Inactivated African Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Induces Safe and Efficient Immune Protection Through Mucosal Immunity

Background: African swine fever (ASF) is among the most devastating viral diseases of pigs. Despite nearly a century of research, there is still no safe and effective vaccine available. The current situation is that either vaccines are safe but not effective, or they are effective but not safe. Findings: The ASF vaccine prepared using the inactivation method with ß-propiolactone provided 98.6% protection within 100 days after three intranasal immunizations, spaced 7 days apart. Conclusions: An inactivated vaccine made from complete African swine fever virus（ASFV） particles using β-propiolactone is safe and effective for controlling ASF through mucosal immunity.