Resistance towards and biotransformation ofPseudomonas-produced secondary metabolites during community invasion

The role of antagonistic secondary metabolites produced by Pseudomonas protegens in suppression of soil-borne phytopathogens has been clearly documented. However, their contribution to the ability of P. protegens to establish in soil and rhizosphere microbiomes remains ambiguous. Here, we use a four-species synthetic community to determine how antibiotic production contributes to P. protegens community invasion and identify community traits that alter the abundance of key P. protegens antimicrobial metabolites (DAPG, pyoluteorin and orfamide A). Surprisingly, mutants deficient in antimicrobial production caused similar perturbations in community composition compared to invasion by wildtype P. protegens . Intriguingly, while pyoluteorin and orfamide A are secreted at levels toxic to individual bacterial strains, community-level resistance circumvents toxicity. Here, we identify the underlying mechanism by which the cyclic lipopeptide, orfamide A, is inactivated and degraded by Rhodococcus globerulus D757 and Stenotrophomonas indicatrix D763. Altogether, the demonstration that the synthetic community constrains P. protegens invasion by detoxifying its antibiotics may provide a mechanistic explanation to inconsistencies in biocontrol effectiveness in situ .