Gendered Time Use and its Heterogeneities:The Role of Region, Religion and Caste

Gendered Time Use and its Heterogeneities:The Role of Region, Religion and Caste | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Gendered Time Use and its Heterogeneities:The Role of Region, Religion and Caste Aparajita Dasgupta, Ashokankur Datta This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3943909/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Is female labour force participation a good proxy for gendered time use? How do geography and the social institutions of caste and religion interact with the gendered distributionof time within Indian households? In this study, we use gender distance metrics, inspired by distance measures between vectors, to measure and document the extent to which time allocation within households is gendered. Importantly, we find that the relationship between gender distance and labour force participation is not monotonic and the linear relationship between the two is not statistically strong. Furthermore, we show that the relationship of caste, religion and region with gendered time use metrics is distinct from their relationship with employment. In contrast to popular hypotheses which suggest North Indian, Muslim,and Upper Caste households are more gender unequal, interestingly we only find robust confirmation for the hypothesis related to Islam in our regression framework. To further estimate the direct contribution of caste and religion in explaining the gendered time use gap betweengroups (as distinct from the contribution of differential distribution of covariates between groups), we supplement our regression results with Oaxaca-Blinder (1973) decomposition and Dinardo-Fortin-Lemeieux (1996) decomposition. These analyses confirm that caste and religion have complex and unexpected heterogeneous effects on the intensity of gendered timeuse. JEL Codes: J16, J21, J22, Z12, Z13 Gender Caste Religion Time Use Employment Domestic Work Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Apr, 2024 Reviews received at journal 12 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Feb, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Feb, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 12 Feb, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Feb, 2024 First submitted to journal 09 Feb, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3943909","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":272557635,"identity":"d8e0954b-f506-4e81-ac75-13b157ea6a05","order_by":0,"name":"Aparajita Dasgupta","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Ashoka University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aparajita","middleName":"","lastName":"Dasgupta","suffix":""},{"id":272557636,"identity":"5069233c-d48c-4c9e-b0f2-3feca7522cb7","order_by":1,"name":"Ashokankur Datta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shiv Nadar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ashokankur","middleName":"","lastName":"Datta","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-09 18:59:42","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3943909/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3943909/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51100349,"identity":"462f2ae2-9882-4b44-ac24-ab044d8d93cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-14 06:10:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":834359,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GenderDescriptive4.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3943909/v1_covered_245055cf-9982-4d80-96bb-2d20c59eacfe.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Gendered Time Use and its Heterogeneities:The Role of Region, Religion and Caste","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-economics-race-and-policy","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jerp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy](https://link.springer.com/journal/41996)","snPcode":"41996","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/41996/3","title":"Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Gender, Caste, Religion, Time Use, Employment, Domestic Work","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3943909/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3943909/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIs female labour force participation a good proxy for gendered time use? How do geography and the social institutions of caste and religion interact with the gendered distributionof time within Indian households? In this study, we use gender distance metrics, inspired by distance measures between vectors, to measure and document the extent to which time allocation within households is gendered. Importantly, we find that the relationship between gender distance and labour force participation is not monotonic and the linear relationship between the two is not statistically strong. Furthermore, we show that the relationship of caste, religion and region with gendered time use metrics is distinct from their relationship with employment. In contrast to popular hypotheses which suggest North Indian, Muslim,and Upper Caste households are more gender unequal, interestingly we only find robust confirmation for the hypothesis related to Islam in our regression framework. 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