Blind Code Estimation of GNSS SCER Spoofing Based on Conditional Entropy Measurement

Blind Code Estimation of GNSS SCER Spoofing Based on Conditional Entropy Measurement | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Blind Code Estimation of GNSS SCER Spoofing Based on Conditional Entropy Measurement Jie Song, Zukun Lu, Hui Zhang, Wei Xiao, Guangfu Sun This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7484575/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The SCER spoofing attack constitutes an advanced spoofing targeting non-cooperative GNSS receivers, wherein the accuracy of code estimation governs the SCER effectiveness. The employment of non-disclosed signal structure in non-cooperative GNSS terminals constrains prior knowledge pertinent to code estimation accuracy solely to relative signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Current approaches primarily rely on high-gain antennas to improve SNR and reduce bit error rate (BER), while the estimation accuracy is fundamentally constrained by practical hardware costs. This paper proposes a conditional entropy-based technique for code uncertainty measurement and estimation, eliminating antenna cost augmentation. By quantifying the impact of intra-chip SNR on polarity decision posterior probabilities, a chip-level conditional entropy model is constructed to transform code uncertainty into measurable prior knowledge for correction guidance. Following a descending conditional entropy strategy, chips within an optimal correction ratio range are reconstructed into local PRN codes. Ultimately, the optimal estimation result is identified through a comparative correlation analysis based on the local signals with both positive and negative polarities. Simulations with GPS L1 P(Y) signal and practical experiments with GPS L1 C/A signal demonstrate that the proposed method demonstrated maximum reductions in BER of 10.2\% and 8.8\%, respectively. SCER spoofing attack Non-cooperative GNSS terminal Code Estimation Uncertainty Measurement Correction Priority Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7484575","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":547920980,"identity":"3558b634-dbe3-4aee-b6d3-226858ba0073","order_by":0,"name":"Jie Song","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National University of Defense Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jie","middleName":"","lastName":"Song","suffix":""},{"id":547920982,"identity":"6856b517-a655-401d-8a00-18c682f6a6bf","order_by":1,"name":"Zukun 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Measurement","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"SCER spoofing attack, Non-cooperative GNSS terminal, Code Estimation, Uncertainty Measurement, 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The employment of non-disclosed signal structure in non-cooperative GNSS terminals constrains prior knowledge pertinent to code estimation accuracy solely to relative signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Current approaches primarily rely on high-gain antennas to improve SNR and reduce bit error rate (BER), while the estimation accuracy is fundamentally constrained by practical hardware costs. This paper proposes a conditional entropy-based technique for code uncertainty measurement and estimation, eliminating antenna cost augmentation. By quantifying the impact of intra-chip SNR on polarity decision posterior probabilities, a chip-level conditional entropy model is constructed to transform code uncertainty into measurable prior knowledge for correction guidance. Following a descending conditional entropy strategy, chips within an optimal correction ratio range are reconstructed into local PRN codes. Ultimately, the optimal estimation result is identified through a comparative correlation analysis based on the local signals with both positive and negative polarities. Simulations with GPS L1 P(Y) signal and practical experiments with GPS L1 C/A signal demonstrate that the proposed method demonstrated maximum reductions in BER of 10.2\\% and 8.8\\%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Blind Code Estimation of GNSS SCER Spoofing Based on Conditional Entropy Measurement","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-26 06:53:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7484575/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"77733128-59c3-4e90-80c8-b1c7e9d0251f","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-02T18:39:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-26 06:53:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7484575","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7484575","identity":"rs-7484575","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}