White Matter Myelin Shapes Macroscale Functional Connectivity Through Integrative Communication

Abstract White matter structural connectivity constrains large-scale brain communication, yet most network models do not account for biologically meaningful differences between connections. Although axonal diameter and myelination influence neural signaling at the microscale, how these features shape systems-level functional connectivity remains unclear. Here, we test whether structural connectomes weighted by white matter microstructure give rise to distinct communication regimes that differentially predict multimodal functional connectivity. Combining quantitative MRI and advanced diffusion modeling, we constructed whole-brain networks weighted by tract caliber and multiple myelin-sensitive measures. To these, we applied routing- and diffusion-based communication models and used the resulting communication metrics to predict haemodynamic and frequency-resolved electromagnetic connectivity. Myelin-weighted networks preferentially enhanced long-range communication efficiency and redistributed spectral energy toward globally integrative topological eigenmodes. In contrast, caliber-weighted networks emphasized mesoscale organization and short-range communication. Across nested regression models controlling for geometric embedding and network topology, myelin-sensitive communication explained unique variance in functional connectivity with effects varying systematically across cortical systems and frequency bands. The strongest coupling was observed for alpha-band connectivity in association and attentional networks, consistent with a role for myelin-dependent communication delays in supporting long-range alpha synchrony. These findings demonstrate how distinct white matter microstructural features give rise to heterogeneous large-scale communication regimes: tract caliber and myelin bias communication toward locally specialized and globally integrative architectures, respectively. By integrating biologically informed connectomics with communication modeling and multimodal functional data, this work advances a mechanistic account of how white matter microstructure shapes macroscale brain dynamics. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.