Differences in clinical characteristics between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has brought major challenges to the global health system, and influenza is also a problem that cannot be ignored. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase and Web of Science for articles and performed a meta-analysis using Stata 14.0 with a random-effects model. This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: One hundred articles involving 226,913 COVID-19 patients and 201,617 influenza patients were included, and all the articles included patients with these two diseases as experimental and control groups. Compared to influenza, COVID-19 was more common among men (OR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.23–1.74) and people with a higher body mass index (SMD=0.22, 95% CI: 0.16–0.28). The proportion of current smokers among COVID-19 patients was lower (OR=0.25, 95% CI: 0.18–0.33), and the use of antibiotics (OR=0.71, 95% CI: 0.52–0.98) and antiviral drugs (OR=0.23, 95% CI: 0.07–0.73) was also lower than that among influenza patients. Patients with COVID-19 had longer stays in the hospital (SMD=0.38, 95% CI: 0.28–0.49) and ICU (SMD=0.23, 95% CI: 0.09–0.37), required mechanical ventilation more frequently (OR=2.30, 95% CI: 1.77–3.00), and had higher mortality (OR=2.22, 95% CI: 1.93–2.55). We also found significant differences in some blood parameters between the two groups of patients. Upper respiratory symptoms were more obvious in influenza patients, and the proportion of comorbidities was higher than that among COVID-19 patients. Conclusions: Both infectious respiratory diseases should be given sufficient attention to improve people’s health worldwide.