The Neuroimmunology of Autism

Alterations and maladaptation of the immune system remain some of the most controversial concepts in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Nonetheless, intensifying evidence confirms that much of what ASD involves is related not to fixed “autistic states of being” but rather to the consequences of environmental insult and complex psychological and physiological processes along a neuro-immune-microbiota-axis. Beginning with an epidemiological and etiological underpinning, followed by biochemical and psychiatric standpoints, we elaborate on the current role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of ASD. Finally, taking a neuroimmunological perspective, we highlight the need for a multi-scale, holistic, and “middle-out” approach to understanding and developing future therapeutic modalities to address the core symptoms of ASD that go beyond the current reductionist and “magic-bullet” medical paradigm.