Passive seismic imaging of the orthomagmatic ore deposits using regional earthquake interferometry: a case study of the Akanvaara V-Cr-PGE deposit in Northern Finland

Passive seismic imaging of the orthomagmatic ore deposits using regional earthquake interferometry: a case study of the Akanvaara V-Cr-PGE deposit in Northern Finland | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Passive seismic imaging of the orthomagmatic ore deposits using regional earthquake interferometry: a case study of the Akanvaara V-Cr-PGE deposit in Northern Finland Nikita Afonin, Elena Kozlovskaya, Kari Moisio, Shenghong Yang, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9009391/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper presents a method for studying the structure of the subsurface in hard rock terrains by interferometry of the Pn-wave coda of the regional seismic events. Using theoretical background and application examples of the teleseismic coda wave interferometry and the teleseismic receiver function methods, we developed data processing and interpretation schemes that convert the Pn coda, recorded in local high resolution passive seismic experiments, into body wave part of the empirical Green’s tensor (EGT), i.e. an impulse response of the medium to a virtual seismic source placed either on the ground surface or underground. Based on the general theoretical considerations, we assume that the different components of the EGT evaluated from the Pn coda include body wave arrivals which are reflected and converted on the structural boundaries having different elastic properties. The algorithm was tested with real data recorded within high-resolution passive seismic experiments with 771 three-component seismic instruments in the “Volfram-Chrome-Platinum Group Elements” (V-Cr-PGE) orthomagmatic deposit of the Akanvaara ultramafic intrusion in Northern Finland. From the evaluated EGT it was possible to identify numerous signatures of converted and reflected waves. To interpret these arrivals, we conducted a numerical simulation of a plane wave interaction with a synthetic model of the deposit and found that the arrivals correlate not only with the known structural features of the deposit, but with unknown ones as well. Our study shows that interferometry of the regional Pn-wave coda can be an effective tool for mineral exploration both in greenfield and brownfield cases. passive seismic imaging regional earthquake interferometry critical raw materials cost-effective methods mineral exploration Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9009391","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":604253054,"identity":"9989701d-443c-4bde-969e-3a0bbee40642","order_by":0,"name":"Nikita Afonin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6klEQVRIie3RP2oCQRTH8d8yMNNMsH0S0Cts2CIElFxFsU2TzmJdFhasJumF4DFsfTKwNv65Qo6wIKQUdzVCqtm1EzLfZqZ4H97AAD7fPSYkuDpVivIyBgjBN9eSakJzRTYgggjdBBK4EgTTC3GCZyWHtojR1epjZd/nk6SdisC55SWTzJzjyejdwM4Wa3qEgJOEVqXMEsGS3kL7sMipgxY3IEe8mjP5qkjtlvJhqymGF5LGTR4mB7z9pJHRm9DqnNuzrI7s86gY//T6RpnooOOkRetMFC7yG10vtvzcBvN/S26c9/l8vv/QCfqETMK6KR4oAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Oulu","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nikita","middleName":"","lastName":"Afonin","suffix":""},{"id":604253055,"identity":"ff9da266-ba15-4693-bac2-16ab12a1d23b","order_by":1,"name":"Elena Kozlovskaya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Oulu","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elena","middleName":"","lastName":"Kozlovskaya","suffix":""},{"id":604253056,"identity":"fafa2a6e-6fbe-4420-b4d7-a3c23d5487d4","order_by":2,"name":"Kari Moisio","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Oulu","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kari","middleName":"","lastName":"Moisio","suffix":""},{"id":604253057,"identity":"5b5f840f-441b-4d1b-92e7-fccc73a58a65","order_by":3,"name":"Shenghong Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Oulu","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shenghong","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":604253058,"identity":"f47fd2bd-c94d-4d96-a178-da2b7f622b3f","order_by":4,"name":"Jouni Sarala","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Oulu","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jouni","middleName":"","lastName":"Sarala","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-02 11:10:55","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9009391/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9009391/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104700965,"identity":"6f5e417d-6845-4adf-bf75-41dfd6967e0f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-16 08:30:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1884053,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Afoninetal2026Akanvaara0203.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9009391/v1_covered_febd9bf4-603f-4b15-84a1-a6941dcd9bf7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Passive seismic imaging of the orthomagmatic ore deposits using regional earthquake interferometry: a case study of the Akanvaara V-Cr-PGE deposit in Northern Finland","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"passive seismic imaging, regional earthquake interferometry, critical raw materials, cost-effective methods, mineral exploration","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9009391/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9009391/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper presents a method for studying the structure of the subsurface in hard rock terrains by interferometry of the Pn-wave coda of the regional seismic events. Using theoretical background and application examples of the teleseismic coda wave interferometry and the teleseismic receiver function methods, we developed data processing and interpretation schemes that convert the Pn coda, recorded in local high resolution passive seismic experiments, into body wave part of the empirical Green\u0026rsquo;s tensor (EGT), i.e. an impulse response of the medium to a virtual seismic source placed either on the ground surface or underground. Based on the general theoretical considerations, we assume that the different components of the EGT evaluated from the Pn coda include body wave arrivals which are reflected and converted on the structural boundaries having different elastic properties. 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Our study shows that interferometry of the regional Pn-wave coda can be an effective tool for mineral exploration both in greenfield and brownfield cases.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Passive seismic imaging of the orthomagmatic ore deposits using regional earthquake interferometry: a case study of the Akanvaara V-Cr-PGE deposit in Northern Finland","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-16 08:30:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9009391/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3c541a92-deb9-4cd1-9f92-02b9583b4701","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 16th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T08:30:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-16 08:30:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9009391","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9009391","identity":"rs-9009391","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}