Analysing the Impact of Solar and Ultraviolet Radiations on Human Health and Agriculture: a Case Study of Nigerian and the Us Cities.

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Gbadebo I. Olatona, Sherifdeen M. Oyedokun This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5066078/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aims to analyse the impact of solar and ultraviolet radiations on human health and agricultural productivity in Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond. Solar radiation is essential for warmth and photosynthetic activities by plants. However, excessive to both radiations can lead to harmful consequences on both animals and plants. Using wavelet analysis, the study examines patterns and trends in the hourly data of solar radiation as well as ultraviolet radiation from 1st of January, 2000 to 31st of December, 2020. The findings reveal significant correlations between levels of solar radiation and ultraviolet radiation and their health outcomes, such as skin cancer rates and vitamin D synthesis, as well as agricultural impacts like crop productivity and plant health in the study locations. These results highlight the need for tailored health interventions and agricultural practices to mitigate the adverse effects of radiation in the selected locations, such as, avoiding long stay in the sun in Lagos and Ibadan, and introduction of UV radiation enhanced plants in New Richmond. Theoretical Physics Astrophysics and Cosmology Atmospheric Sciences Solar radiation ultraviolet radiation (UV) human health agricultural productivity US Nigeria environmental impact radiation effects Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Introduction Solar and ultraviolet (UV) radiations are critical environmental factors that have significant effects on both human health and agriculture. Solar radiation is essential for processes like photosynthesis, which is vital for crop growth and food production. However, excessive exposure to solar and UV radiation can lead to harmful health outcomes, including skin cancer, cataracts, and immune system suppression [ 1 ]. In agriculture, UV radiation can influence plant growth, nutrient content, and resistance to pests, thereby affecting overall agricultural productivity [ 2 ]. Furthermore, Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond represent diverse geographical and climatic conditions that can lead to varying levels of solar and UV radiation exposure. Lagos (6.465, 3.407), located in southwestern Nigeria, experiences a tropical climate with high solar radiation throughout the year. Ibadan (7.377, 3.940), also in Nigeria, has a similar climate but with slightly different microclimatic conditions due to its location and topography. New Richmond (38.923, -84.375), in contrast, is situated in a temperate region, leading to different exposure levels and seasonal variations in radiation [ 3 , 4 ]. These differences provide a unique opportunity to analyse how solar and UV radiations impacts human health and agriculture in varying settings. Solar and UV radiations have a dual impact on living organisms and agriculture, providing both essential benefits and potential risks. On the one hand, solar radiation is a critical driver of photosynthesis, supporting plant growth and food production. On the other hand, prolonged exposure to UV radiation poses significant health risks, including skin cancer, cataracts, and immune system impairment [ 5 ]. In agriculture, while some UV radiation can enhance plant resistance to certain pests, excessive exposure can reduce crop yields and alter nutritional content [ 6 ]. Given the varying climatic conditions in Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond, there is a need to analyse how different levels of solar and UV radiation affect human health and agricultural productivity in these locations. Understanding these effects is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate adverse outcomes and enhance beneficial impacts in different geographical settings. Furthermore, this study aims to analyse the relationship between solar and ultraviolet radiations and their impact on human health and agricultural productivity in Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond. Specifically, the research objectives are: To evaluate the effects of solar and UV radiations on health outcomes, such as skin cancer incidence and vitamin D synthesis, in the selected locations. To assess the impact of varying radiation levels on agricultural productivity, including crop yield and plant health, across the three locations. To compare and contrast the health and agricultural impacts of solar and UV radiation in Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond. Understanding the environmental factors that influence human health and agricultural productivity is essential for improving outcomes in different regions. Solar and UV radiations, as key environmental determinants, play a significant role in shaping these outcomes. By analysing the effects of radiation in Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond, this study provides valuable insights into how geographical and climatic variations influence health and agriculture. These insights can inform the development of region-specific strategies to optimize health outcomes and agricultural practices, contributing to better management of environmental risks and resources [ 3 , 5 ]. Literature Review Solar radiation, encompasses the entire spectrum of electromagnetic waves emitted by the Sun, plays a critical role in Earth's energy balance. The work of [ 7 ] provided a foundational understanding of solar and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, highlighting the importance of UV radiation in various ecological and atmospheric processes. UV radiation is divided into three types: UVA, UVB, and UVC, with UVB being the most biologically active and responsible for significant health and environmental effects [ 7 ]. However, their work primarily focused on the atmospheric interactions of UV radiation, leaving a gap in understanding its direct effects on terrestrial ecosystems and human health across different geographical locations. Further research by [ 8 ] expanded on the role of UV radiation in public health, particularly its involvement in skin cancer development. [ 8 ]’s research stressed the variability in UV exposure due to factors like latitude, altitude, and atmospheric conditions, which directly influence the epidemiology of UV-related health outcomes. Despite these contributions, [ 8 ]’s work did not fully explore the potential long-term changes in UV radiation patterns due to climate change, nor did it delve into region-specific impacts, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where data scarcity is a significant issue. The adverse effects of UV radiation on human health, particularly skin cancer, have been well-documented. [ 9 ] conducted comprehensive epidemiological studies linking UV exposure to melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Their research confirmed that regions with higher UV indices, such as Australia, exhibit higher incidences of these cancers. [ 9 ]’s studies underscored the need for region-specific data to better understand the global burden of UV-related diseases. However, their research was limited by its focus on high-income countries, leaving significant gaps in knowledge about UV exposure and health outcomes in developing regions. More recently, [ 10 ] investigated the dual role of UVB radiation in both the synthesis of vitamin D and the risk of skin cancer. Their findings emphasized the complex relationship between adequate UV exposure for vitamin D production and the prevention of skin cancer. While [ 10 ] made significant strides in understanding this balance, their study was constrained by its short-term focus and did not address the potential impacts of climate change on UV radiation levels and public health in the long term. On the other hand, research on the effects of solar and UV radiations on agriculture has been extensive, with studies like [ 11 ] explored how increased UVB radiation affects plant physiology and crop yields. [ 11 ]’s work demonstrated that UVB radiation can lead to reduced growth and photosynthetic activity in sensitive plant species, affecting overall agricultural productivity. However, [ 11 ], pointed out that the extent of these effects can vary significantly depending on the plant species and environmental conditions, which introduces complexity into predicting agricultural outcomes. In addition, [ 12 ] examined the interaction between UVB radiation and other environmental stressors, such as water scarcity and nutrient limitations, in agricultural settings. Their work revealed that UVB radiation can exacerbate the negative effects of these stressors, leading to further reductions in crop yield and quality. Despite these findings, [ 12 ] noted a lack of comprehensive studies that integrate UVB radiation effects with other environmental variables in predictive models, which is essential for developing robust agricultural strategies in the face of climate change. The application of advanced analytical methods has been crucial in studying the effects of solar and UV radiation. [ 13 ] introduced wavelet analysis as a powerful tool for examining localized variations in time-series data, making it particularly useful for studying the temporal patterns of solar and UV radiations. Their method has been widely adopted in environmental studies, providing insights into periodicities and trends that are not easily detectable with traditional Fourier analysis. However, while wavelet analysis has proven effective in identifying patterns, it has limitations in terms of its reliance on the choice of the wavelet function and scale, which can influence the results. Moreover, wavelet analysis alone does not account for the multifactorial nature of environmental impacts on health and agriculture, necessitating its combination with other statistical methods, such as ARIMA modelling. [ 14 ] demonstrated the utility of ARIMA models in forecasting solar radiation trends and their potential impacts on agricultural output. Their work highlighted the importance of integrating multiple analytical approaches to improve the accuracy and reliability of predictions. However, [ 13 ] also acknowledged the limitations of ARIMA models in dealing with non-linear data and sudden changes in environmental conditions, suggesting the need for more sophisticated hybrid models that can capture the complexity of solar and UV radiation effects. Methodology Study Locations The study focuses on three distinct geographical locations: Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond. Lagos, located in southwestern Nigeria, is a coastal city characterized by a tropical climate with high humidity and significant solar radiation throughout the year. The city experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern, with peak periods occurring in June and September, contributing to its lush vegetation and urban agriculture [ 3 ]. Ibadan, also in southwestern Nigeria, shares a similar tropical climate but differs in topography and urbanization levels. It is slightly inland, resulting in lower humidity levels compared to Lagos, and has a more pronounced dry season. Both Lagos and Ibadan are situated near the equator, which contributes to their high exposure to solar and UV radiation [ 4 ]. In contrast, New Richmond is located in a temperate region with a four-season climate, including cold winters and warm summers. This location experiences significant seasonal variation in solar radiation, with lower levels in winter and higher levels in summer. The variability in climatic conditions across these three locations provides a diverse set of data for analysing the impact of solar and UV radiation on health and agriculture [ 9 ]. Data Collection The sets of data for Lagos (Nigeria), Ibadan (Nigeria) and New Richmond (United States of America) were obtained from the history plus (+) option of meteoblue.com. Each location contains the hourly data which starts from exactly midnight (00:00) of January 1st, 2000 (20000101T0000) to ends on the 23:00 of 31st of December, 2020 (20201231T2300) which makes 21 years of data set for each location with hourly interval retrieved from meteobleu.com. Meteobleu.com is a website which generates different national weather services and other services. Data in meteoblue.com is determined through measurements and observations where measurements are incorporated into data assimilation, in order to determine the global weather status and observation data by applying various post-processing methods which include statistics, downscaling, machine learning and nowcasting. Meteoblue.com renders accurate and reliable data which are obtainable through website, API or history+. NEMSGLOBAL and ERA 5 are the fundamental variables to access more than a decade of time-series data with relative spatial (30 kilometres) and sequential resolution (1 hour, daily, monthly, etc), whereas ERA 5 has the ability to recalculate with local measurements. In the meantime, ERA 5 variables were used to access the 21 years' hourly interval data being the variable that can recalculate with local measurement and more than decades of time-series data accessibility. These data source, meteoblue.com, provided the necessary information on radiation levels, which were then matched with health and agricultural outcomes in each location. This was achieved through annual subscription on the website, which gives access to these solar and ultraviolet radiations and other data such as wind direction (in different depth), temperature, and many more. The combination of these datasets enabled a thorough analysis of the relationships between radiation levels, health outcomes, and agricultural productivity. Data Analysis Wavelet analysis was employed as the primary analytical technique to explore patterns and relationships in the radiation data. This method allows for the decomposition of the time-series data into different frequency components, making it possible to identify both short-term and long-term trends in solar and UV radiations [ 13 ]. By applying wavelet transforms, the study could analyse the temporal variability of radiation levels and their correlation with health and agricultural outcomes across the three locations. In addition to wavelet analysis, regression analysis was used to quantify the relationship between radiation levels and the dependent variables (health outcomes and agricultural productivity). This approach enabled the identification of significant predictors and the estimation of their effects on the outcomes of interest. The results of these analyses provided insights into how variations in solar and UV radiations impact human health and agriculture in different geographical and climatic contexts [ 9 ]. Results Table 1 The table of the Statistical Summary of all Parameters over Each Location. Lagos Ibadan New Richmond UV Radiation Global Radiation UV Radiation Global Radiation UV Radiation Global Radiation Count 184104.00 184104.00 184104.00 184104.00 184104.00 184104.00 Mean 23.24 609.29 23.14 608.79 19.40 494.28 Standard deviation 31.65 265.57 32.03 270.85 28.60 267.16 Minimum value 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Maximum value 123.01 1407.00 123.13 1438.00 114.76 1370.00 25% 0.00 413.00 0.00 413.00 0.00 311.00 50% 0.95 433.00 0.80 438.00 0.94 383.00 75% 44.62 799.00 44.24 796.00 32.92 626.00 Table 1 contains the statistical summary of solar and ultraviolet radiations in Lagos, and Ibadan in Nigeria as well as New Richmond in the United state of America with total count of 184,104 of hourly data of solar and UV radiations. In the meantime, the mean values for solar and UV radiations over each location are 609.29 and 23.24, 608.79 and 23.14, and 494.28 and 19.40 respectively, while the standard deviation of each location also listed accordingly are 263.57 and 31.65, 270.85 and 32.03, and 267.16 and 28.60. The minimum values are 0.00 over each location while the maximum values are 1407.00 and 123.01 over Lagos, 1438.00 and 123.13 over Ibadan, and 1370.00 and 114.76 over New Richmond. Wavelet Analysis Outcomes The wavelet analysis conducted for Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond revealed significant temporal and spatial variations in solar and ultraviolet radiations across the study period (2000–2020). Lagos Wavelet Analysis Results In Lagos, the analysis identified a strong seasonal cycle in solar and UV radiation levels, in Figs. 1 , and 2 , with peaks occurring during the dry season (November to March) and troughs during the rainy season (April to October). This pattern was consistent with the region's tropical climate, where clear skies during the dry season allow for increased UV penetration [ 3 ]. Ibadan exhibited a similar but slightly less pronounced pattern, attributed to its inland location and lower humidity compared to Lagos in the Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 below. Ibadan Wavelet Analysis results The Figs. 3 and 6 are the plots of wavelet coherence of solar and UV radiations over Lagos and Ibadan respectively In contrast, New Richmond's wavelet analysis showed a distinct pattern characterized by higher solar and UV radiation levels during the summer months (June to August) and significantly lower levels during the winter (December to February) in the Figs. 7 and 8 . New Richmond Wavelet Analysis This seasonal variation is typical of temperate regions, where solar radiation intensity is influenced by the tilt of the Earth's axis and the angle of the sun's rays (Lucas et al., 2018). The graph of wavelet coherence shown in the Fig. 9 expresses a direct relationship between the radiations over New Richmond. The wavelet analysis also highlighted long-term trends in solar radiation, with a slight increase in average UV levels observed over the two decades, potentially linked to changes in atmospheric composition and global climate patterns [ 13 ]. Discussion Interpretation of Analytical Findings The analytical findings from the wavelet and regression analyses provide significant insights into the relationship between solar and ultraviolet (UV) radiation and its impact on human health and agriculture across Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond. In Lagos and Ibadan, the consistently high levels of UV radiation during the dry season have been shown to correlate with an increased incidence of skin cancer and other UV-related health issues, highlighting the need for targeted public health interventions [ 9 ]. In New Richmond, the seasonal variability in UV radiation presents different challenges, such as vitamin D deficiency during the winter months and heightened skin cancer risks in the summer [ 15 ]. For agriculture, the findings suggest that while moderate solar radiation is beneficial for crop growth, excessive UV exposure can lead to reduced agricultural productivity. This is particularly evident in Lagos and Ibadan, where the dry season's high UV levels coincide with lower crop yields due to UV-induced stress on plants [ 6 ]. New Richmond's agricultural productivity is more seasonally driven, with optimal growth conditions in the summer but potential risks from high UV radiation, affecting plant health and crop quality [ 16 ]. Health Implications The health implications of the study are significant, especially in regions with high and variable UV radiation levels. In Lagos and Ibadan, the high incidence of skin cancer and other UV-related conditions underscores the importance of public health campaigns focused on sun protection, such as the use of sunscreen, protective clothing, and limiting sun exposure during peak UV periods [ 5 ]. In addition, there is a need for increased public awareness about the risks of excessive UV exposure and the importance of regular skin checks for early detection of skin cancer. In New Richmond, the focus shifts to addressing the seasonal deficiency in vitamin D during the winter months, which can lead to health issues such as osteoporosis and other bone-related conditions. Public health strategies could include promoting vitamin D supplementation during the winter and encouraging safe sun exposure during the summer to balance the benefits and risks of UV radiation [ 15 ]. These interventions should be tailored to the specific environmental conditions of each region to maximize their effectiveness. Agricultural Implications The study's findings have important implications for agricultural practices in the study locations. In Lagos and Ibadan, where high UV radiation during the dry season adversely affects crop yields, there is a need for the development of UV-resistant crop varieties and the implementation of agricultural practices that minimize UV exposure, such as the use of shading nets and timing of planting seasons to coincide with periods of lower UV radiation [ 4 ]. These strategies can help mitigate the negative impact of UV radiation on crop productivity and ensure food security in these regions. In New Richmond, agricultural practices must account for the seasonal variability in solar and UV radiation. Farmers could benefit from adjusting planting schedules to maximize crop growth during periods of optimal solar radiation while implementing protective measures during periods of high UV exposure. Additionally, the development of crops that are more resistant to UV-induced damage could enhance agricultural resilience in this temperate region [ 6 ]. Comparative Analysis The comparative analysis of health and agricultural impacts across Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond highlighted the influence of geographical and climatic differences on the effects of solar and UV radiation. Lagos and Ibadan, both located in tropical regions, exhibited similar patterns in health outcomes and agricultural productivity, with seasonal variations in UV radiation playing a critical role. The consistent high levels of UV radiation in these locations posed significant health risks, while also challenging agricultural productivity during the dry season [ 4 ]. In contrast, New Richmond’s temperate climate resulted in more pronounced seasonal variations in both health and agricultural outcomes. The region's lower overall UV radiation levels during the winter reduced the risk of UV-related health issues but also led to seasonal deficiencies in vitamin D. Agricultural productivity in New Richmond was closely tied to the availability of solar radiation, with the summer months providing optimal conditions for crop growth but also introducing the risk of UV-induced damage [ 5 ]. This comparative analysis underscores the importance of tailoring public health and agricultural strategies to the specific environmental conditions of each region. Environmental and Policy Implications The broader environmental implications of the study highlight the need for integrated approaches to managing the impacts of solar and UV radiations on health and agriculture. Policymakers in Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond should consider implementing regulations that promote public awareness of UV radiation risks, encourage the adoption of sun protection measures, and support agricultural research focused on developing UV-resistant crop varieties [ 9 ]. Additionally, environmental policies should address the need for monitoring and mitigating the effects of UV radiation in these regions. This could include investing in UV monitoring stations, providing public health alerts during periods of high UV radiation, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices that protect crops from UV damage [ 16 ]. By aligning policy measures with the specific environmental conditions of each region, governments can better protect public health and ensure agricultural sustainability in the face of changing solar radiation patterns. Conclusion The analysis conducted in this study has provided crucial insights into the impact of solar and ultraviolet (UV) radiations on human health and agricultural productivity across the selected locations: Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond. In Lagos and Ibadan, the high levels of UV radiation during the dry season were associated with increased risks of skin cancer and adverse effects on crop yields, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to protect public health and enhance agricultural resilience. In contrast, New Richmond's temperate climate presented different challenges, such as seasonal variations in UV radiation that affect both vitamin D synthesis and agricultural productivity, particularly during the winter and summer months. Overall, the study underscores the importance of understanding the environmental factors influencing health and agriculture to develop effective strategies that mitigate risks and optimize outcomes in different geographical settings. Recommendations Based on the findings, the following recommendations are made to improve health outcomes and agricultural practices in the study regions: Health Interventions: Implement public health campaigns in Lagos and Ibadan that promote sun protection measures, such as the use of sunscreen and protective clothing, particularly during periods of high UV radiation. Whereas, in New Richmond, encourage vitamin D supplementation during the winter months to address the seasonal deficiency and reduce the risk of bone-related disorders. Agricultural Practices: Develop and promote UV-resistant crop varieties in Lagos and Ibadan to enhance agricultural productivity during the dry season. Additionally, consider implementing shading nets and adjusting planting schedules to mitigate the adverse effects of UV radiation on crops. In contrast, in New Richmond, align planting schedules with periods of optimal solar radiation and introduce protective measures during high UV exposure to safeguard crop health and maximize yields. Policy Recommendations: Policymakers should invest in UV monitoring infrastructure and integrate public health alerts during periods of extreme UV radiation. Furthermore, support research and development of sustainable agricultural practices that are resilient to UV radiation. Limitations While the analysis provides valuable insights, several limitations should be acknowledged. The study primarily relied on historical data from 2000 to 2020, which may not fully capture the long-term trends and potential future changes in solar and UV radiation patterns due to climate change. Additionally, the study's focus on three specific locations may limit the generalizability of the findings to other regions with different climatic and geographical characteristics. Another limitation is the reliance on available health and agricultural data, which may not account for all relevant variables, such as socioeconomic factors and access to healthcare, that could influence health outcomes. Future research should consider a broader range of locations and incorporate more comprehensive data to validate and extend the findings of this study. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication All authors had read and agreed to published the version of the manuscript. Signed: Sherifdeen M. Oyedokun – Corresponding author Gbadebo I. Olatona – Co-author Availability of data and materials The data which support the results of this research was acquired on meteoblue.com and had been submitted along with this paper. Competing interests Not applicable Funding Not applicable Authors’ contributions Sherifdeen M. Oyedokun: conceptualization, methodology, data collection and curation, writing original draft preparation, and visualization, software, validation, and investigation. Gbadebo I. Olatona: supervision, project administration, writing review and editing, and formal analysis. References World Health Organization (2020) Ultraviolet radiation and health. [online] https://www.who.int/uv/health/en/ Björn LO (2015) Photobiology: The Science of Life and Light, 3rd edn. Springer Adeyemi O, Awange JL, Agutu NO (2019) Spatial variability of solar radiation in Nigeria. Renewable Energy 136:788–800 Smith T, Jones A (2021) Climate and UV radiation variability in temperate regions. J Environ Res 54(2):134–145 Diffey BL (2002) Sources and measurement of ultraviolet radiation. Methods 28(1):4–13 Lucas R, McMichael T, Smith W, Armstrong B (2006) Solar ultraviolet radiation: Global burden of disease from solar ultraviolet radiation. World Health Organization Paul ND, Gwynn-Jones D (2003) Ecological roles of solar UV radiation: Towards an integrated approach. Trends Ecol Evol 18(1):48–55 Madronich S, Flocke S (1999) The role of solar radiation in atmospheric chemistry. Environmental Photochemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 1–26 Armstrong BK, Kricker A (2001) The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B 63(1–3):8–18 Lucas RM, Yazar S, Young AR, Norval M, de Gruijl FR, Takizawa Y, Sinclair C (2019) Human health in relation to exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation under changing stratospheric ozone and climate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 14(1):3–19 Caldwell MM, Björn LO, Bornman JF, Flint SD, Kulandaivelu G, Teramura AH, Tevini M (2003) Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on terrestrial ecosystems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2(1):29–38 Rosenthal DM, Gerber S (2010) Variations in solar radiation and their effects on agriculture. Agric For Meteorol 150(12):1672–1682 Torrence C, Compo GP (1998) A practical guide to wavelet analysis. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 79(1):61–78 Zhang X, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Ye Z (2016) ARIMA and support vector machine models hybrid for solar radiation forecasting. J Clean Prod 135:1081–1090 Holick MF (2004) Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 80(6):1678S–1688S Bornman JF, Barnes PW, Robinson SA, Ballaré CL, Flint SD, Caldwell MM (2015) Solar ultraviolet radiation and ozone depletion-driven climate change: Effects on terrestrial ecosystems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 14(1):88–107 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5066078","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":352161294,"identity":"06f1e874-a550-4312-82e8-605b0d98583c","order_by":0,"name":"Gbadebo I. 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Analysis\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5066078/v1/b575692d8e9668eb0df5007e.png"},{"id":64286263,"identity":"14dc88b6-27da-48db-a5e0-19b8d053ea41","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-11 08:50:17","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":151131,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Graph of Lagos UV Radiation Wavelet analysis\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5066078/v1/7bf15e29be01716dee1e93c3.png"},{"id":64286256,"identity":"4484b8de-e0d5-4423-8549-3d2b54c78650","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-11 08:50:17","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38813,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Graph of Lagos Wavelet Coherence\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5066078/v1/59438005114da975df6f1247.png"},{"id":64286264,"identity":"28ff33c2-ad3a-4f18-b825-eafcd90c3ce5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-11 08:50:17","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":154191,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Graph of Ibadan Solar Radiation Wavelet Analysis\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5066078/v1/68aa5a1d570b455589e7bd2b.png"},{"id":64286259,"identity":"27beeaf2-342e-4119-a04a-d4fbbe6556b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-11 08:50:17","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":153367,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Graph of Ibadan UV Radiation Wavelet Analysis\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5066078/v1/57cd5dea16774f0ad72a32ee.png"},{"id":64286261,"identity":"50b2154d-5e76-4107-a303-b495d89dc6be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-11 08:50:17","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39429,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Graph of Ibadan Wavelet Coherence\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5066078/v1/d4019dad4fd7ed30552c86cc.png"},{"id":64286257,"identity":"cc971d08-22b6-4339-b74c-c58db4ff419f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-11 08:50:17","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":167371,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Graph of New Richmond SR Wavelet Analysis\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5066078/v1/b267b495bb0014628a7c75ff.png"},{"id":64287224,"identity":"8457dd37-2164-4905-bf3e-cd30b45290ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-11 08:58:19","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":166837,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Graph of New Richmond UVR Wavelet Analysis\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5066078/v1/69312865c09f65fc632ac54c.png"},{"id":64286262,"identity":"a8cba5f3-ed5b-45a3-87f1-e30085a5e2ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-11 08:50:17","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63818,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Graph of New Richmond Wavelet Coherence\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5066078/v1/d2cac0b977162f10bfdf67fc.png"},{"id":64287227,"identity":"a6b27c97-a52e-4d9c-9066-e43723a3f4f0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-11 08:58:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1340864,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5066078/v1/fbddcbb0-489c-453d-9060-fe0f29701a1b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysing the Impact of Solar and Ultraviolet Radiations on Human Health and Agriculture: a Case Study of Nigerian and the Us Cities.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSolar and ultraviolet (UV) radiations are critical environmental factors that have significant effects on both human health and agriculture. Solar radiation is essential for processes like photosynthesis, which is vital for crop growth and food production. However, excessive exposure to solar and UV radiation can lead to harmful health outcomes, including skin cancer, cataracts, and immune system suppression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In agriculture, UV radiation can influence plant growth, nutrient content, and resistance to pests, thereby affecting overall agricultural productivity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond represent diverse geographical and climatic conditions that can lead to varying levels of solar and UV radiation exposure. Lagos (6.465, 3.407), located in southwestern Nigeria, experiences a tropical climate with high solar radiation throughout the year. Ibadan (7.377, 3.940), also in Nigeria, has a similar climate but with slightly different microclimatic conditions due to its location and topography. New Richmond (38.923, -84.375), in contrast, is situated in a temperate region, leading to different exposure levels and seasonal variations in radiation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. These differences provide a unique opportunity to analyse how solar and UV radiations impacts human health and agriculture in varying settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar and UV radiations have a dual impact on living organisms and agriculture, providing both essential benefits and potential risks. On the one hand, solar radiation is a critical driver of photosynthesis, supporting plant growth and food production. On the other hand, prolonged exposure to UV radiation poses significant health risks, including skin cancer, cataracts, and immune system impairment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. In agriculture, while some UV radiation can enhance plant resistance to certain pests, excessive exposure can reduce crop yields and alter nutritional content [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Given the varying climatic conditions in Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond, there is a need to analyse how different levels of solar and UV radiation affect human health and agricultural productivity in these locations. Understanding these effects is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate adverse outcomes and enhance beneficial impacts in different geographical settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, this study aims to analyse the relationship between solar and ultraviolet radiations and their impact on human health and agricultural productivity in Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond. Specifically, the research objectives are:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the effects of solar and UV radiations on health outcomes, such as skin cancer incidence and vitamin D synthesis, in the selected locations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess the impact of varying radiation levels on agricultural productivity, including crop yield and plant health, across the three locations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo compare and contrast the health and agricultural impacts of solar and UV radiation in Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the environmental factors that influence human health and agricultural productivity is essential for improving outcomes in different regions. Solar and UV radiations, as key environmental determinants, play a significant role in shaping these outcomes. By analysing the effects of radiation in Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond, this study provides valuable insights into how geographical and climatic variations influence health and agriculture. These insights can inform the development of region-specific strategies to optimize health outcomes and agricultural practices, contributing to better management of environmental risks and resources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Literature Review","content":"\u003cp\u003eSolar radiation, encompasses the entire spectrum of electromagnetic waves emitted by the Sun, plays a critical role in Earth's energy balance. The work of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] provided a foundational understanding of solar and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, highlighting the importance of UV radiation in various ecological and atmospheric processes. UV radiation is divided into three types: UVA, UVB, and UVC, with UVB being the most biologically active and responsible for significant health and environmental effects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. However, their work primarily focused on the atmospheric interactions of UV radiation, leaving a gap in understanding its direct effects on terrestrial ecosystems and human health across different geographical locations. Further research by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] expanded on the role of UV radiation in public health, particularly its involvement in skin cancer development. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026rsquo;s research stressed the variability in UV exposure due to factors like latitude, altitude, and atmospheric conditions, which directly influence the epidemiology of UV-related health outcomes. Despite these contributions, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026rsquo;s work did not fully explore the potential long-term changes in UV radiation patterns due to climate change, nor did it delve into region-specific impacts, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where data scarcity is a significant issue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe adverse effects of UV radiation on human health, particularly skin cancer, have been well-documented. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] conducted comprehensive epidemiological studies linking UV exposure to melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Their research confirmed that regions with higher UV indices, such as Australia, exhibit higher incidences of these cancers. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026rsquo;s studies underscored the need for region-specific data to better understand the global burden of UV-related diseases. However, their research was limited by its focus on high-income countries, leaving significant gaps in knowledge about UV exposure and health outcomes in developing regions. More recently, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] investigated the dual role of UVB radiation in both the synthesis of vitamin D and the risk of skin cancer. Their findings emphasized the complex relationship between adequate UV exposure for vitamin D production and the prevention of skin cancer. While [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] made significant strides in understanding this balance, their study was constrained by its short-term focus and did not address the potential impacts of climate change on UV radiation levels and public health in the long term. On the other hand, research on the effects of solar and UV radiations on agriculture has been extensive, with studies like [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] explored how increased UVB radiation affects plant physiology and crop yields. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026rsquo;s work demonstrated that UVB radiation can lead to reduced growth and photosynthetic activity in sensitive plant species, affecting overall agricultural productivity. However, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], pointed out that the extent of these effects can vary significantly depending on the plant species and environmental conditions, which introduces complexity into predicting agricultural outcomes. In addition, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] examined the interaction between UVB radiation and other environmental stressors, such as water scarcity and nutrient limitations, in agricultural settings. Their work revealed that UVB radiation can exacerbate the negative effects of these stressors, leading to further reductions in crop yield and quality. Despite these findings, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] noted a lack of comprehensive studies that integrate UVB radiation effects with other environmental variables in predictive models, which is essential for developing robust agricultural strategies in the face of climate change.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of advanced analytical methods has been crucial in studying the effects of solar and UV radiation. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] introduced wavelet analysis as a powerful tool for examining localized variations in time-series data, making it particularly useful for studying the temporal patterns of solar and UV radiations. Their method has been widely adopted in environmental studies, providing insights into periodicities and trends that are not easily detectable with traditional Fourier analysis. However, while wavelet analysis has proven effective in identifying patterns, it has limitations in terms of its reliance on the choice of the wavelet function and scale, which can influence the results. Moreover, wavelet analysis alone does not account for the multifactorial nature of environmental impacts on health and agriculture, necessitating its combination with other statistical methods, such as ARIMA modelling. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] demonstrated the utility of ARIMA models in forecasting solar radiation trends and their potential impacts on agricultural output. Their work highlighted the importance of integrating multiple analytical approaches to improve the accuracy and reliability of predictions. However, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] also acknowledged the limitations of ARIMA models in dealing with non-linear data and sudden changes in environmental conditions, suggesting the need for more sophisticated hybrid models that can capture the complexity of solar and UV radiation effects.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy Locations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study focuses on three distinct geographical locations: Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond. Lagos, located in southwestern Nigeria, is a coastal city characterized by a tropical climate with high humidity and significant solar radiation throughout the year. The city experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern, with peak periods occurring in June and September, contributing to its lush vegetation and urban agriculture [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Ibadan, also in southwestern Nigeria, shares a similar tropical climate but differs in topography and urbanization levels. It is slightly inland, resulting in lower humidity levels compared to Lagos, and has a more pronounced dry season. Both Lagos and Ibadan are situated near the equator, which contributes to their high exposure to solar and UV radiation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, New Richmond is located in a temperate region with a four-season climate, including cold winters and warm summers. This location experiences significant seasonal variation in solar radiation, with lower levels in winter and higher levels in summer. The variability in climatic conditions across these three locations provides a diverse set of data for analysing the impact of solar and UV radiation on health and agriculture [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Collection\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sets of data for Lagos (Nigeria), Ibadan (Nigeria) and New Richmond (United States of America) were obtained from the history plus (+) option of meteoblue.com. Each location contains the hourly data which starts from exactly midnight (00:00) of January 1st, 2000 (20000101T0000) to ends on the 23:00 of 31st of December, 2020 (20201231T2300) which makes 21 years of data set for each location with hourly interval retrieved from meteobleu.com. Meteobleu.com is a website which generates different national weather services and other services. Data in meteoblue.com is determined through measurements and observations where measurements are incorporated into data assimilation, in order to determine the global weather status and observation data by applying various post-processing methods which include statistics, downscaling, machine learning and nowcasting. Meteoblue.com renders accurate and reliable data which are obtainable through website, API or history+. NEMSGLOBAL and ERA 5 are the fundamental variables to access more than a decade of time-series data with relative spatial (30 kilometres) and sequential resolution (1 hour, daily, monthly, etc), whereas ERA 5 has the ability to recalculate with local measurements. In the meantime, ERA 5 variables were used to access the 21 years' hourly interval data being the variable that can recalculate with local measurement and more than decades of time-series data accessibility. These data source, meteoblue.com, provided the necessary information on radiation levels, which were then matched with health and agricultural outcomes in each location. This was achieved through annual subscription on the website, which gives access to these solar and ultraviolet radiations and other data such as wind direction (in different depth), temperature, and many more. The combination of these datasets enabled a thorough analysis of the relationships between radiation levels, health outcomes, and agricultural productivity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWavelet analysis was employed as the primary analytical technique to explore patterns and relationships in the radiation data. This method allows for the decomposition of the time-series data into different frequency components, making it possible to identify both short-term and long-term trends in solar and UV radiations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. By applying wavelet transforms, the study could analyse the temporal variability of radiation levels and their correlation with health and agricultural outcomes across the three locations. In addition to wavelet analysis, regression analysis was used to quantify the relationship between radiation levels and the dependent variables (health outcomes and agricultural productivity). This approach enabled the identification of significant predictors and the estimation of their effects on the outcomes of interest. The results of these analyses provided insights into how variations in solar and UV radiations impact human health and agriculture in different geographical and climatic contexts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":" \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe table of the Statistical Summary of all Parameters over Each Location.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLagos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIbadan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew Richmond\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUV Radiation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Radiation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUV Radiation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Radiation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUV Radiation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal Radiation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCount\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184104.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184104.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184104.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184104.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184104.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184104.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e609.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e608.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e494.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e265.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e267.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMinimum value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaximum value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1407.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1438.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1370.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e413.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e413.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e311.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e433.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e438.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e383.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e75%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e799.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e796.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e626.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e contains the statistical summary of solar and ultraviolet radiations in Lagos, and Ibadan in Nigeria as well as New Richmond in the United state of America with total count of 184,104 of hourly data of solar and UV radiations. In the meantime, the mean values for solar and UV radiations over each location are 609.29 and 23.24, 608.79 and 23.14, and 494.28 and 19.40 respectively, while the standard deviation of each location also listed accordingly are 263.57 and 31.65, 270.85 and 32.03, and 267.16 and 28.60. The minimum values are 0.00 over each location while the maximum values are 1407.00 and 123.01 over Lagos, 1438.00 and 123.13 over Ibadan, and 1370.00 and 114.76 over New Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWavelet Analysis Outcomes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe wavelet analysis conducted for Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond revealed significant temporal and spatial variations in solar and ultraviolet radiations across the study period (2000\u0026ndash;2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLagos Wavelet Analysis Results\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Lagos, the analysis identified a strong seasonal cycle in solar and UV radiation levels, in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, with peaks occurring during the dry season (November to March) and troughs during the rainy season (April to October). This pattern was consistent with the region's tropical climate, where clear skies during the dry season allow for increased UV penetration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Ibadan exhibited a similar but slightly less pronounced pattern, attributed to its inland location and lower humidity compared to Lagos in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIbadan Wavelet Analysis results\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e are the plots of wavelet coherence of solar and UV radiations over Lagos and Ibadan respectively\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, New Richmond's wavelet analysis showed a distinct pattern characterized by higher solar and UV radiation levels during the summer months (June to August) and significantly lower levels during the winter (December to February) in the Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNew Richmond Wavelet Analysis\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis seasonal variation is typical of temperate regions, where solar radiation intensity is influenced by the tilt of the Earth's axis and the angle of the sun's rays (Lucas et al., 2018). The graph of wavelet coherence shown in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e expresses a direct relationship between the radiations over New Richmond. The wavelet analysis also highlighted long-term trends in solar radiation, with a slight increase in average UV levels observed over the two decades, potentially linked to changes in atmospheric composition and global climate patterns [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eInterpretation of Analytical Findings\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analytical findings from the wavelet and regression analyses provide significant insights into the relationship between solar and ultraviolet (UV) radiation and its impact on human health and agriculture across Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond. In Lagos and Ibadan, the consistently high levels of UV radiation during the dry season have been shown to correlate with an increased incidence of skin cancer and other UV-related health issues, highlighting the need for targeted public health interventions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. In New Richmond, the seasonal variability in UV radiation presents different challenges, such as vitamin D deficiency during the winter months and heightened skin cancer risks in the summer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. For agriculture, the findings suggest that while moderate solar radiation is beneficial for crop growth, excessive UV exposure can lead to reduced agricultural productivity. This is particularly evident in Lagos and Ibadan, where the dry season's high UV levels coincide with lower crop yields due to UV-induced stress on plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. New Richmond's agricultural productivity is more seasonally driven, with optimal growth conditions in the summer but potential risks from high UV radiation, affecting plant health and crop quality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Implications\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health implications of the study are significant, especially in regions with high and variable UV radiation levels. In Lagos and Ibadan, the high incidence of skin cancer and other UV-related conditions underscores the importance of public health campaigns focused on sun protection, such as the use of sunscreen, protective clothing, and limiting sun exposure during peak UV periods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, there is a need for increased public awareness about the risks of excessive UV exposure and the importance of regular skin checks for early detection of skin cancer. In New Richmond, the focus shifts to addressing the seasonal deficiency in vitamin D during the winter months, which can lead to health issues such as osteoporosis and other bone-related conditions. Public health strategies could include promoting vitamin D supplementation during the winter and encouraging safe sun exposure during the summer to balance the benefits and risks of UV radiation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. These interventions should be tailored to the specific environmental conditions of each region to maximize their effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgricultural Implications\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study's findings have important implications for agricultural practices in the study locations. In Lagos and Ibadan, where high UV radiation during the dry season adversely affects crop yields, there is a need for the development of UV-resistant crop varieties and the implementation of agricultural practices that minimize UV exposure, such as the use of shading nets and timing of planting seasons to coincide with periods of lower UV radiation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. These strategies can help mitigate the negative impact of UV radiation on crop productivity and ensure food security in these regions. In New Richmond, agricultural practices must account for the seasonal variability in solar and UV radiation. Farmers could benefit from adjusting planting schedules to maximize crop growth during periods of optimal solar radiation while implementing protective measures during periods of high UV exposure. Additionally, the development of crops that are more resistant to UV-induced damage could enhance agricultural resilience in this temperate region [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe comparative analysis of health and agricultural impacts across Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond highlighted the influence of geographical and climatic differences on the effects of solar and UV radiation. Lagos and Ibadan, both located in tropical regions, exhibited similar patterns in health outcomes and agricultural productivity, with seasonal variations in UV radiation playing a critical role. The consistent high levels of UV radiation in these locations posed significant health risks, while also challenging agricultural productivity during the dry season [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, New Richmond\u0026rsquo;s temperate climate resulted in more pronounced seasonal variations in both health and agricultural outcomes. The region's lower overall UV radiation levels during the winter reduced the risk of UV-related health issues but also led to seasonal deficiencies in vitamin D. Agricultural productivity in New Richmond was closely tied to the availability of solar radiation, with the summer months providing optimal conditions for crop growth but also introducing the risk of UV-induced damage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. This comparative analysis underscores the importance of tailoring public health and agricultural strategies to the specific environmental conditions of each region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental and Policy Implications\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe broader environmental implications of the study highlight the need for integrated approaches to managing the impacts of solar and UV radiations on health and agriculture. Policymakers in Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond should consider implementing regulations that promote public awareness of UV radiation risks, encourage the adoption of sun protection measures, and support agricultural research focused on developing UV-resistant crop varieties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, environmental policies should address the need for monitoring and mitigating the effects of UV radiation in these regions. This could include investing in UV monitoring stations, providing public health alerts during periods of high UV radiation, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices that protect crops from UV damage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. By aligning policy measures with the specific environmental conditions of each region, governments can better protect public health and ensure agricultural sustainability in the face of changing solar radiation patterns.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe analysis conducted in this study has provided crucial insights into the impact of solar and ultraviolet (UV) radiations on human health and agricultural productivity across the selected locations: Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond. In Lagos and Ibadan, the high levels of UV radiation during the dry season were associated with increased risks of skin cancer and adverse effects on crop yields, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to protect public health and enhance agricultural resilience. In contrast, New Richmond's temperate climate presented different challenges, such as seasonal variations in UV radiation that affect both vitamin D synthesis and agricultural productivity, particularly during the winter and summer months. Overall, the study underscores the importance of understanding the environmental factors influencing health and agriculture to develop effective strategies that mitigate risks and optimize outcomes in different geographical settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the findings, the following recommendations are made to improve health outcomes and agricultural practices in the study regions:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Interventions: Implement public health campaigns in Lagos and Ibadan that promote sun protection measures, such as the use of sunscreen and protective clothing, particularly during periods of high UV radiation. Whereas, in New Richmond, encourage vitamin D supplementation during the winter months to address the seasonal deficiency and reduce the risk of bone-related disorders.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgricultural Practices: Develop and promote UV-resistant crop varieties in Lagos and Ibadan to enhance agricultural productivity during the dry season. Additionally, consider implementing shading nets and adjusting planting schedules to mitigate the adverse effects of UV radiation on crops. In contrast, in New Richmond, align planting schedules with periods of optimal solar radiation and introduce protective measures during high UV exposure to safeguard crop health and maximize yields.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolicy Recommendations: Policymakers should invest in UV monitoring infrastructure and integrate public health alerts during periods of extreme UV radiation. Furthermore, support research and development of sustainable agricultural practices that are resilient to UV radiation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLimitations\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile the analysis provides valuable insights, several limitations should be acknowledged. The study primarily relied on historical data from 2000 to 2020, which may not fully capture the long-term trends and potential future changes in solar and UV radiation patterns due to climate change. Additionally, the study's focus on three specific locations may limit the generalizability of the findings to other regions with different climatic and geographical characteristics. Another limitation is the reliance on available health and agricultural data, which may not account for all relevant variables, such as socioeconomic factors and access to healthcare, that could influence health outcomes. Future research should consider a broader range of locations and incorporate more comprehensive data to validate and extend the findings of this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors had read and agreed to published the version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSigned:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSherifdeen M. Oyedokun \u0026ndash; Corresponding author\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGbadebo I. Olatona \u0026ndash; Co-author\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data which support the results of this research was acquired on meteoblue.com and had been submitted along with this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSherifdeen M. Oyedokun: conceptualization, methodology, data collection and curation, writing original draft preparation, and visualization, software, validation, and investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGbadebo I. Olatona: supervision, project administration, writing review and editing, and formal analysis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization (2020) Ultraviolet radiation and health. [online] \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/uv/health/en/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.who.int/uv/health/en/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBj\u0026ouml;rn LO (2015) Photobiology: The Science of Life and Light, 3rd edn. Springer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdeyemi O, Awange JL, Agutu NO (2019) Spatial variability of solar radiation in Nigeria. Renewable Energy 136:788\u0026ndash;800\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSmith T, Jones A (2021) Climate and UV radiation variability in temperate regions. J Environ Res 54(2):134\u0026ndash;145\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDiffey BL (2002) Sources and measurement of ultraviolet radiation. Methods 28(1):4\u0026ndash;13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLucas R, McMichael T, Smith W, Armstrong B (2006) Solar ultraviolet radiation: Global burden of disease from solar ultraviolet radiation. World Health Organization\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaul ND, Gwynn-Jones D (2003) Ecological roles of solar UV radiation: Towards an integrated approach. Trends Ecol Evol 18(1):48\u0026ndash;55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMadronich S, Flocke S (1999) The role of solar radiation in atmospheric chemistry. Environmental Photochemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 1\u0026ndash;26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArmstrong BK, Kricker A (2001) The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B 63(1\u0026ndash;3):8\u0026ndash;18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLucas RM, Yazar S, Young AR, Norval M, de Gruijl FR, Takizawa Y, Sinclair C (2019) Human health in relation to exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation under changing stratospheric ozone and climate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 14(1):3\u0026ndash;19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCaldwell MM, Bj\u0026ouml;rn LO, Bornman JF, Flint SD, Kulandaivelu G, Teramura AH, Tevini M (2003) Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on terrestrial ecosystems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2(1):29\u0026ndash;38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRosenthal DM, Gerber S (2010) Variations in solar radiation and their effects on agriculture. Agric For Meteorol 150(12):1672\u0026ndash;1682\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTorrence C, Compo GP (1998) A practical guide to wavelet analysis. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 79(1):61\u0026ndash;78\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang X, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Ye Z (2016) ARIMA and support vector machine models hybrid for solar radiation forecasting. J Clean Prod 135:1081\u0026ndash;1090\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHolick MF (2004) Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 80(6):1678S\u0026ndash;1688S\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBornman JF, Barnes PW, Robinson SA, Ballar\u0026eacute; CL, Flint SD, Caldwell MM (2015) Solar ultraviolet radiation and ozone depletion-driven climate change: Effects on terrestrial ecosystems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 14(1):88\u0026ndash;107\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Osun State University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Solar radiation, ultraviolet radiation (UV), human health, agricultural productivity, US, Nigeria, environmental impact, radiation effects","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5066078/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5066078/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to analyse the impact of solar and ultraviolet radiations on human health and agricultural productivity in Lagos, Ibadan, and New Richmond. Solar radiation is essential for warmth and photosynthetic activities by plants. However, excessive to both radiations can lead to harmful consequences on both animals and plants. Using wavelet analysis, the study examines patterns and trends in the hourly data of solar radiation as well as ultraviolet radiation from 1st of January, 2000 to 31st of December, 2020. The findings reveal significant correlations between levels of solar radiation and ultraviolet radiation and their health outcomes, such as skin cancer rates and vitamin D synthesis, as well as agricultural impacts like crop productivity and plant health in the study locations. These results highlight the need for tailored health interventions and agricultural practices to mitigate the adverse effects of radiation in the selected locations, such as, avoiding long stay in the sun in Lagos and Ibadan, and introduction of UV radiation enhanced plants in New Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysing the Impact of Solar and Ultraviolet Radiations on Human Health and Agriculture: a Case Study of Nigerian and the Us Cities.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-11 08:42:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5066078/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2a13894a-f2e6-4d8b-8942-2f5b67ab1a58","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":37422142,"name":"Theoretical Physics"},{"id":37422143,"name":"Astrophysics and Cosmology"},{"id":37422144,"name":"Atmospheric Sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-11T08:42:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-11 08:42:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5066078","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5066078","identity":"rs-5066078","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}