Extreme Weather Events and Nutritional Outcomes: A Bibliometric Analysis

Extreme Weather Events and Nutritional Outcomes: A Bibliometric Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Extreme Weather Events and Nutritional Outcomes: A Bibliometric Analysis Anurag Yadav, Juel Rana, Margubur Rahaman Research, Ankit Mishra This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7259046/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction The impacts of extreme weather events (EWEs) on public health have emerged as a prominent research topic over the last two decades. However, bibliometric analyses exploring the relationship between climate events and nutrition are still limited. This study aims to outline existing research on extreme climate and nutrition by examining spatial and temporal signatures. Method Meta-data from Scopus and Web of Science (1990–2024) was used to analyze research publications on extreme climate events and nutrition. Various bibliometric and spatial analytical methods were employed to derive the results. Results The spatial pattern reveals that extreme climate and nutrition research publications are primarily concentrated in High-Income Countries (HICs), with recent growth observed in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). The mean citation score of 22 indicates significant contributions to the scientific domain. Notably, the Sustainability journal by MDPI has emerged as a leading publisher. Over time, research focus has shifted from physical aspects to interlinkages in extreme climate events, food security, and nutrition, with a recent research inclination on climate vulnerability mitigation strategies. Conclusion The study concludes significant spatial variability in climate and nutrition research. It highlights a shift from physical to multidimensional perspectives and advocates for a spatial equity approach to address the publication gap between High-Income and Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Climate change Health Nutritional outcomes Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 1. Introduction In the second decade of the 21st century, global climate is going through a significant change and posing a threat to its inhabitants through increased temperature and changing rainfall patterns. The 6th assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has pointed out that the increasing concentration of greenhouse gas is the reason behind the increase in global temperature and it is going to breach the limit of 1.50 centigrade before 2030 [ 1 ]. Even under the high emission scenario of greenhouse gases, the globe will be warmer by 5.70 centigrade compared to pre-industrial temperature [ 2 ]. This increase in temperature is fuelling the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as areas under serious drought conditions has doubled since 1970 [ 3 ]. In the future, the condition of heatwaves could see a threefold increase in frequency, a fourfold increase in severity, and a fivefold increase in duration [ 4 ], while the occurrence of the flash flood will increase by 72–78% from 2020 to 2049 [ 5 ]. Additionally, more than 4.5 billion people around the world are now at risk from extreme weather events [ 6 ]. Extreme weather events are disproportionally distributed across the globe [ 7 ], like tropical regions are facing increased severity and alteration in precipitation pattern [ 8 ] while extra-tropical regions are suffering due to record-breaking rise in temperature, heatwave, and drought incidence [ 9 ]. The number of days with high temperatures is increasing in temperature region accompanied by the reduced number of cold days [ 10 , 11 ], additionally short-duration extreme rainfall is becoming more frequent [ 12 ]. Several studies have concluded that South Asian, African, and South American regions are witnessing a significant rise in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events [ 13 – 15 ]. This variation in climatic pattern is affecting human health both directly and indirectly. Increasing temperature is causing an escalation in heat-related morbidity and mortality, while changing rainfall pattern is affecting the spatial distribution of communicable diseases [ 16 ]. The combination of elevated temperatures and changing rainfall patterns is also affecting the spatial distribution of water-borne and vector-borne diseases [ 17 ]. The elderly population along with females and child are most vulnerable to these changes in climate [ 18 , 19 ] For instance, a recent study in India shows that 4% of Indian elderly experienced health issues due to extreme climate events [ 20 ]. Similar to the elderly, women face higher risks and greater burden of climate change due to socio-economic, cultural, and physiological factors [ 21 , 22 ]. Research outcome of Girardi & Bremer [ 23 ] suggest that reproductive outcomes are also impacted in the form of early pregnancy loss, still-birth, premature delivery, and urinary tract infections which lead to higher mortality rates among women. A study by Lokshin & Radyakin [ 24 ] indicates that extreme temperature variations can affect unborn children in the mother’s womb, influencing their growth and leading to changes in height and weight during pregnancy. Rising temperatures are causing increased discomfort among children, leading to higher stress levels and disruptions in their sleep cycles [ 25 ]. They have to bear this burden in the form of heat-related illness, respiratory illness, malnutrition, and other type of morbidities and mortalities [ 26 ]. The finding of a study suggest that neonatal mortality has risen significantly by 4.2% over the past three decades [ 27 ]. In general, increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events has led to rise in physical injuries, heat related morbidities, respiratory illness, cardiovascular diseases, psychological issues, communicable diseases, degraded nutritional outcomes, and loss of life [ 28 , 29 ]. The nutritional need of population is increasingly compromised due to the rising frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Research findings suggest that drought alone can lead to a reduction in calorie supply by 67%, protein supply by 37%, and zinc supply by 28% [ 30 ]. This diminished nutritional intake exacerbates the prevalence of malnutrition in societies already grappling with undernourishment. In such contexts, the socio-economic conditions of parents and the geographic locations affected by extreme weather events play a crucial role in determining the vulnerability of the population to these adverse phenomena [ 31 , 32 ]. While, a few recent studies contextualized climate change and nutritional outcomes using meta-analyses [ 33 ], climate change and overall health [ 34 ], and climate change and child health [ 35 ] using bibliometric analyses to understand the broad perspectives of climate change and health, but understanding on extreme climate events and nutrition is very limited. At regional level, there are some studies which traced the extreme climate events and nutrition [ 36 , 37 ], which failed to capture the global perspective. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the spatial and temporal changes on extreme climate events and nutrition outcome research around the world. The present study answers several research questions: first, how such research is geographically distributed? Second, do higher-income countries (HICs) produce more such research than lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs)? How do climate change and nutritional research grow over the period? Moreover, this study will also trace out the top institutions, journals, and nations actively engaged in collaborative research in knowledge production over the time period of 1990 to 2024. We will also identify critical gaps in this field, along with directions for future research. 2. Materials and Methods Data The present study used the Bibtex data, which is applicable for the bibliometric analysis using the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus database. An initial search for the documents was performed with the combination of keywords related to extreme weather events ("climate change" OR "climate variability" OR "extreme weather events" OR "drought" OR "flood" OR "rainfall") & nutritional outcomes ("malnourishment" OR "undernutrition" OR "malnutrition" OR "stunting" OR " wasting" OR "underweight"). Search was performed by combining both set of keywords using the AND operator. The result of this combination has generated a total of 1844 literature on WoS and 30688 on Scopus including research articles, conference proceedings, book chapters, review papers, etc. After applying the filter based on exclusion-inclusion criteria and removing the duplicate of both databases, the data of remaining documents n = 5177 was converted into a bibliographic Excel file, which was used for the bibliometric analysis (Fig. 1 ). Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative method used to analyze scientific documents by examining their external characteristics like publication year, affiliation, journal, keyword, citation received, etc. It involves statistical and mathematical analysis to understand the research status, trends, and characteristics of specific disciplines [ 38 ]. Inclusion and Exclusion criteria: Inclusion measures of the present study were: (1) Original peer-reviewed research articles, book chapters, & conference proceedings. (2) articles examined the direct or indirect nutritional implications of extreme weather events (drought, flood & rainfall) or climate change. Exclusion criteria were: (1) abstracts only, (2) documents published in other than English language, and (3) studies that were published earlier than 1990 and later June 2024. Analytical Methods Descriptive statistics was utilized to present the frequencies, mean, and percentages regarding selected documents and associated information. A line graph was used to show the trend of published documents, keyword utilization patterns, and yearly mean citations received by total documents. The geographical distribution of the document’s publication is tabulated in Appendix Table 1. Bar graph was used to visualize keyword frequency, the country receiving the highest citation, top-cited articles, institute and journal publishing the most documents, and country collaboration status. Three field plots were used to visualize the interlinkages between the country, keywords used, and the journals in which those documents were published. R-Studio (biblioshiny package), data wrapper AI, and MS Office package software are used to extract, analyze and visualize the results. 3. Results 3.1 Descriptive statistics Out of the 5177 selected documents in the present study, 87.4% were research articles, followed by 11.5% book chapters and 1.1% conference papers (Table 1 ). In addition, only 4.2% of documents are produced by international author collaborations. Regarding the authorships of the selected documents, 16382 authors contributed to producing such documents. The mean number of authors of the selected documents was 4. The temporal background shows that the annual growth rate of selected documents was 19.7%, where the mean age of documents was 6.4 years. The selected documents got 114308 citations during the period (1990–2024), with an estimated mean citation of 22.1 (Table 1 ). Spatio-temporal backgrounds A substantial spatial variation in the number of published documents is displayed in the present study (Table 2 ). The USA (1580) and the UK (602) were found to be leading producers of such research from 1990 to 2024. In addition, China, Australia, and India are also observed as substantial producers (Table A1 ). Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the selected document in the present study, World, 1990-2024 Description Number Mean/Percentage Document Types Sources (Journals, Books, etc) 1641 Article 4527 87.40% Book chapter 593 11.50% Conference paper 57 1.10% Documents 5177 100% Authors Total 16382 Single authored 942 18.20% Authors (mean) 4.20 International co-authorships 4% Temporal aspects Annual growth rate 19.70% Mean documents age (years) 6.4 Keywords Keywords Plus (ID) 11471 Author's Keywords (DE) 11965 Citation background Total citation 114308 Citations (mean) 22.1 Source: Author Table 2 Author’s contribution in publishing the selected documents, World, 1990–2024 Number of documents published Authors Number % 1 13903 84.868 2 1634 9.974 3 440 2.686 4 175 1.068 5 92 0.562 6 44 0.269 7 29 0.177 8 22 0.134 9+ 43 0.262 Total 16382 100 + indicates the number of documents varies up to 25. (Source: Author) Climate and nutrition-related publications were found to increase continuously, with some fluctuation from 1990 to 2024. In addition, a substantial number of such publications were observed in 2010 (above 100 publications) and continued to ascend. However, a steep slope of publications begun from 2017 (Fig. 2 ). The USA was found to be the leading producer of climate and nutrition research, followed by the UK and China throughout the selected period. In comparison, a recent growth in the number of such research publications was observed in Australia and India (Fig. 2 ). Out of the total 16382, most of the authors (84.9%) were traced in single-documented publications, followed by 10% of them produced double publications. A few of them (± 5%) were identified in multiple documents (Table 2 ). 3.2 Keyword analysis Food security was found as the topmost keyword in the selected documents, followed by climate change, nutrition, sustainability, and agriculture. Malnutrition, food insecurity, Africa, resilience, and vulnerability are also used frequently (Fig. 3 ). Food security and climate change were observed as trending keywords throughout the selected period, where a sharp increase in using keywords like food insecurity and resilience was observed during the recent period (Fig. 4 ). Co-occurrence network analyses indicate that most studies were conducted to establish the association between extreme weather events and food insecurity (Fig. 5 ). Further, a nexus between climate change, food security, and malnutrition studies was developed. Climate change, seasonality and wasting, stunting and biofortification, nutritional security and micronutrients, etc., focused keyword networks are also displayed in the selected documents (Fig. 5 ). 3.3 Citation analysis The mean citations of the selected documents displayed fluctuating nature over the period. The highest value of mean citation was 101.6, observed in 2009. After 2009, a declining trend of mean citations was clearly observed (Fig. 6 ). In contrast, the number of published documents, less before 2009, has increased and surpassed the mean citation. The USA is the leading country whose documents have received more than 25000 citations, followed by the UK (10000) and China (5000). Regarding the documents with high citations, most of the documents were published from the higher income group country. Among the lower- and middle- income countries, the documents published in China and South Africa also had high citations (Fig. 7 ). Citations received by the top 10 documents in this data vary from 432 to 3834 (Fig. 8 ). In particular, Cordell et al., (2009) received the highest number of 3834 citations, followed by Wang et al. (2010) received a total of 1879 citations. There are six articles from the top 10 articles which have received more than 500 citations. 3.4 Source analysis Sustainability (Switzerland) and Food Security were traced as leading journals regarding the high number of publications of the selected documents, which include 273 and 156 articles, respectively. Earth Surface Processes and Landform (140) and World Development (107) also published a high number of such documents (Fig. 9 ). Other vital journals in this field include Global Food Security, Food Policy, Food, and Food and Nutrition Bulletin (Fig. 9 ). Among the top 10 contributing institutions, the University of California (112) was found to be top in terms of selected climate and nutrition publications, followed by Cornell University (82) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (78) (Fig. 10 ). University of Oxford (62), Michigan State University (59), and the World Bank (49) also produced a substantial number of documents. University of Kwazulu-Natal (48), McGill University (46), University of Minnesota (44), and Wageningen University (44) also placed among the top leading institutions by considering climate and nutrition-related publications (Fig. 10 ). Italy was the leading country with 8% of total documents produced through multi-country collaboration, followed by the UK (6.2%), Australia (5.8%), India (5.2%) and China (4.5%). In contrast to that, South Africa is leading with 97.7% of total documents produced without cross-country collaborations. Germany, Canada, and the USA held the second, third, and fourth positions with 97.1%, 96.6%, and 95.9% of their total documents were single country production (Fig. 11 ). Authors from the USA predominantly used the keywords food security (190), climate change (111), nutrition (102), and malnutrition (66). The authors had primarily published their documents in the Food Security, Food Policy, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, World Development, And Food and Nutrition Bulletin journals. On the contrary, the authors from the UK primarily used the climate change (67) keyword along with food security (25) and nutrition (20). In addition, the documents were mostly published in Food Security and Sustainability (Switzerland). Authors from India had mixed choices in the keyword selection except keyword africa, which remains untouched. Keywords like food security (24), malnutrition (20), and nutrition (18) are the topmost choices among Indian authors and were primarily published through Food Security, Sustainability (Switzerland), Food Policy, and World Development Journals. 4. Discussion The findings of the present study will help to develop the understanding of the research progress done by academia in the field of climate and nutrition and how it has evolved over the time. It will help us to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution of these research through published documents among HICs and LMICs. The present study will also help us to identify the existing gap related to this field and how it can be addressed in future. The first and foremost findings of the present study highlights that a continuous growth of climate and nutritional publications with a sharp increase observed with the beginning of twenty-first century. Contemporary climate and nutrition publication surge happened due to geographical expansion of the such research focus [ 34 ]. For instance, a recent growth of climate and nutrition research observed in LMICs in parallel with developed nations (Fig. 3 ). Paris agreement could be another reason which draws the academia’s attention around the globe to this research area. Global climate politics directly and indirectly influence the academia to more focus on climate research to delineate geographical extension of the climate vulnerability and associated negative consequence and policy formulation to ensure climate justice. Government provides sufficient funding to pursue research and produce knowledge at global level. Another possible reason could be the leading international NGO’s fund allocation in enough amount to encourage climate research in poor resource settings. Although, geographical and institutional expansion clearly visible in climate and nutrition research publications over time, the USA and UK still leading publication giants in this field, where the University of California, Cornell University and the International Food Policy Research Institute, University of Oxford, and Michigan State University traced as leading institutions in such research contribution. The possible reason behind the dominance of these nations is the alignment of their geopolitical interest and their curiosity on research related to climate and nutrition. These countries provide abundant funding to their institutes for better infrastructural development like quality data and instrument accessibility to their research activity. Presence of better human resource and research favourable environment somehow stimulate this pattern which is reflected in the author’s document receiving highest citation. Funding from NGOs to these nations is also reason behind their contribution in climate and nutrition research. Another possible reason it that Sustainability (Switzerland) and Food Security, Earth Surface Processes and Landform and World Development, Global Food Security, Food Policy, Food, and Food and Nutrition Bulletin (Fig. 10 ) are Q1 or Q2 Scopus indexed journals whose academic publishing charge (APC) vary from $ 2000 to $ 5000. Author’s belonging to HICs can afford such high APC due to availability and accessibility of funds, while author’s from LMICs receive less or no funding support which create obstacle in disseminating their research through these journals. That’s creates a divide of knowledge contribution between HICs and LMICs. The burden of climate change and its health consequences are mostly bear by the LMICs while they are still lagging to contribute knowledge development in this field (Fig. 2 ). Lack of good infrastructure, inaccessibility to quality data and instrument create barrier and affect their research quality and quantity. Absence of research environment and low funding opportunity is the reason behind low contribution of LMICs in their research contribution. HICs are still not preferring to do collaboration with LMICs (Fig. 12 ) and unequitable fund allocation by NGOs to them is affecting their research output [ 39 ]. Despite of being such an important issue of the world, most of the author have discontinued the field after one publication while, only while few of them are engaged for long time and producing multiple documents (Table 2 ). The reason could be that most of them should be should be associated with any project or conducting interdisciplinary research because it is tough task to conduct research independently on such complex issue. Authors who are producing multiple documents could be affiliated to any institute and who’s work area must be related to climate change and nutrition status. Funding issue on research related climate change and nutrition is also important reason why less authors are engaging for long time and producing multiple documents. Previous studies suggest the less than one percent fund is allocated to climate and studies of the total research fund [ 40 , 41 ]. Discussion of any issue in political setting of any country somehow encourage the academics to explore that topic in-depth. Climate change gets its place in political discourse of the countries during 1970’s which stimulated the research on it. Later in 1990s after several conferences on food security, the academia attention shifted to test association between climate change and food security. Later this research theme gets more narrower and academic start exploring the impact of climate change of nutritional health status. However, in the beginning of twenty first century this research theme gets narrower and more shifted to stunting and wasting. One important fact is that underweight theme is still less explored (Fig. 6 ). At current time research are getting concentrated mainly on the adapting and mitigating strategies of climate related health hazard (Fig. 5 ). The findings of the present study reveal a distinct divide between research conducted in HICs versus LMICs. Initially, research in this field was largely driven by developed nations; however, over the past decade, this pattern has shifted. Countries from developing and underdeveloped regions are now increasingly engaging in research, particularly at the regional level. Earlier studies were largely confined to the African continent, where issues such as drought and malnutrition were most prevalent. However, as the impacts of climate change have intensified globally, research efforts have expanded to other regions, including Asia and South America. This shift can be attributed to data democratization and increased resource accessibility, which have empowered researchers in developing and underdeveloped regions. These scholars are now collaborating with academics from developed countries, contributing to a more global exchange of ideas. This study has certain limitations. Firstly, the methodological limitation of the present study is bibliometric analysis which focuses on quantifying documents published on specific themes of research. It doesn’t focus on the qualitative aspect of the document published in any field of research. Secondly, this study includes the document published in English language only, which may overlook important documents published in regional languages. In addition to, incorporating qualitative aspect of the previous studies from the published document present the holistic view of the research progress done in this field. Based on the findings of this study, several areas for future research have been identified. Most of the publications analyzed are sourced from HICs, while LMICs disproportionately bear the burden of climate-related health hazards. Promoting research at the regional level can enhance the understanding of local issues and reveal how communities are coping with these challenges using available resources. Furthermore, encouraging collaborative research between HICs and LMICs would provide a more holistic understanding of local phenomena. Future studies should also adopt an interdisciplinary approach, integrating agricultural, social sciences, spatial studies and health sciences to offer a more comprehensive perspective on the impact of climate change on nutritional outcomes in society. 5. Conclusions In light of these finding, we can conclude that research on climate and nutrition is observing a spatial expansion from HICs to LMICs around the globe. A rise in number of published documents from the LMICs has been recorded but still there is gap in number of documents published between HICs and LMICs, which is reflected in the country production and institution domination. Geographies bearing the burden of the climate related health hazard especially nutritional status are still contributing less in knowledge production which should be promoted to conduct such type of study. Allocation of proper funding through proper channels like NGOs or research grants to academics of the LMICs will not only promote them to produce qualitative studies on these regional issues but it will help the scholars to disseminate their knowledge to global audience through reputed journals. One important issue is that HICs are still collaborating occasionally with the academics of the LMICs. Collaboration between LMICs and HICs should be promoted because academics from the HICs have a long experience of research in this field while academics from the LMICs understand this problem better at regional level, working together and sharing knowledge and technology will help them to understand the phenomenon better and produce quality knowledge. Sponsoring interdisciplinary research between different subdisciplines will also help us to understand the problem better. The theme of the research is shifting from the impact analysis to mitigation and resilience issue of such kind of problems but still the climate change is in the core of the study. There is still need of promoting research on the issue of climate change and nutrition at local level to understand the mitigate such type of challenges more effectively. Declarations Author Contributions AY: Conceptualization, data collection, data curation, formal analysis, visualization, interpretation of results, and original draft preparation. MJR: Conceptualization, manuscript review and editing, and overall supervision of the study. MR: Contribution to result interpretation, manuscript review, and editing. AM: Conceptualization, assistance in data curation, result synthesis, and critical manuscript review. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Data availability The study is based on metadata retrieved from publicly available databases, Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) . These data are accessible to researchers through institutional access or individual subscriptions and can be obtained by searching with appropriate keywords related to the study area. Acknowledgements The first author acknowledges the valuable academic guidance and continuous mentorship provided by his Ph.D. supervisor throughout the course of this study. Funding : No funding was received for this study. Clinical trial number : Not applicable. Consent to Participate declaration : Not applicable. Consent to Publish declaration : Not applicable. Ethics declaration : Not applicable. References Rhodes CJ. 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Butsch C, Beckers LM, Nilson E, Frassl M, Brennholt N, Kwiatkowski R, Söder M. Health impacts of extreme weather events–Cascading risks in a changing climate. Journal of health monitoring. 2023 Sep;8(Suppl 4):33. Jaspars S, Young H. Malnutrition and Poverty in the Early Stages of Famine: North Darfur, 1988–90. Disasters. 1995 Sep 1;19(3):198–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00340.x Mahapatra B, Walia M, Rao CAR, Raju BMK, Saggurti N. Vulnerability of agriculture to climate change increases the risk of child malnutrition: Evidence from a large-scale observational study in India. PLOS ONE. 2021 Jun 28;16(6): e0253637. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253637 Singh SK, Gudakesh N, Vishwakarma D. Malnutrition among children in India: exploring the contribution of the integrated child development service scheme. SN Social Sciences. 2024 Feb 6;4(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-023-00811-7 Lieber M, Chin-Hong P, Kelly K, Dandu M, Weiser SD. A systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the impact of droughts, flooding, and climate variability on malnutrition. Global Public Health. 2022 Jan 2;17(1):68-82. Debernardi C, Seeber M, Cattaneo M. Thirty years of climate change research: A fine-grained analysis of geographical specialization. Environmental Science & Policy. 2024 Feb 1; 152:103663. Rocque RJ, Beaudoin C, Ndjaboue R, Cameron L, Poirier-Bergeron L, Poulin-Rheault RA, et al. Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Open. 2021 Jun 1;11(6): e046333. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046333 Al-Jawaldeh A, Nabhani M, Taktouk M, Nasreddine L. Climate Change and Nutrition: Implications for the Eastern Mediterranean Region. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022 Dec 19;19(24):17086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417086 O’Gorman PA. Precipitation extremes under climate change. Current climate change reports. 2015 Jun; 1:49-59. Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). bibliometrix : An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11(4), 959–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007 Charani E, Abimbola S, Pai M, Adeyi O, Mendelson M, Laxminarayan R, et al. Funders: The missing link in equitable global health research? PLOS Global Public Health. 2022 Jun 3;2(6): e0000583. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000583 Overland I, Sovacool BK. The misallocation of climate research funding. Energy Research & Social Science. 2019 Dec 18; 62:101349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101349 Sovacool BK, Clifford H, Pearl-Martinez R, Gause E, Braun D, Kamareddine L, et al. Critically examining research funding patterns for climate change and human health. Npj Climate Action. 2024 Jul 29;3(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-024-00142-0 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Appendix.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 16 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 05 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 31 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7259046","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":499402516,"identity":"512d3152-9790-4b07-a4bf-487f28fc9484","order_by":0,"name":"Anurag Yadav","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADOTZm5gNAWkKGaC3GfOxtCSAtPERrSZzHc8YAxCCshX92j9mHH78OJ7ZJ5Hx+daPGgoeB/fDRDfi0SNw5Yzyzt++wcZtE7jbrnGNAh/Gkpd3Aa82NHGMG3p7DsiAtxjlsQC0SPGZ4tcgDtTD+7TnMCHTYM+Ocf0RoMQBqYeb5cVixjecM8+PcNiK0GN5IK2aWbUg3ZmNvM2PO7ZPgYSPkF7kbyZsZ3/yxlpNvZn78OedbnRw/++Fj+L0PAoxtzSCKTQJMElQOBn/qQCTzB+JUj4JRMApGwUgDAHicR3uwBc5zAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Allahabad","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anurag","middleName":"","lastName":"Yadav","suffix":""},{"id":499402517,"identity":"767e41b8-20ad-40de-ad53-5f20f7bc9094","order_by":1,"name":"Juel Rana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Allahabad","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juel","middleName":"","lastName":"Rana","suffix":""},{"id":499402518,"identity":"c1ef1ec1-7175-4174-a439-a5e3cdd30b36","order_by":2,"name":"Margubur 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18:03:26","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":306911,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProcess of selecting articles\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259046/v1/eb5b3f1c1632d00a64123c54.png"},{"id":89107451,"identity":"f1c697b4-f044-440e-8b9d-ca2eab5daef3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 17:55:26","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpatio-temporal aspects of the selected documents, World, 1990-2024 (Source: Author)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259046/v1/d34ab95cc7c90b360a0ef6b7.png"},{"id":89107457,"identity":"1acdef27-c9c9-427c-9650-8281ca0e1f01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 17:55:27","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":88704,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFrequency of the keywords in the selected documents, World, 1990-2024 (Source: Author)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259046/v1/04a831a2ca3a3653e068e500.png"},{"id":89107915,"identity":"9d571a00-e2cf-409e-9d69-41ad61703eb5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 18:03:27","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":273452,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTemporal distribution of keywords in the selected documents, World, 1990-2024 (Source: Author)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259046/v1/5fabd069ab773602743c6feb.png"},{"id":89108467,"identity":"b4baee4f-b2a7-4664-a48e-1d487af700e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 18:11:27","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":572561,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCo-occurrence network of keywords in the selected documents, World, 1990-2024 (Source: Author)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259046/v1/3dd03572a201cee248c296cc.png"},{"id":89107918,"identity":"546363c2-8c24-49d5-993e-d61868ff1497","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 18:03:27","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":107774,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMean citations of the selected documents, World, 1990-2024 (Source: Author)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259046/v1/c59ab906b40913c44291f463.png"},{"id":89108465,"identity":"17a2d3c9-52ad-4f32-9dde-8fbd5c2c46e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 18:11:27","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":85239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTotal number of citations of the selected documents by country of document production, World, 1990-2024 (Source: Author)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259046/v1/fcd00ff11571d0410b576b56.png"},{"id":89108469,"identity":"556d9e24-0ec7-4f00-a41f-079deaa230fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 18:11:27","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":179279,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTop cited documents and journals from the selected documents, World, 1990-2024 (Source: Author)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259046/v1/bd5ae1f5d384404dd9ba2fc5.png"},{"id":89107458,"identity":"c90bfb9f-2eac-4b81-83ab-02a6a11c712f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 17:55:27","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":123584,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTop journals in terms of publishing the selected documents, World, 1990-2024 (Source: Author)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259046/v1/6a0f1bd504a68ab6191b1977.png"},{"id":89108570,"identity":"be0ea3f7-1d39-4ee8-a2ec-2e49129757d1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 18:19:27","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":132415,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTop institutes in terms of publishing the selected documents, World, 1990-2024 (Source: Author)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259046/v1/1da8747ef492c546f21f029a.png"},{"id":89107919,"identity":"56705c09-1118-4501-aa55-0c729f0cce4e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 18:03:27","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":116639,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStatus of multi-country collaboration among the selected documents, World, 1990-2024 (Source: Author)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259046/v1/3c0a6acb62e6b01b0cb61f34.png"},{"id":89107464,"identity":"e523b510-d3be-453f-8712-1607d9675807","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 17:55:27","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1239283,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThree field plots showing interlinkages between keywords, journals, and countries of the selected documents, World, 1990-2024 (Source: Author)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259046/v1/8de8b87431baf44bef261240.png"},{"id":99172448,"identity":"b5de022c-7e8f-4443-b2ec-8bd5504423b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 16:09:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4314698,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259046/v1/572ffd39-fbb5-4463-b270-760317d2f61b.pdf"},{"id":89107450,"identity":"ff9ee40e-5576-40e7-8900-72a23c28d5c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 17:55:26","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":23191,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259046/v1/cd319ec13e09158687018167.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Extreme Weather Events and Nutritional Outcomes: A Bibliometric Analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the second decade of the 21st century, global climate is going through a significant change and posing a threat to its inhabitants through increased temperature and changing rainfall patterns. The 6th assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has pointed out that the increasing concentration of greenhouse gas is the reason behind the increase in global temperature and it is going to breach the limit of 1.50 centigrade before 2030 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Even under the high emission scenario of greenhouse gases, the globe will be warmer by 5.70 centigrade compared to pre-industrial temperature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. This increase in temperature is fuelling the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as areas under serious drought conditions has doubled since 1970 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. In the future, the condition of heatwaves could see a threefold increase in frequency, a fourfold increase in severity, and a fivefold increase in duration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], while the occurrence of the flash flood will increase by 72\u0026ndash;78% from 2020 to 2049 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, more than 4.5\u0026nbsp;billion people around the world are now at risk from extreme weather events [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Extreme weather events are disproportionally distributed across the globe [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], like tropical regions are facing increased severity and alteration in precipitation pattern [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] while extra-tropical regions are suffering due to record-breaking rise in temperature, heatwave, and drought incidence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The number of days with high temperatures is increasing in temperature region accompanied by the reduced number of cold days [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], additionally short-duration extreme rainfall is becoming more frequent [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Several studies have concluded that South Asian, African, and South American regions are witnessing a significant rise in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis variation in climatic pattern is affecting human health both directly and indirectly. Increasing temperature is causing an escalation in heat-related morbidity and mortality, while changing rainfall pattern is affecting the spatial distribution of communicable diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The combination of elevated temperatures and changing rainfall patterns is also affecting the spatial distribution of water-borne and vector-borne diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The elderly population along with females and child are most vulnerable to these changes in climate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] For instance, a recent study in India shows that 4% of Indian elderly experienced health issues due to extreme climate events [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Similar to the elderly, women face higher risks and greater burden of climate change due to socio-economic, cultural, and physiological factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Research outcome of Girardi \u0026amp; Bremer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] suggest that reproductive outcomes are also impacted in the form of early pregnancy loss, still-birth, premature delivery, and urinary tract infections which lead to higher mortality rates among women. A study by Lokshin \u0026amp; Radyakin [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] indicates that extreme temperature variations can affect unborn children in the mother\u0026rsquo;s womb, influencing their growth and leading to changes in height and weight during pregnancy. Rising temperatures are causing increased discomfort among children, leading to higher stress levels and disruptions in their sleep cycles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. They have to bear this burden in the form of heat-related illness, respiratory illness, malnutrition, and other type of morbidities and mortalities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. The finding of a study suggest that neonatal mortality has risen significantly by 4.2% over the past three decades [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. In general, increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events has led to rise in physical injuries, heat related morbidities, respiratory illness, cardiovascular diseases, psychological issues, communicable diseases, degraded nutritional outcomes, and loss of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe nutritional need of population is increasingly compromised due to the rising frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Research findings suggest that drought alone can lead to a reduction in calorie supply by 67%, protein supply by 37%, and zinc supply by 28% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. This diminished nutritional intake exacerbates the prevalence of malnutrition in societies already grappling with undernourishment. In such contexts, the socio-economic conditions of parents and the geographic locations affected by extreme weather events play a crucial role in determining the vulnerability of the population to these adverse phenomena [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. While, a few recent studies contextualized climate change and nutritional outcomes using meta-analyses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], climate change and overall health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], and climate change and child health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] using bibliometric analyses to understand the broad perspectives of climate change and health, but understanding on extreme climate events and nutrition is very limited. At regional level, there are some studies which traced the extreme climate events and nutrition [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], which failed to capture the global perspective. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the spatial and temporal changes on extreme climate events and nutrition outcome research around the world. The present study answers several research questions: first, how such research is geographically distributed? Second, do higher-income countries (HICs) produce more such research than lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs)? How do climate change and nutritional research grow over the period? Moreover, this study will also trace out the top institutions, journals, and nations actively engaged in collaborative research in knowledge production over the time period of 1990 to 2024. We will also identify critical gaps in this field, along with directions for future research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eData\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study used the Bibtex data, which is applicable for the bibliometric analysis using the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus database. An initial search for the documents was performed with the combination of keywords related to extreme weather events (\"climate change\" OR \"climate variability\" OR \"extreme weather events\" OR \"drought\" OR \"flood\" OR \"rainfall\") \u0026amp; nutritional outcomes (\"malnourishment\" OR \"undernutrition\" OR \"malnutrition\" OR \"stunting\" OR \" wasting\" OR \"underweight\"). Search was performed by combining both set of keywords using the AND operator. The result of this combination has generated a total of 1844 literature on WoS and 30688 on Scopus including research articles, conference proceedings, book chapters, review papers, etc. After applying the filter based on exclusion-inclusion criteria and removing the duplicate of both databases, the data of remaining documents n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5177 was converted into a bibliographic Excel file, which was used for the bibliometric analysis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative method used to analyze scientific documents by examining their external characteristics like publication year, affiliation, journal, keyword, citation received, etc. It involves statistical and mathematical analysis to understand the research status, trends, and characteristics of specific disciplines [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInclusion and Exclusion criteria:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInclusion measures of the present study were: (1) Original peer-reviewed research articles, book chapters, \u0026amp; conference proceedings. (2) articles examined the direct or indirect nutritional implications of extreme weather events (drought, flood \u0026amp; rainfall) or climate change. Exclusion criteria were: (1) abstracts only, (2) documents published in other than English language, and (3) studies that were published earlier than 1990 and later June 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalytical Methods\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics was utilized to present the frequencies, mean, and percentages regarding selected documents and associated information. A line graph was used to show the trend of published documents, keyword utilization patterns, and yearly mean citations received by total documents. The geographical distribution of the document\u0026rsquo;s publication is tabulated in \u003cspan refid=\"Sec9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eAppendix\u003c/span\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;1. Bar graph was used to visualize keyword frequency, the country receiving the highest citation, top-cited articles, institute and journal publishing the most documents, and country collaboration status. Three field plots were used to visualize the interlinkages between the country, keywords used, and the journals in which those documents were published. R-Studio (biblioshiny package), data wrapper AI, and MS Office package software are used to extract, analyze and visualize the results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Descriptive statistics\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOut of the 5177 selected documents in the present study, 87.4% were research articles, followed by 11.5% book chapters and 1.1% conference papers (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, only 4.2% of documents are produced by international author collaborations. Regarding the authorships of the selected documents, 16382 authors contributed to producing such documents. The mean number of authors of the selected documents was 4. The temporal background shows that the annual growth rate of selected documents was 19.7%, where the mean age of documents was 6.4 years. The selected documents got 114308 citations during the period (1990\u0026ndash;2024), with an estimated mean citation of 22.1 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpatio-temporal backgrounds\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA substantial spatial variation in the number of published documents is displayed in the present study (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The USA (1580) and the UK (602) were found to be leading producers of such research from 1990 to 2024. In addition, China, Australia, and India are also observed as substantial producers (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eA1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 1 Descriptive statistics of the selected document in the present study, World, 1990-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean/Percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDocument Types\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSources (Journals, Books, etc)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1641\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArticle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.40%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBook chapter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConference paper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDocuments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuthors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16382\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle authored\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuthors (mean)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternational co-authorships\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemporal aspects\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnnual growth rate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean documents age (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKeywords\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKeywords Plus (ID)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuthor\u0026apos;s Keywords (DE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11965\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCitation background\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal citation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114308\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCitations (mean)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource: Author\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s contribution in publishing the selected documents, World, 1990\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of documents published\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuthors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1634\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.974\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.686\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.562\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16382\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e+ indicates the number of documents varies up to 25. (Source: Author)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClimate and nutrition-related publications were found to increase continuously, with some fluctuation from 1990 to 2024. In addition, a substantial number of such publications were observed in 2010 (above 100 publications) and continued to ascend. However, a steep slope of publications begun from 2017 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The USA was found to be the leading producer of climate and nutrition research, followed by the UK and China throughout the selected period. In comparison, a recent growth in the number of such research publications was observed in Australia and India (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Out of the total 16382, most of the authors (84.9%) were traced in single-documented publications, followed by 10% of them produced double publications. A few of them (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5%) were identified in multiple documents (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2 Keyword analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFood security was found as the topmost keyword in the selected documents, followed by climate change, nutrition, sustainability, and agriculture. Malnutrition, food insecurity, Africa, resilience, and vulnerability are also used frequently (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Food security and climate change were observed as trending keywords throughout the selected period, where a sharp increase in using keywords like food insecurity and resilience was observed during the recent period (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Co-occurrence network analyses indicate that most studies were conducted to establish the association between extreme weather events and food insecurity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Further, a nexus between climate change, food security, and malnutrition studies was developed. Climate change, seasonality and wasting, stunting and biofortification, nutritional security and micronutrients, etc., focused keyword networks are also displayed in the selected documents (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Citation analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe mean citations of the selected documents displayed fluctuating nature over the period. The highest value of mean citation was 101.6, observed in 2009. After 2009, a declining trend of mean citations was clearly observed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, the number of published documents, less before 2009, has increased and surpassed the mean citation. The USA is the leading country whose documents have received more than 25000 citations, followed by the UK (10000) and China (5000). Regarding the documents with high citations, most of the documents were published from the higher income group country. Among the lower- and middle- income countries, the documents published in China and South Africa also had high citations (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Citations received by the top 10 documents in this data vary from 432 to 3834 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). In particular, Cordell et al., (2009) received the highest number of 3834 citations, followed by Wang et al. (2010) received a total of 1879 citations. There are six articles from the top 10 articles which have received more than 500 citations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Source analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSustainability (Switzerland) and Food Security were traced as leading journals regarding the high number of publications of the selected documents, which include 273 and 156 articles, respectively. Earth Surface Processes and Landform (140) and World Development (107) also published a high number of such documents (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Other vital journals in this field include Global Food Security, Food Policy, Food, and Food and Nutrition Bulletin (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Among the top 10 contributing institutions, the University of California (112) was found to be top in terms of selected climate and nutrition publications, followed by Cornell University (82) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (78) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). University of Oxford (62), Michigan State University (59), and the World Bank (49) also produced a substantial number of documents. University of Kwazulu-Natal (48), McGill University (46), University of Minnesota (44), and Wageningen University (44) also placed among the top leading institutions by considering climate and nutrition-related publications (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Italy was the leading country with 8% of total documents produced through multi-country collaboration, followed by the UK (6.2%), Australia (5.8%), India (5.2%) and China (4.5%). In contrast to that, South Africa is leading with 97.7% of total documents produced without cross-country collaborations. Germany, Canada, and the USA held the second, third, and fourth positions with 97.1%, 96.6%, and 95.9% of their total documents were single country production (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuthors from the USA predominantly used the keywords food security (190), climate change (111), nutrition (102), and malnutrition (66). The authors had primarily published their documents in the Food Security, Food Policy, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, World Development, And Food and Nutrition Bulletin journals. On the contrary, the authors from the UK primarily used the climate change (67) keyword along with food security (25) and nutrition (20). In addition, the documents were mostly published in Food Security and Sustainability (Switzerland). Authors from India had mixed choices in the keyword selection except keyword africa, which remains untouched. Keywords like food security (24), malnutrition (20), and nutrition (18) are the topmost choices among Indian authors and were primarily published through Food Security, Sustainability (Switzerland), Food Policy, and World Development Journals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of the present study will help to develop the understanding of the research progress done by academia in the field of climate and nutrition and how it has evolved over the time. It will help us to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution of these research through published documents among HICs and LMICs. The present study will also help us to identify the existing gap related to this field and how it can be addressed in future.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first and foremost findings of the present study highlights that a continuous growth of climate and nutritional publications with a sharp increase observed with the beginning of twenty-first century. Contemporary climate and nutrition publication surge happened due to geographical expansion of the such research focus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. For instance, a recent growth of climate and nutrition research observed in LMICs in parallel with developed nations (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Paris agreement could be another reason which draws the academia\u0026rsquo;s attention around the globe to this research area. Global climate politics directly and indirectly influence the academia to more focus on climate research to delineate geographical extension of the climate vulnerability and associated negative consequence and policy formulation to ensure climate justice. Government provides sufficient funding to pursue research and produce knowledge at global level. Another possible reason could be the leading international NGO\u0026rsquo;s fund allocation in enough amount to encourage climate research in poor resource settings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough, geographical and institutional expansion clearly visible in climate and nutrition research publications over time, the USA and UK still leading publication giants in this field, where the University of California, Cornell University and the International Food Policy Research Institute, University of Oxford, and Michigan State University traced as leading institutions in such research contribution. The possible reason behind the dominance of these nations is the alignment of their geopolitical interest and their curiosity on research related to climate and nutrition. These countries provide abundant funding to their institutes for better infrastructural development like quality data and instrument accessibility to their research activity. Presence of better human resource and research favourable environment somehow stimulate this pattern which is reflected in the author\u0026rsquo;s document receiving highest citation. Funding from NGOs to these nations is also reason behind their contribution in climate and nutrition research. Another possible reason it that Sustainability (Switzerland) and Food Security, Earth Surface Processes and Landform and World Development, Global Food Security, Food Policy, Food, and Food and Nutrition Bulletin (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) are Q1 or Q2 Scopus indexed journals whose academic publishing charge (APC) vary from \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e2000 to \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e5000. Author\u0026rsquo;s belonging to HICs can afford such high APC due to availability and accessibility of funds, while author\u0026rsquo;s from LMICs receive less or no funding support which create obstacle in disseminating their research through these journals. That\u0026rsquo;s creates a divide of knowledge contribution between HICs and LMICs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe burden of climate change and its health consequences are mostly bear by the LMICs while they are still lagging to contribute knowledge development in this field (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Lack of good infrastructure, inaccessibility to quality data and instrument create barrier and affect their research quality and quantity. Absence of research environment and low funding opportunity is the reason behind low contribution of LMICs in their research contribution. HICs are still not preferring to do collaboration with LMICs (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e) and unequitable fund allocation by NGOs to them is affecting their research output [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite of being such an important issue of the world, most of the author have discontinued the field after one publication while, only while few of them are engaged for long time and producing multiple documents (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The reason could be that most of them should be should be associated with any project or conducting interdisciplinary research because it is tough task to conduct research independently on such complex issue. Authors who are producing multiple documents could be affiliated to any institute and who\u0026rsquo;s work area must be related to climate change and nutrition status. Funding issue on research related climate change and nutrition is also important reason why less authors are engaging for long time and producing multiple documents. Previous studies suggest the less than one percent fund is allocated to climate and studies of the total research fund [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiscussion of any issue in political setting of any country somehow encourage the academics to explore that topic in-depth. Climate change gets its place in political discourse of the countries during 1970\u0026rsquo;s which stimulated the research on it. Later in 1990s after several conferences on food security, the academia attention shifted to test association between climate change and food security. Later this research theme gets more narrower and academic start exploring the impact of climate change of nutritional health status. However, in the beginning of twenty first century this research theme gets narrower and more shifted to stunting and wasting. One important fact is that underweight theme is still less explored (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). At current time research are getting concentrated mainly on the adapting and mitigating strategies of climate related health hazard (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings of the present study reveal a distinct divide between research conducted in HICs versus LMICs. Initially, research in this field was largely driven by developed nations; however, over the past decade, this pattern has shifted. Countries from developing and underdeveloped regions are now increasingly engaging in research, particularly at the regional level. Earlier studies were largely confined to the African continent, where issues such as drought and malnutrition were most prevalent. However, as the impacts of climate change have intensified globally, research efforts have expanded to other regions, including Asia and South America. This shift can be attributed to data democratization and increased resource accessibility, which have empowered researchers in developing and underdeveloped regions. These scholars are now collaborating with academics from developed countries, contributing to a more global exchange of ideas.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study has certain limitations. Firstly, the methodological limitation of the present study is bibliometric analysis which focuses on quantifying documents published on specific themes of research. It doesn\u0026rsquo;t focus on the qualitative aspect of the document published in any field of research. Secondly, this study includes the document published in English language only, which may overlook important documents published in regional languages. In addition to, incorporating qualitative aspect of the previous studies from the published document present the holistic view of the research progress done in this field.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the findings of this study, several areas for future research have been identified. Most of the publications analyzed are sourced from HICs, while LMICs disproportionately bear the burden of climate-related health hazards. Promoting research at the regional level can enhance the understanding of local issues and reveal how communities are coping with these challenges using available resources. Furthermore, encouraging collaborative research between HICs and LMICs would provide a more holistic understanding of local phenomena. Future studies should also adopt an interdisciplinary approach, integrating agricultural, social sciences, spatial studies and health sciences to offer a more comprehensive perspective on the impact of climate change on nutritional outcomes in society.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn light of these finding, we can conclude that research on climate and nutrition is observing a spatial expansion from HICs to LMICs around the globe. A rise in number of published documents from the LMICs has been recorded but still there is gap in number of documents published between HICs and LMICs, which is reflected in the country production and institution domination. Geographies bearing the burden of the climate related health hazard especially nutritional status are still contributing less in knowledge production which should be promoted to conduct such type of study. Allocation of proper funding through proper channels like NGOs or research grants to academics of the LMICs will not only promote them to produce qualitative studies on these regional issues but it will help the scholars to disseminate their knowledge to global audience through reputed journals. One important issue is that HICs are still collaborating occasionally with the academics of the LMICs. Collaboration between LMICs and HICs should be promoted because academics from the HICs have a long experience of research in this field while academics from the LMICs understand this problem better at regional level, working together and sharing knowledge and technology will help them to understand the phenomenon better and produce quality knowledge. Sponsoring interdisciplinary research between different subdisciplines will also help us to understand the problem better. The theme of the research is shifting from the impact analysis to mitigation and resilience issue of such kind of problems but still the climate change is in the core of the study. There is still need of promoting research on the issue of climate change and nutrition at local level to understand the mitigate such type of challenges more effectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAY:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, data collection, data curation, formal analysis, visualization,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003einterpretation of results, and original draft preparation. \u003cstrong\u003eMJR:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, manuscript review and editing, and overall supervision of the study. \u003cstrong\u003eMR:\u003c/strong\u003e Contribution to result interpretation, manuscript review, and editing. \u003cstrong\u003eAM:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, assistance in data curation, result synthesis, and critical manuscript review.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study is based on metadata retrieved from publicly available databases, \u003cstrong\u003eScopus\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eWeb of Science (WoS)\u003c/strong\u003e. These data are accessible to researchers through institutional access or individual subscriptions and can be obtained by searching with appropriate keywords related to the study area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first author acknowledges the valuable academic guidance and continuous mentorship provided by his Ph.D. supervisor throughout the course of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e: No funding was received for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e: Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate declaration\u003c/strong\u003e: Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish declaration\u003c/strong\u003e: Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declaration\u003c/strong\u003e: Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRhodes CJ. 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Vulnerability of agriculture to climate change increases the risk of child malnutrition: Evidence from a large-scale observational study in India. PLOS ONE. 2021 Jun 28;16(6): e0253637. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253637\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh SK, Gudakesh N, Vishwakarma D. Malnutrition among children in India: exploring the contribution of the integrated child development service scheme. SN Social Sciences. 2024 Feb 6;4(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-023-00811-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLieber M, Chin-Hong P, Kelly K, Dandu M, Weiser SD. A systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the impact of droughts, flooding, and climate variability on malnutrition. Global Public Health. 2022 Jan 2;17(1):68-82.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDebernardi C, Seeber M, Cattaneo M. Thirty years of climate change research: A fine-grained analysis of geographical specialization. Environmental Science \u0026amp; Policy. 2024 Feb 1; 152:103663.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRocque RJ, Beaudoin C, Ndjaboue R, Cameron L, Poirier-Bergeron L, Poulin-Rheault RA, et al. Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Open. 2021 Jun 1;11(6): e046333. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046333\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Jawaldeh A, Nabhani M, Taktouk M, Nasreddine L. Climate Change and Nutrition: Implications for the Eastern Mediterranean Region. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022 Dec 19;19(24):17086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417086\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eO\u0026rsquo;Gorman PA. Precipitation extremes under climate change. Current climate change reports. 2015 Jun; 1:49-59.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAria, M., \u0026amp; Cuccurullo, C. (2017). bibliometrix : An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11(4), 959\u0026ndash;975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCharani E, Abimbola S, Pai M, Adeyi O, Mendelson M, Laxminarayan R, et al. Funders: The missing link in equitable global health research? PLOS Global Public Health. 2022 Jun 3;2(6): e0000583. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000583\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOverland I, Sovacool BK. The misallocation of climate research funding. Energy Research \u0026amp; Social Science. 2019 Dec 18; 62:101349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101349\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSovacool BK, Clifford H, Pearl-Martinez R, Gause E, Braun D, Kamareddine L, et al. Critically examining research funding patterns for climate change and human health. Npj Climate Action. 2024 Jul 29;3(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-024-00142-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Climate change, Health, Nutritional outcomes","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7259046/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7259046/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIntroduction\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe impacts of extreme weather events (EWEs) on public health have emerged as a prominent research topic over the last two decades. However, bibliometric analyses exploring the relationship between climate events and nutrition are still limited. This study aims to outline existing research on extreme climate and nutrition by examining spatial and temporal signatures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethod\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeta-data from Scopus and Web of Science (1990\u0026ndash;2024) was used to analyze research publications on extreme climate events and nutrition. Various bibliometric and spatial analytical methods were employed to derive the results.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe spatial pattern reveals that extreme climate and nutrition research publications are primarily concentrated in High-Income Countries (HICs), with recent growth observed in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). The mean citation score of 22 indicates significant contributions to the scientific domain. Notably, the Sustainability journal by MDPI has emerged as a leading publisher. Over time, research focus has shifted from physical aspects to interlinkages in extreme climate events, food security, and nutrition, with a recent research inclination on climate vulnerability mitigation strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusion\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study concludes significant spatial variability in climate and nutrition research. It highlights a shift from physical to multidimensional perspectives and advocates for a spatial equity approach to address the publication gap between High-Income and Low- and Middle-Income Countries.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Extreme Weather Events and Nutritional Outcomes: A Bibliometric Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-14 17:55:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7259046/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-09-23T11:51:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-20T14:56:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"123968160366649017705785776574828610578","date":"2025-09-14T17:37:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-18T07:31:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"90546769077232043657746376935742827761","date":"2025-08-16T08:54:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-16T05:13:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"82834524169072721943572572845411765407","date":"2025-08-15T12:02:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"82485664356706789583944098362317497196","date":"2025-08-11T00:23:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-10T11:29:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-05T06:00:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-05T05:58:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Sustainability","date":"2025-07-31T06:56:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"32e8c617-5e2b-426e-bf16-38c23cbbeb87","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-29T16:04:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7259046","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-02249-8","journal":{"identity":"discover-sustainability","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Discover Sustainability"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-24 15:57:35","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 24th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-14 17:55:22","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s43621-025-02249-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-02249-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7259046","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7259046","identity":"rs-7259046","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}