Effect of dietary Spirulina platensis Phycocyanin and Fucoidan supplementation on egg properties, blood parameters, and Bacteriological count of laying Japanese quails

Effect of dietary Spirulina platensis Phycocyanin and Fucoidan supplementation on egg properties, blood parameters, and Bacteriological count of laying Japanese quails | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of dietary Spirulina platensis Phycocyanin and Fucoidan supplementation on egg properties, blood parameters, and Bacteriological count of laying Japanese quails Seyyed Sattar Tohidifar, Hassan Habibi, Maryam Jafari, Mehdi Mohammadi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2778439/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Spirulina platensis Phycocyanin and fucoidan supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, relative organ weight, and blood profile of laying Japanese quails. Birds (n = 450; 7-week-old) were divided into 5 experimental groups (90 chicks each, 3 replicates/group, 30 chicks/replicate), and fed with 5 experimental diets. The groups contained basal control diet, the control diet supplemented with 0.02 % phycocyanin (Phy 0.02%), 0.04 % phycocyanin (Phy 0.04%), 0.02 % fucoidan (Fuco 0.02%), or 0.04 % fucoidan (Fuco 0.04%). Results showed that all treatment groups significantly increased egg production at the end of the experiment compared to the control (P < 0.05). fucoidan significantly decreased Cholesterol, triglyceride, and yolk Chol in all concentrations compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Groups that received phycocyanin increased the level of Albumin and decreased malondialdehyde and triglyceride in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). On day 15 post storage, the groups that received Fuco and Phy had fewer TVN and TBA values in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05). Supplementation with fucoidan and Phy 0.04% decreased the total and coliform count of bacteria from day 0 until day 15 post-storage (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that addition of dietary fucoidan and phycocyanin positively affects egg production, levels of total protein, albumin, HDL, and the quality aspects and bacteriological counts of quail’s egg and by increasing the storage time, the safety of the product will be increased. Phycocyanin fucoidan egg properties Bacteriological count laying Japanese quails. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction The increase in the human population has greatly elevated the need for food supply. Animal-source protein is a reliable source of human nutrition through the production of meat and eggs. Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) farming has developed in recent years because of some advantages including high egg production, little required space, low-fat meat, and eggs. The development of the poultry industry has led to an increase in the demand for food and the manipulation of rations to achieve the best conversion rate and efficiency. Therefore, it will be beneficial to use materials that can be effective in the growth and health of these birds. In the poultry industry, antibiotics are used to control, prevent, and treat various bacterial infections, and to improve the growth performance of birds. Today, the use of some growth-promoting antibiotics in developing countries has affected the economic production of meat and eggs by changing the microbial population of the digestive system (Mehdi et al., 2018 ). However, these products may contain harmful concentrations of antibiotic residues that cause many problems such as allergic reactions, immune system dysfunctions, carcinogenic effects, mutagenesis, reproduction disorders, and antibiotic resistance (Bedford, 2000 ). Many studies have reported natural compounds (e.g., probiotics, prebiotics, and phytobiotics) with positive effects on growth, immunity, and digestibility (Al-Khalaifah, 2018 ; Dhama et al., 2008 ; et al., 2022). Algae as a phytobiotic have been reported as a human food supplement with useful effects. In several human studies, it was indicated that algae may improve immune function and decrease inflammation (Belay, 2002 ; Gemma et al., 2002 ; Toniolo et al.,2019). According to Becker ( 2007 ), algae could be a novel source of protein in poultry rations and may be a suitable substitute for other proteins (Becker, 2007 ). Spirulina is a blue-green algae usually used as a food supplement. Carbohydrates make up 15–25%, proteins makeup 50–70%, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, carotenes, phenolic acids, gamma-linoleic acid, chlorophylla, and phycobiliprotein pigments make up 18%. (Farag et al., 2016 ). Studies illustrate that spirulina can be incorporated into a poultry diet successfully (Evans, Smith, & Moritz, 2015 ; Ross & Dominy, 1990 ). One of the active compounds of spirulina is phycocyanin. Phycocyanin is a water-soluble blue photosynthetic pigment located in the cytoplasmic membrane of spirulina. Due to its alkyl, hydroxyl, and aromatic groups, phycocyanin has antioxidant, radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumorigenic properties. (El-Shall et al., 2019 ; Sitohy et al., 2015 ). Fucoidan is an indigestible sulfated polysaccharide rich in L-fructose that is present in the structure of brown algae (Berteau & Mulloy, 2003 ). It has been used as a prebiotic in humans and animals (Sweeney & O'doherty, 2016 ; Vigors et al., 2021 ). Additionally, fucoidans contain various biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, anticoagulant, immune system modulating, and anti-inflammatory (Isnansetyo et al., 2016 ). The objectives of this study were to determine the impacts of different levels of dietary phycocyanin and fucoidan supplementation on egg properties and blood parameters of laying Japanese quails. Materials and methods Bird management, Experimental Design, and Diets This experimental study was conducted in the Poultry Research Unit of the Agricultural and Natural Resources College of Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran. A total of 500 one-day-old Japanese quail were purchased and grown with the same conditions until 49 days old. Then a total of 450 of the quails with an average body weight of 212.00±4.00g were placed in the cages for the trial. All birds were allowed to adapt for seven days, consuming a commercial laying quail’s diet. 16-h light and 8-h darkness has been used during the experimental period, feed, and water were added ad libitum throughout the whole study. The chicks were randomly allotted into 5 experimental groups (90 chicks each, 3 replicates/group, 30 chicks/replicate). The experimental treatments were as follows: T1, control group (basal diet without any supplementation); T2, basal diet + 0.02 % phycocyanin (Phy 0.02%); T3, basal diet + 0.04 % phycocyanin (Phy 0.04%); T4, basal diet + 0.02 % fucoidan (Fuco 0.02%); T5, basal diet + 0.04 % fucoidan (Fuco 0.04%). Nutrient composition and chemical analysis of the basal diet are shown in Table 1. Production performance The number of eggs were daily recorded for each replicate per treatment throughout the experimental period for 5 weeks and egg weight was measured by a digital balance (Olawumi & Ogunlade, 2008). At the end of the experiment, three from each replicate were randomly taken, weighed, and slaughtered. After slaughter and complete bleeding, the liver, heart, duodenum, gizzard, carcass, thigh, and breast were separated and then weighed. Their relative weights were calculated as percentages of live body weight. Egg biochemical parameters At 13 weeks of age (the end of the experiment), a total number of 50 clean eggs with normal size and shape (10 from each treatment) were randomly taken to determine yolk lipids content including total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Glu, total lipids and triglycerides. To determine Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) and Total volatile nitrogen (TVN) values at days (0, 5, 10, and 15). We selected twelve eggs from each treatment at the end of the experiment, and Three out of 12 eggs were analyzed freshly and the rest of them were kept in 3 durations of storage time (5, 10 and 15 d) at room temperature. TBA was determined according to (Omri et al., 2019). Total volatile nitrogen (TVN), was determined according to Pearson et al . (1984) (Pearson & Tauber, 1984). Blood biochemical analysis At the end of the trial, 3 blood samples per treatment (a total number of 15) were collected from slaughtered birds. Their blood was collected equally, and divided into heparinized and non-heparinized test tubes. One ml of blood samples was taken to determine white blood cell count. The blood serum from the rest of the samples was separated and total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined using diagnostic kits. Bacteriological count At the end of the experiment, 60 normal and clean eggs were chosen and bacteriological counts were determined at days 0, 5, 10, and 15 post-storage. Preparation of the samples for microbiological tests was based on APHA (2001). Total plate counts and psychrophilic counts were determined following the method used by Lin & Lin (2002). Coliform counts were done according to ISO (2004). All microbial counts were reported as colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of eggs. Statistical Analysis All data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test were subjected to significant means at P < 0.05. Results Production performance The effect of different groups on egg production is presented in figure 1. As shown in figure 3, Groups Fuco 0.04 and Phy 0.04 had higher egg production than the control group in week 4 (P < 0.05). Egg production in all treatment groups significantly increased at the end of the experiment compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Results of the impacts of Spirulina platensis Phycocyanin and fucoidan on the egg's weight are shown in figure 2. Maximum egg weight was related to Phy and Fuco groups, but it wasn’t significant (P > 0.05). The results in figure 3 have revealed that there was no difference in relative internal organ weights, but carcass weight was significantly higher in Fuco 0.04% in comparison with the other groups. Egg biochemical parameters The results of different groups of egg Cholesterol, TG, HDL, Alb, Total pro, yolk cholesterol, and malondialdehyde (MDA ( are shown in Table 2. Analysis of data showed that fucoidan significantly decreased Clo, TG, and yolk Chol in all concentrations compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Groups that received phycocyanin increased the level of Albumin and decreased MDA and TG in comparison with the control group (P 0.05). The effects of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin on TVN and TBA are shown in Tables 3 and 4. Results achieved in Table 3 revealed that on day 15 post storage, the groups that received Fuco and Phy had fewer TVN values in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05). In Table 4, TBA values of different groups at days 0, 5, 10, and 15 post-storage are shown. Results showed that fucoidan 0.04% had less TBA value at days 0, 5, 10, and 15 compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, phycocyanin 0.02% had a significant effect on day 15 post storage, and Phy 0.04% had less TBA values on days 0, 10, and 15 post storage (P < 0.05). Hematology Analysis The effects of the experimental treatments on blood biochemistry are summarized in Table 5. Analyses of data showed that these parameters were not statistically associated with different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin (P > 0.05). Bacteriological count The effects of different levels of phycocyanin and fucoidan on the bacteriological properties of quail eggs at days 0, 5, 10, and 15 post-storage are illustrated in Table 6. Results showed that supplementation with fucoidan decreased the total count of bacteria from day 0 until day 15 post-storage (P < 0.05). Results also indicated that phycocyanin 0.04% significantly decreased the total count in eggs (P < 0.05). Results of coliform count revealed obvious effects in groups that received phycocyanin and fucoidan as compared with control (P < 0.05). On the other hand, birds that received phycocyanin and fucoidan diet showed a significant decrease in the coliform count when compared to the control (P < 0.05). The psychotropic count was decreased in groups that received fucoidan and phycocyanin, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Discussion Five weeks' addition of fucoidan and anthocyanin positively affects egg production without influencing feed intake and FCR. The effect of fucoidan on production can be due to high bioactive molecules of carbohydrates, protein, minerals, vitamins, and dietary fibers. This explains the use of spirulina as a food supplement for humans and animals (Grosshagauer et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, a suitable absorption rate of algae in poultry digestive systems could be responsible for improving egg production (Morshedi et al., 2018 ). Similar to the results of several studies, the inclusion of algae improved egg production in layer hens (Abbaspour et al., 2015 ; Kulshreshtha et al., 2014 ; Mandal et al., 2019 ). Several studies have shown that algae inclusion in layer ratio improved egg weight and egg quality parameters like eggshell thickness, eggshell strength, and an eggshell color. In this study, there were no significant differences in eggshell parameters (data not shown). These results are in line with data obtained by Inborr ( 1998 ), Mariey et al. ( 2012 ), and Zahroojian et al ( 2013 ) who reported that spirulina adding in experimental diets couldn’t influence eggshell parameters in laying hens (Inborr, 1998 ; Mariey et al., 2012 ; Zahroojian et al., 2013 ), Because the formation of eggshell is mainly affected by minerals, and all minerals were provided in each group of this study. There was a significant reduction in cholesterol, yolk cholesterol, and triglyceride contents as the level of phycocyanin and fucoidan were increased. This reduction may be due to their lower levels of contents of cholesterol, yolk cholesterol, and TG in the blood plasma of quails fed fucoidan and phycocyanin (Mariey et al., 2012 ). In this experiment, levels of total protein, albumin, and HDL increased in all experimental groups compared to the control group, although they were in the normal range. In agreement with our results, Choi et al. reported that algae byproducts increased blood albumin, total cholesterol, and triglyceride and had no effects on globulin, AST, and BUN in laying hens (Choi et al., 2014 ) There are limited hematology studies about various algae species in poultry Analysis of the TBA, TVN, and Bacteriological results in this study indicated that phycocyanin and fucoidan are effective in increasing the quality aspects and bacteriological counts of quail’s egg and by increasing the storage time, therefore, the safety of the product will be increased. Initially, it was considered that an egg is sterile. However, recent studies confirmed that microorganisms are present inside the egg white and yolk (Ding et al., 2021 ; Lee et al., 2019 ). These egg microorganisms have made significant importance in food science and safety. It is known that the microorganism counts in eggs increase as the storage time is extended (Imik et al., 2012 ). In agreement with Imik et al., the results of our study showed that at 15 days post-storage, the total count, and the coliform psychotropic count increased dramatically. The results also indicated significant beneficial effects of fucoidan and phycocyanin on the microbiological count in comparison with the control group. Spirulina platensis phycocyanin has a positive effect on the gastrointestinal flora, increasing the number of goblet cells and modifying the population of intestinal microbes by the increase of lactic acid bacteria and a decrease in E. coli and other pathogenic bacteria (Abdelnour et al., 2020 ; Alwaleed et al., 2021 ; Park, Lee, & Kim, 2018 ). Antibiotic properties of Fucoidan as a seaweed polysaccharide are related to the high degree of positive charge and sulfate groups and antioxidant capacity (Corino et al., 2021 ; Moroney et al., 2015 ). As such fucoidan has been used as a growth promotor and alternative to antibiotics (Shimaa A. Amer et al., 2020 ; S. A. Amer et al., 2021 ). Declarations Conflicts of interest/Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethics approval: All experimental procedures used during this study were approved by the ethics committee of the Department of Animal Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran. Consent to participate: All participants signed a written consent to participate in this research. Consent for publication: All participants signed a written consent permitting the publication of this research. Funding: No applicable. Authors' contributions: All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by, Hasan Habibi, Maryam Jafari, Mehdi Mohammadi. Seyyed Sattar Tohidifar wrote the first draft of the manuscript and all authors commented on previous versions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 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Effects of dietary marine algae (Spirulina platensis) on egg quality and production performance of laying hens, Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 15(7), 1353-1360. Tables Table 1 Composition and proximate chemical analysis of the basal diet. Ingredient g/kg Corn 518.00 Soybean meal 355.00 Soybean oil 31.40 Dicalcium phosphate 7.00 Limestone 75.00 Sodium chloride 2.80 Sodium bicarbonate 1.00 l-Lys-HCl 1.30 dl-Met 3.40 Vitamin and mineral premix1 5.00 Phytase 10000 0.10 Total 1000.00 Analysis Metabolizable energy, Kcal/kg 2800.00 Crude protein 19.84 Calcium 3.10 Available phosphorous 0.32 Sodium 0.15 Chloride 0.23 Lysine 1.08 Methionine 0.48 Methionine + Cysteine 0.88 Threonine 0.65 Tryptophan 0.22 Arginine 1.26 Isoleucine 0.77 Valine 0.83 Provided the following per kg of diet: vitamin A, 10000 IU; vitamin D3, 4500 IU; vitamin E, 65 IU; vitamin K3, 3 mg; vitamin B1, 2.5 mg; vitamin B2, 6.5 mg; vitamin B3, 60 mg; vitamin B5, 18 mg; vitamin B6, 3.2 mg; vitamin biotin, 0.22 mg; folic acid, 1.9 mg; vitamin B12, 0.017 mg; choline chloride, 1400 mg, Mn, 120 mg; Zn, 110 mg; Fe, 20 mg; Cu, 16 mg; I, 1.25 mg; Se, 0.3 mg. Table 2 Effect of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin supplementation on egg quality parameters of laying Japanese quails. Treatments Control Mean ± SD Phycocyanin 0.02% Mean ± SD Phycocyanin 0.04% Mean ± SD Fucoidan 0.02% Mean ± SD Fucoidan 0.04% Mean ± SD Chol 202.25±10.43 a 187.50±10.21 ab 185.75±19.08 ab 177.25±21.07 b 170.50±9.32 b TG 258.50±19.73 a 209.50±19.27 b 204.25±34.05 b 194.50±33.76 b 190.50±25.09 b HDL 36.36±4.42 39.95±4.28 40.37±3.18 39.03±4.43 38.50±2.41 Alb 2.35±0.31 3.07±0.32 2.74±0.42 2.78±0.37 2.81±0.60 Total pro 3.54±0.19 3.66±0.22 3.71±0.19 3.79±0.36 3.78±0.31 Yolk Chol 13.90±0.41 a 12.32±1.09 b 11.61±0.43 b 12.01±1.19 b 11.41±1.12 b MDA 0.08±0.00 a 0.07±0.00 b 0.07±0.00 b 0.08±0.00 ab 0.07±0.00 b Chol, cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; Alb, albumin; MDA, malondialdehyde; SD, standard deviation. a,b significant difference within each row (P < 0.05). Table 3 Effect of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin supplementation on TVN of laying Japanese quail eggs at days 0, 5, 10, and 15 post storage. Treatments Control Mean ± SD Phycocyanin 0.02% Mean ± SD Phycocyanin 0.04% Mean ± SD Fucoidan 0.02% Mean ± SD Fucoidan 0.04% Mean ± SD TVN 0 10.19±0.37 9.83±1.54 8.98±0.96 8.96±0.68 10.49±1.65 TVN 5 12.20±0.63 11.73±1.09 11.44±0.61 11.09±0.85 11.57±1.37 TVN 10 11.58±1.03 14.11±1.36 13.66±0.55 13.12±1.25 13.69±2.38 TVN 15 20.40±1.92 a 18.01±1.27 b 17.41±1.27 b 17.62±1.20 b 19.62±1.21 ab TVN, total volatile nitrogen; SD, standard deviation. a,b significant difference within each row (P < 0.05). Table 4 Effect of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin supplementation on TBA of laying Japanese quail eggs at days 0, 5, 10, and 15 post storage. Treatment Control Mean ± SD Phycocyanin 0.02% Mean ± SD Phycocyanin 0.04% Mean ± SD Fucoidan 0.02% Mean ± SD Fucoidan 0.04% Mean ± SD TBA 0 0.82±0.09 a 0.75±0.08 ab 0.66±0.06 bc 0.66±0.05 bc 0.59±0.05 c TBA 5 1.30±0.08 a 1.09±0.11 ab 1.10±0.21 ab 1.09±0.13 ab 1.01±0.12 b TBA 10 1.85±0.12 a 1.65±0.16 abc 1.36±0.21 c 1.79±0.36 ab 1.47±0.17 bc TBA 15 2.88±0.17 a 2.40±0.08 b 2.33±0.51 b 2.37±0.24 b 2.37±0.25 b TBA, thiobarbituric Acid; SD, standard deviation. a–c significant difference within each row (P < 0.05). Table 5 Effect of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin supplementation on Hematology Analysis of laying Japanese quails. Treatments Control Mean ± SD Phycocyanin 0.02 Mean ± SD Phycocyanin 0.04 Mean ± SD Fucoidan 0.02 Mean ± SD Fucoidan 0.04 Mean ± SD Hb 10.81±1.25 11.09±0.92 10.96±0.35 10.85±0.27 11.19±0.66 RBC 2.90±0.18 2.79±0.08 2.79±0.11 2.86±0.25 2.81±0.38 WBC 17.41±1.88 17.23±1.05 17.93±3.02 17.32±2.63 18.53±1.46 Platelet 35.00±2.30 34.50±1.93 35.30±2.65 35.33±2.96 35.43±3.35 PCV 33.33±2.10 33.43±2.81 32.70±1.94 32.70±1.80 33.03±2.25 Eosinophil 0.28±0.06 0.29±0.05 0.26±0.08 0.29±0.04 0.34±0.12 Basophil 0.23±0.10 0.25±0.08 0.26±0.11 0.26±0.05 0.25±0.09 Lymphocyte 61.33±0.57 61.00±1.73 62.00±2.00 61.66±2.88 63.33±0.57 Monocyte 1.33±0.15 1.30±0.20 1.30±10 1.30.20 1.23±0.05 Hb, hemoglobin; RBC, red blood cells; WBC, white blood cells; PCV, packed cell volume; SD, standard deviation. Table 6 Effect of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin supplementation on the Bacteriological count of laying Japanese quail eggs. Treatments Control Mean ± SD Phycocyanin 0.02% Mean ± SD Phycocyanin 0.04% Mean ± SD Fucoidan 0.02% Mean ± SD Fucoidan 0.04% Mean ± SD Total Count Day0 3.89±0.24 a 3.35±0.19 b 3.11±0.25 b 3.25±0.25 b 3.04±0.25 b Day5 5.14±0.19 a 4.80±0.34 ab 4.56±0.22 b 4.63±0.31 b 4.60±0.17 b Day10 6.74±0.37 a 6.24±0.15 ab 5.93±0.27 b 5.98±0.49 b 5.92±0.25 b Day15 8.58±0.17 a 7.82±0.32 b 7.59±0.22 b 7.41±0.45 b 7.61±0.36 b Coliform Count Day0 1.90±0.16 a 1.57±0.15 b 1.47±0.10 b 1.53±0.10 b 1.48±0.09 b Day5 2.51±0.11 a 2.06±0.2 b 1.90±0.15 b 1.83±0.13 b 1.89±0.15 b Day10 3.52±0.20 a 2.99±0.39 ab 2.88±0.21 b 3.06±0.33 ab 2.78±0.51 b Day15 4.47±0.18 a 3.89±0.32 b 3.82±0.14 b 3.93±0.27 b 3.76±0.40 b Psychotropic Count Day0 2.64±0.21 a 1.96±0.23 b 1.93±0.11 b 1.76±0.16 b 1.86±0.16 b Day5 3.92±0.21 a 3.38±0.52 ab 3.20±0.33 b 3.20±0.38 b 3.17±0.41 b Day10 5.70±0.38 a 5.22±0.44 ab 4.94±0.29 b 4.96±0.14 b 4.84±0.31 b Day15 7.34±0.22 a 6.52±0.11 b 6.37±0.27 b 6.37±0.34 b 6.49±0.23 b 0, at the end of the experiment; 5, 5 days post storage of quail eggs, 10, 10 days post storage of quail eggs; 15, 15 days post storage of quail eggs. SD, standard deviation. a,b significant difference within each row (P < 0.05). Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2778439","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":198380730,"identity":"ae3c19ae-ef16-4921-9557-92781265dcd6","order_by":0,"name":"Seyyed Sattar Tohidifar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADfn4QmVBAlGJmxgYGBgPJmQ0gLQakaNlwAMQhRot8+/njD37u+SNhfCM78cMDAwZ5frED+LUYnElmbOx5ZiBhdiN3swTQYYYzZycQ0MKQzNjAc8CgDqhlA0hLgsFtAlrk+x8zNv45YCBhPCN38w+itDDcSGZsBtoiYSCRu404WwxuPDacLXPAWELizNttFgkGEoT9It+f+ODjmwNyEvztuZtv/qiwkeeXJuQwOBAAq5QgVjkI8B8gRfUoGAWjYBSMJAAAs/NEASrqIhoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-4957","institution":"Shahrekord University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seyyed","middleName":"Sattar","lastName":"Tohidifar","suffix":""},{"id":198380731,"identity":"643255ce-30f7-4871-a106-fe6c6f405549","order_by":1,"name":"Hassan Habibi","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8162-6205","institution":"Persian Gulf University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hassan","middleName":"","lastName":"Habibi","suffix":""},{"id":198380732,"identity":"b8f3fc55-fa42-4971-808c-2a367b8f2ed4","order_by":2,"name":"Maryam Jafari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tehran","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maryam","middleName":"","lastName":"Jafari","suffix":""},{"id":198380733,"identity":"87eb09c7-9826-449e-920b-e8abd81d3916","order_by":3,"name":"Mehdi Mohammadi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Persian Gulf University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mehdi","middleName":"","lastName":"Mohammadi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-04-04 22:49:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2778439/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2778439/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":36782303,"identity":"7417e851-5621-44f7-956a-86bfaf646b10","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-05-10 14:54:59","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5720,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin supplementation on egg production of laying Japanese quails. CON, control group; PH-0.02, Phycocyanin 0.02%; PH-0.04, Phycocyanin 0.04%; F-0.02, Fucoidan 0.02%; F-0.04, Fucoidan 0.04%. \u003csup\u003ea, b\u003c/sup\u003e significant difference between each group within each week (W).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2778439/v1/6af9a01fb4a52b39e440cd8e.png"},{"id":36782107,"identity":"337d1b65-7315-4222-8965-17f5dc1d04fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-05-10 14:46:59","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5775,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin supplementation on egg weight of laying Japanese quails. CON, control group; PH-0.02, Phycocyanin 0.02%; PH-0.04, Phycocyanin 0.04%; F-0.02, Fucoidan 0.02%; F-0.04, Fucoidan 0.04%. \u003csup\u003ea, b\u003c/sup\u003e significant difference between each group within each week (W).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2778439/v1/58320b1311b03913e0f147f1.png"},{"id":36782109,"identity":"cd0734be-2b19-4994-84ac-4e0c8430f0b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-05-10 14:46:59","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":6267,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin supplementation on internal organ weight of laying Japanese quails. CON, control group; PH-0.02, Phycocyanin 0.02%; PH-0.04, Phycocyanin 0.04%; F-0.02, Fucoidan 0.02%; F-0.04, Fucoidan 0.04%. a, b significant difference between each group within each week (W).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2778439/v1/2ef8be7d0dc788781788d18f.png"},{"id":39155710,"identity":"7d6b06da-56d6-4eb9-a3ef-aa5c294d03f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-27 09:56:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":355247,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2778439/v1/7f639aa2-5ca5-49f7-83df-808544bca0f0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effect of dietary Spirulina platensis Phycocyanin and Fucoidan supplementation on egg properties, blood parameters, and Bacteriological count of laying Japanese quails","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe increase in the human population has greatly elevated the need for food supply. Animal-source protein is a reliable source of human nutrition through the production of meat and eggs. Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) farming has developed in recent years because of some advantages including high egg production, little required space, low-fat meat, and eggs. The development of the poultry industry has led to an increase in the demand for food and the manipulation of rations to achieve the best conversion rate and efficiency. Therefore, it will be beneficial to use materials that can be effective in the growth and health of these birds. In the poultry industry, antibiotics are used to control, prevent, and treat various bacterial infections, and to improve the growth performance of birds. Today, the use of some growth-promoting antibiotics in developing countries has affected the economic production of meat and eggs by changing the microbial population of the digestive system (Mehdi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). However, these products may contain harmful concentrations of antibiotic residues that cause many problems such as allergic reactions, immune system dysfunctions, carcinogenic effects, mutagenesis, reproduction disorders, and antibiotic resistance (Bedford, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Many studies have reported natural compounds (e.g., probiotics, prebiotics, and phytobiotics) with positive effects on growth, immunity, and digestibility (Al-Khalaifah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Dhama et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; et al., 2022). Algae as a phytobiotic have been reported as a human food supplement with useful effects. In several human studies, it was indicated that algae may improve immune function and decrease inflammation (Belay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Gemma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Toniolo et al.,2019). According to Becker (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), algae could be a novel source of protein in poultry rations and may be a suitable substitute for other proteins (Becker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Spirulina is a blue-green algae usually used as a food supplement. Carbohydrates make up 15\u0026ndash;25%, proteins makeup 50\u0026ndash;70%, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, carotenes, phenolic acids, gamma-linoleic acid, chlorophylla, and phycobiliprotein pigments make up 18%. (Farag et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Studies illustrate that spirulina can be incorporated into a poultry diet successfully (Evans, Smith, \u0026amp; Moritz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Ross \u0026amp; Dominy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e). One of the active compounds of spirulina is phycocyanin. Phycocyanin is a water-soluble blue photosynthetic pigment located in the cytoplasmic membrane of spirulina. Due to its alkyl, hydroxyl, and aromatic groups, phycocyanin has antioxidant, radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumorigenic properties. (El-Shall et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Sitohy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFucoidan is an indigestible sulfated polysaccharide rich in L-fructose that is present in the structure of brown algae (Berteau \u0026amp; Mulloy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). It has been used as a prebiotic in humans and animals (Sweeney \u0026amp; O'doherty, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Vigors et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, fucoidans contain various biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, anticoagulant, immune system modulating, and anti-inflammatory (Isnansetyo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe objectives of this study were to determine the impacts of different levels of dietary phycocyanin and fucoidan supplementation on egg properties and blood parameters of laying Japanese quails.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBird management, Experimental Design, and Diets\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis experimental study was conducted in the Poultry Research Unit of the Agricultural and Natural Resources College of Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran. A total of 500 one-day-old Japanese quail were purchased and grown with the same conditions until 49 days old. Then a total of 450 of the quails with an average body weight of 212.00\u0026plusmn;4.00g were placed in the cages for the trial. All birds were allowed to adapt for seven days, consuming a commercial laying quail\u0026rsquo;s diet. 16-h light and 8-h darkness has been used during the experimental period, feed, and water were added ad libitum throughout the whole study. The chicks were randomly allotted into 5 experimental groups (90 chicks each, 3 replicates/group, 30 chicks/replicate). The experimental treatments were as follows: T1, control group (basal diet without any supplementation); T2, basal diet + 0.02 % phycocyanin (Phy 0.02%); T3, basal diet + 0.04 % phycocyanin (Phy 0.04%); T4, basal diet + 0.02 % fucoidan (Fuco 0.02%); T5, basal diet + 0.04 % fucoidan (Fuco 0.04%). Nutrient composition and chemical analysis of the basal diet are shown in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProduction performance \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe number of eggs were daily recorded for each replicate per treatment throughout the experimental period for 5 weeks and egg weight was measured by a digital balance (Olawumi \u0026amp; Ogunlade, 2008). At the end of the experiment, three from each replicate were randomly taken, weighed, and slaughtered. After slaughter and complete bleeding, the liver, heart, duodenum, gizzard, carcass, thigh, and breast were separated and then weighed. Their relative weights were calculated as percentages of live body weight. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEgg biochemical parameters \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt 13 weeks of age (the end of the experiment), a total number of 50 clean eggs with normal size and shape (10 from each treatment) were randomly taken to determine yolk lipids content including total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Glu, total lipids and triglycerides. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo determine Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) and Total volatile nitrogen (TVN) values at days (0, 5, 10, and 15). We selected twelve eggs from each treatment at the end of the experiment, and Three out of 12 eggs were analyzed freshly and the rest of them were kept in 3 durations of storage time (5, 10 and 15 d) at room temperature. TBA was determined according to (Omri et al., 2019). Total volatile nitrogen (TVN), was determined according to Pearson \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (1984) (Pearson \u0026amp; Tauber, 1984).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlood biochemical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the end of the trial, 3 blood samples per treatment (a total number of 15) were collected from slaughtered birds. Their blood was collected equally, and divided into heparinized and non-heparinized test tubes. One ml of blood samples was taken to determine white blood cell count. The blood serum from the rest of the samples was separated and total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined using diagnostic kits. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBacteriological count \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment, 60 normal and clean eggs were chosen and bacteriological counts were determined at days 0, 5, 10, and 15 post-storage. Preparation of the samples for microbiological tests was based on APHA (2001). Total plate counts and psychrophilic counts were determined following the method used by Lin \u0026amp; Lin (2002). Coliform counts were done according to ISO (2004). All microbial counts were reported as colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of eggs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan\u0026rsquo;s multiple range test were subjected to significant means at P \u0026lt; 0.05. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProduction performance \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effect of different groups on egg production is presented in figure 1. As shown in figure 3, Groups Fuco 0.04 and Phy 0.04 had higher egg production than the control group in week 4 (P \u0026lt; 0.05). Egg production in all treatment groups significantly increased at the end of the experiment compared to the control group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults of the impacts of Spirulina platensis Phycocyanin and fucoidan on the egg\u0026apos;s weight are shown in figure 2. Maximum egg weight was related to Phy and Fuco groups, but it wasn\u0026rsquo;t significant (P \u0026gt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results in figure 3 have revealed that there was no difference in relative internal organ weights, but carcass weight was significantly higher in Fuco 0.04% in comparison with the other groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEgg biochemical parameters \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of different groups of egg Cholesterol, TG, HDL, Alb, Total pro, yolk cholesterol, and malondialdehyde (MDA\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e (\u003c/span\u003eare shown in Table 2. Analysis of data showed that fucoidan significantly decreased Clo, TG, and yolk Chol in all concentrations compared to the control group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). Groups that received phycocyanin increased the level of Albumin and decreased MDA and TG in comparison with the control group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). There were no significant differences in HDL among all treatment groups (P \u0026gt; 0.05). \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin on TVN and TBA are shown in Tables 3 and 4. Results achieved in Table 3 revealed that on day 15 post storage, the groups that received Fuco and Phy had fewer TVN values in comparison to the control group (P \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn Table 4, TBA values of different groups at days 0, 5, 10, and 15 post-storage are shown. Results showed that fucoidan 0.04% had less TBA value at days 0, 5, 10, and 15 compared to the control group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). Moreover, phycocyanin 0.02% had a significant effect on day 15 post storage, and Phy 0.04% had less TBA values on days 0, 10, and 15 post storage (P \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHematology Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of the experimental treatments on blood biochemistry are summarized in Table 5. Analyses of data showed that these parameters were not statistically associated with different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin (P \u0026gt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBacteriological count \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of different levels of phycocyanin and fucoidan on the bacteriological properties of quail eggs at days 0, 5, 10, and 15 post-storage are illustrated in Table 6. Results showed that supplementation with fucoidan decreased the total count of bacteria from day 0 until day 15 post-storage (P \u0026lt; 0.05). Results also indicated that phycocyanin 0.04% significantly decreased the total count in eggs (P \u0026lt; 0.05). Results of coliform count revealed obvious effects in groups that received phycocyanin and fucoidan as compared with control (P \u0026lt; 0.05). On the other hand, birds that received phycocyanin and fucoidan diet showed a significant decrease in the coliform count when compared to the control (P \u0026lt; 0.05). The psychotropic count was decreased in groups that received fucoidan and phycocyanin, compared to the control group (P \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFive weeks' addition of fucoidan and anthocyanin positively affects egg production without influencing feed intake and FCR. The effect of fucoidan on production can be due to high bioactive molecules of carbohydrates, protein, minerals, vitamins, and dietary fibers. This explains the use of spirulina as a food supplement for humans and animals (Grosshagauer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, a suitable absorption rate of algae in poultry digestive systems could be responsible for improving egg production (Morshedi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Similar to the results of several studies, the inclusion of algae improved egg production in layer hens (Abbaspour et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Kulshreshtha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Mandal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Several studies have shown that algae inclusion in layer ratio improved egg weight and egg quality parameters like eggshell thickness, eggshell strength, and an eggshell color. In this study, there were no significant differences in eggshell parameters (data not shown). These results are in line with data obtained by Inborr (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e), Mariey et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), and Zahroojian et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) who reported that spirulina adding in experimental diets couldn\u0026rsquo;t influence eggshell parameters in laying hens (Inborr, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Mariey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Zahroojian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), Because the formation of eggshell is mainly affected by minerals, and all minerals were provided in each group of this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a significant reduction in cholesterol, yolk cholesterol, and triglyceride contents as the level of phycocyanin and fucoidan were increased. This reduction may be due to their lower levels of contents of cholesterol, yolk cholesterol, and TG in the blood plasma of quails fed fucoidan and phycocyanin (Mariey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In this experiment, levels of total protein, albumin, and HDL increased in all experimental groups compared to the control group, although they were in the normal range. In agreement with our results, Choi et al. reported that algae byproducts increased blood albumin, total cholesterol, and triglyceride and had no effects on globulin, AST, and BUN in laying hens (Choi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are limited hematology studies about various algae species in poultry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the TBA, TVN, and Bacteriological results in this study indicated that phycocyanin and fucoidan are effective in increasing the quality aspects and bacteriological counts of quail\u0026rsquo;s egg and by increasing the storage time, therefore, the safety of the product will be increased. Initially, it was considered that an egg is sterile. However, recent studies confirmed that microorganisms are present inside the egg white and yolk (Ding et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Lee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). These egg microorganisms have made significant importance in food science and safety. It is known that the microorganism counts in eggs increase as the storage time is extended (Imik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In agreement with Imik et al., the results of our study showed that at 15 days post-storage, the total count, and the coliform psychotropic count increased dramatically. The results also indicated significant beneficial effects of fucoidan and phycocyanin on the microbiological count in comparison with the control group. Spirulina platensis phycocyanin has a positive effect on the gastrointestinal flora, increasing the number of goblet cells and modifying the population of intestinal microbes by the increase of lactic acid bacteria and a decrease in E. coli and other pathogenic bacteria (Abdelnour et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Alwaleed et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Park, Lee, \u0026amp; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Antibiotic properties of Fucoidan as a seaweed polysaccharide are related to the high degree of positive charge and sulfate groups and antioxidant capacity (Corino et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Moroney et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). As such fucoidan has been used as a growth promotor and alternative to antibiotics (Shimaa A. Amer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; S. A. Amer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflicts of interest/Competing interests:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e All experimental procedures used during this study were approved by the ethics committee of the Department of Animal Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll participants signed a written consent to participate in this research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll participants signed a written consent permitting the publication of this research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthors' contributions:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by, Hasan Habibi, Maryam Jafari, Mehdi Mohammadi. Seyyed Sattar Tohidifar wrote the first draft of the manuscript and all authors commented on previous versions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research had been supported by the funds granted by Vice Chancellor for Research of Shahrekord University. The authors would like to thank Dr. Hossein Hassanpour, who assisted in editing this article.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAvailability of data and material:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data collected for this research is available upon request..\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbbaspour, B., Davood, S. S., Mohammadi‐Sangcheshmeh, A., 2015. 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Diets enriched in foods with high antioxidant activity reverse age-induced decreases in cerebellar \u0026beta;-adrenergic function and increases in proinflammatory cytokines, Journal of Neuroscience, 22(14), 6114-6120.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrosshagauer, S., Kraemer, K., \u0026amp; Somoza, V., 2020. The True Value of Spirulina, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68(14), 4109-4115.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHabibi, H., Ghahtan, N., Tohidi, S., \u0026amp; Zarrinfar, A., 2022. Effect of composition of medicinal plants on growth performance, gut bacteria, hematological parameters, anticoccidial index, and optimum anticoccidial activity in domestic chicken, Comparative Clinical Pathology, 31(5), 737-745.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImik, H., Ozlu, H., Gumus, R., Atasever, M.-A., Urcar, S., \u0026amp; Atasever, M., 2012. Effects of ascorbic acid and \u0026alpha;-lipoic acid on performance and meat quality of broilers subjected to heat stress, British Poultry Science, 53: 800\u0026ndash;808.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInborr, J.,1998. Haematococcus, the poultry pigmentor, Feed Mix, 6,31\u0026ndash;34.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIsnansetyo, A., Fikriyah, A., \u0026amp; Kasanah, N. J. A. I., 2016. Non-specific immune potentiating activity of fucoidan from a tropical brown algae (Phaeophyceae), Sargassum cristaefolium in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Aquaculture International, 24(2), 465-477.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKulshreshtha, G., Rathgeber, B., Stratton, G., Thomas, N., Evans, F., Critchley, A., Hafting, J., Prithiviraj, B., 2014. Feed supplementation with red seaweeds, Chondrus crispus and Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii, affects performance, egg quality, and gut microbiota of layer hens, Poultry Science, 93(12), 2991-3001.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee, S., La, T.-M., Lee, H.-J., Choi, I.-S., Song, C.-S., Park, S.-Y., Lee, J.-B., Lee, S.-W., 2019. Characterization of microbial communities in the chicken oviduct and the origin of chicken embryo gut microbiota, Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1-11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMandal, A., Biswas, A., Mir, N., Tyagi, P. K., Kapil, D., \u0026amp; Biswas, A., 2019. Effects of dietary supplementation of Kappaphycus alvarezii on productive performance and egg quality traits of laying hens. 31(3), Journal of Applied Phycology, 2065-2072.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMariey, Y., Samak, H., \u0026amp; Ibrahem, M., 2012. Effect of using Spirulina platensis algae as afeed additive for poultry diets: 1-productive and reproductive performances of local laying hens, Egyptian Poultry Science Journal, 32(1), 201-215.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMehdi, Y., L\u0026eacute;tourneau-Montminy, M.-P., Gaucher, M.-L., Chorfi, Y., Suresh, G., Rouissi, T., Brar, S.-K., Cote, C., Ramirez, A.-A., \u0026amp; Godbout, S., 2018. Use of antibiotics in broiler production: Global impacts and alternatives, Animal Nutrition, 4(2), 170-178.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoroney, N. C., Grady, M. N., Lordan, S., Stanton, C., \u0026amp; Kerry, J. P., 2015. Seaweed Polysaccharides (Laminarin and Fucoidan) as Functional Ingredients in Pork Meat: An Evaluation of Anti-Oxidative Potential, Thermal Stability and Bioaccessibility, Marine Drugs, 13(4), 2447-2464.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorshedi, V., Nafisi Bahabadi, M., Sotoudeh, E., Azodi, M., \u0026amp; Hafezieh, M., 2018. Nutritional evaluation of Gracilaria pulvinata as partial substitute with fish meal in practical diets of barramundi (Lates calcarifer), Journal of applied phycology, 30(1), 619-628.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOlawumi, S., \u0026amp; Ogunlade, J., 2008. Phenotypic correlations between some external and internal egg quality traits in the exotic Isa Brown layer breeders, Asian Journal of Poultry Science, 2(1), 30-35.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOmri, B., Alloui, N., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Aiello, A., Romano, R., Santini, A., \u0026amp;Abdouli, H., 2019. Egg yolk antioxidants profiles: Effect of diet supplementation with linseeds and tomato-red pepper mixture before and after storage, Foods, 8(8), 320.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePark, J. H., Lee, S. I., \u0026amp; Kim, I. H., 2018. Effect of dietary Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis on the growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activity, nutrient digestibility, cecal microflora, excreta noxious gas emission, and breast meat quality of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 97(7), 2451-2459.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePearson, A., \u0026amp; Tauber, F., 1984. Processed Meats. Springer; Netherlands, Analytical methods, 351-388.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoss, E., \u0026amp; Dominy, W., 1990. The nutritional value of dehydrated, blue-green algae (Spirulina plantensis) for poultry, Poultry Science, 69(5), 794-800.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSitohy, M., Osman, A., Ghany, A., \u0026amp; Salama, A., 2015. Antibacterial phycocyanin from Anabaena oryzae SOS13, International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products, 8(4), 27-36.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSweeney, T., \u0026amp; O\u0026apos;doherty, J., 2016. Marine macroalgal extracts to maintain gut homeostasis in the weaning piglet, Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 56, S84-S89.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eToniolo, C., Nicoletti, M., Del Serrone, P., Rao, A. R., \u0026amp; Ravishankar, G. A. 2019. Champion Microalgal Forms for Food and Health Applications: Spirulina and Chlorella. In Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals (pp. 43-59): CRC Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVigors, S., O\u0026rsquo;Doherty, J., Rattigan, R., \u0026amp; Sweeney, T., 2021. Effect of supplementing seaweed extracts to pigs until d35 post-weaning on performance and aspects of intestinal health, Marine Drugs, 19(4), 183.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZahroojian, N., Moravej, H., \u0026amp; Shivazad, M., 2013. Effects of dietary marine algae (Spirulina platensis) on egg quality and production performance of laying hens, Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 15(7), 1353-1360.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e Composition and proximate chemical analysis of the basal diet.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngredient\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/kg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e518.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoybean meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e355.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoybean oil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDicalcium phosphate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLimestone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSodium chloride\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSodium bicarbonate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003el-Lys-HCl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edl-Met\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVitamin and mineral premix1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhytase 10000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetabolizable energy, Kcal/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2800.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalcium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable phosphorous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSodium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloride\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLysine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethionine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethionine + Cysteine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThreonine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTryptophan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArginine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsoleucine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.63636363636363%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.36363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvided the following per kg of diet: vitamin A, 10000 IU; vitamin D3, 4500 IU; vitamin E, 65 IU; vitamin K3, 3 mg; vitamin B1, 2.5 mg; vitamin B2, 6.5 mg; vitamin B3, 60 mg; vitamin B5, 18 mg; vitamin B6, 3.2 mg; vitamin biotin, 0.22 mg; folic acid, 1.9 mg; vitamin B12, 0.017 mg; choline chloride, 1400 mg, Mn, 120 mg; Zn, 110 mg; Fe, 20 mg; Cu, 16 mg; I, 1.25 mg; Se, 0.3 mg.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e Effect of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin supplementation on egg quality parameters of laying Japanese quails.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhycocyanin 0.02%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhycocyanin 0.04%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFucoidan 0.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFucoidan 0.04%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202.25\u0026plusmn;10.43\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187.50\u0026plusmn;10.21\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185.75\u0026plusmn;19.08\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177.25\u0026plusmn;21.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170.50\u0026plusmn;9.32\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e258.50\u0026plusmn;19.73\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209.50\u0026plusmn;19.27\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204.25\u0026plusmn;34.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194.50\u0026plusmn;33.76\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190.50\u0026plusmn;25.09\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHDL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.36\u0026plusmn;4.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.95\u0026plusmn;4.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.37\u0026plusmn;3.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.03\u0026plusmn;4.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.50\u0026plusmn;2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.07\u0026plusmn;0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74\u0026plusmn;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78\u0026plusmn;0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.81\u0026plusmn;0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal pro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.54\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.66\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.71\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u0026plusmn;0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYolk Chol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.90\u0026plusmn;0.41\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.32\u0026plusmn;1.09\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.61\u0026plusmn;0.43\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.01\u0026plusmn;1.19\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.41\u0026plusmn;1.12\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMDA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChol,\u0026nbsp;cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; Alb, albumin; MDA, malondialdehyde; SD, standard deviation. \u003csup\u003ea,b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003esignificant difference within each row (P \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e Effect of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin supplementation on\u0026nbsp;TVN\u0026nbsp;of laying Japanese quail eggs at days 0, 5, 10, and 15 post storage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhycocyanin 0.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhycocyanin 0.04%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFucoidan 0.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.346938775510203%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFucoidan 0.04%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTVN\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.19\u0026plusmn;0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.83\u0026plusmn;1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.98\u0026plusmn;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.96\u0026plusmn;0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.346938775510203%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.49\u0026plusmn;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTVN\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.20\u0026plusmn;0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.73\u0026plusmn;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.44\u0026plusmn;0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.09\u0026plusmn;0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.346938775510203%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.57\u0026plusmn;1.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTVN\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.58\u0026plusmn;1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.11\u0026plusmn;1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.66\u0026plusmn;0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.12\u0026plusmn;1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.346938775510203%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.69\u0026plusmn;2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTVN\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.40\u0026plusmn;1.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.01\u0026plusmn;1.27\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.41\u0026plusmn;1.27\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.62\u0026plusmn;1.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.346938775510203%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.62\u0026plusmn;1.21\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTVN,\u0026nbsp;total volatile nitrogen; SD,\u0026nbsp;standard deviation. \u003csup\u003ea,b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003esignificant difference within each row (P \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e Effect of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin supplementation on\u0026nbsp;TBA\u0026nbsp;of laying Japanese quail eggs at days 0, 5, 10, and 15 post storage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"103%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhycocyanin 0.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhycocyanin 0.04%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFucoidan 0.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFucoidan 0.04%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTBA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTBA\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTBA\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79\u0026plusmn;0.36\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTBA\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33\u0026plusmn;0.51\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.37\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.37\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTBA,\u0026nbsp;thiobarbituric Acid; SD,\u0026nbsp;standard deviation. \u003csup\u003ea\u0026ndash;c\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003esignificant difference within each row (P \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e Effect of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin supplementation on Hematology Analysis of laying Japanese quails.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"104%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhycocyanin 0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhycocyanin 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFucoidan 0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFucoidan 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.81\u0026plusmn;1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.09\u0026plusmn;0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.96\u0026plusmn;0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.85\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.19\u0026plusmn;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.79\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.79\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.86\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.81\u0026plusmn;0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.41\u0026plusmn;1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.23\u0026plusmn;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.93\u0026plusmn;3.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.32\u0026plusmn;2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.53\u0026plusmn;1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.00\u0026plusmn;2.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.50\u0026plusmn;1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.30\u0026plusmn;2.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.33\u0026plusmn;2.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.43\u0026plusmn;3.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.33\u0026plusmn;2.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.43\u0026plusmn;2.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.70\u0026plusmn;1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.70\u0026plusmn;1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.03\u0026plusmn;2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEosinophil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasophil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLymphocyte\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.33\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.00\u0026plusmn;1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.00\u0026plusmn;2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.66\u0026plusmn;2.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.33\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonocyte\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026plusmn;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.463917525773196%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Hb, hemoglobin; RBC, red blood cells; WBC, white blood cells; PCV, packed cell volume; SD, standard deviation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e Effect of different levels of fucoidan and phycocyanin supplementation on the Bacteriological count of laying Japanese quail eggs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"714\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.32398316970547%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.799438990182328%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.220196353436185%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.67180925666199%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhycocyanin 0.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.53155680224404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhycocyanin 0.04%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.726507713884994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFucoidan 0.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.726507713884994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFucoidan 0.04%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.32398316970547%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.799438990182328%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.220196353436185%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.67180925666199%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.35\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.53155680224404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.11\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.726507713884994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.726507713884994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.04\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.459546925566343%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.944983818770227%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.14\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.388349514563107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u0026plusmn;0.34\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22653721682848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.56\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.63\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.459546925566343%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.944983818770227%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.74\u0026plusmn;0.37\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.388349514563107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.24\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22653721682848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.93\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.98\u0026plusmn;0.49\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.92\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.459546925566343%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.944983818770227%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.58\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.388349514563107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.82\u0026plusmn;0.32\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22653721682848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.59\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.41\u0026plusmn;0.45\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.61\u0026plusmn;0.36\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.32398316970547%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColiform Count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.799438990182328%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.220196353436185%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.67180925666199%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.57\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.53155680224404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.726507713884994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.726507713884994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.459546925566343%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.944983818770227%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.51\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.388349514563107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22653721682848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.459546925566343%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.944983818770227%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.52\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.388349514563107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99\u0026plusmn;0.39\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22653721682848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.06\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78\u0026plusmn;0.51\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.459546925566343%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.944983818770227%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.47\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.388349514563107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u0026plusmn;0.32\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22653721682848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.82\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.76\u0026plusmn;0.40\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.32398316970547%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePsychotropic Count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.799438990182328%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.220196353436185%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.64\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.67180925666199%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.53155680224404%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.726507713884994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.76\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.726507713884994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.86\u0026plusmn;0.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.459546925566343%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.944983818770227%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.92\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.388349514563107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.38\u0026plusmn;0.52\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22653721682848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u0026plusmn;0.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u0026plusmn;0.38\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.17\u0026plusmn;0.41\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.459546925566343%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.944983818770227%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.70\u0026plusmn;0.38\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.388349514563107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.22\u0026plusmn;0.44\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22653721682848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.94\u0026plusmn;0.29\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.96\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.84\u0026plusmn;0.31\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.459546925566343%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.944983818770227%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.34\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.388349514563107%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.52\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.22653721682848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.37\u0026plusmn;0.27\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.37\u0026plusmn;0.34\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.990291262135923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.49\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0, at the end of the experiment; 5, 5 days post storage of quail eggs, 10, 10 days post storage of quail eggs; 15, 15 days post storage of quail eggs. SD, standard deviation.\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea,b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003esignificant difference within each row (P \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Phycocyanin, fucoidan, egg properties, Bacteriological count, laying Japanese quails.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2778439/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2778439/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Spirulina platensis Phycocyanin and fucoidan supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, relative organ weight, and blood profile of laying Japanese quails. Birds (n = 450; 7-week-old) were divided into 5 experimental groups (90 chicks each, 3 replicates/group, 30 chicks/replicate), and fed with 5 experimental diets. The groups contained basal control diet, the control diet supplemented with 0.02 % phycocyanin (Phy 0.02%), 0.04 % phycocyanin (Phy 0.04%), 0.02 % fucoidan (Fuco 0.02%), or 0.04 % fucoidan (Fuco 0.04%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults showed that all treatment groups significantly increased egg production at the end of the experiment compared to the control (P \u0026lt; 0.05). fucoidan significantly decreased Cholesterol, triglyceride, and yolk Chol in all concentrations compared to the control group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). Groups that received phycocyanin increased the level of Albumin and decreased malondialdehyde and triglyceride in comparison with the control group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). On day 15 post storage, the groups that received Fuco and Phy had fewer TVN and TBA values in comparison to the control group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). Supplementation with fucoidan and Phy 0.04% decreased the total and coliform count of bacteria from day 0 until day 15 post-storage (P \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study demonstrated that addition of dietary fucoidan and phycocyanin positively affects egg production, levels of total protein, albumin, HDL, and the quality aspects and bacteriological counts of quail’s egg and by increasing the storage time, the safety of the product will be increased.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of dietary Spirulina platensis Phycocyanin and Fucoidan supplementation on egg properties, blood parameters, and Bacteriological count of laying Japanese quails","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-05-10 14:46:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2778439/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b67eff05-7b69-430d-89e7-7b5d6c9f607d","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 10th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-06-27T09:56:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-05-10 14:46:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2778439","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2778439","identity":"rs-2778439","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}