Biochemical characterisation of potentially contagious haemic neoplasia occurring in the Baltic clam Limecola balthica

Biochemical characterisation of potentially contagious haemic neoplasia occurring in the Baltic clam Limecola balthica | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Biochemical characterisation of potentially contagious haemic neoplasia occurring in the Baltic clam Limecola balthica Hallmann Anna, Michnowska Alicja, Chomiczewska Agnieszka, Lipiński Marcin, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-468774/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Occurring in marine invertebrates haemic (leukemia-like) neoplasia, a disease of potentially infectious nature, arises from genome instabilities leading to multilevel malfunctions and unregulated cell division of presumably haemocyte precursors. As its biochemical characterisation remains unknown, we here present results describing selected physiological and biochemical aspects of the disease measured in neoplastic and healthy clams Limecola balthica. Activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and FAA levels were measured in haemolymph but no differences in ADA and ALP activities between healthy and neoplastic clams were found. In both clam groups nine FAAs were detected with Asp, Glu, Pro, Ser constituting over 90% of total FAA content. Significantly higher Gln level was detected in leukemic-like clams suggesting an essential role of this FAA in cancer energy production. In neoplastic cells, an impairment of mitochondrial metabolism was observed as a decrease in mitochondrial oxygen consumption and lower cytochrome c oxidase activity. Neoplastic clams were also characterised by significantly higher concentration of ROS, but no elevated response of the oxidative stress markers were found suggesting an efficient antioxidant response. Finally, we, for the first time, report high levels of corticosterone and lower amounts of dehydrocorticosterone, cortisol and cortisone in healthy clams with elevated cortisol level found in neoplastic individuals. Environmental Engineering Environmental Policy Marine and Freshwater Biology leukemia-like neoplasia energy homeostasis FAA ROS mitochondrial respiration Limecola balthica Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Full Text Due to technical limitations, full-text HTML conversion of this manuscript could not be completed. However, the manuscript can be downloaded and accessed as a PDF. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-468774","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":23728683,"identity":"78ede44c-4130-450a-a982-3fb35fc32224","order_by":0,"name":"Hallmann Anna","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Medical University of Gdańsk","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hallmann","middleName":"","lastName":"Anna","suffix":""},{"id":23728684,"identity":"aea75699-bf15-4092-b516-8aa3820304f7","order_by":1,"name":"Michnowska Alicja","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gdańsk","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michnowska","middleName":"","lastName":"Alicja","suffix":""},{"id":23728685,"identity":"11ec49e6-7f1a-4ef4-92cf-4e50e618776c","order_by":2,"name":"Chomiczewska Agnieszka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Medical University of Gdańsk","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chomiczewska","middleName":"","lastName":"Agnieszka","suffix":""},{"id":23728686,"identity":"4c2900b2-8b87-4fe2-8733-51d9894d4630","order_by":3,"name":"Lipiński Marcin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Medical University of Gdańsk","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lipiński","middleName":"","lastName":"Marcin","suffix":""},{"id":23728687,"identity":"f5c3f39e-788e-4ff1-9e7c-dfbd9ffd5e3a","order_by":4,"name":"Smolarz Katarzyna","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gdańsk","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Smolarz","middleName":"","lastName":"Katarzyna","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-04-27 15:14:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-468774/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-468774/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":8604357,"identity":"8fa9d5f1-20d1-4e68-af03-e5ced9d3c9df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-29 16:36:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":332403,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Diagnosis of leukemia-like neoplasia in L. balthica; a) normal haemolymph sample, b-c) haemolymph sample with high number of neoplastic cells (different magnifications), d) histological cross-section through normal L. balthica showing connective tissue of the digestive gland and male gonads and e) histological cross-section through highly neoplastic individual (corresponding to leukemia-like case shown in the Fig. 1b-c) with neoplastic cells infiltrating the connective tissue around the digestive gland. Staining: a-c) methylene-blue, d-e) basic hematoxylin and eosin.","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-468774/v1/03c48521230a0e016962e2cb.jpg"},{"id":8604358,"identity":"8331c913-7f52-43ae-9385-a001ccb8b074","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-29 16:36:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36658,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"ADA (a) and ALP (b) activities in haemolymph extracted from healthy (n=12, black bars) and neoplastic (n=11, red bars) individuals of L. balthica. Data presented as mean ± S.E.M.","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-468774/v1/4f19e00713275e189f33f620.jpg"},{"id":8604107,"identity":"060c35d1-77d1-4d0e-942b-f1fd445c613b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-29 16:33:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67681,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of a) coupled mitochondria isolated from healthy (n= 8, black bars) and neoplastic (n=5, red bars) clams in the presence of succinate (SUCC) and ADP as substrates, oligomycin (OLIGO) and antimycin A (AA) as inhibitors and CCCP as uncoupler; b) uncoupled mitochondria isolated from healthy (n=10, black bars) and neoplastic clams (n=7, red bars) in the presence of pyruvate, malate (PYR+MAL) and succinate as substrates, rotenone (ROT) and antimycin A as inhibitors and Asc/TMPD as artificial electron acceptor; c) activity of SDH and COX in mitochondria form healthy (n=15, black bars) and neoplastic (n=13, red bars) clams. Data presented as mean ± S.E.M. Asterisks indicate significant differences between healthy and neoplastic clams (Kruskal Wallis ANOVA, p \u003c 0.05).","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-468774/v1/78843c1aec6524c55f32a8ee.jpg"},{"id":8604103,"identity":"dffd65db-e82f-4888-abdb-8bf873ba68e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-29 16:33:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57961,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Antioxidative and physiological stress biomarkers responses in L. balthica tissues in healthy (black bars) and neoplastic (grey bars) clams: a) TAC (Total Antioxidant Capacity) level (n=5 in both groups); b) AChE and GST activities, n=6 in both groups; c) protein carbonyl groups (CBO) level and lipid peroxidation products (MDA), n=6 in both groups. Data presented as mean ± S.E.M. Asterisks indicate significant differences between healthy and neoplastic clams (Kruskal Wallis ANOVA, p \u003c 0.05).","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-468774/v1/186652fc0d5fad25ef18eb67.jpg"},{"id":8604359,"identity":"e3a6d856-c0e7-41ea-a279-6b055249e7bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-29 16:36:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49558,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Corticosteroids concentration in healthy (black bars) and neoplastic (white bars) L. balthica: a) CORT and D-CORT level (n=10 in both groups); b) HCN and CN level (n=10 in both groups). Data presented as mean ± S.E.M. Asterisks indicate significant differences between healthy and neoplastic group (Kruskal Wallis ANOVA, p \u003c 0.05).","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-468774/v1/5ad5d8876a5cc394dc3cc5ed.jpg"},{"id":13626957,"identity":"5c170a6d-10e3-4006-85e8-c01d3200fc66","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 07:51:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1087797,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BiochemicalcharacterisationofneoplasiaSR.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-468774/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":10049865,"identity":"63f84915-0d04-4f6c-b16f-f7efa2cf3782","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-07 03:44:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1084063,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BiochemicalcharacterisationofneoplasiaSR.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-468774/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":8604473,"identity":"dfba0470-e3aa-4f38-87c9-dfc3f91d2dcd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-29 16:40:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1107370,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BiochemicalcharacterisationofneoplasiaSR.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-468774/v1_stamped.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eBiochemical characterisation of potentially contagious haemic neoplasia occurring in the Baltic clam \u003cem\u003eLimecola balthica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"\u003cp\u003eDue to technical limitations, full-text HTML conversion of this manuscript could not be completed. However, the manuscript can be downloaded and accessed as a PDF.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"leukemia-like neoplasia, energy homeostasis, FAA, ROS, mitochondrial respiration, Limecola balthica","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-468774/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-468774/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Occurring in marine invertebrates haemic (leukemia-like) neoplasia, a disease of potentially infectious nature, arises from genome instabilities leading to multilevel malfunctions and unregulated cell division of presumably haemocyte precursors. As its biochemical characterisation remains unknown, we here present results describing selected physiological and biochemical aspects of the disease measured in neoplastic and healthy clams Limecola balthica. Activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and FAA levels were measured in haemolymph but no differences in ADA and ALP activities between healthy and neoplastic clams were found. In both clam groups nine FAAs were detected with Asp, Glu, Pro, Ser constituting over 90% of total FAA content. Significantly higher Gln level was detected in leukemic-like clams suggesting an essential role of this FAA in cancer energy production. In neoplastic cells, an impairment of mitochondrial metabolism was observed as a decrease in mitochondrial oxygen consumption and lower cytochrome c oxidase activity. Neoplastic clams were also characterised by significantly higher concentration of ROS, but no elevated response of the oxidative stress markers were found suggesting an efficient antioxidant response. Finally, we, for the first time, report high levels of corticosterone and lower amounts of dehydrocorticosterone, cortisol and cortisone in healthy clams with elevated cortisol level found in neoplastic individuals.","manuscriptTitle":"Biochemical characterisation of potentially contagious haemic neoplasia occurring in the Baltic clam Limecola balthica","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-04-29 16:33:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-468774/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4a0c840d-eec5-4d29-90d8-74c7a6a664db","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 29th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":3982327,"name":"Environmental Engineering"},{"id":3982328,"name":"Environmental Policy"},{"id":3982329,"name":"Marine and Freshwater Biology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-06-07T03:44:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-04-29 16:33:47","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-468774","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-468774","identity":"rs-468774","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"rHA-KDH7Qsr4HCuvH75dn","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}