the fear of being perceived as vein and feminine that make men reluctant to seek cosmetic procedures. 25 Concerning social media usage, the analysis showed that having higher scores on the “Bergen Social Media Addiction” scale, increased the odds of considering facial cosmetic injections (p-value: 0.012, OR: 1.419). This could be explained by the fact that a bigger engagement and exposure on image-focused social media platforms, the more individuals are exposed to beauty ideals as well as ads related to cosmetic procedures, influencers and beauty clinics, that might have a strong influence on a person's visual aesthetics. 26 It could also alter one's self-evaluation through social comparison with others leading to increased dissatisfaction with their own appearance and a greater desire for cosmetic enhancements. 27 , 28 . Truasheim, S. et al. found that it seems not only to affect women but also men. 29 When considering specific social media platforms behaviors, following fashion influencers on social media was not statistically significant in predicting the consideration of facial injections (p > 0.05). Compared to Al husaini et al. that found that social media influencers were the most to enhance the consideration of cosmetic procedure among the population. 30 Whereas following medical doctors who practice cosmetic facial injections as well as cosmetic pages, related to increased intentions of undergoing dermal Fillers and Botox facial treatments (p < 0.05). Hermans et al. also concluded that following cosmetic clinics was related to some extent to more acceptance and intent to undergo aesthetics procedures. 31 Cosmetic pages and medical doctors in the aesthetic industry can make individuals more aware of the available options, give in-depth details about procedure’s safety, efficacy and potential benefits, in addition to featuring individuals who have already undergone cosmetic treatments by showcasing before and after images of enhanced appearances. In fact, Arab et al. reported that a participant who followed a plastic surgeon was more attracted and influenced by cosmetic advertisements. 9 Al Bahlal et al. found that surgeons’ advertisements affected the decision of 35.9% of their participants to seek cosmetic consultations. 32 Other than social media exposure or medical professionals and influencers, having a family member or a friend who have undergone facial fillers or Botox encouraged more individual into opting for such procedures (p value = 0), as they can be a source of information, vicarious experience as well as motivation. 33 – 35 Arab et al. showed that having a family member or a friend who had undergone facial injections influenced more individuals when exposed to cosmetic treatment ads on social media. 9 In addition, having a personal history with fillers and Botox was also associated with intentions to undergo future injections (p value = 0). Undergoing noninvasive cosmetic procedures, improves one’s satisfaction with appearance and psychosocial wellbeing and would be more inclined to seek further treatments. 36 This study showed a significant relationship between face satisfaction and consideration of undergoing facial fillers and Botox (p value = 0): individuals who report higher levels of face satisfaction have lower odds of considering facial injections. This aligns with Kasmaei et al., Abbas et al. and Sarwer et al. who found that low satisfaction with self-image and appearance were found to be effective in predicting the intent to undergo cosmetic procedures. 23 , 37 , 38 Young women were at increased risk of being more dissatisfied with their body and facial appearance as they try to achieve the attainable beauty ideals put by society and social media. 10 , 39 , 40 Conversely, the findings of the analysis would also suggest that individuals satisfied with their appearance would be less prone to be influenced by social media exposure. Lastly, as mean to mitigate their emotional despair, people will use facial cosmetic injections or other cosmetic interventions to improve their overall body satisfaction, image, self-esteem and self-confidence. 41 Sarwer et al. and Delinsky SS found that a greater psychological investment in physical appearance was a predictor of attitude toward cosmetic procedures. 42 , 43 Compared to this study, appearance related psychological distress was not significantly associated with the intent to undergo cosmetic facial injections (p value > 0.05). The discrepancy found could be from the difference between populations and cultures studied, tools used to assess for psychological distress or the possibility of fluctuance in psychological distress related to appearance over time. Yet again, before undergoing facial fillers or Botox injections, critical care should be done in identifying psychological disorders, such as Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). A consistent relationship has been demonstrated between BDD and the desire to undergo cosmetic procedures, and it has been associated with poorer outcomes as these options seldom reduce or can even worsen BDD symptoms. 44 Conclusion Due to the increase in the cosmetic procedure market, and the higher exposure of social media nowadays, we conducted a study on Lebanese university students, to investigate the complex relationship between the consideration of facial cosmetic injections such as fillers and Botox and many other variables such as : social media exposure, facial appearance satisfaction and related psychological distress as well as demographics. Predictors of intent to undergo facial cosmetic injections were: being a woman, following medical doctors and cosmetic pages, social media addiction, face satisfaction and a personal, family or peer history of undergoing facial cosmetic injections. Further studies using validated questionnaire are needed, with a bigger proportion of men answering the survey and tackling other age groups. Practical implications The study shed light on the important influence of social media platforms on individuals, especially youth. Hence why surveillance on what is published or critical care from cosmetic pages and especially doctors should be done in order not to rush young individuals into going for such procedures even though minimally invasive, but could have certain permanent side effect on the long term. Media literacy trainings in universities could also be suggested in order to improve individuals critical thinking abilities when confronted with social media content. As clinical practice implications, the study findings suggest the use of screening tools by doctors in order to evaluate patients’ satisfaction with facial appearance, image and related psychological discomfort in order to assess their motivation before accepting to proceed with cosmetic injections. Limitations This is a cross sectional study; hence causality cannot be established, further longitudinal or experimental studies are needed to investigate the causality of the relationship between consideration of cosmetic facial injections and social media exposures and other factors. In addition, selection bias might be present as the "snowball technique” was used, so the sample cannot be representative of all university students. Our study relies on self-reported data, it might be also subject to recall bias as well as social desirability and non-response bias. In addition to the single assessment point that cannot capture changing attitude through time. Some confounding variables may not have been taken into consideration. The findings of our study cannot be generalized to all categories of the population since it tackles only individuals between the age of 18 and 30 and still in the university, as well as the survey being answered mainly by women. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate We received the approval from the ethic board at Eye and Ear hospital (a copy of the approval is attached to the “related files” section on the website) We got an informed consent for each patient. Availability of data and materials The Data is available as Excel files that I can send to you if needed (Rami Salameh: [email protected] ) Competing interests No competing interests Fundings No fundings Consent for publication NOT APPLICABLE Authors contributions Rami Salameh, M.D wrote the main manuscript text and prepared tables 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8 Elio El Murr, M.D reviewed the manuscript Elie Ghadban, M.D collected the data Charlie Hanna, M.D reviewed the manuscript Acknowledgements Not applicable References Rodríguez-Rodero S, Fernández-Morera JL, Menéndez-Torre E, Calvanese V, Fernández AF, Fraga MF. Aging genetics and aging. Aging Dis . 2011;2(3):186–195. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3295054/ . Accessed Sep 27, 2023. Boss GR, Seegmiller JE. Age-related physiological changes and their clinical significance. West J Med . 1981;135(6):434–440. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1273316/ . Accessed Sep 27, 2023. Nkengne A, Bertin C, Stamatas GN, et al. 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Sociodemographic characteristics of cosmetic surgery patients in a large clinical sample in tehran - abdoljalil kalantar hormozi, simin maleki, abolfazl rahimi, ali manafi, seyed javad amirizad, 2018.. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0748806818764734 . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. Abbas O, Karadavut U. Analysis of the factors affecting men’s attitudes toward cosmetic surgery: Body image, media exposure, social network use, masculine gender role stress and religious attitudes. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery . 2017;41. Accessed Feb 9, 2024. 10.1007/s00266-017-0882-3 . Hopkins ZH, Moreno C, Secrest AM. Influence of social media on cosmetic procedure interest. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol . 2020;13(1):28–31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7028372/ . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. Moningka C, Eminiar PR. The effect of self-comparison in social media on self esteem. 2020/11/27:383–389. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/iciap-uipsur-19/125946655 . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. 10.2991/assehr.k.201125.032 . Vogel E, Rose J, Roberts L, Eckles K. Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem. Psychol Popular Media Cult. 2014;3:206–22. 10.1037/ppm0000047 . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. Does. social media engagement influence men’s consideration of cosmetic surgery? | journal of technology in behavioral science.. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41347-023-00317-2 . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. Alhusaini BK, Sharaf FZ, Alqthmi RO, Alotaibi NT, Ballaji MB, Mohammed HM. The impact of snapchat use on self-image and inclination toward cosmetic procedures in saudi arabia. Cureus .;14(12):e32456. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9834758/ . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. 10.7759/cureus.32456 . Follow filter. filler? social media usage and cosmetic procedure intention, acceptance, and normalization among young adults - ScienceDirect.. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1740144522001784#tbl0015 . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. AlBahlal A, Alosaimi N, Bawadood M, AlHarbi A, AlSubhi F. The effect and implication of social media platforms on plastic cosmetic surgery: A cross-sectional study in saudi arabia from 2021 to 2022. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum. 2023;5:ojad002. https://doi.org/10.1093/asjof/ojad002 . Accessed 2/12/2024. Agrawal H, Agrawal S. Impact of social media and photo-editing practice on seeking cosmetic dermatology care. CCID . 2021;14:1377–1385. https://www.dovepress.com/impact-of-social-media-and-photo-editing-practice-on-seeking-cosmetic--peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. 10.2147/CCID.S322859 . Factors that affect the likelihood of undergoing cosmetic surgery - ScienceDirect.. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090820X07001938 . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. Maisel A, Waldman A, Furlan K et al. Self-reported patient motivations for seeking cosmetic procedures. JAMA Dermatol . 2018;154(10):1167–1174. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2357 . Accessed 1/31/2024. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2357. Hoffman L, Fabi S. Look better, feel better, live better? the impact of minimally invasive aesthetic procedures on satisfaction with appearance and psychosocial wellbeing. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol . 2022;15(5):47–58. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9122280/ . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. Abbas OL, Karadavut U. Analysis of the factors affecting men's attitudes toward cosmetic surgery: Body image, media exposure, social network use, masculine gender role stress and religious attitudes. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2017;41(6):1454–62. 10.1007/s00266-017-0882-3 . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. Sarwer DB, Crerand CE. Body image and cosmetic medical treatments. Body Image. 2004;1(1):99–111. 10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00003-2 . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. Comparative effects of facebook and conventional media on. body image dissatisfaction | journal of eating disorders | full text.. https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-015-0061-3 . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. Aparicio-Martinez P, Perea-Moreno A, Martinez-Jimenez MP, Redel-Macías MD, Pagliari C, Vaquero-Abellan M. Social media, thin-ideal, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes: An exploratory analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health . 2019;16(21):4177. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6861923/ . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. 10.3390/ijerph16214177 . Ip KTV, Ho WY. Healing childhood psychological trauma and improving body image through cosmetic surgery. Front Psychiatry . 2019;10:540. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6694798/ . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00540 . Sarwer DB, Cash TF, Magee L, et al. Female college students and cosmetic surgery: An investigation of experiences, attitudes, and body image. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115(3):931–8. 10.1097/01.prs.0000153204.37065.d3 . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. Delinsky SS. Cosmetic surgery: A common and accepted form of self-improvement?1. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2005;35(10):2012–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02207.x . Mulkens S, Bos AER, Uleman R, Muris P, Mayer B, Velthuis P. Psychopathology symptoms in a sample of female cosmetic surgery patients. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2012;65(3):321–7. 10.1016/j.bjps.2011.09.038 . Accessed Jan 31, 2024. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4165399","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":286253305,"identity":"7831847d-3ac8-425e-9ae5-6d5c9e9ba0a0","order_by":0,"name":"Rami Salameh","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Holy Spirit University of Kaslik – School of medicine and medical sciences, Eye and Ear Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rami","middleName":"","lastName":"Salameh","suffix":""},{"id":286253307,"identity":"ef3323e0-be31-498e-a1b4-ed18d3bf75ab","order_by":1,"name":"Elio El Murr","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Holy Spirit University of Kaslik – School of medicine and medical sciences, Eye and Ear Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elio","middleName":"El","lastName":"Murr","suffix":""},{"id":286253309,"identity":"56f51be5-d280-4dce-9d28-d570628df057","order_by":2,"name":"Elie Ghadban","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Holy Spirit University of Kaslik – School of medicine and medical sciences, Eye and Ear Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elie","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghadban","suffix":""},{"id":286253310,"identity":"7fada1cd-046e-47ba-82d8-6944d27a8a80","order_by":3,"name":"Charlie Hanna","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Holy Spirit University of Kaslik – School of medicine and medical sciences, Eye and Ear Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Charlie","middleName":"","lastName":"Hanna","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-25 19:44:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165399/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165399/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":66558978,"identity":"a2cb0211-385a-49fb-952b-8db8187a20bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-14 09:54:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1527751,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4165399/v1/dab3eb4a-7558-4592-a70d-4f98c777508a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Influence of social media on intent to undergo cosmetic facial injections among Lebanese university students","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAging is the result of a progressive accumulation of changes over time determined by interactions between genetic material and environmental exposures. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe changes that occur at the molecular level and the whole organ results in changes in all physiological functions, including the skin and subcutaneous tissues that affects the appearance. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven though outward appearance doesn\u0026rsquo;t always reflect a person\u0026rsquo;s age \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, as individuals get older, especially in women, the dread of looking old and losing youthful looks increase, and tend to focus more on their face compared to the body. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial aging by itself, occurs in a 3-dimensional complex process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt involves a combination of: facial skeleton structural reorganization, subcutaneous fat compartments redistribution by atrophy or accumulation, muscle tones changes, and skin weakening and thinning by loss of collagen and elasticity. Which makes age-related changes unavoidable. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, in this present day, beauty is assuming a more important place in our modern society. Desire and obsession in maintaining a youthful appearance has increased over time, especially with the emergence of social media and advertising platforms showcasing unrealistic beauty standards. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany aesthetic anti-aging procedures and technologies have been developed to decrease or even reverse the effect of aging on the face. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral studies demonstrated factors that could be associated with acceptance and intentions to undergo cosmetic procedures. Conformity, body and face satisfaction, self-esteem, positive and negative body images have been implicated. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, spending long hours on social media, being exposed to cosmetic surgery related material and appearance-related content, following many accounts, viewing celebrities and influencers were also associated with an increased acceptance of cosmetic procedures. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosting and using filters or editing pictures were considered also as factors affecting the attitude toward cosmetic procedures. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA 2022 survey from the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS) reported a continuous rise in the aesthetic procedures, with 41.3% increase in both surgical and non-surgical procedures, with a significant 57.8% increase in non-surgical procedures alone over the last four years. The most common non-surgical procedures being botulinum injections followed by dermal hyaluronic acid fillers. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dermal fillers and botulinum toxin market in the middle east is predicted to grow at a CAGR (Compound annual growth rate) of 4.98% and 10.03% respectively from 2023 to 2028\u0026ndash;2030. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA study about cosmetic procedures in Lebanon, found a 44% prevalence of women reporting having undergone at least one cosmetic procedure in their lifetime. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, aesthetic procedures that were once reserved to older individuals, become a new trend in teenagers and young adults \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, not only in western societies but also in the Middle east. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, this present research aims to study the impact of social media exposure along with other factors, on the choice of Lebanese university students to undergo facial dermal fillers or Botox injections.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following study is an observational cross-sectional study, conducted between 1 and 20th of august 2023, using an online questionnaire platform, Google Forms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical consideration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter proposal submission and review, ethical approval was given from the Eye \u0026amp; Ear hospital ethics committee. Data collected from participants were anonymous without any identifications. Before filling the survey, a clear explanatory paragraph was written to introduce the participants to the subject and the aim of the study. Accepting to proceed with the questionnaire was considered informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncluded in the study were university students between the age of 18 and 30 years old of Lebanese nationality without any exception.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling technique\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Snow Ball\u0026rdquo; sampling was used. Class representatives, student council members, and other trustworthy students from every university (private and public), were recruited to spread the survey to their peers and help in the sampling. Survey was distributed using a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) on social media platforms, mainly \u0026ldquo;WhatsApp\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuestionnaire and instruments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire was developed after thorough literature review. Critical discussion about the questionnaire\u0026rsquo;s structure, clarity and intelligibility were held with experts, before the final version of the survey was sent. Preliminary testing was done to asses for clarity and time needed to complete the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe final English version of the questionnaire contained 5 sections and needed 5 minutes on average to complete.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSociodemographic information\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first section of the survey collected data regarding sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. This included age, gender, marital status, educational level, type of university attended (private or public), employment status, household income per year and religious belief.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFacial injections\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo ask about whether the participants are thinking of doing or have done cosmetic facial injections, the following questions \u0026ldquo;Have you ever undergone facial fillers/Botox injections?\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Are you interested in undergoing any facial fillers/Botox injections?\u0026rdquo; were formulated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to other related questions such as \u0026ldquo;Would you tell anyone if you have undergone facial fillers/Botox injections?\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Have any members of your family or friends undergone any facial fillers/Botox injections?\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFace satisfaction and appearance\u0026rsquo;s psychological effect\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter obtaining a license, the \u0026ldquo;Overall Face Satisfaction Scale \u0026ndash; FACE-Q subscale\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Appearance Related Psychological Distress \u0026ndash; FACE-Q subscale\u0026rdquo; \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e containing 10 and 8 items respectively on a four-point Likert scale were used to asses for satisfaction with facial appearance and related psychological distress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocial media\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial media use was assessed by asking individuals how much time they spend on social media platforms daily (in hours), what social media platforms they use the most, whether they follow any cosmetic pages, influencers or medical doctors practicing facial injections. Social media dependance was also measured using the \u0026ldquo;Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale\u0026rdquo; \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e consisting of six items on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very rarely) to 5 (very often), higher scores indicating a higher social media dependence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData entry and analysis were executed using SPSS version 25.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dependent variable considered in the analysis: Consideration of undergoing facial cosmetic injections: fillers and Botox.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was used to examine the internal consistency of the instruments. A cut-off points of 0.70 in the alpha\u0026rsquo;s value indicated an acceptable degree of reliability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Overall Face Satisfaction Scale \u0026ndash; FACE-Q subscale\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Appearance Related Psychological Distress \u0026ndash; FACE-Q subscale\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale\u0026rdquo; showed a good internal consistency with an alpha score of 0.9, 0.91 and 0.84 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBinary logistic regression was used for the independent variable. Chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Multivariable analysis was done, using factors that presented a significant association with the dependent variable in the bivariate analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA p-value less than 0.05 was considered to be significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMinimal sample size calculation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf the number of university students of Lebanese nationality was considered to be 180 000 \u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e, and the percentage of individual that would consider undergoing cosmetic facial injections is 34% \u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e, with a confidence level of 95% and a 5% margin of error, the minimal sample size required calculated using Epi Info\u0026trade; was 346 participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 600 responses were filled by participants who satisfied the inclusion criteria. The majority of participants were women (66.3%) between the age 20- and 21-years (14% and 14.7% respectively), mean age was 22.22 (SD: 3.138). Most of who responded were single (95%), from Mount Lebanon governorate (70%), Christians (82.5), enrolled in a private university (44.3), pursuing a bachelor degree (61%), in a major not related to medicine or paramedical specialties (66.1%). Most House hold incomes were below 10,000\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e (41.3%). Detailed description of results is found in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants socio-demographic features.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean +/- SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.22 +/- 3.138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWoman\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e398\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaster degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoctoral Degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUniversity and specialty\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate university, non-health related specialties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate University, health related specialties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic university, non-health related specialties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic University, health related specialties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployment Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e308\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHousehold income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelow 10k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(In dollars)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10k \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;50k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50k \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;100k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100k \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;150k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver 150K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligious Belief\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e495\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDruze\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFacial injections related variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf all participants, 31 (5.2%) have undergone facial injections whereas 185 (30.8%) considered undergoing facial injections. 492 (82%) would tell others if they had facial injections, 400 (66.7%) have a family member or friend that have undergone facial injections.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefer to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e for detailed description.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants facial injections related factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUndergone facial injections\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e569\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConsider undergoing facial injections\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWould tell if had facial injections\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily members or friends undergone facial injections\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocial media use\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstagram was the most social media platform used (N: 466, 77.7%). Most of participants spent 3 to 5 hours daily on social media (N: 265, 44.2%). 55.5% of the participants followed a fashion influencer on social media platforms, while 41% followed medical doctors that practice facial injections or plastic surgery and 47.8% followed cosmetic pages. Of all participants, the majority (N: 286, 47.7%) took 1 to 5 selfie pictures daily, did not use any facial filters (N: 456, 76%) and did not post any picture on social media platforms (N: 499, 83.2%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefer to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e for further description.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParticipants social media use related factors.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003eScales\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial media platforms \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eused the most\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstagram\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e466\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTikTok\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwitter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacebook\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePinterest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReddit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSnapchat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHours spent on social \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emedia platforms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5 hours\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e265\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 hours\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;8 hours\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 1 hour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 hours or more\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFollowing fashion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003einfluencers on social media\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFollowing Medical doctor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eon social media that practice facial injections or plastic surgery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e246\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFollow cosmetic pages\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eon social media\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e287\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of selfie picture \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003etaken daily\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo selfie taken\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5 selfies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10 selfies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUse of face filters \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ewhile taking selfie\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e456\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of selfie picture \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eposted on social media daily\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo selfies posted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e499\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5 selfies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10 selfies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003eScore results of the \u0026ldquo;Bergen social media addiction scale\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Overall face satisfaction scale\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Appearance related psychological distress\u0026rdquo; are shown in the table below (Table\u0026nbsp;4).\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;4\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003e- Participants \"Social Media Addiction\", \"Overall Face Satisfaction\" and \"Appearance Related Psychological Distress\" scores.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScales\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial Media Addiction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2428\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall Face Satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8662\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppearance Related Psychological Distress\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6908\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBivariate analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent associations between the independent variable and sociodemographic factors of participants, facial injection variables, social media use, appearance satisfaction and related psychological distress were found using the bivariate analysis. See tables Below (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and 7).\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e - Bivariate analysis of socio-demographic factors and the dependent variable : \u0026quot;Consideration of undergoing facial dermal fillers and Botox injections\u0026quot;. *: significant association (p-value \u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"587\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.67802385008518%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.03407155025554%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsider undergoing facial injections\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes (N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo (N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWoman\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducational Level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBachelor degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaster degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoctoral Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUniversity and specialty\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate university, non-health related specialties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate University, health related specialties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic university, non-health related specialties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic University, health related specialties\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmployment status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBelow 10k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10k - 50k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50k - 100k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100k - 150k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOver 150K\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligious Belief\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChristian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDruze\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.31686541737649%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.190800681431003%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.10221465076661%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.287904599659285%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e - Bivariate analysis between social media related factors and the dependent variable : \u0026quot;Consideration of undergoing dermal fillers and Botox facial injections\u0026quot;. *: significant association (p-value \u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.15141955835962%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.06940063091483%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsider undergoing facial injections\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes (N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo (N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial media platforms\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;used the most\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInstagram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFacebook\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwitter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePinterest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTikTok\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSnapchat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReddit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime spent daily on social\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;media platforms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than one hour\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 - 2 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 - 5 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 -8 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 hours or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFollowing fashion influencers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFollowing medical doctors\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;practicing facial injections or\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;facial plastic surgery\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFollowing cosmetic pages\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of selfie pictures taken daily\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo selfies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 to 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 to 10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of selfie pictures\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;posted on social media\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo selfies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 to 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 to 10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUsing Face filters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.652996845425868%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBergen Social Media Addiction Scale (Mean)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.498422712933753%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.722397476340694%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.347003154574132%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.779179810725552%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ctable cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e - Bivariate analysis of facial injections related factors and the dependent variable: \u0026quot;Consideration of undergoing dermal fillers and Botox facial injections\u0026quot;. *: significant association (p-value \u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"629\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.669316375198726%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.97615262321145%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsider undergoing facial injections\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.354531001589825%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.10492845786963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5643879173290935%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes (N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo (N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.354531001589825%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.10492845786963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUndergone cosmetic facial injections\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5643879173290935%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.354531001589825%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.10492845786963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5643879173290935%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e415\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.354531001589825%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.10492845786963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily or friends who have undergone\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;facial injections\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5643879173290935%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.354531001589825%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.10492845786963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5643879173290935%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.354531001589825%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.10492845786963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWould tell if have done facial injections\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5643879173290935%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.354531001589825%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.10492845786963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5643879173290935%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.354531001589825%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.10492845786963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Face Satisfaction Scale (Mean)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5643879173290935%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.1135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.3518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.354531001589825%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.10492845786963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAppearance Related Psychological Distress Scale (Mean)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.5643879173290935%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.1135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.488076311605724%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.354531001589825%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/br\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMultivariate Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen \u0026ldquo;Considering undergoing facial injection\u0026rdquo; was considered as a dependent variable, the multivariable analysis yielded the following results: (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender was significantly associated with the intent to undergo dermal fillers or Botox face injections (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); men have lower odds (by 60.7%) of considering facial injections compared to women. Following Medical doctor on social media that practices facial injections or plastic surgery and cosmetic pages were statistically significant in predicting the consideration of facial injections (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.847; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.034 respectively).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA personal history of cosmetic facial injections or having a family member or a friend who underwent such procedures were also associated with the dependent variable (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.066; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.371 respectively).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the psychological variables, social media addiction and overall face satisfaction were both significantly associated with the consideration of dermal fillers and Botox facial injections (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.419; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.029, OR :0.628 respectively).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe constant (intercept) is statistically significant (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.045), indicating its contribution to the model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis taking into consideration the dependent variable: \"Consideration of undergoing dermal fillers and Botox facial injections\". *: significant association (p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdds\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio (OR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% Confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge (In years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.976\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.393\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHours spent on social media\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.097\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.428\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFollowing fashion influencers on social media\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.908\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.569\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFollowing Medical doctor on social media that practices facial injections or plastic surgery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.847\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.780\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFollow cosmetic pages on social media\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.427\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUse of face filters while taking selfie\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.662\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.893\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.483\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of selfie pictures you take daily\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.327\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUndergone facial injections\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMembers of family or friends undergone facial injections\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.371\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial Media Addiction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.866\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall Face Satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.029*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.628\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.413\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.954\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppearance Related Psychological Distress\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.694\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to a 2022 global survey from the international Society of aesthetic plastic surgery, the noninvasive cosmetic procedures market is growing over the last four years, with botulinum toxin injections and dermal fillers being the most common procedures. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany factors have been implicated in the acceptance and future intention to undergo cosmetic procedures including demographic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, societal as well as exposure to social media content. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9 CR10\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese minimally invasive procedures that were once reserved for old people are also being used in teenagers or young adults seeking to enhance their appearance. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHence, we conducted a study on Lebanese university students all over the country to investigate the impact of social media exposure and other related factors on the choice to undergo facial dermal fillers or botulinum toxin injections.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 600 responses were filled by participants who satisfied the inclusion criteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study gave a dynamic comprehension about the persuasive effect of social media platforms on Lebanese university students to consider cosmetic facial injections by creating an environment where appearance is a concern. The significant predictors of intent to undergo facial cosmetic injections in our model were related to specific social media behaviors and demographic features.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe found that 30.8% (N 185) of participants considered undergoing facial injections in the future, whereas 5.2% (N 31) have already undergone facial injections.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender was statistically significant in predicting the consideration of dermal fillers and Botox facial injections (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Men had lower odds of considering such treatments compared to women, similar to findings of Xingyue Jin et al., Kasmaei et al. and Hormozi et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In fact most of who responded were women (N 398, 66.3%) and those who wished to undergo or who have already undergone cosmetic facial injections (N 158, N 29 respectively). This gender difference seen can be from the greater demand on woman's appearance and sociocultural pressure to conform to the new norms of beauty and attractiveness \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, in addition to the restricting masculine ideologies and roles, sociocultural stigma and the fear of being perceived as vein and feminine that make men reluctant to seek cosmetic procedures. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcerning social media usage, the analysis showed that having higher scores on the \u0026ldquo;Bergen Social Media Addiction\u0026rdquo; scale, increased the odds of considering facial cosmetic injections (p-value: 0.012, OR: 1.419).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis could be explained by the fact that a bigger engagement and exposure on image-focused social media platforms, the more individuals are exposed to beauty ideals as well as ads related to cosmetic procedures, influencers and beauty clinics, that might have a strong influence on a person's visual aesthetics. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e It could also alter one's self-evaluation through social comparison with others leading to increased dissatisfaction with their own appearance and a greater desire for cosmetic enhancements. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Truasheim, S. et al. found that it seems not only to affect women but also men. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen considering specific social media platforms behaviors, following fashion influencers on social media was not statistically significant in predicting the consideration of facial injections (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Compared to Al husaini et al. that found that social media influencers were the most to enhance the consideration of cosmetic procedure among the population.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhereas following medical doctors who practice cosmetic facial injections as well as cosmetic pages, related to increased intentions of undergoing dermal Fillers and Botox facial treatments (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Hermans et al. also concluded that following cosmetic clinics was related to some extent to more acceptance and intent to undergo aesthetics procedures. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCosmetic pages and medical doctors in the aesthetic industry can make individuals more aware of the available options, give in-depth details about procedure\u0026rsquo;s safety, efficacy and potential benefits, in addition to featuring individuals who have already undergone cosmetic treatments by showcasing before and after images of enhanced appearances. In fact, Arab et al. reported that a participant who followed a plastic surgeon was more attracted and influenced by cosmetic advertisements.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Al Bahlal et al. found that surgeons\u0026rsquo; advertisements affected the decision of 35.9% of their participants to seek cosmetic consultations. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther than social media exposure or medical professionals and influencers, having a family member or a friend who have undergone facial fillers or Botox encouraged more individual into opting for such procedures (p value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0), as they can be a source of information, vicarious experience as well as motivation. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR34\" citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArab et al. showed that having a family member or a friend who had undergone facial injections influenced more individuals when exposed to cosmetic treatment ads on social media. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, having a personal history with fillers and Botox was also associated with intentions to undergo future injections (p value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0). Undergoing noninvasive cosmetic procedures, improves one\u0026rsquo;s satisfaction with appearance and psychosocial wellbeing and would be more inclined to seek further treatments. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study showed a significant relationship between face satisfaction and consideration of undergoing facial fillers and Botox (p value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0): individuals who report higher levels of face satisfaction have lower odds of considering facial injections. This aligns with Kasmaei et al., Abbas et al. and Sarwer et al. who found that low satisfaction with self-image and appearance were found to be effective in predicting the intent to undergo cosmetic procedures. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Young women were at increased risk of being more dissatisfied with their body and facial appearance as they try to achieve the attainable beauty ideals put by society and social media. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Conversely, the findings of the analysis would also suggest that individuals satisfied with their appearance would be less prone to be influenced by social media exposure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLastly, as mean to mitigate their emotional despair, people will use facial cosmetic injections or other cosmetic interventions to improve their overall body satisfaction, image, self-esteem and self-confidence. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Sarwer et al. and Delinsky SS found that a greater psychological investment in physical appearance was a predictor of attitude toward cosmetic procedures. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared to this study, appearance related psychological distress was not significantly associated with the intent to undergo cosmetic facial injections (p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The discrepancy found could be from the difference between populations and cultures studied, tools used to assess for psychological distress or the possibility of fluctuance in psychological distress related to appearance over time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYet again, before undergoing facial fillers or Botox injections, critical care should be done in identifying psychological disorders, such as Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). A consistent relationship has been demonstrated between BDD and the desire to undergo cosmetic procedures, and it has been associated with poorer outcomes as these options seldom reduce or can even worsen BDD symptoms. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDue to the increase in the cosmetic procedure market, and the higher exposure of social media nowadays, we conducted a study on Lebanese university students, to investigate the complex relationship between the consideration of facial cosmetic injections such as fillers and Botox and many other variables such as : social media exposure, facial appearance satisfaction and related psychological distress as well as demographics. Predictors of intent to undergo facial cosmetic injections were: being a woman, following medical doctors and cosmetic pages, social media addiction, face satisfaction and a personal, family or peer history of undergoing facial cosmetic injections. Further studies using validated questionnaire are needed, with a bigger proportion of men answering the survey and tackling other age groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePractical implications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study shed light on the important influence of social media platforms on individuals, especially youth. Hence why surveillance on what is published or critical care from cosmetic pages and especially doctors should be done in order not to rush young individuals into going for such procedures even though minimally invasive, but could have certain permanent side effect on the long term. Media literacy trainings in universities could also be suggested in order to improve individuals critical thinking abilities when confronted with social media content. As clinical practice implications, the study findings suggest the use of screening tools by doctors in order to evaluate patients\u0026rsquo; satisfaction with facial appearance, image and related psychological discomfort in order to assess their motivation before accepting to proceed with cosmetic injections.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Limitations","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is a cross sectional study; hence causality cannot be established, further longitudinal or experimental studies are needed to investigate the causality of the relationship between consideration of cosmetic facial injections and social media exposures and other factors. In addition, selection bias might be present as the \"snowball technique\u0026rdquo; was used, so the sample cannot be representative of all university students. Our study relies on self-reported data, it might be also subject to recall bias as well as social desirability and non-response bias. In addition to the single assessment point that cannot capture changing attitude through time. Some confounding variables may not have been taken into consideration. The findings of our study cannot be generalized to all categories of the population since it tackles only individuals between the age of 18 and 30 and still in the university, as well as the survey being answered mainly by women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe received the approval from the ethic board at Eye and Ear hospital (a copy of the approval is attached to the \u0026ldquo;related files\u0026rdquo; section on the website)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe got an informed consent for each patient.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Data is available as Excel files that I can send to you if needed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Rami Salameh: [email protected])\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo competing interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFundings\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo fundings\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNOT APPLICABLE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthors contributions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRami Salameh, M.D wrote the main manuscript text and prepared tables 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElio El Murr, M.D reviewed the manuscript\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElie Ghadban, M.D collected the data\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharlie Hanna, M.D reviewed the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRodr\u0026iacute;guez-Rodero S, Fern\u0026aacute;ndez-Morera JL, Men\u0026eacute;ndez-Torre E, Calvanese V, Fern\u0026aacute;ndez AF, Fraga MF. 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Accessed Jan 31, 2024.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Social media, Cosmetics, Fillers, Botox, Appearance satisfaction, psychological distress","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165399/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165399/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBackground\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the emergence of social media platforms and accounts advertising for noninvasive cosmetic procedures, obsession with beauty and conforming to certain appearance standards is increasing among adolescents and young adults. The current study aimed to determine whether social media content exposure and other related factors, influence the decision of Lebanese university students to undergo facial cosmetic injections such as dermal fillers and Botox.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross sectional study was conducted between the first and 20th of august 2023, using an online questionnaire platform on Lebanese university students between the age of 18 and 30. The survey included questions regarding demographic features, facial cosmetic injections, social media use, facial appearance and related psychological distress. A bivariate followed by a multivariate analysis were done. A p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered to be significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 600 responses were collected. Most of who responded were women (N: 398, 66.3%) with a mean age of 22.22+/- 3. Of the participants, 185 (30.8%) considered undergoing facial fillers or Botox injections whereas 31 (5.2%) have already undergone such procedures. Instagram was the platform used the most (N: 466, 77.7%). When considering the multivariate analysis model: being a female, following medical doctors on social media, following cosmetic pages, a personal, family or friend history of undergoing cosmetic facial injections and a bigger engagement on social media platforms as well as low satisfaction with facial appearance were significantly correlated with the intent of undergoing facial dermal fillers and Botox injections. (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.393; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.847; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.034; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.066; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.371; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.419; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.029, OR :0.628 respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study gave a dynamic comprehension about the persuasive effect of social media platforms on Lebanese university students to consider cosmetic facial injections. The significant predictors in our model were related to specific social media behaviors. The study also highlighted the psychological dimension involved in the process, that practitioners should be aware of in their practice.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Influence of social media on intent to undergo cosmetic facial injections among Lebanese university students","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-03 16:59:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165399/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"43d29313-5c8d-4cfe-b6ef-504d669aeafb","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 3rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-14T09:54:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-03 16:59:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4165399","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4165399","identity":"rs-4165399","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}