Analysis of Risk Factors for Hypoxemia in PACU for Patients Undergoing Thoracoscopic Lung Cancer Resection Based on Logistic Regression Model

Analysis of Risk Factors for Hypoxemia in PACU for Patients Undergoing Thoracoscopic Lung Cancer Resection Based on Logistic Regression Model | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysis of Risk Factors for Hypoxemia in PACU for Patients Undergoing Thoracoscopic Lung Cancer Resection Based on Logistic Regression Model Xi Luo, Yanmei Ying, Lu Yin, Pan Chang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5657144/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Apr, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Anesthesiology → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective This study aims to analyze the prevalence and influencing factors of hypoxemia in patients following thoracoscopic lung surgery in the post-anesthetic care unit (PACU). Methods We conducted a prospective analysis involving 398 patients who underwent elective thoracoscopic lung surgery in West China Hospital, Sichuan University, from April to July 2024. Patients were classified into hypoxemia and non-hypoxemia groups based on the presence of hypoxemia in the PACU. We compared clinical data between the two groups to identify factors influencing hypoxemia. Variables with statistical significance (P < 0.05) in univariate analysis were included in logistic regression to identify independent risk factors for hypoxemia. Results Among the 398 patients studied, 149 (37.4%) experienced hypoxemia. Univariate analysis indicated significant differences in age, BMI, height, ASA classification, hypertension, diabetes, lung function test with Forced Expiratory Volume at 1 Second / Forced Vital Capacity (FEV1/FVC), and awakening time between the groups. Logistic regression revealed that age, BMI, ASA classification, hypertension, diabetes, and awakening time were independent risk factors for hypoxemia during anesthesia recovery, while FEV1/FVC was a protective factor. Conclusion Effective management of elderly patients and those with high BMI, ASA classification, and attention to preoperative hypertension and diabetes may help reduce hypoxemia incidence in the PACU following thoracoscopic lung surgery. Emphasizing preoperative lung function assessment and enhanced monitoring can facilitate timely interventions, improving post-anesthesia recovery and patient outcomes. Figures Figure 1 Introduction Lung cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor worldwide, accounting for approximately 14% of all new cancer cases annually [ 1 ]. Surgery remains the primary treatment for lung cancer. The continuous advancement of thoracoscopic techniques has broadened their application in diagnosing and treating thoracic diseases. Thoracoscopic surgery offers numerous advantages, including reduced postoperative pain, minimal impact on lung function, fewer complications, faster recovery, and shorter hospital stays [ 2 ]. Despite these benefits, respiratory adverse events are still common following thoracoscopic lung surgery, significantly affecting patient recovery [ 3 ]. Hypoxemia, along with hypothermia, arrhythmia, pneumothorax, and delirium, is particularly prevalent during the anesthesia recovery period [ 4 – 7 ]. Hypoxemia is characterized by insufficient oxygen in the blood, with arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO 2 ) dropping below normal levels for the patient's age, primarily indicated by decreased arterial oxygen pressure and oxygen saturation. Continuous, non-invasive SpO 2 monitoring is widely used in the PACU, with SpO 2 ≤ 90% commonly defining hypoxemia [ 8 – 10 ]. Factors contributing to hypoxemia include surgical trauma, blood loss, and the effects of anesthetic agents, which can impair respiratory function [ 11 ]. This condition can trigger and exacerbate other complications after anesthesia, significantly contributing to elevated postoperative mortality rates [ 12 ]. Studies report a 30% incidence of hypoxemia during the anesthesia recovery period in thoracoscopic surgery patients [ 13 – 15 ]. In the PACU, hypoxemia may manifest as dyspnea, cyanosis, confusion, and agitation. Severe cases can lead to cardiovascular issues such as myocardial infarction and arrhythmias, jeopardizing patient safety [ 16 , 17 ]. Research by Xia et al. [ 18 ] identified factors such as age, gender, surgery duration, surgery type, and anesthetics as associated with hypoxemia in ICU patients. However, studies specifically examining factors contributing to hypoxemia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung surgery in the PACU are insufficient. This study aims to investigate the influencing factors of hypoxemia in this patient population during their stay in the PACU. The findings will provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals to better understand and address the occurrence of hypoxemia during anesthesia recovery, facilitating early identification of risk factors and enabling targeted preventive measures to enhance postoperative recovery. Ultimately, this study seeks to develop specialized anticipatory nursing strategies to maintain normal oxygen saturation levels and ensure a smooth transition through the anesthesia awakening period, thereby enhancing patient safety. Materials and Methods 1.1 Study Population: This prospective observational study received approval from the Ethical Committee of the West China Hospital of Sichuan University on 24 February 2024 (Approval No. 2024 − 611), and was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Registration No. ChiCTR2400083595, http://www.chictr.org.cn ). We screened 398 patients who underwent thoracoscopic lung surgery under general anesthesia and were admitted to the PACU at West China Hospital between April and July 2024. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before entering the trial, and the study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Inclusion criteria : Age ≥ 18 years. Elective thoracoscopic lung surgery. ASA classification I-III. Postoperative admission to the PACU with endotracheal intubation (controlled ventilation). Exclusion criteria : Preoperative hypoxemia. Previous thoracoscopic surgery. Contraindications to anesthesia-related medications. Severe deterioration during recovery requiring ICU transfer. 1.2 Anesthesia, Surgery, and Recovery Methods: Upon admission to the operating room, intravenous access was established, and routine monitoring (heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate) was initiated. Patients received oxygen via mask at a flow rate of 8–10 L/min. Anesthesia induction involved administering intravenous propofol (1-2.5 mg/kg), sufentanil (0.1–0.5 µg/kg), cisatracurium (0.15 mg/kg), midazolam (1–2 mg), and penehyclidine hydrochloride (0.5-1 mg). Assisted ventilation was provided after loss of consciousness, and a double-lumen endotracheal tube was inserted with video guidance. Mechanical ventilation was initiated with pure oxygen, employing a respiratory rate of 12–16 breaths/min, tidal volume of 6–8 ml/kg, and an inspiratory to expiratory ratio of 1:2. One-lung ventilation commenced before surgery, with adjustments made as necessary. Following chest closure, bilateral lung ventilation was restored, and anesthesia was maintained with a continuous intravenous infusion of remifentanil (0.1–0.2 µg/kg/min) and inhalation of 1%-2% sevoflurane. Postoperatively, patients were transferred to the PACU while still intubated, with mechanical ventilation parameters consistent with those used during surgery. Extubation occurred once patients regained spontaneous breathing, muscle strength, and sufficient consciousness, following extubation criteria. To prevent respiratory depression from residual neuromuscular blockade, intravenous neostigmine (0.02 mg/kg) and atropine (5–10 µg/kg) were administered before extubation. After extubation, patients received oxygen via face mask at 3–6 L/min for 15 minutes, and SpO 2 was monitored. If SpO 2 remained ≥ 92%, further observation occurred without oxygen supplementation; otherwise, oxygen therapy continued. 1.3 Study Methods: 1.3.1 Clinical Data Collection and Observation Indicators: A clinical data collection form was developed to gather comprehensive patient information, including demographics (gender, age, height, weight, BMI, ASA classification), preoperative smoking and alcohol history, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism), preoperative tests (pulmonary function tests: FEV1/FVC, exercise tolerance, hemoglobin levels), and surgery and anesthesia-related factors (surgery type, surgical position, surgery duration, anesthesia duration, one-lung ventilation duration, intraoperative fluid balance, opioid usage, visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores upon PACU admission and discharge, and incidence of hypoxemia). Data were collected via bedside interviews and the West China Hospital Information Management System and the Anesthesia and Surgery Clinical Information System, encompassing basic patient information, intraoperative conditions, anesthesia usage, and PACU recovery details. The surgery duration was defined as the interval from skin incision to closure, while anesthesia duration encompassed the time from induction to exiting the operating room. 1.3.2 Hypoxemia Assessment: Hypoxemia was defined according to established literature and clinical practice. In the PACU, hypoxemia was characterized by any occurrence of SpO 2 ≤ 90% lasting more than one minute during the PACU stay[ 18 ]. All patients recovered in the PACU, where perioperative management was provided by trained anesthesiologists and nurses following standardized PACU protocols. 1.4 Sample Size Calculation: Based on previous studies, the incidence of postoperative hypoxemia in patients undergoing thoracic surgery was assumed to be 30%[ 15 ]. With a margin of error (△) of 5%, the sample size was calculated as follows: N={Uα/△} 2 ×P(1-P)={1.96/0.05} 2 ×0.3×༈1-0.3༉=323. Considering a 15% loss to follow-up, the expected sample size was estimated at 371 patients: 323×(1་15%)=371. 1.5 Statistical Methods: Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0. Normally distributed data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and compared between groups using an independent sample t-test. Non-normally distributed data were expressed as median (interquartile range) [M (Q1, Q3)] and compared using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentage (n, %), and comparisons between groups were conducted using Fisher’s exact test or χ² test. Variables with P < 0.05 in univariate analysis were included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis, and results were presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results A total of 525 patients were initially screened for this study, and 127 were excluded based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 398 patients being included in the final statistical analysis. Among these, 149 patients developed hypoxemia, representing an incidence rate of 37.4%. Univariate analysis demonstrated that, compared with the non-hypoxemia group, the hypoxemia group was significantly older, with higher BMI and ASA classification. Figure 1 shows the flow diagram for research plan. Figure 1 Flow diagram for research plan Patients with hypertension, diabetes, decreased lung function, low exercise tolerance, and preoperative SpO 2 ≤ 92% upon admission to the operating room were more prone to developing hypoxemia. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of gender, smoking history, alcohol consumption, pulmonary rehabilitation, cardiac disease, thyroid dysfunction (both hypo- and hyperthyroidism), lung disease, pleural effusion, history of respiratory infections, preoperative hemoglobin levels, vital signs upon admission, doses of propofol, remifentanil, sufentanil, rocuronium, intraoperative fluid administration, intraoperative blood loss, anesthesia duration, surgery duration, one-lung ventilation time, patient positioning, mechanical ventilation mode, surgical site, or type of surgery (refer to Table 1 and Table 2). In this study, the occurrence of hypoxemia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung surgery was used as the dependent variable. Variables that were statistically significant in the univariate analysis were included as independent variables in the binary logistic regression analysis. The coding and categorization of each variable are detailed in Table 3. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age (OR = 1.041, 95% CI: 1.016–1.067, P = 0.001), BMI (OR = 1.101, 95% CI: 1.021–1.187, P = 0.013), and immediate postoperative pain (OR = 1.377, 95% CI: 1.115–1.700, P = 0.003) as independent risk factors for hypoxemia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung surgery during anesthesia recovery (refer to Table 4). Preoperative SpO 2 upon admission to the operating room (OR = 0.882, 95% CI: 0.783–0.993, P = 0.038) was identified as a protective factor. Table 1 Comparison of Basic Characteristics between Two Groups of Patients Variables Total （ n=398 ） Hypoxemia （ n=149 ） Non-hypoxemia（ n =249） p Gender 0.293 1 Male 148 50 98 Female 250 99 151 Age <0.001 1 ＜60 258 79 179 ≥60 140 70 70 BMI 0.027 1 ＜24 235 77 158 ≥24 163 72 91 Smoking 0.790 1 No 269 99 170 Yes 129 50 79 Smoking Cessation 0.511 1 No 271 98 173 Yes 127 51 76 Alcohol 0.711 1 No 229 88 141 Yes 169 61 108 Breathing Exercises 0.369 1 No 165 57 108 Yes 233 92 141 ASA 0.029 1 I 9 3 6 II 319 110 209 III 70 36 34 Hypertension 0.005 1 No 98 49 49 Yes 30 100 200 Heart disease 0.459 1 No 26 12 14 Yes 3 137 235 Diabetes 0.008 1 No 31 19 12 Yes 367 130 237 Hyperthyroidism 1.000 1 No 7 3 4 Yes 391 146 245 Hypothyroidism 1.000 1 No 14 5 9 Yes 384 144 240 Pulmonary Function Test 80.62 [76.42, 85.06] 79.19 [75.44, 82.80] 82.27 [77.52, 86.44] 6MET 168 55 113 3-6MET 222 88 134 <3MET 8 6 2 Pulmonary Disease 0.460 1 No 46 20 26 Yes 352 129 223 Pleural effusion 0.829 1 No 6 3 3 Yes 392 146 246 History of Respiratory Infections 0.344 1 No 67 29 38 Yes 331 120 211 Preoperative Hemoglobin 132.89 (14.47) 133.26 (14.82) 132.67 (14.28) 0.696 3 Notes：1. x 2 value ；2. Z value；3. t value Table 2 Comparison of Surgical and Anesthesia Conditions Between the Two Groups of Patients Variables Total （ n=398 ） Hypoxemia （ n=149 ） Non-hypoxemia（ n =249） p SPO 2 upon entering the Operating Room 97.00 [96.00, 98.00] 97.00 [96.00, 98.00] 98.00 [96.00, 98.00] 0.008 2 HR 78.50 [71.00, 88.00] 80.00 [71.00, 87.00] 78.00 [71.00, 88.00] 0.764 2 Respiratory rate 18.00 [16.00, 20.00] 19.00 [16.00, 20.00] 18.00 [16.00, 20.00] 0.640 2 Propofol 80.00 [70.00, 100.00] 80.00 [70.00, 110.00] 80.00 [70.00, 100.00] 0.676 2 Sufentanil 25.00 [22.50, 30.00] 25.00 [22.50, 30.00] 25.00 [22.50, 30.00] 0.973 2 Remifentanil 744.60 [554.88, 968.80] 785.00 [602.00, 995.60] 732.60 [534.30, 960.00] 0.052 2 cis-Atracurium 13.00 [12.00, 15.00] 14.00 [12.00, 15.00] 13.00 [11.00, 15.00] 0.324 2 Intraoperative Fluid Volume 400.00 [300.00, 500.00] 400.00 [300.00, 500.00] 350.00 [300.00, 500.00] 0.133 2 Intraoperative Blood Loss 10.00 [5.00, 10.00] 10.00 [5.00, 10.00] 10.00 [5.00, 10.00] 0.176 2 Duration of Anesthesia 122.00 [97.00, 151.75] 125.00 [101.00, 154.00] 120.00 [96.00, 150.00] 0.351 2 Surgical Duration 79.50 [57.00, 107.00] 81.00 [58.00, 109.00] 79.00 [56.00, 104.00] 0.373 2 Duration of Single-Lung Ventilation 77.00 [57.25, 105.00] 78.00 [65.00, 110.00] 77.00 [55.00, 104.00] 0.173 Surgical Position 0.294 1 Supine position 14 (3.5) 8 (5.4) 6 (2.4) Left Lateral Position 226 (56.8) 82 (55.0) 144 (57.8) Right lateral position 158 (39.7) 59 (39.6) 99 (39.8) Ventilation Mode 1.000 1 Single-lumen tracheal intubation 2 (0.5) 1 (0.7) 1 (0.4) Double-lumen tracheal intubation 396 (99.5) 148 (99.3) 248 (99.6) Surgical Site 0.692 1 Left 172 (43.2) 62 (41.6) 110 (44.2) Right 226 (56.8) 87 (58.4) 139 (55.8) Type of Surgery 0.109 1 Wedge Resection of the Lung 203 (51.0) 73 (49.0) 130 (52.2) Segmental resection of the lung 74 (18.6) 22 (14.8) 52 (20.9) Lobar Resection 120 (30.2) 53 (35.6) 67 (26.9) Total lobectomy 1 (0.3) 1 (0.7) 0 (0.0) Pain at 30 min entering PACU 2.00 [0.00, 3.00] 2.00 [0.00, 3.00] 2.00 [0.00, 3.00] 0.052 2 Immediate pain upon extubation 1.00 [1.00, 2.00] 2.00 [1.00, 2.00] 1.00 [1.00, 2.00] 0.009 2 Nausea 1.000 1 Yes 8 3 5 No 390 146 244 Vomiting 0.998 1 Yes 4 2 2 No 394 147 247 Chills 1.000 1 Yes 21 8 13 No 377 141 236 agitation 1.000 1 Yes 11 4 7 No 387 145 242 Delayed Awakening ＜0.001 1 Yes 8 8 0 No 390 249 141 Duration of Catheterization 13.00 [10.00, 18.00] 14.00 [10.00, 19.00] 13.00 [10.00, 17.00] 0.309 2 Notes：1. x 2 value ；2. Z value；3. t value Table 3 Independent Variable Assignments Variable Types Variables Assignment Dependent Variables Hypoxemia 1=Yes；0=No Independent Variables ASA Classification 1 = Class I；2= ClassⅡ；3= ClassⅢ Hypertension 1=Yes；0=No Diabetes 1=Yes；0=No Delayed Awakening 1=Yes；0=No Exercise Tolerance 1=＞6MET；2=3-6 MET；3=＜3MET Pulmonary Function Original Values of Variable Data Preoperative SPO 2 in the Operating Room Original Values of Variable Data immediate pain upon extubation Original Values of Variable Data Age Original Values of Variable Data BMI Original Values of Variable Data Notes：1. x 2 value ；2. Z value；3. t value Table 4 Multivariate Analysis of Hypoxemia in PACU after Thoracoscopic Lung Surgery Variables β value Standard Error Wald c 2 value P value OR value 95% CI Age 0.040 0.013 10.154 0.001 1.041 1.016~1.067 BMI 0.096 0.038 6.229 0.013 1.101 1.021~1.187 SPO 2 upon entering the Operating Room -0.125 0.061 4.298 0.038 0.882 0.783~0.993 Immediate pain upon extubation 0.320 0.108 8.829 0.003 1.377 1.115~1.700 Constants 8.833 6.244 2.001 0.157 - - Notes：1. x 2 value ；2. Z value；3. t value Discussion In this study, the incidence of hypoxemia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung surgery in the PACU was 37.4%, which aligns with the 34% which reported by Liu et al. for postoperative hypoxemia following thoracoscopic procedures[ 19 ]. Hypoxemia is a common complication in the PACU for thoracoscopic lung surgery patients, which not only affects the quality of recovery and delays operating room turnover but also increases the workload for healthcare staff. Our findings demonstrate that age, BMI, and immediate post-extubation pain are independent risk factors for hypoxemia in this patient population, whereas preoperative SpO 2 upon admission to the operating room was identified as a protective factor. Early recognition and intervention by the anesthesia and recovery teams for patients presenting with one or more of these risk factors may help reduce the occurrence of hypoxemia in the PACU. This study confirmed that age is an independent risk factor for hypoxemia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung surgery, consistent with previous research [ 20 ]. Older patients are more susceptible to hypoxemia due to systemic degenerative changes, decreased organ reserve, particularly in respiratory function, and reduced pulmonary compliance. These factors increase their vulnerability to the effects of general anesthesia and the physiological stress of surgery [ 21 ]. Additionally, as age advances, the prevalence of comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and respiratory disorders increases[ 22 ], further elevating the risk of postoperative hypoxemia. This combination of physiological decline, surgical trauma, and anesthetic impact places elderly patients at a heightened risk. To mitigate this, it is crucial to optimize preoperative preparation, ensure careful intraoperative anesthetic management, and maintain close hemodynamic monitoring during surgery to minimize the incidence of postoperative hypoxemia. Our findings also identified BMI as an independent risk factor for hypoxemia in the PACU following thoracoscopic lung surgery, supporting the conclusions of Campos and Feider [ 23 ]. Obesity increases airway resistance, restricts diaphragmatic movement, and limits thoracic compliance, which in turn decreases lung compliance and predisposes patients to respiratory complications. Patients with elevated BMI are at higher risk for obstructive sleep apnea, asthma, and other respiratory disorders, all of which can exacerbate postoperative inflammation and oxidative stress, potentially leading to alveolar damage. Compared to patients with normal BMI, those with higher BMI are more prone to experiencing impaired gas exchange and hypoxemia during or after anesthesia [ 24 – 25 ]. Obesity is a well-documented risk factor for perioperative hypoxemia [ 26 ], and thus, preoperative weight control, comprehensive pulmonary function testing, and thorough risk assessments are critical for reducing the likelihood of PACU hypoxemia [ 27 ]. Postoperative management of obese patients should include enhanced monitoring of respiratory function and supplemental oxygen therapy to further minimize the risk of hypoxemia. Additionally, the use of muscle relaxants during anesthesia in obese patients can significantly reduce functional residual capacity and lung compliance, resulting in airway collapse and ventilation-perfusion mismatch, contributing to postoperative hypoxemia [ 28 ]. Moreover, our study identified immediate post-extubation pain as an independent risk factor for hypoxemia in the PACU. Pain occurring immediately after extubation can significantly influence the development of hypoxemia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung surgery. In the PACU, patients frequently experience severe pain during deep breathing, coughing, or movement, particularly in the early stages after extubation. Intense pain discourages deep breathing and effective respiratory maneuvers, limiting chest wall expansion and reducing ventilation at the lung bases, which impairs gas exchange and increases the likelihood of hypoxemia. Insufficient management of acute postoperative pain has been associated with a higher incidence of hypoxemia, as supported by Rawal et al. [ 29 ]. Pain-induced sympathetic activation leads to increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and additional stress on the cardiovascular system, which can further compromise cardiopulmonary function, as noted by Kehlet et al. [ 30 ]. Additionally, pain-related inhibition of effective coughing increases the risk of atelectasis and pulmonary infections, which further contribute to hypoxemia [ 31 ]. Studies show that patients with well-managed postoperative pain are more likely to engage in early ambulation and deep breathing exercises, significantly reducing the risk of pulmonary complications [ 32 ]. However, although opioids can provide effective pain relief, they also have the potential to depress the respiratory center, exacerbating the risk of hypoxemia [ 33 ]. The judicious use of multimodal analgesia, including regional anesthesia or nerve blocks, can effectively control pain while minimizing the risk of respiratory depression [ 34 ]. Combining different analgesic techniques, such as nerve blocks and patient-controlled analgesia, allows for better pain management with fewer side effects, thereby reducing the incidence of postoperative hypoxemia following thoracoscopic surgery [ 35 ]. Finally, our study found that preoperative SpO 2 upon admission to the operating room was a protective factor against hypoxemia in the PACU. Monitoring peripheral SpO 2 upon arrival in the operating room is a critical indicator of baseline oxygenation, particularly for patients undergoing pulmonary surgery. Lower preoperative SpO 2 suggests an underlying oxygenation deficit, making patients more susceptible to severe hypoxemia. This measure not only reflects the current oxygenation status but also provides valuable insights for guiding intraoperative ventilation and anesthesia management strategies. Attention to preoperative SpO 2 can predict intraoperative hypoxemia risk and inform perioperative management strategies, helping to improve overall patient outcomes. By assessing SpO 2 upon admission, clinicians can implement optimized interventions to reduce the likelihood of hypoxemia during and after thoracoscopic lung surgery. In conclusion, the incidence of hypoxemia during the recovery phase following thoracoscopic lung surgery is relatively high. Special attention should be given to elderly patients, those with higher BMI, and those experiencing immediate post-extubation pain. Preoperative weight management, meticulous intraoperative anesthetic care, and effective perioperative pain control, combined with monitoring of preoperative SpO 2 , are essential strategies for reducing the incidence of hypoxemia in PACU. Abbreviations PACU The post-anesthetic care unit FEV1 Forced Expiratory Volume at 1 Second FVC Forced Vital Capacity PaO 2 Arterial oxygen partial pressure VAS Visual analog scale pain scores Declarations Acknowledgments This study thanks the nursing care team in the post-operative anesthesia recovery room of West China Hospital of Sichuan University for data collection. Author contributions Xi Luo: conducted the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the original draft. Yanmei Ying and Lu Yin: data collection, validation and data curation; Pan Chang: conceptualization, methodology, resources, supervision, writing – review & editing, funding acquisition. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Funding This work was supported by the Sichuan Province Science and Technology Program (2023YFS0136), NSF of China (No.82304648). Data availability statement All data that support the findings of this study are included within the article (and any supplementary files). Human Ethics and Consent to Participate Prior to the recruitment of participants, this study received approval from the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University (2024-611), and was registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2400083595). The study design strictly adhered to the declaration of Helsinki and the STROBE statement. All participants signed a written informed consent form before enrolment. Consent for publication All authors approved the submitted version of the manuscript and agreed to be personally accountable for their own contributions and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy and integrity of the work are resolved and documented. 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Chest. 2022;162(1):202–12. 10.1016/j.chest.2022.01.031 . Campos JH, Feider A. Hypoxia during one-lung ventilation‐a re‐ view and update[J]. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2018, 32(5): 2330‐2338. 10.1053/j.jvca.2017.12.026 Kordonowy LL, Burg E, Lenox CC, et al. Obesity is associated with neutrophil dysfunction and attenuation of murine acute lung injury[J]. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2012;47(1):120–7. 10.1165/rcmb.2011‐0334OC . Gong M, Wu Z, Xu S, et al. Increased risk for the development of postoperative severe hypoxemia in obese women with acute type a aortic dissection[J/OL]. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;14(1):81. 10.1186/s13019-019‐0888‐9 . Wu Z, Wang Z, Wu H, et al. Obesity is a risk factor for preoperative hypoxemia in Stanford A acute aortic dissection[J]. Medicine. 2020;99(11):e19186. Lagier D, Zeng C, Fernandez-Bustamante A, Vidal Melo MF. Perioperative Pulmonary Atelectasis: Part II. Clin Implications Anesthesiology. 2022;136(1):206–36. 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004009 . Khirfan G, Naal T, Abuhalimeh B et al. Hypoxemia in patients with idiopathic or heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0191869. Published 2018 Jan 29. 10.1371/journal.pone.0191869 Small C, Laycock H. Acute postoperative pain management. Br J Surg. 2020;107(2):e70–80. 10.1002/bjs.11477 . Makkad B, Heinke TL, Sheriffdeen R, et al. Practice Advisory for Preoperative and Intraoperative Pain Management of Thoracic Surgical Patients: Part 1. Anesth Analg. 2023;137(1):2–25. 10.1213/ANE.0000000000006441 . Shelley B, Marczin N. Do we have the 'power' to 'drive' down the incidence of pulmonary complications after thoracic surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2023;130(1):e37–40. 10.1016/j.bja.2022.07.017 . Ayrian E, Kaye AD, Varner CL, et al. Effects of Anesthetic Management on Early Postoperative Recovery, Hemodynamics and Pain After Supratentorial Craniotomy. J Clin Med Res. 2015;7(10):731–41. 10.14740/jocmr2256w . Doleman B, Mathiesen O, Sutton AJ, Cooper NJ, Lund JN, Williams JP. Non-opioid analgesics for the prevention of chronic postsurgical pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2023;130(6):719–28. 10.1016/j.bja.2023.02.041 . Chen YK, Boden KA, Schreiber KL. The role of regional anaesthesia and multimodal analgesia in the prevention of chronic postoperative pain: a narrative review. Anaesthesia. 2021;76(1):8–17. 10.1111/anae.15256 . Pogatzki-Zahn EM, Zahn PK, Brennan TJ. Postoperative pain–clinical implications of basic research. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2007;21(1):3–13. 10.1016/j.bpa.2006.11.003 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Apr, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Anesthesiology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Dec, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 20 Dec, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Dec, 2024 First submitted to journal 16 Dec, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5657144","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":392912212,"identity":"d3206203-e0aa-4a6e-abef-543df4737bdf","order_by":0,"name":"Xi Luo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing,Sichuan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xi","middleName":"","lastName":"Luo","suffix":""},{"id":392912213,"identity":"eccac503-b041-48b3-b617-139afbb21d09","order_by":1,"name":"Yanmei Ying","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing,Sichuan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yanmei","middleName":"","lastName":"Ying","suffix":""},{"id":392912214,"identity":"3b7f7588-db25-49c1-a40f-553b819afb5a","order_by":2,"name":"Lu Yin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing,Sichuan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lu","middleName":"","lastName":"Yin","suffix":""},{"id":392912215,"identity":"d0fec84c-b2dd-4961-8ad3-d4acb67da59b","order_by":3,"name":"Pan Chang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNvnHx38k8EjI8bM3EKmFjyEtQeKDjI2xZM8BIrXIMeQYSM6wSUvccCOBWIcxnDEw5sk5zDhz5uONNxhqbKIJa2FsK0jmOXOYmV86rdiC4VhabgNBLczMGw7z9hxmk5ydYybB2HCYCC1sDIbNvP8O8xjcPEOsFh4WY8YZPGkSBjd4iNUiwZbG8IHHxkCyB+iXBGL8Ij+D+RgDMCrr+9kPb7zxocaGsBZkYCCRQIpyiBZSdYyCUTAKRsHIAAA4vzsOcXwocgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan university, Chengdu, China","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pan","middleName":"","lastName":"Chang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-17 00:53:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5657144/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5657144/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-025-03043-9","type":"published","date":"2025-04-11T16:05:54+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":72375617,"identity":"fb0e1fe1-0f08-4177-88ea-5b609b5842e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-26 08:21:54","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":178632,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlow diagram for research plan\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage113.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5657144/v1/89e4e859ca65cca5e9f1cd7b.png"},{"id":80558939,"identity":"cdd20cce-9b60-4c39-832d-0319cd38b242","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 16:17:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1074099,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5657144/v1/eb2e1fb1-8016-46f0-9b59-136c628aa28b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Analysis of Risk Factors for Hypoxemia in PACU for Patients Undergoing Thoracoscopic Lung Cancer Resection Based on Logistic Regression Model","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eLung cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor worldwide, accounting for approximately 14% of all new cancer cases annually [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Surgery remains the primary treatment for lung cancer. The continuous advancement of thoracoscopic techniques has broadened their application in diagnosing and treating thoracic diseases. Thoracoscopic surgery offers numerous advantages, including reduced postoperative pain, minimal impact on lung function, fewer complications, faster recovery, and shorter hospital stays [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite these benefits, respiratory adverse events are still common following thoracoscopic lung surgery, significantly affecting patient recovery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Hypoxemia, along with hypothermia, arrhythmia, pneumothorax, and delirium, is particularly prevalent during the anesthesia recovery period [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypoxemia is characterized by insufficient oxygen in the blood, with arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) dropping below normal levels for the patient's age, primarily indicated by decreased arterial oxygen pressure and oxygen saturation. Continuous, non-invasive SpO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e monitoring is widely used in the PACU, with SpO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;90% commonly defining hypoxemia [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Factors contributing to hypoxemia include surgical trauma, blood loss, and the effects of anesthetic agents, which can impair respiratory function [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. This condition can trigger and exacerbate other complications after anesthesia, significantly contributing to elevated postoperative mortality rates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies report a 30% incidence of hypoxemia during the anesthesia recovery period in thoracoscopic surgery patients [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the PACU, hypoxemia may manifest as dyspnea, cyanosis, confusion, and agitation. Severe cases can lead to cardiovascular issues such as myocardial infarction and arrhythmias, jeopardizing patient safety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Research by Xia et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] identified factors such as age, gender, surgery duration, surgery type, and anesthetics as associated with hypoxemia in ICU patients. However, studies specifically examining factors contributing to hypoxemia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung surgery in the PACU are insufficient.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to investigate the influencing factors of hypoxemia in this patient population during their stay in the PACU. The findings will provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals to better understand and address the occurrence of hypoxemia during anesthesia recovery, facilitating early identification of risk factors and enabling targeted preventive measures to enhance postoperative recovery. Ultimately, this study seeks to develop specialized anticipatory nursing strategies to maintain normal oxygen saturation levels and ensure a smooth transition through the anesthesia awakening period, thereby enhancing patient safety.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.1 Study Population:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This prospective observational study received approval from the Ethical Committee of the West China Hospital of Sichuan University on 24 February 2024 (Approval No. 2024\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;611), and was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Registration No. ChiCTR2400083595, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.chictr.org.cn\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.chictr.org.cn\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). We screened 398 patients who underwent thoracoscopic lung surgery under general anesthesia and were admitted to the PACU at West China Hospital between April and July 2024. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before entering the trial, and the study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eElective thoracoscopic lung surgery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eASA classification I-III.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostoperative admission to the PACU with endotracheal intubation (controlled ventilation).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eExclusion criteria\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreoperative hypoxemia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious thoracoscopic surgery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eContraindications to anesthesia-related medications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere deterioration during recovery requiring ICU transfer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1.2 Anesthesia, Surgery, and Recovery Methods:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUpon admission to the operating room, intravenous access was established, and routine monitoring (heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate) was initiated. Patients received oxygen via mask at a flow rate of 8\u0026ndash;10 L/min. Anesthesia induction involved administering intravenous propofol (1-2.5 mg/kg), sufentanil (0.1\u0026ndash;0.5 \u0026micro;g/kg), cisatracurium (0.15 mg/kg), midazolam (1\u0026ndash;2 mg), and penehyclidine hydrochloride (0.5-1 mg). Assisted ventilation was provided after loss of consciousness, and a double-lumen endotracheal tube was inserted with video guidance. Mechanical ventilation was initiated with pure oxygen, employing a respiratory rate of 12\u0026ndash;16 breaths/min, tidal volume of 6\u0026ndash;8 ml/kg, and an inspiratory to expiratory ratio of 1:2. One-lung ventilation commenced before surgery, with adjustments made as necessary. Following chest closure, bilateral lung ventilation was restored, and anesthesia was maintained with a continuous intravenous infusion of remifentanil (0.1\u0026ndash;0.2 \u0026micro;g/kg/min) and inhalation of 1%-2% sevoflurane.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostoperatively, patients were transferred to the PACU while still intubated, with mechanical ventilation parameters consistent with those used during surgery. Extubation occurred once patients regained spontaneous breathing, muscle strength, and sufficient consciousness, following extubation criteria. To prevent respiratory depression from residual neuromuscular blockade, intravenous neostigmine (0.02 mg/kg) and atropine (5\u0026ndash;10 \u0026micro;g/kg) were administered before extubation. After extubation, patients received oxygen via face mask at 3\u0026ndash;6 L/min for 15 minutes, and SpO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was monitored. If SpO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e remained\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;92%, further observation occurred without oxygen supplementation; otherwise, oxygen therapy continued.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1.3 Study Methods:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.3.1 Clinical Data Collection and Observation Indicators:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA clinical data collection form was developed to gather comprehensive patient information, including demographics (gender, age, height, weight, BMI, ASA classification), preoperative smoking and alcohol history, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism), preoperative tests (pulmonary function tests: FEV1/FVC, exercise tolerance, hemoglobin levels), and surgery and anesthesia-related factors (surgery type, surgical position, surgery duration, anesthesia duration, one-lung ventilation duration, intraoperative fluid balance, opioid usage, visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores upon PACU admission and discharge, and incidence of hypoxemia).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected via bedside interviews and the West China Hospital Information Management System and the Anesthesia and Surgery Clinical Information System, encompassing basic patient information, intraoperative conditions, anesthesia usage, and PACU recovery details. The surgery duration was defined as the interval from skin incision to closure, while anesthesia duration encompassed the time from induction to exiting the operating room.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1.3.2 Hypoxemia Assessment:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHypoxemia was defined according to established literature and clinical practice. In the PACU, hypoxemia was characterized by any occurrence of SpO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;90% lasting more than one minute during the PACU stay[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. All patients recovered in the PACU, where perioperative management was provided by trained anesthesiologists and nurses following standardized PACU protocols.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.4 Sample Size Calculation:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on previous studies, the incidence of postoperative hypoxemia in patients undergoing thoracic surgery was assumed to be 30%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. With a margin of error (△) of 5%, the sample size was calculated as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN={Uα/△}\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026times;P(1-P)={1.96/0.05}\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026times;0.3\u0026times;༈1-0.3༉=323.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering a 15% loss to follow-up, the expected sample size was estimated at 371 patients:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e323\u0026times;(1་15%)=371.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1.5 Statistical Methods:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0. Normally distributed data were expressed as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD) and compared between groups using an independent sample t-test. Non-normally distributed data were expressed as median (interquartile range) [M (Q1, Q3)] and compared using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentage (n, %), and comparisons between groups were conducted using Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test or χ\u0026sup2; test. Variables with P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 in univariate analysis were included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis, and results were presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 525 patients were initially screened for this study, and 127 were excluded based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 398 patients being included in the final statistical analysis. Among these, 149 patients developed hypoxemia, representing an incidence rate of 37.4%. Univariate analysis demonstrated that, compared with the non-hypoxemia group, the hypoxemia group was significantly older, with higher BMI and ASA classification.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Figure 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eshows the flow diagram for research plan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 Flow diagram for research plan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients with hypertension, diabetes, decreased lung function, low exercise tolerance, and preoperative SpO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026le; 92% upon admission to the operating room were more prone to developing hypoxemia. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of gender, smoking history, alcohol consumption, pulmonary rehabilitation, cardiac disease, thyroid dysfunction (both hypo- and hyperthyroidism), lung disease, pleural effusion, history of respiratory infections, preoperative hemoglobin levels, vital signs upon admission, doses of propofol, remifentanil, sufentanil, rocuronium, intraoperative fluid administration, intraoperative blood loss, anesthesia duration, surgery duration, one-lung ventilation time, patient positioning, mechanical ventilation mode, surgical site, or type of surgery (refer to Table 1 and Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the occurrence of hypoxemia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung surgery was used as the dependent variable. Variables that were statistically significant in the univariate analysis were included as independent variables in the binary logistic regression analysis. The coding and categorization of each variable are detailed in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultivariate logistic regression analysis identified age (OR = 1.041, 95% CI: 1.016\u0026ndash;1.067, P = 0.001), BMI (OR = 1.101, 95% CI: 1.021\u0026ndash;1.187, P = 0.013), and immediate postoperative pain (OR = 1.377, 95% CI: 1.115\u0026ndash;1.700, P = 0.003) as independent risk factors for hypoxemia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung surgery during anesthesia recovery (refer to Table 4). Preoperative SpO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e upon admission to the operating room (OR = 0.882, 95% CI: 0.783\u0026ndash;0.993, P = 0.038) was identified as a protective factor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 \u0026nbsp;Comparison of Basic Characteristics between Two Groups of Patients\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"660\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVariables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTotal\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e（\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003en=398\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e）\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHypoxemia\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e（\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003en=149\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e）\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-hypoxemia（\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e=249）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGender\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.790\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking Cessation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.511\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlcohol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.711\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreathing Exercises\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASA\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e319\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeart disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.459\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e367\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHyperthyroidism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypothyroidism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e384\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePulmonary Function Test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.62 [76.42, 85.06]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.19 [75.44, 82.80]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.27 [77.52, 86.44]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExercise Tolerance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;6MET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-6MET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;3MET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePulmonary Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.460\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e352\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePleural effusion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.829\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e392\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e246\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHistory of Respiratory Infections\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.344\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e331\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreoperative Hemoglobin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132.89 (14.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133.26 (14.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132.67 (14.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.696\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotes：1. \u003cem\u003ex\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003evalue\u003c/em\u003e；2. \u003cem\u003eZ\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue；3. \u003cem\u003et\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 \u0026nbsp;Comparison of Surgical and Anesthesia Conditions Between the Two Groups of Patients\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"680\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVariables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTotal\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e（\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003en=398\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e）\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 152px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHypoxemia\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e（\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003en=149\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e）\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-hypoxemia（\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e=249）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSPO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e upon entering the Operating Room\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.00 [96.00, 98.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.00 [96.00, 98.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.00 [96.00, 98.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.50 [71.00, 88.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00 [71.00, 87.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.00 [71.00, 88.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.764\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRespiratory rate\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.00 [16.00, 20.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.00 [16.00, 20.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.00 [16.00, 20.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.640\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePropofol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00 [70.00, 100.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00 [70.00, 110.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00 [70.00, 100.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.676\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSufentanil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.00 [22.50, 30.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.00 [22.50, 30.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.00 [22.50, 30.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.973\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRemifentanil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e744.60 [554.88, 968.80]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e785.00 [602.00, 995.60]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e732.60 [534.30, 960.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecis-Atracurium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.00 [12.00, 15.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.00 [12.00, 15.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.00 [11.00, 15.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative Fluid Volume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400.00 [300.00, 500.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400.00 [300.00, 500.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350.00 [300.00, 500.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative Blood Loss\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00 [5.00, 10.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00 [5.00, 10.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00 [5.00, 10.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.176\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of Anesthesia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122.00 [97.00, 151.75]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.00 [101.00, 154.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120.00 [96.00, 150.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.351\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical Duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.50 [57.00, 107.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.00 [58.00, 109.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.00 [56.00, 104.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.373\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of Single-Lung Ventilation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.00 [57.25, 105.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.00 [65.00, 110.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.00 [55.00, 104.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical Position\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.294\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSupine position\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft Lateral Position\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226 (56.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82 (55.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144 (57.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight lateral position\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158 (39.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (39.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 (39.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVentilation Mode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle-lumen tracheal intubation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDouble-lumen tracheal intubation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e396 (99.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148 (99.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248 (99.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical Site\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.692\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172 (43.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (41.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (44.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226 (56.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 (58.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139 (55.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.109\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWedge Resection of the Lung\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203 (51.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (49.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 (52.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSegmental resection of the lung\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 (18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (14.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (20.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLobar Resection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 (30.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (35.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (26.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal lobectomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePain at 30 min entering PACU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00 [0.00, 3.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00 [0.00, 3.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00 [0.00, 3.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImmediate pain upon extubation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00 [1.00, 2.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00 [1.00, 2.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00 [1.00, 2.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNausea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e394\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChills\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e377\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eagitation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelayed Awakening\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of Catheterization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.00 [10.00, 18.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.00 [10.00, 19.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.00 [10.00, 17.00]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.309\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Notes：1. \u003cem\u003ex\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003evalue\u003c/em\u003e；2. \u003cem\u003eZ\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue；3. \u003cem\u003et\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 \u0026nbsp;Independent Variable Assignments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable Types\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssignment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDependent Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypoxemia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1=Yes；0=No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"10\" style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASA Classification\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 = Class I；2= ClassⅡ；3= ClassⅢ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1=Yes；0=No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1=Yes；0=No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelayed Awakening\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1=Yes；0=No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExercise Tolerance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1=＞6MET；2=3-6 MET；3=＜3MET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePulmonary Function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOriginal Values of Variable Data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreoperative SPO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in the Operating Room\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOriginal Values of Variable Data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eimmediate pain upon extubation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOriginal Values of Variable Data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOriginal Values of Variable Data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOriginal Values of Variable Data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotes：1. \u003cem\u003ex\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003evalue\u003c/em\u003e；2. \u003cem\u003eZ\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue；3. \u003cem\u003et\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 \u0026nbsp;Multivariate Analysis of Hypoxemia in PACU after Thoracoscopic Lung Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"601\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard Error\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWald\u0026nbsp;c\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.016~1.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.021~1.187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSPO\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eupon entering the Operating Room\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.783~0.993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImmediate pain upon extubation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.829\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.377\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.115~1.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotes：1. \u003cem\u003ex\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003evalue\u003c/em\u003e；2. \u003cem\u003eZ\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue；3. \u003cem\u003et\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the incidence of hypoxemia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung surgery in the PACU was 37.4%, which aligns with the 34% which reported by Liu et al. for postoperative hypoxemia following thoracoscopic procedures[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Hypoxemia is a common complication in the PACU for thoracoscopic lung surgery patients, which not only affects the quality of recovery and delays operating room turnover but also increases the workload for healthcare staff. Our findings demonstrate that age, BMI, and immediate post-extubation pain are independent risk factors for hypoxemia in this patient population, whereas preoperative SpO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e upon admission to the operating room was identified as a protective factor. Early recognition and intervention by the anesthesia and recovery teams for patients presenting with one or more of these risk factors may help reduce the occurrence of hypoxemia in the PACU.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study confirmed that age is an independent risk factor for hypoxemia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung surgery, consistent with previous research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Older patients are more susceptible to hypoxemia due to systemic degenerative changes, decreased organ reserve, particularly in respiratory function, and reduced pulmonary compliance. These factors increase their vulnerability to the effects of general anesthesia and the physiological stress of surgery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, as age advances, the prevalence of comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and respiratory disorders increases[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], further elevating the risk of postoperative hypoxemia. This combination of physiological decline, surgical trauma, and anesthetic impact places elderly patients at a heightened risk. To mitigate this, it is crucial to optimize preoperative preparation, ensure careful intraoperative anesthetic management, and maintain close hemodynamic monitoring during surgery to minimize the incidence of postoperative hypoxemia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur findings also identified BMI as an independent risk factor for hypoxemia in the PACU following thoracoscopic lung surgery, supporting the conclusions of Campos and Feider [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Obesity increases airway resistance, restricts diaphragmatic movement, and limits thoracic compliance, which in turn decreases lung compliance and predisposes patients to respiratory complications. Patients with elevated BMI are at higher risk for obstructive sleep apnea, asthma, and other respiratory disorders, all of which can exacerbate postoperative inflammation and oxidative stress, potentially leading to alveolar damage. Compared to patients with normal BMI, those with higher BMI are more prone to experiencing impaired gas exchange and hypoxemia during or after anesthesia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Obesity is a well-documented risk factor for perioperative hypoxemia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], and thus, preoperative weight control, comprehensive pulmonary function testing, and thorough risk assessments are critical for reducing the likelihood of PACU hypoxemia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Postoperative management of obese patients should include enhanced monitoring of respiratory function and supplemental oxygen therapy to further minimize the risk of hypoxemia. Additionally, the use of muscle relaxants during anesthesia in obese patients can significantly reduce functional residual capacity and lung compliance, resulting in airway collapse and ventilation-perfusion mismatch, contributing to postoperative hypoxemia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreover, our study identified immediate post-extubation pain as an independent risk factor for hypoxemia in the PACU. Pain occurring immediately after extubation can significantly influence the development of hypoxemia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung surgery. In the PACU, patients frequently experience severe pain during deep breathing, coughing, or movement, particularly in the early stages after extubation. Intense pain discourages deep breathing and effective respiratory maneuvers, limiting chest wall expansion and reducing ventilation at the lung bases, which impairs gas exchange and increases the likelihood of hypoxemia. Insufficient management of acute postoperative pain has been associated with a higher incidence of hypoxemia, as supported by Rawal et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Pain-induced sympathetic activation leads to increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and additional stress on the cardiovascular system, which can further compromise cardiopulmonary function, as noted by Kehlet et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, pain-related inhibition of effective coughing increases the risk of atelectasis and pulmonary infections, which further contribute to hypoxemia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies show that patients with well-managed postoperative pain are more likely to engage in early ambulation and deep breathing exercises, significantly reducing the risk of pulmonary complications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. However, although opioids can provide effective pain relief, they also have the potential to depress the respiratory center, exacerbating the risk of hypoxemia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. The judicious use of multimodal analgesia, including regional anesthesia or nerve blocks, can effectively control pain while minimizing the risk of respiratory depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Combining different analgesic techniques, such as nerve blocks and patient-controlled analgesia, allows for better pain management with fewer side effects, thereby reducing the incidence of postoperative hypoxemia following thoracoscopic surgery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, our study found that preoperative SpO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e upon admission to the operating room was a protective factor against hypoxemia in the PACU. Monitoring peripheral SpO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e upon arrival in the operating room is a critical indicator of baseline oxygenation, particularly for patients undergoing pulmonary surgery. Lower preoperative SpO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e suggests an underlying oxygenation deficit, making patients more susceptible to severe hypoxemia. This measure not only reflects the current oxygenation status but also provides valuable insights for guiding intraoperative ventilation and anesthesia management strategies. Attention to preoperative SpO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e can predict intraoperative hypoxemia risk and inform perioperative management strategies, helping to improve overall patient outcomes. By assessing SpO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e upon admission, clinicians can implement optimized interventions to reduce the likelihood of hypoxemia during and after thoracoscopic lung surgery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the incidence of hypoxemia during the recovery phase following thoracoscopic lung surgery is relatively high. Special attention should be given to elderly patients, those with higher BMI, and those experiencing immediate post-extubation pain. Preoperative weight management, meticulous intraoperative anesthetic care, and effective perioperative pain control, combined with monitoring of preoperative SpO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, are essential strategies for reducing the incidence of hypoxemia in PACU.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003ePACU \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; The post-anesthetic care unit\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFEV1 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Forced Expiratory Volume at 1 Second\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFVC \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Forced Vital Capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaO\u003csub\u003e2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eArterial oxygen partial pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVAS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Visual analog scale pain scores\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study thanks the nursing care team in the post-operative anesthesia recovery room of West China Hospital of Sichuan University for data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXi Luo: conducted the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the original draft.\u0026nbsp;Yanmei Ying\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;Lu Yin: data collection, validation and data curation;\u0026nbsp;Pan Chang: conceptualization, methodology, resources, supervision, writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, funding acquisition.\u0026nbsp;All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Sichuan Province Science and Technology Program (2023YFS0136), NSF of China (No.82304648).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data that support the findings of this study are included within the article (and any supplementary files).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHuman Ethics and Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrior to the recruitment of participants, this study received approval from the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University (2024-611), and was registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2400083595). The study design strictly adhered to the declaration of Helsinki and the STROBE statement. All participants signed a written informed consent form before enrolment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors approved the submitted version of the manuscript and agreed to be personally accountable for their own contributions and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy and integrity of the work are resolved and documented.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePolański J, Jankowska-Polańska B, Mazur G. Relationship Between Nutritional Status and Quality of Life in Patients with Lung Cancer. 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Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2007;21(1):3\u0026ndash;13. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.bpa.2006.11.003\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.bpa.2006.11.003\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-anesthesiology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bane","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Anesthesiology](http://bmcanesthesiol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bane","title":"BMC Anesthesiology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5657144/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5657144/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to analyze the prevalence and influencing factors of hypoxemia in patients following thoracoscopic lung surgery in the post-anesthetic care unit (PACU).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted a prospective analysis involving 398 patients who underwent elective thoracoscopic lung surgery in West China Hospital, Sichuan University, from April to July 2024. Patients were classified into hypoxemia and non-hypoxemia groups based on the presence of hypoxemia in the PACU. We compared clinical data between the two groups to identify factors influencing hypoxemia. Variables with statistical significance (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in univariate analysis were included in logistic regression to identify independent risk factors for hypoxemia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the 398 patients studied, 149 (37.4%) experienced hypoxemia. Univariate analysis indicated significant differences in age, BMI, height, ASA classification, hypertension, diabetes, lung function test with Forced Expiratory Volume at 1 Second / Forced Vital Capacity (FEV1/FVC), and awakening time between the groups. Logistic regression revealed that age, BMI, ASA classification, hypertension, diabetes, and awakening time were independent risk factors for hypoxemia during anesthesia recovery, while FEV1/FVC was a protective factor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffective management of elderly patients and those with high BMI, ASA classification, and attention to preoperative hypertension and diabetes may help reduce hypoxemia incidence in the PACU following thoracoscopic lung surgery. Emphasizing preoperative lung function assessment and enhanced monitoring can facilitate timely interventions, improving post-anesthesia recovery and patient outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of Risk Factors for Hypoxemia in PACU for Patients Undergoing Thoracoscopic Lung Cancer Resection Based on Logistic Regression Model","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-26 08:21:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5657144/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-12-23T13:25:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-12-20T14:52:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-12-20T14:50:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Anesthesiology","date":"2024-12-17T00:40:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-anesthesiology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bane","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Anesthesiology](http://bmcanesthesiol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bane","title":"BMC Anesthesiology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2af5cd1d-7917-4594-86a0-7c2b9ccf1d90","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 26th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-14T16:14:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5657144","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-025-03043-9","journal":{"identity":"bmc-anesthesiology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Anesthesiology"},"publishedOn":"2025-04-11 16:05:54","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 11th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-26 08:21:49","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12871-025-03043-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-025-03043-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5657144","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5657144","identity":"rs-5657144","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}