Developing Machine Learning Algorithm for Investigating Features Affecting Relative Density and Shrinkage of Printed Parts in Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing of Microjet TP-80 Ceramic Composite Powder

Developing Machine Learning Algorithm for Investigating Features Affecting Relative Density and Shrinkage of Printed Parts in Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing of Microjet TP-80 Ceramic Composite Powder | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Developing Machine Learning Algorithm for Investigating Features Affecting Relative Density and Shrinkage of Printed Parts in Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing of Microjet TP-80 Ceramic Composite Powder Suleiman Obeidat, Rahagir Ridwan Anik, Rakib Hasan, Syed Hasib Akhter Faruqui This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9073284/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Binder jetting is a versatile 3D printing technique capable of producing complex geometries with various materials, including ceramics. However, the final properties of binder-jetted parts are affected by multiple process parameters, making optimization challenging and time-consuming. To address this, we developed a machine learning model to predict and optimize the key factors affecting part quality. This study explores the application of machine learning (ML) algorithms to investigate the factors influencing relative density and shrinkage in binder jetting additive manufacturing of ceramic composite powders. The ML algorithm was designed to identify the optimal printing parameters that maximize the relative density of printed parts while minimizing shrinkage in the final parts. Importantly, we employed SHAP algorithms to determine which parameters significantly impact shrinkage and part density. By leveraging this data-driven approach, we aim to reduce the need for extensive trial-and-error experiments, thereby saving time and resources in the manufacturing process. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of ML Algorithms in predicting and optimizing binder jetting outcomes for ceramic composite powders. Furthermore, the study revealed that ensemble methods, such as Bagging and Random Forest, were most effective in predicting relative density, with Bagging achieving the lowest MSE (0.0156 0.085). For shrinkage prediction, simpler models like Linear Regression outperformed more complex approaches, achieving the lowest MSE (0.0028 0.031). Feature importance analysis revealed that Sample Geometry and Sample Actual Volume were critical determinants of relative density, while Sample Delay had the most significant impact on shrinkage. Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing (BJAM) Ceramic Composites Machine Learning SHAP Relative Density Shrinkage Optimization Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revisions Needed 04 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 13 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 11 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 10 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9073284","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":605686896,"identity":"0671b290-56ca-4a0a-a00b-92aebcb9cca6","order_by":0,"name":"Suleiman Obeidat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suleiman","middleName":"","lastName":"Obeidat","suffix":""},{"id":605686897,"identity":"a476a51c-5f44-4e5b-b94b-b7efef631a03","order_by":1,"name":"Rahagir Ridwan Anik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rahagir","middleName":"Ridwan","lastName":"Anik","suffix":""},{"id":605686898,"identity":"94ce9eb2-fa2d-4dfe-a592-49a306a28411","order_by":2,"name":"Rakib Hasan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rakib","middleName":"","lastName":"Hasan","suffix":""},{"id":605686899,"identity":"dfa86506-8c4a-4654-8808-24df19411dcb","order_by":3,"name":"Syed Hasib Akhter Faruqui","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCcYHBxIqbBgMwDw2orQwGz74cCaNNC3GhjNbDpOgRX52M5s0b8N5e3P+MwYMH8oOE9ZicOcwUMuO24k7Z+QYMM44R4wWifxj0rxnbicY3OAxYOZtI0KL/IxkoC1t5+wNzp8xYP5LjBaGG8nMhjPbDjBuOJBjwMxIjBaDG8mMwEBOTtxwI63gYM+5dKIcxgCMSjugww5vfPCjzJoIhyGDAySqHwWjYBSMglGACwAAcKM+MGo6yp8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5073-8690","institution":"Sam Houston State University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Syed","middleName":"Hasib Akhter","lastName":"Faruqui","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-09 13:03:58","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9073284/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9073284/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104682749,"identity":"7f81ee2d-fd9a-47c9-9bda-f13390f0f627","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-16 03:10:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":480490,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"UnblindedSubmission.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9073284/v1_covered_dc88b01d-3cf2-4996-9444-e4e260d2f574.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Developing Machine Learning Algorithm for Investigating Features Affecting Relative Density and Shrinkage of Printed Parts in Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing of Microjet TP-80 Ceramic Composite Powder","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing (BJAM), Ceramic Composites, Machine Learning, SHAP, Relative Density, Shrinkage Optimization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9073284/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9073284/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Binder jetting is a versatile 3D printing technique capable of producing complex geometries with various materials, including ceramics. 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