A systemic appreciation of the interplay between technological transformation, rural welfare, collective action and water conflicts in Mount Kenya

A systemic appreciation of the interplay between technological transformation, rural welfare, collective action and water conflicts in Mount Kenya | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A systemic appreciation of the interplay between technological transformation, rural welfare, collective action and water conflicts in Mount Kenya Andrea Cavicchi, Michelle Bonatti, Sandro Luis Schlindwein, Götz Uckert, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8374380/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Erratic rainfall, over-withdrawal, and catchment degradation are intensifying water scarcity and heightening highland-lowland tensions in Mount Kenya. Although rainwater harvesting, micro-irrigation, and solar-powered irrigation systems are increasingly promoted as climate-smart strategies, adoption among smallholders remains limited by upfront costs, technical constraints, poor water quality, restricted access to credit, and weak extension services. To examine the systemic barriers to technology adoption, this study conceptualizes the uptake of RWH and SPIS within a Social-Technical-Ecological Systems (STES) framework and applies a participatory qualitative system dynamics approach. Using Causal Loop Diagrams developed from interviews (N = 40), participatory modelling (N = 8), and stakeholder validation, the research maps feedbacks among ecological processes, governance mechanisms, farmer decision-making, technical components and innovation uptake. Findings show that flat-rate water fees, limited monitoring capacity, and insufficient funding for Water Resource Users Associations reinforce overuse and diminish incentives for efficient irrigation adoption. Ecological degradation -including riparian decline, siltation, and pressure over forest systems- further constrains technology compatibility, while risk perception over crop failures, vandalism, and wildlife incursions affect farmers’ willingness to invest. Conversely, cooperative models, revolving funds, and demonstration farms emerge as important leverage points for expanding access to finance, strengthening technical skills, and improving market linkages. The study concludes that sustainable water management requires coordinated interventions that align governance reform, ecological restoration, and farmer-led technological innovation. A STES perspective, while bridging the gap between socio-technical and social-ecological research in sustainability transition, provides a holistic lens to navigate the social-ecological and technical drivers shaping water security and rural resilience in Mount Kenya. Causal Loop diagrams participatory modelling rainwater harvesting social-ecological systems socio-technical systems solar powered irrigation systems systems dynamics modelling technological transition water governance Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 17 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 18 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Feb, 2026 Editor invited by journal 31 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 23 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8374380","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":568425787,"identity":"d22ce19b-908b-4687-a36a-992470718b6d","order_by":0,"name":"Andrea 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Although rainwater harvesting, micro-irrigation, and solar-powered irrigation systems are increasingly promoted as climate-smart strategies, adoption among smallholders remains limited by upfront costs, technical constraints, poor water quality, restricted access to credit, and weak extension services. To examine the systemic barriers to technology adoption, this study conceptualizes the uptake of RWH and SPIS within a Social-Technical-Ecological Systems (STES) framework and applies a participatory qualitative system dynamics approach. Using Causal Loop Diagrams developed from interviews (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40), participatory modelling (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8), and stakeholder validation, the research maps feedbacks among ecological processes, governance mechanisms, farmer decision-making, technical components and innovation uptake. 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