Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance Analysis of Clinically Isolated Bacteria at a National Regional Cardiovascular Medical Center, 2018–2024

Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance Analysis of Clinically Isolated Bacteria at a National Regional Cardiovascular Medical Center, 2018–2024 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance Analysis of Clinically Isolated Bacteria at a National Regional Cardiovascular Medical Center, 2018–2024 Qian Wang, Qisi Zhang, Yangyang Dong, Yingli Qiao, Fuyuan Wang, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7322925/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Infectious Diseases → Version 1 posted 15 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective This study aims to analyze the distribution and drug resistance patterns of clinically isolated bacteria at the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital) from 2018 to 2024, thereby guiding the precise selection of effective antimicrobial agents in clinical practice and providing data support for the development of individualized anti-infective treatment strategies. Methods Clinical isolates from outpatients and inpatients were collected at the Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, excluding duplicate strains. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive epidemiological methods with SPSS 22.0, Prism 10.0, and WHONET 5.6 software. Results Over seven years, 9,180 clinical isolates were identified, with a positive detection rate of 7.78–8.41%. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 67% (6,151 strains), while Gram-positive bacteria comprised 23% (2,139 strains). The top three isolated pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter baumannii , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Resistance analysis revealed high overall resistance rates among common pathogens. Carbapenem resistance rates during this period were as follows: K. pneumoniae (51.1–63.2%), A. baumannii (76.5–94.7%), P. aeruginosa (13.3–25.3%), and Escherichia coli (2.0–10.7%). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) detection rates ranged from 35.3–60%, while methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MRCNS) detection rates were 80.4–91.2%. Conclusion Investigating the distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of long-term clinical bacterial isolates in regional cardiovascular medical centers provides critical insights for establishing rational antibiotic use protocols, optimizing infection control measures, and advancing research on resistance mechanisms to facilitate precision medicine. Multidrug-resistant organism Antimicrobial resistance surveillance Antimicrobial stewardship Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction The escalating global crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), driven by widespread clinical antibiotic use, represents one of the most urgent public health threats. Projections from The Lancet estimate that AMR-associated infections will cause over 39 million deaths globally between 2025 and 2050, with direct AMR fatalities already reaching 1.14 million in 2021 and projected to rise to 1.91 million by 2050 [ 1 ]. The global AMR landscape exhibits significant geographical disparities: prevalence growth rates are slower in high-income countries (0.3%), while accelerating in low- and middle-income nations, particularly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa [ 2 ]. Variations in resistance mechanisms also exist globally; for instance, CTX-M-14 is the predominant extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) subtype in China, contrasting with the CTX-M-15 dominance in Europe and North America [ 3 ]. Socioeconomic and climatic factors synergistically exacerbate AMR dissemination, including inadequate healthcare resources, antibiotic overuse, and environmental transmission of resistance genes [ 2 ]. China faces particularly acute AMR challenges due to its large population, high antibiotic consumption, and regional disparities in healthcare quality, resulting in persistently high resistance rates [ 4 ]. Recent 2024 data indicate a strikingly high detection rate of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales in China, substantially exceeding the global average [ 3 ]. Critically ill cardiovascular patients are especially vulnerable to resistant pathogens due to frequent infectious comorbidities. Japanese research has linked Streptococcus anginosus group carriage to a 20% increased stroke risk [ 5 ], suggesting resistant bacteria may exacerbate cardiovascular events through microbiome dysbiosis; altered gut microbiota patterns (e.g., increased Lactobacillus abundance) in coronary heart disease patients have also been associated with recurrent cardiovascular events [ 6 ]. Despite the establishment of international AMR surveillance networks [ 7 ] and China's national China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (CARSS) system, the pathogen distribution and resistance profiles within specialized cardiovascular hospitals remain insufficiently characterized at regional and specialty levels. This retrospective study analyzes clinical isolates from Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, a national pilot regional medical center, between 2018 and 2024. It aims to elucidate the unique bacterial distribution and temporal resistance trends within this high-volume cardiovascular care setting. It seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of current antimicrobial strategies and provide specialized data to optimize antibiotic stewardship, enhance infection control, support global AMR mitigation efforts, and ultimately reduce infection risk. Materials and methods Data Collection This study retrospectively analyzed clinically significant bacterial strains isolated from outpatients and inpatients at Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2024. Duplicate isolates from the same patient were excluded according to established laboratory protocols. The selected specimen types encompassed sputum, blood, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), tissue, catheter tips/specimens, and wound exudates/samples from patients. The dataset encompassed critical clinical parameters including specimen collection dates, microbial identification results, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) profiles, patient demographics (age and sex), and clinical care locations (hospital wards). Pathogen Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Antimicrobial susceptibility testing followed the latest Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines [8], supplemented by the disk diffusion method (OXOID, UK) for specific antimicrobials, and was verified with E-test strips (Zhejiang Wenzhou Kangtai Biotechnology Co., Ltd). The BD Phoenix M50 system uses dedicated susceptibility panels. Species-specific media was applied to different pathogens: Mueller–Hinton (MH) agar (Zhengzhou Antu Bioengineering Co., Ltd.) for Moraxella catarrhalis, 5% defibrinated sheep blood-supplemented MH agar for Streptococcus pneumoniae susceptibility confirmation, and Haemophilus Test Medium (HTM) for Haemophilus influenzae . Interpretive criteria followed the latest CLSI M100 guidelines [8], with the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints applied to selected antimicrobials [9]. Tigecycline and colistin susceptibility was assessed according to the Chinese Expert Consensus on Polymyxins, Tigecycline and Ceftazidime/Avibactam Susceptibility Testing [10]. Quality control strains included E . coli ATCC 25922 and ATCC 35218, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, S . aureus ATCC 25923 and ATCC 29213, S . pneumoniae ATCC 49619, and H . influenzae ATCC 49247, ensuring standardized testing procedures throughout the study. Statistical Analysis The data were subjected to descriptive epidemiological analysis, with numerical data processed and analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and GraphPad Prism software (version 10.0). Linear regression is used for continuous variables, while the chi-square test is applied to categorical variables, with a p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. The distribution of bacterial species and antimicrobial susceptibility data of isolated pathogens were statistically analyzed using WHONET 5.6 software. Results Isolation of Pathogenic Bacteria A total of 9,180 non-duplicate clinical isolates (excluding repeat isolates from the same patient) were obtained from specimens cultured at Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2024. The annual specimen culture volumes were 10,451 (2018), 14,639 (2019), 16,030 (2020), 15,780 (2021), 14,552 (2022), 22,335 (2023), and 21,529 (2024). Corresponding annual isolate counts were 844, 1,231, 1,311, 1,264, 1,143, 1,810, and 1,674, yielding positivity rates of 8.07%, 8.41%, 8.18%, 8.01%, 7.85%, 8.10%, and 7.78%, respectively. Among the positive isolates, Gram-negative bacteria predominated (n=6,151; 67.0%). The top five Gram-negative pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=1,102; 17.9%), Acinetobacter baumannii (n=991; 16.1%), P . aeruginosa (n=848; 13.8%), E . coli (n=654; 10.6%), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n=462; 7.5%). Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 2,139 isolates (23.3%), with the most prevalent species being S . aureus (n=389; 18.2%), S . epidermidis (n=345; 16.1%), Corynebacterium striatum (n=218; 10.2%), Enterococcus faecium (n=200; 9.3%), and S . pneumoniae (n=178; 8.3%). The ten most frequently isolated pathogens over the seven-year period were K. pneumoniae , A. baumannii , P. aeruginosa , E. coli , S. maltophilia , S. aureus , Enterobacter cloacae , S. epidermidis , Burkholderia cepacia , and H . influenzae . Detailed distribution data are presented in Table 1. Distribution Characteristics of Isolated Strains Among the 9,180 pathogenic isolates, the five most common specimen sources were sputum (n=4,615; 50.3%), whole blood (n=1,055; 11.5%), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (n=934; 10.2%), urine (n=915; 10.0%), and wound exudates/specimens (n=772; 8.4%), as illustrated in Figure 1. Significant gender disparity was observed with male predominance (n=5,814; 63.3% vs. female: n=3,366; 36.7%, χ²=648.7, p< 0.001). Age distribution demonstrated a bimodal pattern: older adults (≥60 years) constituted the largest cohort (n=4,644; 50.6%), significantly exceeding middle-aged (18–59 years: n=3,659; 39.9%; z=12.1, p< 0.001) and pediatric populations (0–17 years: n=877; 9.6%; z=35.9, p< 0.001). The elderly cohort's predominance aligns with established age-related susceptibility to healthcare-associated infections (Figure 2). Pathogens were predominantly isolated from the Adult Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (32.2%, n=2,956), General ICU (13.3%, n=1,221), Coronary Heart Disease ICU (11.5%, n=1,056), Pediatric Cardiac Center ICU (8.4%, n=771), and the Respiratory Medicine Department (6.5%, n=597). The isolation rate in the Adult Cardiac Surgery ICU was significantly higher than in all other departments (χ²=1842.7， p< 0.001) (Figure 3). Antimicrobial Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae , 2018–2024 K. pneumoniae exhibited persistently elevated resistance to β-lactams, with piperacillin (51.7–68.0%), third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime: 51.1–63.2%; ceftazidime: 36.4–53.1%), and aztreonam (43.6–56.7%) demonstrating high resistance rates throughout the study period. Carbapenem resistance remained clinically significant (meropenem: 24.1–34.7%; imipenem: 25.0–35.8%), peaking in 2023. Notably, resistance to β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations showed concerning increases: piperacillin-tazobactam rose from 34.2% to 45.4% (2023) and ampicillin-sulbactam reached 61.9% (2023). Fluoroquinolone resistance remained substantial (ciprofloxacin: 51.9–62.4%; levofloxacin: 32.1–45.9%), while trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole fluctuated markedly (32.4–53.6%). Aminoglycoside resistance patterns diverged, with gentamicin declining to 30.9% (2024) and amikacin maintaining lower resistance (15.0–26.4%). Critically, tigecycline (0.0–2.9%) and polymyxin B (0.0–4.0%) retained near-complete susceptibility. Anomalously high nitrofurantoin resistance (90.9% in 2020) warrants cautious interpretation due to potential specimen source bias. These trends underscore escalating multidrug resistance, particularly to carbapenems and β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, while affirming tigecycline and polymyxin B as reliable last-line options against this priority pathogen. Annual bacterial strain counts and resistance rates are presented in Table 2. Antimicrobial Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii , 2018–2024 A. baumannii exhibited alarmingly high and sustained resistance to nearly all antimicrobial classes throughout the study period. Critically, resistance to carbapenems (imipenem: 76.5–94.7%; meropenem: 76.5–94.7%), antipseudomonal cephalosporins (ceftazidime: 77.3–94.7%; cefepime: 77.3–95.5%), and piperacillin-tazobactam (75.8–95.5%) consistently exceeded 75%, with a pronounced peak in 2022 (resistance rates ≥94.7% for most agents). Resistance to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin: 75.8–94.7%; levofloxacin: 75.0–94.7%), aminoglycosides (gentamicin: 75.7–94.7%; amikacin: 63.2–88.6%), and ampicillin-sulbactam (74.3–95.5%) remained exceptionally high, demonstrating limited therapeutic options. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance was substantial (52.4–87.1%) but showed a decreasing trend after 2022. In stark contrast, tigecycline (0.0–2.6%) and polymyxin B (0.0–0.7%) maintained near-complete susceptibility, confirming their role as last-resort therapies. Minocycline data availability began in 2021, showing variable resistance (18.4–69.5%). These data reveal a predominance of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) A. baumannii strains, with a critical surge in resistance in 2022, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced infection control and stewardship targeting this pathogen, while highlighting the preserved efficacy of tigecycline and polymyxin B. Annual bacterial strain counts and resistance rates are presented in Table 3. Antimicrobial Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 2018–2024 P. aeruginosa exhibited generally low and declining resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents over the study period. Carbapenem resistance demonstrated a consistent downward trajectory (imipenem: 16.5–25.3%; meropenem: 9.2–19.2%), with meropenem resistance reaching 9.2% in 2022. Similarly, resistance to antipseudomonal β-lactams showed significant reductions: aztreonam resistance decreased from 26.0% to 20.0%, ceftazidime from 15.0% to 12.1%, and piperacillin-tazobactam from 12.0% to 10.7%, with several agents (ciprofloxacin, cefoperazone-sulbactam, cefepime) exhibiting resistance below 5.4% in recent years. Fluoroquinolone resistance (ciprofloxacin: 3.9–16.0%; levofloxacin: 10.7–23.0%) also declined substantially. Notably, aminoglycosides maintained exceptionally low resistance throughout, with gentamicin resistance falling to 0.0% in 2024 and amikacin resistance reaching 0.0% in multiple years (2020, 2023, 2024). Polymyxin B retained complete susceptibility (0.0% resistance across all years). These data indicate improving susceptibility profiles for P. aeruginosa , particularly to β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides, while confirming polymyxin B as a consistently effective last-line agent. Annual bacterial strain counts and resistance rates are presented in Table 4. Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli , 2018–2024 E. coli exhibited persistently high resistance to ampicillin (83.8–97.1%) and piperacillin (80.8–92.6%) throughout the study period. Resistance to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin: 57.4–73.3%; levofloxacin: 52.9–65.3%) and tetracycline (56.7–70.6%) remained substantial but relatively stable. Notably, resistance to β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations demonstrated marked declines: piperacillin-tazobactam resistance decreased from 10.3% (2018) to 4.0% (2024) (66% reduction), while ampicillin-sulbactam resistance fell from 33.8% to 22.5%. Carbapenems maintained exceptionally low resistance (imipenem: 2.0–10.7%; meropenem: 1.3–9.5%), with meropenem resistance reaching 1.3% in 2024. Similarly, resistance to later-generation cephalosporins showed improvement: cefepime resistance decreased from 60.3% to 46.4%, and ceftazidime from 26.5% to 15.9%. Critically, last-resort agents retained near-complete efficacy: tigecycline (0.0%), polymyxin B (0.0–2.8%), and amikacin (0.0–6.7%) consistently demonstrated minimal resistance. These findings highlight sustained susceptibility to carbapenems and key last-line antibiotics despite high ampicillin resistance, while underscoring the significant improvement in susceptibility to β-lactamase inhibitor combinations over the seven-year period. Annual bacterial strain counts and resistance rates are presented in Table 5. Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus , 2018–2024 S. aureus demonstrated persistently high penicillin resistance (92.3–100.0%) throughout the study period, while resistance to macrolides and lincosamides showed significant declines: erythromycin resistance decreased from 80.8% to 60.3% and clindamycin from 62.5% to 36.8%. Oxacillin resistance, indicative of methicillin resistance, substantially decreased from 59.6% (2018) to 35.3% (2024), reflecting a 41% reduction. Fluoroquinolone resistance remained relatively low (levofloxacin: 10.0–22.7%; ciprofloxacin: 11.7–21.2%) and stable. Notably, aminoglycoside resistance exhibited temporal fluctuations: tobramycin resistance spiked to 60.0% in 2021 before declining to 13.6% in 2024, whereas gentamicin resistance gradually decreased to 10.3% (2024). Critically, last-line antimicrobials maintained complete efficacy: vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid consistently demonstrated 0.0% resistance across all years, reinforcing their role as therapeutic cornerstones. These findings highlight sustained methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) burden despite declining trends, while underscoring the unwavering effectiveness of glycopeptides and oxazolidinones against both methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA phenotypes. Annual bacterial strain counts and resistance rates are presented in Table 6. Antimicrobial Resistance of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS), 2018–2024 CoNS exhibited alarmingly high and persistent resistance to penicillin (91.2–98.8%) and oxacillin (80.6–91.2%), indicative of widespread methicillin resistance. Macrolide resistance remained consistently elevated (erythromycin: 73.9–86.1%), while clindamycin resistance fluctuated moderately (33.3–48.1%). Fluoroquinolone resistance demonstrated a concerning upward trajectory, with levofloxacin increasing from 43.8% (2018) to 61.3% (2024) and ciprofloxacin peaking at 60.7% (2023). Aminoglycoside resistance varied substantially: tobramycin exhibited extreme fluctuations (50.9–95.1%) with a pronounced 2022 spike (95.1%), whereas gentamicin resistance remained relatively stable (37.6–52.0%) and amikacin maintained lower resistance (2.3–9.8%). Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance was consistently high (54.4–70.6%). Critically, vancomycin retained 0.0% resistance throughout the study period, confirming its role as the therapeutic cornerstone. However, teicoplanin showed emerging non-susceptibility (0.0–4.7%), warranting vigilance. Linezolid resistance remained minimal (0.6–4.3%). These findings highlight the predominance of multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MRCNS) phenotypes with escalating fluoroquinolone resistance, underscoring the critical importance of vancomycin for empirical and targeted therapy while monitoring glycopeptide susceptibility. Annual bacterial strain counts and resistance rates are presented in Table 7. Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus , 2018–2024 Enterococcus spp. exhibited alarmingly high and increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones, with levofloxacin resistance rising from 91.2% to 96.6% and ciprofloxacin from 78.6% to 93.5% over the study period. Penicillin resistance demonstrated substantial volatility (53.6–94.1%), while ampicillin resistance remained consistently high (55.9–88.2%). Notably, high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) decreased dramatically from 76.5% (2018) to 2.6% (2024), representing a 97% reduction. Nitrofurantoin resistance fluctuated moderately (64.7–88.9%), whereas tetracycline showed no consistent trend (27.3–74.1%). Critically, vancomycin maintained near-complete susceptibility (0.0–5.7%), though sporadic non-susceptibility emerged in 2022 (5.7%) and 2024 (4.3%). Similarly, teicoplanin resistance remained low (0.0–6.2%) with isolated elevations, while linezolid preserved 0.0% resistance throughout. These findings highlight escalating fluoroquinolone resistance compromising oral therapy options, contrasted by the striking decline in HLGR that may restore aminoglycoside synergy potential, while reaffirming glycopeptides and oxazolidinones as reliable therapeutic anchors despite emerging non-susceptibility signals requiring vigilant monitoring. Annual bacterial strain counts and resistance rates are presented in Table 8. Surveillance of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms from 2018 to 2024 Surveillance data revealed distinct temporal patterns across 11 critical resistance phenotypes: carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKPN) exhibited fluctuating resistance (25.0–35.8%) without significant linear trend (β=0.28%/year, p= 0.698, 95%CI: -1.52 to 2.08), while carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRABA) demonstrated persistently hyperendemic resistance (76.5–94.7%) peaking in 2022 and showing a non-significant upward trajectory (β=1.38%/year, p= 0.121). Carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPAE) significantly declined from 25.3% to 16.5% (β=-1.42%/year, p= 0.013, 95%CI: -2.54 to -0.30), contrasting with carbapenem-resistant E. coli (CRECO) which decreased from 5.9% to 2.0% albeit non-significantly (β=-0.63%/year, p= 0.173). MRSA resistance substantially decreased from 59.6% to 35.3% (β=-3.21%/year, p= 0.017, 95%CI: -5.78 to -0.64), whereas ESBL-producing E. coli (CTX-CRO-R-ECO) declined non-significantly from 75.0% to 53.0% (β=-3.07%/year, p= 0.056). Fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli (QNR-ECO) remained consistently high (57.4–73.3%) without temporal trend (β=1.23%/year, p= 0.478), while ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae (CTX-CRO-R-KPN) fluctuated between 51.1–63.2% ( p= 0.842). MRCNS maintained hyperendemic resistance (80.6–91.2%, β=-0.92%/year, p= 0.189). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci remained rare with E. faecalis (VREF) at 0.0% throughout, though E. faecium (VREM) showed sporadic non-susceptibility (2022:5.0%; 2024:6.5%) without significant trend (Fisher’s exact p= 0.172). Collectively, these data demonstrate divergent evolutionary trajectories, with CRPAE and MRSA exhibiting encouraging declines, CRABA representing a critical persistent threat, and emerging VREM isolates warranting vigilant monitoring despite low absolute prevalence. Detailed data are presented in Figure 4. Discussion Dynamic surveillance of clinical bacterial distribution and antimicrobial resistance constitutes a critical research domain in clinical microbiology and infection control, providing essential scientific evidence for developing precision anti-infective strategies through elucidating pathogen distribution dynamics and resistance phenotype evolution. Our study analyzing clinical isolates from Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital (2018–2024) revealed a progressive increase in specimen culture volumes, with pathogen positivity rates remaining stable (7.78–8.41%). Gram-negative bacteria consistently predominated (>65% of isolates), with K. pneumoniae , A. baumannii , and P. aeruginosa representing the top three pathogens—aligning with CARSS surveillance data [11] but contrasting with global patterns: Ugandan surveillance (2018–2021) [12] reported S. aureus and Salmonella spp. as most prevalent, while other African studies identified S. aureus , Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. as dominant [13]. Pathogen distribution exhibited specimen-specific patterns: respiratory isolates were dominated by K. pneumoniae , A. baumannii , and P. aeruginosa ; urinary tract isolates by E. coli , E. faecium , and Candida albicans ; and bloodstream isolates by S. epidermidis , S. hominis , and K. pneumoniae . Based on the antimicrobial resistance surveillance data for K. pneumoniae , A. baumannii , P. aeruginosa , and E. coli from 2018 to 2024, several critical trends and implications emerge, necessitating urgent clinical and infection control attention. The persistently high and often increasing resistance rates among K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii , particularly to carbapenems (Meropenem resistance in K. pneumoniae peaked at 34.7% in 2023; A. baumannii exceeded 94% for Imipenem/Meropenem in 2022) and broad-spectrum β-lactams/β-lactamase inhibitors, strongly suggest the endemic presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and XDR strains, likely driven by the clonal spread of carbapenemase-producing (e.g., KPC, NDM, OXA-48-like) and ESBL-producing isolates, combined with efflux pump upregulation and porin mutations [14-17]. Alarmingly, A. baumannii demonstrated near-pan-resistance (>75% for most agents) by 2022-2023, indicating severely limited therapeutic options; even traditionally reliable agents like Amikacin exhibited rising resistance (peaking at 88.6% in 2022), likely due to aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and 16S rRNA methylases [18, 19]. While P. aeruginosa generally showed lower and often decreasing resistance (e.g., Meropenem resistance declined from 19.2% to 16.4%), the rebound in Aztreonam resistance to 20.0% in 2024 warrants vigilance against AmpC derepression and metallo-β-lactamases [20]; however, agents like Polymyxin B, Amikacin, and Gentamicin remain highly effective, reflecting intact membrane permeability and target site susceptibility [21]. E. coli maintained high resistance to Ampicillin, Piperacillin, and Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin ~65-73%), consistent with widespread plasmid-mediated ESBLs (e.g., CTX-M) and qnr genes [22], but crucially retained susceptibility to carbapenems (<6% for Meropenem), Piperacillin-Tazobactam (<5.6%), and Amikacin (<6.7%), highlighting the effectiveness of stewardship in preserving these agents. The sporadic but concerning emergence of resistance to last-resort agents like Polymyxin B (rising to 4.0% in K. pneumoniae and 0.7% in A. baumannii by 2024) and Tigecycline (peaking at 2.9% in K. pneumoniae ) signals the potential spread of mcr genes or mutations in pmrAB/phoPQ and ramA regulators, posing catastrophic treatment challenges [23]. Clinically, these data mandate rigorous antimicrobial stewardship: avoiding carbapenems for suspected ESBL E. coli where Piperacillin-Tazobactam or Cefoperazone-Sulbactam remain viable (resistance <9.3%), using Amikacin or Polymyxin B judiciously for P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii MDR infections, and reserving Tigecycline/Polymyxins for confirmed XDR K. pneumoniae . Hospitals must implement enhanced infection control: strict contact precautions for carriers of MDR A. baumannii or CRE, active surveillance cultures in high-risk units, robust environmental decontamination given A. baumannii 's persistence, and real-time resistance data dissemination to guide empirical therapy. Continuous resistance monitoring and molecular epidemiology studies are essential to detect emerging resistance mechanisms early and adapt treatment protocols accordingly. Penicillin G resistance remains extremely high (>90%) in both S. aureus and CoNS, driven primarily by near-ubiquitous beta-lactamase production and the high prevalence of methicillin-resistance (evident in Oxacillin resistance: MRSA ~35-60%, MRCNS ~80-91%), mediated by altered penicillin-binding proteins (PBP2a encoded by mecA/mecC) [24]. Erythromycin and Clindamycin resistance, often linked to erm genes conferring MLSB resistance [25], shows a promising decreasing trend in S. aureus but remains high and stable in CoNS and Enterococcus . Enterococcus exhibits alarmingly high resistance to fluoroquinolones (Levofloxacin >83%, Ciprofloxacin >78%) and Penicillin G/Ampicillin, likely due to alterations in drug targets (gyrases, topoisomerases) and low-affinity PBPs, respectively [26, 27]; however, a significant and encouraging decline in High-concentration Gentamicin resistance (76.5% to 2.6%) suggests reduced prevalence of high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) mechanisms like aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes [28]. The volatile Tobramycin resistance in both Staphylococci , notably the sharp spike in CoNS (95.1% in 2022), warrants investigation into local aminoglycoside usage or potential clonal outbreaks. Critically, resistance to last-line agents Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, and Linezolid remains exceptionally low or absent in S. aureus and minimal in CoNS/ Enterococcus , though the sporadic low-level resistance to Glycopeptides in Enterococcus (Vancomycin up to 5.7%, Teicoplanin up to 4.7%) and CoNS (Teicoplanin up to 4.7%) necessitates vigilant monitoring for emerging van gene-mediated resistance [29, 30]. Consequently, clinical empiric therapy must avoid Penicillin and often Oxacillin for Staphylococci and Fluoroquinolones/Penicillin for Enterococcus ; local resistance patterns, especially for Tobramycin and Oxacillin, should guide choices. Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, and Linezolid remain reliable for documented Gram-positive infections, but their use must be strictly reserved to preserve efficacy, guided by susceptibility testing especially for Enterococcus and CoNS. This data serves as a crucial warning: the persistently high resistance to first-line agents across all pathogens and the potential emergence of resistance to last-resort drugs like Glycopeptides threaten treatment options. Aggressive infection control measures, including strict contact precautions for MRSA/MRCNS/VRE carriers, robust hand hygiene, and environmental decontamination, are essential. Furthermore, comprehensive antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are imperative to optimize antibiotic use, reduce selection pressure, curb inappropriate fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside prescribing, and monitor resistance trends continuously to guide local guidelines and prevent the spread of highly resistant clones. The findings of this study provide critical evidence for formulating targeted anti-infection strategies, optimizing antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), and enhancing infection prevention and control (IPC) in cardiovascular specialty hospitals. We propose establishing a multidimensional prevention system comprising the following key components: establishing an antimicrobial stewardship team to rigorously enforce prescribing criteria for carbapenems and glycopeptides; implementing pre-emptive isolation for patients colonized with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) combined with weekly environmental surveillance in high-risk departments; developing machine learning-based predictive models for resistance risk to guide empirical therapy; deploying rapid point-of-care molecular diagnostics to shorten time-to-diagnosis; and creating an early-warning scoring system for post-cardiovascular intervention infections. By integrating microbiological data with clinical characteristics, a closed-loop management model encompassing "rapid diagnosis – precision treatment – dynamic monitoring – timely adjustment" can be established. This integrated approach is expected to significantly improve the accuracy of empirical anti-infective therapy and effectively curb the transmission of resistant pathogens. Limitations of This Study It should be noted that our evaluation and discussion are limited to the cohort from our single institution, which may not be fully representative of broader patterns. In future studies, we intend to conduct a multicenter investigation to obtain a more comprehensive understanding. Conclusion In summary, our data demonstrate alarming antimicrobial resistance rates among major clinical isolates to first-line antibiotics. The persistent emergence of novel MDROs poses substantial therapeutic challenges for the management of infectious diseases. These findings underscore the critical need to sustain antimicrobial resistance surveillance programs, optimize antibiotic stewardship protocols, and reinforce hospital infection control measures to curb the spread and transmission of resistant pathogens. Declarations Data Sharing Statement All data used to analyze and generate the results of this study are included in this article. Acknowledgments We would like to thank the staff of the Microbiology Department of Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital for their contribution. Author Contributions Q. Wang participated in the conception, design, analysis, interpretation of the study, and wrote the draft manuscript; F.Y. Wang, B.S. Xu, and H.Z. Liu critically reviewed the report and manuscript drafts for intellectual content, and made substantive revisions; Q.S. Zhang, Y.Y. Dong, Y.l. Qiao, and T. Li reviewed the final manuscript for intellectual content and scientific integrity. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Consent for Publication All authors have read the manuscript and consent to publish. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital (approval number: 2023-LS-84). Prior to the commencement of the study, all participants were fully informed of the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the study and signed an informed consent form. Participants had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without any adverse consequences. The research adhered fully to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Funding The authors declare that they received financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the General Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (242300421291), Provincial-Ministerial Co-Construction Key Project of Henan Medical Science and Technology Research Program (SBGJ202402005), Young and Middle-aged Academic Leaders Training Program in Health System of Henan Province (HNSWJW-2022010), and Excellent Young Talents Program of Scientific and Technological Innovation in Health Care for Young Researchers in Henan Province (YXKC2022043). Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. References Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. Lancet 2024; 404(10459):1199-1226. Li W, Huang T, Liu C, Wushouer H, Yang X, Wang R, Xia H, Li X, Qiu S, Chen S et al . Changing climate and socioeconomic factors contribute to global antimicrobial resistance. Nat Med 2025; 31(6):1798-1808. ZHUO Chao XY, YU Yunsong. 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Tables Table 1 Species distribution of the clinical isolates in 2018−2024 Organism No.of strains Proportion/% K. pneumoniae 1102 12 A. baumannii 991 11 P. aeruginosa 848 9 E. coli 654 7 S. maltophilia 462 5 S. aureus 389 4 E. cloacae 351 4 S. epidermidis 345 4 B. cepacia 337 4 H. influenzae 260 3 C. albicans 249 3 C. striatum 218 2 E. faecium 200 2 S. marcescens 187 2 S. pneumoniae 178 2 C. tropicalis 149 2 S. haemolyticus 148 2 E. aerogenes 129 1 S. hominis 121 1 C. glabrata 103 1 Others 1759 19 Total 9180 100 Table 2 Resistance rates of K. pneumoniae to antimicrobial agents in 2018-2024 (%) Antimicrobial agent 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 n=120 n=177 n=186 n=147 n=114 n=217 n=155 Piperacillin 58.5 51.7 61.7 57.7 56.5 68.0 59.6 Cefoperazone 57.0 52.3 66.2 60.6 54.2 66.0 56.6 Cefuroxime 56.5 53.7 59.7 56.2 57.0 62.4 60.6 Ciprofloxacin 54.3 52.3 56.5 52.2 51.9 62.4 52.3 Cefotaxime 53.4 51.1 58.3 54.7 51.9 63.2 55.6 Ampicillin-sulbactam 50.4 48.9 56.5 48.9 49.5 61.9 44.4 Cefepime 44.9 47.1 56.0 52.6 50.9 59.3 53.6 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 44.1 37.9 53.6 35.0 32.4 44.8 45.1 Aztreonam 43.6 45.4 48.8 44.5 49.1 56.7 48.4 Tetracycline 41.9 42.5 45.8 46.0 45.4 49.5 45.4 Gentamicin 41.5 39.7 39.3 34.3 34.3 42.8 30.9 Nitrofurantoin 40.0 80.0 90.9 76.9 57.1 54.5 38.5 Levofloxacin 39.0 37.0 41.7 32.1 35.5 45.9 32.7 Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 37.6 36.8 39.9 31.4 35.2 43.8 30.7 Ceftazidime 36.4 40.8 43.5 38.0 42.6 53.1 41.8 Piperacillin-tazobactam 34.2 33.9 36.3 32.1 34.3 45.4 28.5 Cefoperazone-sulbactam 33.0 34.5 36.6 29.5 35.1 41.5 28.4 Meropenem 30.2 29.9 30.4 26.3 24.1 34.7 26.1 Imipenem 29.6 29.9 31.1 27.7 25.0 35.8 25.7 Chloramphenicol 26.5 27.0 28.6 21.1 41.2 32.4 26.3 Amikacin 25.4 24.7 25.6 20.4 18.5 26.4 15.0 Tigecycline 1.6 0.6 2.7 2.9 0.0 0.5 0.7 Polymyxin B 0.0 0.6 2.7 0.7 0.9 3.4 4.0 Table 3 Resistance rates of A. baumannii to antimicrobial agents in 2018-2024 (%) Antimicrobial agent 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 n=103 n=128 n=133 n=125 n=132 n=234 n=152 Ceftazidime 80.6 77.8 77.3 82.4 94.7 87.3 80.8 Piperacillin 80.6 79.4 75.8 83.1 95.5 88.4 79.6 Ciprofloxacin 80.6 77.8 75.8 81.6 94.7 86.8 79.6 Levofloxacin 80.6 77.0 75.0 81.6 94.7 86.4 78.9 Cefotaxime 79.6 79.4 77.3 80.8 94.7 88.1 78.8 Cefepime 79.6 79.4 77.3 85.6 95.5 86.8 78.3 Piperacillin-tazobactam 80.6 79.4 75.8 81.6 95.5 86.8 78.3 Imipenem 79.2 79.4 76.5 84.0 94.7 86.8 78.3 Meropenem 79.2 80.2 76.5 84.0 94.7 86.8 78.3 Gentamicin 82.5 81.0 76.3 83.2 94.7 86.4 75.7 Ampicillin-sulbactam 79.6 78.6 75.0 81.6 95.5 86.4 74.3 Cefoperazone-sulbactam 71.6 73.2 74.2 75.2 92.4 84.2 70.4 Amikacin 68.0 75.4 70.5 72.8 88.6 82.8 63.2 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 80.6 71.4 72.7 76.0 87.1 78.3 52.4 Minocycline / / / 69.5 51.1 18.4 43.3 Tigecycline 2.4 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 2.6 Polymyxin B 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.7 Table 4 Resistance rates of P. aeruginosa to antimicrobial agents in 2018-2024 (%) Antimicrobial agent 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 n=112 n=98 n=137 n=112 n=100 n=156 n=151 Aztreonam 26.0 21.2 20.8 20.8 11.2 16.9 20.0 Imipenem 25.3 18.8 16.8 16.2 13.3 16.2 16.5 Meropenem 19.2 14.1 12.8 10.9 9.2 12.3 16.4 Piperacillin 16.0 15.3 5.6 6.9 10.3 7.0 12.1 Ceftazidime 15.0 11.8 11.2 9.0 9.2 8.5 12.1 Levofloxacin 23.0 22.4 19.2 17.8 14.3 13.8 10.7 Piperacillin-tazobactam 12.0 14.1 4.8 7.0 9.2 5.4 10.7 Cefoperazone-sulbactam 20.0 15.6 9.0 7.5 9.1 4.5 10.0 Cefepime 14.1 14.1 7.2 10.9 12.4 5.4 10.0 Ciprofloxacin 16.0 15.3 10.4 5.0 8.2 3.9 4.3 Gentamicin 11.0 3.5 4.8 1.0 4.1 4.5 0.0 Amikacin 5.1 4.7 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Polymyxin B 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Table 5 Resistance rates of E. coli to antimicrobial agents in 2018−2024 (%) Antimicrobial agent 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 n=68 n=75 n=90 n=68 n=104 n=110 n=151 Ampicillin 97.1 92.0 92.2 83.8 89.4 87.3 86.1 Piperacillin 92.6 89.3 88.9 80.9 86.5 81.2 80.8 Tetracycline 70.6 63.5 60.0 70.1 56.7 64.7 68.9 Ciprofloxacin 57.4 68.0 73.3 63.2 67.3 68.3 64.9 Cefoperazone 77.6 73.3 70.6 61.2 64.4 70.6 64.7 Levofloxacin 52.9 65.3 62.1 57.4 64.4 63.0 58.3 Cefuroxime 72.9 66.7 59.6 58.2 61.5 66.0 56.3 Cefotaxime 75.0 66.7 58.9 57.4 58.7 61.8 53.0 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 61.8 58.7 64.4 54.4 53.8 59.8 53.0 Cefepime 60.3 62.7 45.6 50.0 50.5 50.0 46.4 Gentamicin 47.1 40.0 52.2 35.3 36.5 33.3 37.7 Aztreonam 39.7 50.7 32.2 33.8 41.3 27.5 27.8 Ampicillin-sulbactam 33.8 48.0 34.4 30.9 25.0 26.5 22.5 Chloramphenicol 15.7 37.5 20.8 32.5 17.2 29.2 21.0 Ceftazidime 26.5 41.3 21.1 22.1 21.2 14.7 15.9 Cefoperazone-sulbactam 9.8 28.0 6.7 9.0 8.7 7.3 9.3 Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 16.2 33.3 10.0 10.3 5.8 13.7 8.6 Piperacillin-tazobactam 10.3 20.0 5.6 5.9 5.8 4.9 4.0 Nitrofurantoin 6.2 4.0 7.9 4.0 11.1 1.7 2.5 Imipenem 5.9 10.7 4.4 4.4 3.8 5.9 2.0 Meropenem 5.9 9.5 4.4 2.9 3.8 3.9 1.3 Amikacin 2.9 6.7 3.3 0.0 1.9 1.0 1.3 Polymyxin B 2.8 1.3 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tigecycline 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Table 6 Resistance rates of S. aureus to antimicrobial agents in 2018-2024 (%) Antimicrobial agent 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 n=52 n=60 n=50 n=60 n=50 n=55 n=68 Penicillin G 94.2 96.7 94.0 100.0 96.0 92.3 100.0 Erythromycin 80.8 75.0 74.0 66.1 60.0 56.9 60.3 Clindamycin 62.5 50.0 44.0 39.0 40.0 37.3 36.8 Oxacillin 59.6 60.0 50.0 38.3 42.0 40.7 35.3 Tobramycin 25.0 21.7 18.4 60.0 53.8 48.0 13.6 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 13.5 13.3 18.0 18.6 16.0 25.0 13.2 Tetracycline 42.3 26.7 24.0 15.3 8.2 19.2 13.2 Levofloxacin 22.7 13.3 10.0 13.3 16.3 11.1 12.3 Ciprofloxacin 21.2 11.7 12.0 13.6 12.2 11.5 11.9 Gentamicin 21.2 20.0 16.0 16.9 10.2 17.3 10.3 Amikacin 9.6 5.0 4.0 1.9 6.0 9.6 9.0 Rifampicin 13.5 6.7 4.0 1.7 0.0 5.8 1.5 Mupirocin 1.9 1.7 4.8 2.7 4.1 0.0 0.0 Linezolid 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Vancomycin 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Teicoplanin 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Table 7 Resistance rates of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) to antimicrobial agents in 2018-2024 (%) Antimicrobial agent 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 n=57 n=79 n=103 n=93 n=95 n=161 n=155 Penicillin G 91.2 93.2 95.8 97.6 98.8 97.8 94.6 Erythromycin 78.9 86.1 81.4 73.9 76.1 81.2 81.0 Clindamycin 36.8 45.6 47.1 38.0 33.3 48.1 44.2 Oxacillin 87.7 87.3 91.2 87.1 80.4 90.3 80.6 Tobramycin 50.9 53.2 58.0 70.6 95.1 69.4 54.2 Trimethoprim /Sulfamethoxazole 69.6 54.4 65.7 56.0 65.6 70.6 56.9 Tetracycline 17.5 12.7 20.8 20.7 17.4 11.2 18.0 Levofloxacin 43.8 40.8 53.5 58.4 54.8 65.6 61.3 Ciprofloxacin 43.8 47.4 59.8 53.3 56.5 60.7 52.3 Gentamicin 48.9 45.6 52.0 39.1 37.6 45.4 41.8 Amikacin 5.3 7.6 9.8 2.3 5.4 6.5 3.9 Rifampicin 24.6 12.7 15.7 13.0 16.1 22.7 13.1 Linezolid 1.8 1.3 2.9 1.1 4.3 2.6 0.6 Vancomycin 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Teicoplanin 1.8 0.0 1.0 4.3 1.1 3.9 4.7 Table 8 Resistance rates of Enterococcus to antimicrobial agents in 2018-2024 (%) Antimicrobial agent 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 n=57 n=79 n=103 n=93 n=95 n=161 n=155 Penicillin G 91.2 93.2 95.8 97.6 98.8 97.8 94.6 Erythromycin 78.9 86.1 81.4 73.9 76.1 81.2 81.0 Clindamycin 36.8 45.6 47.1 38.0 33.3 48.1 44.2 Oxacillin 87.7 87.3 91.2 87.1 80.4 90.3 80.6 Tobramycin 50.9 53.2 58.0 70.6 95.1 69.4 54.2 Trimethoprim /Sulfamethoxazole 69.6 54.4 65.7 56.0 65.6 70.6 56.9 Tetracycline 17.5 12.7 20.8 20.7 17.4 11.2 18.0 Levofloxacin 43.8 40.8 53.5 58.4 54.8 65.6 61.3 Ciprofloxacin 43.8 47.4 59.8 53.3 56.5 60.7 52.3 Gentamicin 48.9 45.6 52.0 39.1 37.6 45.4 41.8 Amikacin 5.3 7.6 9.8 2.3 5.4 6.5 3.9 Rifampicin 24.6 12.7 15.7 13.0 16.1 22.7 13.1 Linezolid 1.8 1.3 2.9 1.1 4.3 2.6 0.6 Vancomycin 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Teicoplanin 1.8 0.0 1.0 4.3 1.1 3.9 4.7 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tao","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-08 03:08:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7322925/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7322925/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-12367-3","type":"published","date":"2025-12-15T15:57:16+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89483209,"identity":"f2737f00-eb4c-419c-a2d6-792e826e3487","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 12:15:37","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2159430,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSample source of the clinical isolates\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7322925/v1/bbf70c36847591ac6f7d98a7.png"},{"id":89483213,"identity":"6c80eb36-88f5-4fe8-87ed-d5814da07516","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 12:15:37","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":163162,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBaseline Data of Patients. (A) Gender; (B) Age\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7322925/v1/b66192fbcc7f03f5d02aec1f.png"},{"id":89483211,"identity":"73076395-77ee-46a6-9edf-e4e361947832","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 12:15:37","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2122176,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of clinical isolation bacterial departments\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7322925/v1/71a0576a31d610eaec45b2a2.png"},{"id":89483847,"identity":"ed56501d-4537-446a-a9ba-1be5d52b1fa1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 12:23:37","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1518765,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTrend of detection rate of multidrug-resistant bacteria in 2018-2024\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7322925/v1/09e306a42d81d8d1a37ca592.png"},{"id":98813854,"identity":"01401d12-4531-41f8-af8d-915f3f1dc359","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-22 16:05:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":7559229,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7322925/v1/7f36f5e1-f219-46db-a607-d3da0c80b383.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance Analysis of Clinically Isolated Bacteria at a National Regional Cardiovascular Medical Center, 2018–2024","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe escalating global crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), driven by widespread clinical antibiotic use, represents one of the most urgent public health threats. Projections from The Lancet estimate that AMR-associated infections will cause over 39\u0026nbsp;million deaths globally between 2025 and 2050, with direct AMR fatalities already reaching 1.14\u0026nbsp;million in 2021 and projected to rise to 1.91\u0026nbsp;million by 2050 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The global AMR landscape exhibits significant geographical disparities: prevalence growth rates are slower in high-income countries (0.3%), while accelerating in low- and middle-income nations, particularly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Variations in resistance mechanisms also exist globally; for instance, CTX-M-14 is the predominant extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) subtype in China, contrasting with the CTX-M-15 dominance in Europe and North America [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Socioeconomic and climatic factors synergistically exacerbate AMR dissemination, including inadequate healthcare resources, antibiotic overuse, and environmental transmission of resistance genes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. China faces particularly acute AMR challenges due to its large population, high antibiotic consumption, and regional disparities in healthcare quality, resulting in persistently high resistance rates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Recent 2024 data indicate a strikingly high detection rate of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales in China, substantially exceeding the global average [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Critically ill cardiovascular patients are especially vulnerable to resistant pathogens due to frequent infectious comorbidities. Japanese research has linked \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus anginosus\u003c/em\u003e group carriage to a 20% increased stroke risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], suggesting resistant bacteria may exacerbate cardiovascular events through microbiome dysbiosis; altered gut microbiota patterns (e.g., increased Lactobacillus abundance) in coronary heart disease patients have also been associated with recurrent cardiovascular events [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite the establishment of international AMR surveillance networks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] and China's national China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (CARSS) system, the pathogen distribution and resistance profiles within specialized cardiovascular hospitals remain insufficiently characterized at regional and specialty levels. This retrospective study analyzes clinical isolates from Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, a national pilot regional medical center, between 2018 and 2024. It aims to elucidate the unique bacterial distribution and temporal resistance trends within this high-volume cardiovascular care setting. It seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of current antimicrobial strategies and provide specialized data to optimize antibiotic stewardship, enhance infection control, support global AMR mitigation efforts, and ultimately reduce infection risk.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003ch3\u003eData Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study retrospectively analyzed clinically significant bacterial strains isolated from outpatients and inpatients at Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2024. Duplicate isolates from the same patient were excluded according to established laboratory protocols. The selected specimen types encompassed sputum, blood, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), tissue,\u0026nbsp;catheter tips/specimens, and wound exudates/samples from patients.\u0026nbsp;The dataset encompassed critical clinical parameters including specimen collection dates, microbial identification results, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) profiles, patient demographics (age and sex), and clinical care locations (hospital wards).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePathogen Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial susceptibility testing followed the latest Clinical \u0026amp; Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines\u0026nbsp;[8],\u0026nbsp;supplemented by the disk diffusion method (OXOID, UK) for specific antimicrobials, and was verified with E-test strips (Zhejiang Wenzhou Kangtai Biotechnology Co., Ltd). The BD Phoenix M50 system uses dedicated susceptibility panels. Species-specific media was applied to different pathogens: Mueller\u0026ndash;Hinton (MH) agar (Zhengzhou Antu Bioengineering Co., Ltd.) for Moraxella catarrhalis, 5% defibrinated sheep blood-supplemented MH agar for \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e susceptibility confirmation, and Haemophilus Test Medium (HTM) for \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus influenzae\u003c/em\u003e. Interpretive criteria followed the latest CLSI M100 guidelines\u0026nbsp;[8], with the European\u0026nbsp;Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints applied to selected antimicrobials\u0026nbsp;[9]. Tigecycline and colistin susceptibility was assessed according to the Chinese Expert Consensus on Polymyxins, Tigecycline and Ceftazidime/Avibactam Susceptibility Testing\u0026nbsp;[10]. Quality control strains included \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. coli\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 25922 and ATCC 35218, \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 27853, \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus faecalis\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 29212, \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. aureus\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 25923 and ATCC 29213, \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 49619, and \u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. influenzae\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 49247, ensuring standardized testing procedures throughout the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data were subjected to descriptive epidemiological analysis, with numerical data processed and analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and GraphPad Prism software (version 10.0). Linear regression is used for continuous variables, while the chi-square test is applied to categorical variables, with a\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05 considered statistically significant. The distribution of bacterial species and antimicrobial susceptibility data of isolated pathogens were statistically analyzed using WHONET 5.6 software.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch3\u003eIsolation of Pathogenic Bacteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 9,180 non-duplicate clinical isolates (excluding repeat isolates from the same patient) were obtained from specimens cultured at Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2024. The annual specimen culture volumes were 10,451 (2018), 14,639 (2019), 16,030 (2020), 15,780 (2021), 14,552 (2022), 22,335 (2023), and 21,529 (2024). Corresponding annual isolate counts were 844, 1,231, 1,311, 1,264, 1,143, 1,810, and 1,674, yielding positivity rates of 8.07%, 8.41%, 8.18%, 8.01%, 7.85%, 8.10%, and 7.78%, respectively. Among the positive isolates, Gram-negative bacteria predominated (n=6,151; 67.0%). The top five Gram-negative pathogens were \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (n=1,102; 17.9%), \u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\u003c/em\u003e (n=991; 16.1%), \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (n=848; 13.8%), \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. coli\u003c/em\u003e (n=654; 10.6%), and \u003cem\u003eStenotrophomonas maltophilia\u003c/em\u003e (n=462; 7.5%). Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 2,139 isolates (23.3%), with the most prevalent species being \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (n=389; 18.2%), \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. epidermidis\u003c/em\u003e (n=345; 16.1%), \u003cem\u003eCorynebacterium striatum\u003c/em\u003e (n=218; 10.2%), \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus faecium\u003c/em\u003e (n=200; 9.3%), and \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (n=178; 8.3%). The ten most frequently isolated pathogens over the seven-year period were \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. maltophilia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter cloacae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. epidermidis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBurkholderia cepacia\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. influenzae\u003c/em\u003e. Detailed distribution data are presented in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDistribution Characteristics of Isolated Strains\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the 9,180 pathogenic isolates, the five most common specimen sources were sputum (n=4,615; 50.3%), whole blood (n=1,055; 11.5%), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (n=934; 10.2%), urine (n=915; 10.0%), and wound exudates/specimens (n=772; 8.4%), as illustrated in Figure 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSignificant gender disparity was observed with male predominance (n=5,814; 63.3% vs. female: n=3,366; 36.7%, \u0026chi;\u0026sup2;=648.7, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001). Age distribution demonstrated a bimodal pattern: older adults (\u0026ge;60 years) constituted the largest cohort (n=4,644; 50.6%), significantly exceeding middle-aged (18\u0026ndash;59 years: n=3,659; 39.9%; z=12.1, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001) and pediatric populations (0\u0026ndash;17 years: n=877; 9.6%; z=35.9, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001). The elderly cohort\u0026apos;s predominance aligns with established age-related susceptibility to healthcare-associated infections (Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePathogens were predominantly isolated from the Adult Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (32.2%, n=2,956), General ICU (13.3%, n=1,221), Coronary Heart Disease ICU (11.5%, n=1,056), Pediatric Cardiac Center ICU (8.4%, n=771), and the Respiratory Medicine Department (6.5%, n=597). The isolation rate in the Adult Cardiac Surgery ICU was significantly higher than in all other departments (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;=1842.7，\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e0.001)\u0026nbsp;(Figure 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAntimicrobial Resistance of \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, 2018\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e exhibited persistently elevated resistance to \u0026beta;-lactams, with piperacillin (51.7\u0026ndash;68.0%), third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime: 51.1\u0026ndash;63.2%; ceftazidime: 36.4\u0026ndash;53.1%), and aztreonam (43.6\u0026ndash;56.7%) demonstrating high resistance rates throughout the study period. Carbapenem resistance remained clinically significant (meropenem: 24.1\u0026ndash;34.7%; imipenem: 25.0\u0026ndash;35.8%), peaking in 2023. Notably, resistance to \u0026beta;-lactam/\u0026beta;-lactamase inhibitor combinations showed concerning increases: piperacillin-tazobactam rose from 34.2% to 45.4% (2023) and ampicillin-sulbactam reached 61.9% (2023). Fluoroquinolone resistance remained substantial (ciprofloxacin: 51.9\u0026ndash;62.4%; levofloxacin: 32.1\u0026ndash;45.9%), while trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole fluctuated markedly (32.4\u0026ndash;53.6%). Aminoglycoside resistance patterns diverged, with gentamicin declining to 30.9% (2024) and amikacin maintaining lower resistance (15.0\u0026ndash;26.4%). Critically, tigecycline (0.0\u0026ndash;2.9%) and polymyxin B (0.0\u0026ndash;4.0%) retained near-complete susceptibility. Anomalously high nitrofurantoin resistance (90.9% in 2020) warrants cautious interpretation due to potential specimen source bias. These trends underscore escalating multidrug resistance, particularly to carbapenems and \u0026beta;-lactamase inhibitor combinations, while affirming tigecycline and polymyxin B as reliable last-line options against this priority pathogen. Annual bacterial strain counts and resistance rates are presented in Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAntimicrobial Resistance of \u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\u003c/em\u003e, 2018\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e exhibited alarmingly high and sustained resistance to nearly all antimicrobial classes throughout the study period. Critically, resistance to carbapenems (imipenem: 76.5\u0026ndash;94.7%; meropenem: 76.5\u0026ndash;94.7%), antipseudomonal cephalosporins (ceftazidime: 77.3\u0026ndash;94.7%; cefepime: 77.3\u0026ndash;95.5%), and piperacillin-tazobactam (75.8\u0026ndash;95.5%) consistently exceeded 75%, with a pronounced peak in 2022 (resistance rates \u0026ge;94.7% for most agents). Resistance to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin: 75.8\u0026ndash;94.7%; levofloxacin: 75.0\u0026ndash;94.7%), aminoglycosides (gentamicin: 75.7\u0026ndash;94.7%; amikacin: 63.2\u0026ndash;88.6%), and ampicillin-sulbactam (74.3\u0026ndash;95.5%) remained exceptionally high, demonstrating limited therapeutic options. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance was substantial (52.4\u0026ndash;87.1%) but showed a decreasing trend after 2022. In stark contrast, tigecycline (0.0\u0026ndash;2.6%) and polymyxin B (0.0\u0026ndash;0.7%) maintained near-complete susceptibility, confirming their role as last-resort therapies. Minocycline data availability began in 2021, showing variable resistance (18.4\u0026ndash;69.5%). These data reveal a predominance of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) \u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e strains, with a critical surge in resistance in 2022, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced infection control and stewardship targeting this pathogen, while highlighting the preserved efficacy of tigecycline and polymyxin B. Annual bacterial strain counts and resistance rates are presented in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAntimicrobial Resistance of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, 2018\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e exhibited generally low and declining resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents over the study period. Carbapenem resistance demonstrated a consistent downward trajectory (imipenem: 16.5\u0026ndash;25.3%; meropenem: 9.2\u0026ndash;19.2%), with meropenem resistance reaching 9.2% in 2022. Similarly, resistance to antipseudomonal \u0026beta;-lactams showed significant reductions: aztreonam resistance decreased from 26.0% to 20.0%, ceftazidime from 15.0% to 12.1%, and piperacillin-tazobactam from 12.0% to 10.7%, with several agents (ciprofloxacin, cefoperazone-sulbactam, cefepime) exhibiting resistance below 5.4% in recent years. Fluoroquinolone resistance (ciprofloxacin: 3.9\u0026ndash;16.0%; levofloxacin: 10.7\u0026ndash;23.0%) also declined substantially. Notably, aminoglycosides maintained exceptionally low resistance throughout, with gentamicin resistance falling to 0.0% in 2024 and amikacin resistance reaching 0.0% in multiple years (2020, 2023, 2024). Polymyxin B retained complete susceptibility (0.0% resistance across all years). These data indicate improving susceptibility profiles for \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, particularly to \u0026beta;-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides, while confirming polymyxin B as a consistently effective last-line agent. Annual bacterial strain counts and resistance rates are presented in Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAntimicrobial Resistance of\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, 2018\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e exhibited persistently high resistance to ampicillin (83.8\u0026ndash;97.1%) and piperacillin (80.8\u0026ndash;92.6%) throughout the study period. Resistance to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin: 57.4\u0026ndash;73.3%; levofloxacin: 52.9\u0026ndash;65.3%) and tetracycline (56.7\u0026ndash;70.6%) remained substantial but relatively stable. Notably, resistance to \u0026beta;-lactam/\u0026beta;-lactamase inhibitor combinations demonstrated marked declines: piperacillin-tazobactam resistance decreased from 10.3% (2018) to 4.0% (2024) (66% reduction), while ampicillin-sulbactam resistance fell from 33.8% to 22.5%. Carbapenems maintained exceptionally low resistance (imipenem: 2.0\u0026ndash;10.7%; meropenem: 1.3\u0026ndash;9.5%), with meropenem resistance reaching 1.3% in 2024. Similarly, resistance to later-generation cephalosporins showed improvement: cefepime resistance decreased from 60.3% to 46.4%, and ceftazidime from 26.5% to 15.9%. Critically, last-resort agents retained near-complete efficacy: tigecycline (0.0%), polymyxin B (0.0\u0026ndash;2.8%), and amikacin (0.0\u0026ndash;6.7%) consistently demonstrated minimal resistance. These findings highlight sustained susceptibility to carbapenems and key last-line antibiotics despite high ampicillin resistance, while underscoring the significant improvement in susceptibility to \u0026beta;-lactamase inhibitor combinations over the seven-year period. Annual bacterial strain counts and resistance rates are presented in Table 5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAntimicrobial Resistance of\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e, 2018\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated persistently high penicillin resistance (92.3\u0026ndash;100.0%) throughout the study period, while resistance to macrolides and lincosamides showed significant declines: erythromycin resistance decreased from 80.8% to 60.3% and clindamycin from 62.5% to 36.8%. Oxacillin resistance, indicative of methicillin resistance, substantially decreased from 59.6% (2018) to 35.3% (2024), reflecting a 41% reduction. Fluoroquinolone resistance remained relatively low (levofloxacin: 10.0\u0026ndash;22.7%; ciprofloxacin: 11.7\u0026ndash;21.2%) and stable. Notably, aminoglycoside resistance exhibited temporal fluctuations: tobramycin resistance spiked to 60.0% in 2021 before declining to 13.6% in 2024, whereas gentamicin resistance gradually decreased to 10.3% (2024). Critically, last-line antimicrobials maintained complete efficacy: vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid consistently demonstrated 0.0% resistance across all years, reinforcing their role as therapeutic cornerstones. These findings highlight sustained\u0026nbsp;methicillin-resistant \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (MRSA)\u0026nbsp;burden despite declining trends, while underscoring the unwavering effectiveness of glycopeptides and oxazolidinones against both methicillin-resistant \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (MSSA) and MRSA phenotypes. Annual bacterial strain counts and resistance rates are presented in Table 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAntimicrobial Resistance of Coagulase-negative\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e (CoNS), 2018\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoNS exhibited alarmingly high and persistent resistance to penicillin (91.2\u0026ndash;98.8%) and oxacillin (80.6\u0026ndash;91.2%), indicative of widespread methicillin resistance. Macrolide resistance remained consistently elevated (erythromycin: 73.9\u0026ndash;86.1%), while clindamycin resistance fluctuated moderately (33.3\u0026ndash;48.1%). Fluoroquinolone resistance demonstrated a concerning upward trajectory, with levofloxacin increasing from 43.8% (2018) to 61.3% (2024) and ciprofloxacin peaking at 60.7% (2023). Aminoglycoside resistance varied substantially: tobramycin exhibited extreme fluctuations (50.9\u0026ndash;95.1%) with a pronounced 2022 spike (95.1%), whereas gentamicin resistance remained relatively stable (37.6\u0026ndash;52.0%) and amikacin maintained lower resistance (2.3\u0026ndash;9.8%). Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance was consistently high (54.4\u0026ndash;70.6%). Critically, vancomycin retained 0.0% resistance throughout the study period, confirming its role as the therapeutic cornerstone. However, teicoplanin showed emerging non-susceptibility (0.0\u0026ndash;4.7%), warranting vigilance. Linezolid resistance remained minimal (0.6\u0026ndash;4.3%). These findings highlight the predominance of multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e (MRCNS) phenotypes with escalating fluoroquinolone resistance, underscoring the critical importance of vancomycin for empirical and targeted therapy while monitoring glycopeptide susceptibility. Annual bacterial strain counts and resistance rates are presented in Table 7.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAntimicrobial Resistance of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e, 2018\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e spp. exhibited alarmingly high and increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones, with levofloxacin resistance rising from 91.2% to 96.6% and ciprofloxacin from 78.6% to 93.5% over the study period. Penicillin resistance demonstrated substantial volatility (53.6\u0026ndash;94.1%), while ampicillin resistance remained consistently high (55.9\u0026ndash;88.2%). Notably, high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) decreased dramatically from 76.5% (2018) to 2.6% (2024), representing a 97% reduction. Nitrofurantoin resistance fluctuated moderately (64.7\u0026ndash;88.9%), whereas tetracycline showed no consistent trend (27.3\u0026ndash;74.1%). Critically, vancomycin maintained near-complete susceptibility (0.0\u0026ndash;5.7%), though sporadic non-susceptibility emerged in 2022 (5.7%) and 2024 (4.3%). Similarly, teicoplanin resistance remained low (0.0\u0026ndash;6.2%) with isolated elevations, while linezolid preserved 0.0% resistance throughout. These findings highlight escalating fluoroquinolone resistance compromising oral therapy options, contrasted by the striking decline in HLGR that may restore aminoglycoside synergy potential, while reaffirming glycopeptides and oxazolidinones as reliable therapeutic anchors despite emerging non-susceptibility signals requiring vigilant monitoring. Annual bacterial strain counts and resistance rates are presented in Table 8.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSurveillance of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms from 2018 to 2024\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurveillance data revealed distinct temporal patterns across 11 critical resistance phenotypes: carbapenem-resistant \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (CRKPN) exhibited fluctuating resistance (25.0\u0026ndash;35.8%) without significant linear trend (\u0026beta;=0.28%/year, \u003cem\u003ep=\u003c/em\u003e0.698, 95%CI: -1.52 to 2.08), while carbapenem-resistant \u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e (CRABA) demonstrated persistently hyperendemic resistance (76.5\u0026ndash;94.7%) peaking in 2022 and showing a non-significant upward trajectory (\u0026beta;=1.38%/year, \u003cem\u003ep=\u003c/em\u003e0.121). Carbapenem-resistant \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (CRPAE) significantly declined from 25.3% to 16.5% (\u0026beta;=-1.42%/year, \u003cem\u003ep=\u003c/em\u003e0.013, 95%CI: -2.54 to -0.30), contrasting with carbapenem-resistant \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e (CRECO) which decreased from 5.9% to 2.0% albeit non-significantly (\u0026beta;=-0.63%/year, \u003cem\u003ep=\u003c/em\u003e0.173). MRSA resistance substantially decreased from 59.6% to 35.3% (\u0026beta;=-3.21%/year, \u003cem\u003ep=\u003c/em\u003e0.017, 95%CI: -5.78 to -0.64), whereas ESBL-producing \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(CTX-CRO-R-ECO) declined non-significantly from 75.0% to 53.0% (\u0026beta;=-3.07%/year, \u003cem\u003ep=\u003c/em\u003e0.056). Fluoroquinolone-resistant \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e (QNR-ECO) remained consistently high (57.4\u0026ndash;73.3%) without temporal trend (\u0026beta;=1.23%/year, \u003cem\u003ep=\u003c/em\u003e0.478), while ESBL-producing \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (CTX-CRO-R-KPN) fluctuated between 51.1\u0026ndash;63.2% (\u003cem\u003ep=\u003c/em\u003e0.842). MRCNS maintained hyperendemic resistance (80.6\u0026ndash;91.2%, \u0026beta;=-0.92%/year, \u003cem\u003ep=\u003c/em\u003e0.189). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci remained rare with \u003cem\u003eE. faecalis\u003c/em\u003e (VREF) at 0.0% throughout, though \u003cem\u003eE. faecium\u003c/em\u003e (VREM) showed sporadic non-susceptibility (2022:5.0%; 2024:6.5%) without significant trend (Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact \u003cem\u003ep=\u003c/em\u003e0.172). Collectively, these data demonstrate divergent evolutionary trajectories, with CRPAE and MRSA exhibiting encouraging declines, CRABA representing a critical persistent threat, and emerging VREM isolates warranting vigilant monitoring despite low absolute prevalence. Detailed data are presented in Figure 4.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDynamic surveillance of clinical bacterial distribution and antimicrobial resistance constitutes a critical research domain in clinical microbiology and infection control, providing essential scientific evidence for developing precision anti-infective strategies through elucidating pathogen distribution dynamics and resistance phenotype evolution. Our study analyzing clinical isolates from Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital (2018\u0026ndash;2024) revealed a progressive increase in specimen culture volumes, with pathogen positivity rates remaining stable (7.78\u0026ndash;8.41%). Gram-negative bacteria consistently predominated (\u0026gt;65% of isolates), with \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e representing the top three pathogens\u0026mdash;aligning with CARSS surveillance data [11] but contrasting with global patterns: Ugandan surveillance (2018\u0026ndash;2021) [12] reported \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSalmonella\u003c/em\u003e spp. as most prevalent, while other African studies identified \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella\u003c/em\u003e spp., and \u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e spp. as dominant [13]. Pathogen distribution exhibited specimen-specific patterns: respiratory isolates were dominated by \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e; urinary tract isolates by \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eE. faecium\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e; and bloodstream isolates by \u003cem\u003eS. epidermidis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. hominis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the antimicrobial resistance surveillance data for \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e from 2018 to 2024, several critical trends and implications emerge, necessitating urgent clinical and infection control attention. The persistently high and often increasing resistance rates among \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e, particularly to carbapenems (Meropenem resistance in K. pneumoniae peaked at 34.7% in 2023; A. baumannii exceeded 94% for Imipenem/Meropenem in 2022) and broad-spectrum \u0026beta;-lactams/\u0026beta;-lactamase inhibitors, strongly suggest the endemic presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and XDR strains, likely driven by the clonal spread of carbapenemase-producing (e.g., KPC, NDM, OXA-48-like) and ESBL-producing isolates, combined with efflux pump upregulation and porin mutations [14-17]. Alarmingly, \u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated near-pan-resistance (\u0026gt;75% for most agents) by 2022-2023, indicating severely limited therapeutic options; even traditionally reliable agents like Amikacin exhibited rising resistance (peaking at 88.6% in 2022), likely due to aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and 16S rRNA methylases [18, 19]. While \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e generally showed lower and often decreasing resistance (e.g., Meropenem resistance declined from 19.2% to 16.4%), the rebound in Aztreonam resistance to 20.0% in 2024 warrants vigilance against AmpC derepression and metallo-\u0026beta;-lactamases [20]; however, agents like Polymyxin B, Amikacin, and Gentamicin remain highly effective, reflecting intact membrane permeability and target site susceptibility [21]. \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e maintained high resistance to Ampicillin, Piperacillin, and Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin ~65-73%), consistent with widespread plasmid-mediated ESBLs (e.g., CTX-M) and qnr genes [22], but crucially retained susceptibility to carbapenems (\u0026lt;6% for Meropenem), Piperacillin-Tazobactam (\u0026lt;5.6%), and Amikacin (\u0026lt;6.7%), highlighting the effectiveness of stewardship in preserving these agents. The sporadic but concerning emergence of resistance to last-resort agents like Polymyxin B (rising to 4.0% in \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e and 0.7% in \u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e by 2024) and Tigecycline (peaking at 2.9% in \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e) signals the potential spread of mcr genes or mutations in pmrAB/phoPQ and ramA regulators, posing catastrophic treatment challenges [23]. Clinically, these data mandate rigorous antimicrobial stewardship: avoiding carbapenems for suspected ESBL E. coli where Piperacillin-Tazobactam or Cefoperazone-Sulbactam remain viable (resistance \u0026lt;9.3%), using Amikacin or Polymyxin B judiciously for \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e MDR infections, and reserving Tigecycline/Polymyxins for confirmed XDR \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e. Hospitals must implement enhanced infection control: strict contact precautions for carriers of MDR \u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e or CRE, active surveillance cultures in high-risk units, robust environmental decontamination given \u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e\u0026apos;s persistence, and real-time resistance data dissemination to guide empirical therapy. Continuous resistance monitoring and molecular epidemiology studies are essential to detect emerging resistance mechanisms early and adapt treatment protocols accordingly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePenicillin G resistance remains extremely high (\u0026gt;90%) in both \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and CoNS, driven primarily by near-ubiquitous beta-lactamase production and the high prevalence of methicillin-resistance (evident in Oxacillin resistance: MRSA ~35-60%, MRCNS ~80-91%), mediated by altered penicillin-binding proteins (PBP2a encoded by mecA/mecC) [24]. Erythromycin and Clindamycin resistance, often linked to erm genes conferring MLS\u0026lt;sub\u0026gt;B\u0026lt;/sub\u0026gt; resistance [25], shows a promising decreasing trend in \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e but remains high and stable in CoNS and \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e exhibits alarmingly high resistance to fluoroquinolones (Levofloxacin \u0026gt;83%, Ciprofloxacin \u0026gt;78%) and Penicillin G/Ampicillin, likely due to alterations in drug targets (gyrases, topoisomerases) and low-affinity PBPs, respectively [26, 27]; however, a significant and encouraging decline in High-concentration Gentamicin resistance (76.5% to 2.6%) suggests reduced prevalence of high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) mechanisms like aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes [28]. The volatile Tobramycin resistance in both \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e, notably the sharp spike in CoNS (95.1% in 2022), warrants investigation into local aminoglycoside usage or potential clonal outbreaks. Critically, resistance to last-line agents Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, and Linezolid remains exceptionally low or absent in \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and minimal in CoNS/\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e, though the sporadic low-level resistance to Glycopeptides in \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e (Vancomycin up to 5.7%, Teicoplanin up to 4.7%) and CoNS (Teicoplanin up to 4.7%) necessitates vigilant monitoring for emerging van gene-mediated resistance [29, 30]. Consequently, clinical empiric therapy must avoid Penicillin and often Oxacillin for \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e and Fluoroquinolones/Penicillin for \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e; local resistance patterns, especially for Tobramycin and Oxacillin, should guide choices. Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, and Linezolid remain reliable for documented Gram-positive infections, but their use must be strictly reserved to preserve efficacy, guided by susceptibility testing especially for \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e and CoNS. This data serves as a crucial warning: the persistently high resistance to first-line agents across all pathogens and the potential emergence of resistance to last-resort drugs like Glycopeptides threaten treatment options. Aggressive infection control measures, including strict contact precautions for MRSA/MRCNS/VRE carriers, robust hand hygiene, and environmental decontamination, are essential. Furthermore, comprehensive antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are imperative to optimize antibiotic use, reduce selection pressure, curb inappropriate fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside prescribing, and monitor resistance trends continuously to guide local guidelines and prevent the spread of highly resistant clones.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study provide critical evidence for formulating targeted anti-infection strategies, optimizing antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), and enhancing infection prevention and control (IPC) in cardiovascular specialty hospitals. We propose establishing a multidimensional prevention system comprising the following key components: establishing an antimicrobial stewardship team to rigorously enforce prescribing criteria for carbapenems and glycopeptides; implementing pre-emptive isolation for patients colonized with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) combined with weekly environmental surveillance in high-risk departments; developing machine learning-based predictive models for resistance risk to guide empirical therapy; deploying rapid point-of-care molecular diagnostics to shorten time-to-diagnosis; and creating an early-warning scoring system for post-cardiovascular intervention infections. By integrating microbiological data with clinical characteristics, a closed-loop management model encompassing \u0026quot;rapid diagnosis \u0026ndash; precision treatment \u0026ndash; dynamic monitoring \u0026ndash; timely adjustment\u0026quot; can be established. This integrated approach is expected to significantly improve the accuracy of empirical anti-infective therapy and effectively curb the transmission of resistant pathogens.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLimitations of This Study\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt should be noted that our evaluation and discussion are limited to the cohort from our single institution, which may not be fully representative of broader patterns. In future studies, we intend to conduct a multicenter investigation to obtain a more comprehensive understanding.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, our data demonstrate alarming antimicrobial resistance rates among major clinical isolates to first-line antibiotics. The persistent emergence of novel MDROs poses substantial therapeutic challenges for the management of infectious diseases. These findings underscore the critical need to sustain antimicrobial resistance surveillance programs, optimize antibiotic stewardship protocols, and reinforce hospital infection control measures to curb the spread and transmission of resistant pathogens.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eData Sharing Statement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data used to analyze and generate the results of this study are included in this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank the staff of the Microbiology Department of Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital for their contribution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQ. Wang participated in the conception, design, analysis, interpretation of the study, and wrote the draft manuscript; F.Y. Wang, B.S. Xu, and H.Z. Liu critically reviewed the report and manuscript drafts for intellectual content, and made substantive revisions; Q.S. Zhang, Y.Y. Dong, Y.l. Qiao, and T. Li reviewed the final manuscript for intellectual content and scientific integrity. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read the manuscript and consent to publish.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEthics Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital (approval number: 2023-LS-84).\u0026nbsp;Prior to the commencement of the study, all participants were fully informed of the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the study and signed an informed consent form. Participants had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without any adverse consequences. The research adhered fully to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they received financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the General Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (242300421291), Provincial-Ministerial Co-Construction Key Project of Henan Medical Science and Technology Research Program (SBGJ202402005), Young and Middle-aged Academic Leaders Training Program in Health System of Henan Province (HNSWJW-2022010), and Excellent Young Talents Program of Scientific and Technological Innovation in Health Care for Young Researchers in Henan Province (YXKC2022043).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDisclosure\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGlobal burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. 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Extended-spectrum \u0026beta;-lactamases: an update on their characteristics, epidemiology and detection. JAC Antimicrob Resist\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e2021; 3(3):dlab092.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJouybari MA, Ahanjan M, Mirzaei B, Goli HR. Role of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and 16S rRNA methylase (ArmA) in resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates against aminoglycosides. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e2021; 54:e05992020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWen JT, Zhou Y, Yang L, Xu Y. Multidrug-resistant genes of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and 16S rRNA methylases in Acinetobacter baumannii strains. Genet Mol Res\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e2014; 13(2):3842-3849.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHammoudi Halat D, Ayoub Moubareck C. The Intriguing Carbapenemases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Current Status, Genetic Profile, and Global Epidemiology. Yale J Biol Med\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e2022; 95(4):507-515.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL\u0026oacute;pez-Arg\u0026uuml;ello S, Montaner M, Sayed AR, Oliver A, Bulitta JB, Moya B. Penicillin-Binding Protein 5/6 Acting as a Decoy Target in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Identified by Whole-Cell Receptor Binding and Quantitative Systems Pharmacology. Antimicrob Agents Chemother\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e2023; 67(6):e0160322.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChaudhary MK, Jadhav I, Banjara MR. Molecular detection of plasmid mediated bla(TEM), bla(CTX-M,)and bla(SHV) genes in Extended Spectrum \u0026beta;-Lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli from clinical samples. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e2023; 22(1):33.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMmatli M, Mbelle NM, Maningi NE, Osei Sekyere J. Emerging Transcriptional and Genomic Mechanisms Mediating Carbapenem and Polymyxin Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: a Systematic Review of Current Reports. mSystems\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e2020; 5(6).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLai LY, Satishkumar N, Cardozo S, Hemmadi V, Marques LB, Huang L, Filipe SR, Pinho MG, Chambers HF, Chatterjee SS. Altered PBP4 and GdpP functions synergistically mediate MRSA-like high-level, broad-spectrum \u0026beta;-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. mBio\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e2024; 15(5):e0288923.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMahfouz AA, Said HS, Elfeky SM, Shaaban MI. Inhibition of Erythromycin and Erythromycin-Induced Resistance among Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates. Antibiotics (Basel)\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e2023; 12(3).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFuzi M. The fitness connection of antibiotic resistance. Front Microbiol\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e2025; 16:1556656.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCusumano JA, Daffinee KE, Ugalde-Silva P, Peti W, Arthur M, Desbonnet C, Rice LB, LaPlante KL, Garc\u0026iacute;a-Solache M. Penicillin-Binding Proteins and Alternative Dual-Beta-Lactam Combinations for Serious Enterococcus faecalis Infections with Elevated Penicillin MICs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e2023; 67(2):e0087122.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarada S, Shibue Y, Aoki K, Ishii Y, Tateda K. Prevalence of High-Level Aminoglycoside Resistance and Genes Encoding Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzymes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolated in a University Hospital in Tokyo. Jpn J Infect Dis\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e2020; 73(6):476-480.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaini V, Mehta D, Gupta S, Kumar S, Rani P, Rana K, Rajput K, Jain D, Pal G, Aggarwal B\u003cem\u003e et al\u003c/em\u003e. Targeting Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Infections and Van Operon-Mediated Drug Resistance Using Dimeric Cholic Acid-Peptide Conjugates. J Med Chem\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e2022; 65(22):15312-15326.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi G, Walker MJ, De Oliveira DMP. Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. Microorganisms\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e2022; 11(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; Species distribution of the clinical isolates in 2018\u0026minus;2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"416\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrganism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.of strains\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProportion/%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e991\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e848\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e654\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. maltophilia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e462\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e389\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. cloacae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e351\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. epidermidis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. cepacia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. influenzae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. albicans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. striatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. faecium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. marcescens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. tropicalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. haemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. aerogenes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. hominis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. glabrata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1759\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e Resistance rates of \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e to antimicrobial agents in 2018-2024\u0026nbsp;(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"676\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial agent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiperacillin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefoperazone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefuroxime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefotaxime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmpicillin-sulbactam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefepime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAztreonam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetracycline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGentamicin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrofurantoin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin-clavulanic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCeftazidime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiperacillin-tazobactam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefoperazone-sulbactam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeropenem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImipenem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloramphenicol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmikacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTigecycline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymyxin B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; Resistance rates of \u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e to antimicrobial agents in 2018-2024\u0026nbsp;(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"660\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial agent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCeftazidime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiperacillin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefotaxime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefepime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiperacillin-tazobactam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImipenem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeropenem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGentamicin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmpicillin-sulbactam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefoperazone-sulbactam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmikacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinocycline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTigecycline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymyxin B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e Resistance rates of \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e to antimicrobial agents in 2018-2024\u0026nbsp;(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"642\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 183px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial agent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 183px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAztreonam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 183px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImipenem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 183px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeropenem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 183px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiperacillin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 183px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCeftazidime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 183px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 183px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiperacillin-tazobactam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 183px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefoperazone-sulbactam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 183px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefepime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 183px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 183px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGentamicin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 183px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmikacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 183px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymyxin B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; Resistance rates of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e to antimicrobial agents in 2018\u0026minus;2024\u0026nbsp;(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"699\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial agent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmpicillin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiperacillin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetracycline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefoperazone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefuroxime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefotaxime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefepime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGentamicin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAztreonam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmpicillin-sulbactam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloramphenicol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCeftazidime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCefoperazone-sulbactam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin-clavulanic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiperacillin-tazobactam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrofurantoin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImipenem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeropenem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmikacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymyxin B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTigecycline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; Resistance rates of \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to antimicrobial agents in 2018-2024 (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"755\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial agent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePenicillin G\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eErythromycin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClindamycin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOxacillin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTobramycin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetracycline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGentamicin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmikacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRifampicin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMupirocin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinezolid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVancomycin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeicoplanin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; Resistance rates of Coagulase-negative \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e (CoNS) to antimicrobial agents in 2018-2024 (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"754\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial agent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePenicillin G\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eErythromycin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClindamycin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOxacillin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTobramycin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrimethoprim /Sulfamethoxazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetracycline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGentamicin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmikacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRifampicin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinezolid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVancomycin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeicoplanin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; Resistance rates of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e to antimicrobial agents in 2018-2024\u0026nbsp;(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"754\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 250px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial agent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePenicillin G\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eErythromycin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClindamycin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOxacillin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTobramycin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrimethoprim /Sulfamethoxazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetracycline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGentamicin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmikacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRifampicin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinezolid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVancomycin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n 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\u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-infectious-diseases","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"infd","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Infectious Diseases](http://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/infd","title":"BMC Infectious Diseases","twitterHandle":"#bmcinfectdis","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Multidrug-resistant organism, Antimicrobial resistance surveillance, Antimicrobial stewardship","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7322925/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7322925/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to analyze the distribution and drug resistance patterns of clinically isolated bacteria at the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital) from 2018 to 2024, thereby guiding the precise selection of effective antimicrobial agents in clinical practice and providing data support for the development of individualized anti-infective treatment strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eClinical isolates from outpatients and inpatients were collected at the Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, excluding duplicate strains. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive epidemiological methods with SPSS 22.0, Prism 10.0, and WHONET 5.6 software.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver seven years, 9,180 clinical isolates were identified, with a positive detection rate of 7.78\u0026ndash;8.41%. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 67% (6,151 strains), while Gram-positive bacteria comprised 23% (2,139 strains). The top three isolated pathogens were \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e. Resistance analysis revealed high overall resistance rates among common pathogens. Carbapenem resistance rates during this period were as follows: \u003cem\u003eK. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (51.1\u0026ndash;63.2%), \u003cem\u003eA. baumannii\u003c/em\u003e (76.5\u0026ndash;94.7%), \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (13.3\u0026ndash;25.3%), and \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (2.0\u0026ndash;10.7%). Methicillin-resistant \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (MRSA) detection rates ranged from 35.3\u0026ndash;60%, while methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e (MRCNS) detection rates were 80.4\u0026ndash;91.2%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eInvestigating the distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of long-term clinical bacterial isolates in regional cardiovascular medical centers provides critical insights for establishing rational antibiotic use protocols, optimizing infection control measures, and advancing research on resistance mechanisms to facilitate precision medicine.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance Analysis of Clinically Isolated Bacteria at a National Regional Cardiovascular Medical Center, 2018–2024","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-20 12:15:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7322925/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-17T12:26:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-17T09:13:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"29040367723686387934297151804682489423","date":"2025-10-17T08:51:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-09T17:57:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"33339312894990758354092869120014461141","date":"2025-10-09T17:29:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-07T15:14:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"119740992889795525315462095543812549216","date":"2025-10-07T14:03:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-09T06:40:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"320921159771075257609856602769159535412","date":"2025-09-06T14:53:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"25464595799293711119255128735529801108","date":"2025-09-03T11:56:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-12T10:54:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-12T10:52:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-12T10:46:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-12T10:43:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Infectious Diseases","date":"2025-08-12T10:38:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-infectious-diseases","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"infd","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Infectious Diseases](http://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/infd","title":"BMC Infectious Diseases","twitterHandle":"#bmcinfectdis","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9e6125f5-5618-4569-a160-3439ec2aa7cc","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-22T15:59:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7322925","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-12367-3","journal":{"identity":"bmc-infectious-diseases","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-15 15:57:16","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 15th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-20 12:15:32","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12879-025-12367-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-12367-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7322925","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7322925","identity":"rs-7322925","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}