Pharmacological and Conservation Perspectives on Fabaceae Species: Insights from the Herbal Garden and Arboretum of Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational and Conservation Park

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India, one of the world’s most biodiverse countries, harbours nearly 47,000 plant species, of which about 3,000 are employed in traditional therapeutic practices. Among these, the family Fabaceae represents one of the largest pharmacologically significant groups of flowering plants, renowned for their rich phytochemical diversity and long-standing ethnomedicinal use. However, unsustainable harvesting, habitat degradation, and erosion of indigenous knowledge threaten the availability and survival of many species. To address these challenges, the Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational and Conservation Park (KUBECP) was established as a living repository of indigenous medicinal flora. Central to this initiative is a Ministry of AYUSH-funded Herbal Garden and a West Bengal Biodiversity Board-supported Arboretum conserving about 180 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees, including several Fabaceae taxa. The present study examines twenty-four representative Fabaceae species growing in KUBECP, synthesizing evidence on their phytochemical profiles, pharmacological activities, and conservation relevance. These taxa are particularly rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and glycosides, underpinning a wide spectrum of biological activities such as antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and gynaecological effects. Their continued use in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani further underscores their therapeutic potential. By linking phytochemical and pharmacological insights with conservation perspectives, this study emphasizes the dual role of KUBECP as both a biodiversity safeguard and a hub for education and research. It highlights how ex-situ conservation initiatives can simultaneously preserve genetic resources and promote sustainable healthcare solutions. Fabaceae pharmacological activities phytochemical constituents conservation relevance biodiversity education KUBECP Figures Figure 1 1. INTRODUCTION Humanity has an enduring relationship with plants. Aa relationship that extends far beyond sustenance to encompass healing, culture, and survival. Across civilizations, medicinal plants have remained indispensable to healthcare, with nearly 88% of the global population depending on them for primary medical needs (WHO, 2019). India, a recognized megadiverse country, with about 47,000 documented plant species (Bapat et al., 2008 ; Sharma and Thokchom, 2014 ) of which approximately 3,000 plant species have been recognized for their potential therapeutic properties and utilized in ancient traditional or folk medical systems, including traditional systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani continue to flourish (Schippmann et al., 2006 ; Sharma and Thokchom, 2014 ; Chakraborty et al., 2012), till date has almost 70% of its rural communities relying directly on plant-based therapies (Singh et al., 2023 ). A number of studies have also clearly demonstrated the sharp surge of the popularity of herbal medicine up to 65% in U.S and Europe for the treatment of liver diseases (Stickel and Schuppan, 2007 ; De Smet, 2002 ). Several novel therapeutic drugs as anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-oxidant are being discovered from various plant species. Despite the above and a global inventory of approximately 3,74,000 plant species (Christenhusz and Byng, 2016 ), fewer than 10% of the estimated 300,000–500,000 plant species have been studied for any bioactivity (Cock, 2012). Other assessments reveal that less than 20% of plant species worldwide have undergone systematic pharmacological investigation (Sen & Samanta, 2015 ) and most recent studies reveal that only about 6% have been screened for biological activity and ~ 15% for phytochemical activity (Esamskriti, 2023). Furthermore, the World Health Organization and other global estimates suggest that around 50,000 species (10–18% of vascular plants) are recognized as medicinal (Chen et al., 2016; WHO, 2019), underscoring the vast untapped potential of plant biodiversity for pharmacological exploration. This gap underscores both the untapped therapeutic potential of plants and the urgent need for planning their conservation. Alarmingly, habitat degradation, climate change, and unsustainable exploitation have placed immense pressure on plant diversity, threatening not only species survival but also the cultural and medicinal knowledge embedded within them. In recognition of these challenges, the University of Kalyani, in Nadia district of the state of West Bengal in India has established the Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational and Conservation Park (KUBECP). Two specialized components among others, viz., Spice Garden, Nuts and Seeds Garden, Underground Tuber Crops Garden, Dye Garden, etc. strengthen this initiative. The two specialized components include a Ministry of AYUSH-funded ‘Herbal Garden’ , which conserves over 82 medicinal herbs and shrubs, and a West Bengal Biodiversity Board-supported ‘Arboretum’ , which safeguards a wide array of about 70 tree species. Together, these ex-situ facilities provide an integrated framework for research, education, and conservation. Within this repository, members of the family Fabaceae occupy a major role due to their phytochemical richness, pharmacological activities, and ethnomedicinal relevance. The present investigation focuses on twenty-four representative Fabaceae species conserved at KUBECP, collating their phytoconstituent profiles, pharmacological activities, and traditional therapeutic applications, while emphasizing their broader conservation and educational value. The relevant information was collected and synthesized from peer-reviewed journals, ethnobotanical records, and authoritative phytochemistry databases. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Site The study was carried out with relevance to the KUBECP within the University of Kalyani campus, West Bengal, India. Spread over ~ 2.5 hectares, KUBECP serves as an ex-situ repository conserving over 180 medicinal and ethnobotanically important species. Two specialized components form the backbone of this facility: (i) a Ministry of AYUSH-funded Herbal Garden, housing ~ 82 species of herbs and shrubs with documented ethnomedicinal relevance, and (ii) a West Bengal Biodiversity Board-supported Arboretum, dedicated to the conservation of ~ 70 indigenous and medicinally important tree species. Together, these units provide a comprehensive representation of India’s medicinal plant diversity in a managed, educationally oriented landscape. 2.2. Selection of Plant Family and Species The Fabaceae family was selected as the focus of this investigation owing to its: Taxonomic significance : one of the largest families of flowering plants, globally distributed and well represented in Indian flora. Phytochemical richness : reported abundance of bioactive classes such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and glycosides. Pharmacological relevance : established activities including antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer, and gynaecological applications. Conservation value : several species face threats due to habitat degradation, overharvesting, and declining indigenous knowledge, thereby requiring ex-situ safeguarding. Based on ethnomedicinal records, availability within the park, and representation across growth forms (herbs, shrubs, and trees), twenty-four Fabaceae species were purposively selected from the Herbal Garden and Arboretum for detailed study (Table-1). 2.3. Documentation, Data Collection, and Data Organization For each selected species, information was compiled from: On-site surveys within KUBECP for morphological verification. Secondary literature reviews to record phytoconstituent profiles and pharmacological activities. Traditional knowledge sources for therapeutic applications. Data were organized under three categories: (i) pharmacological activities, (ii) phytochemical constituents, and (iii) conservation relevance. The compiled data are presented in Tables 1– 3 . Table – 1. Representative Fabaceae species conserved in the Herbal Garden and Arboretum of Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational & Conservation Park (KUBECP), with local and common names and reported pharmacological activities. Sl. No. Scientific Name Vernacular Name Common Name Reported Pharmacological Activities 1 Abrus precatorius L. Kunch Rosary Pea Antidiabetic, anti-microbial, expectorant 2 Abrus pulchellus Wall ex Thwaites Shwet Kunch White-flowered Rosary Pea Antidiabetic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory 3 Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Babool Gum Arabic Tree Antibacterial, antidiarrheal, astringent, antioxidant 4 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Shirish Lebbek Tree / Woman’s Tongue Antiallergic, broncho-dilator, anti-inflammatory 5 Bauhinia variegata (L.) Benth. Kanchan Orchid Tree Antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective 6 Bauhinia acuminata L. Sada Kanchan White Bauhinia Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, wound healing 7 Bauhinia tomentosa Peet Kanchan Yellow Bell Orchid Tree Antidiabetic, anti-microbial, antioxidant 8 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Palash Flame of the Forest Antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, wound healing 9 Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Salparni Tick Clover Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, nerve tonic 10 Dendrolobium triangulare (Retz.) Schindl. Bir Jarbar Triangular Bush Clover Antimicrobial, antioxidant, wound healing, digestive aid 11 Cassia javanica L. Jungle Jalebi Pink Shower Tree Laxative, antimicrobial, antioxidant 12 Cassia fistula L. Banorlathi Amaltas/ Golden Shower Tree Laxative, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial 13 Clitoria ternatea L. Aparajita Butterfly Pea/ Bluebell Vine Nootropic, anxiolytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory 14 Codariocalyx motorius (Houtt.) Ohashi Teleghora Telegraph Plant Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant 15 Mimosa pudica L. Lajjabati Touch-me-not Wound healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antidiabetic 16 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Padauk Burmese Rosewood Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial 17 Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Piasaal Indian Kino Antidiabetic, hepato-protective, antioxidant, cardioprotective 18 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Ashok Asoka Uterotonic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer 20 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Dadmardan Ringworm Bush Antifungal, laxative, antimicrobial, antioxidant 21 Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Bakphool Vegetable Hummingbird Antioxidant, hepato-protective, antimicrobial, nutritive 22 Tamarindus indica L. Tentul Tamarind Antioxidant, laxative, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective 23 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Bon Neel Wild Indigo Hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer 24 Uraria picta (Jacq.) Desv. ex DC. Sankarjata Prishnaparni Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, adaptogenic 3. Results The pharmacological potential of Fabaceae species is largely attributed to their diverse array of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides. Documenting these phytoconstituents not only provides insights into their therapeutic relevance but also establishes a scientific basis for their traditional use in Indian ethnomedicine. The major phytochemical constituents reported from the representative Fabaceae species conserved in KUBECP are summarized in Table 2 . Table 2 Major phytochemical constituents of representative Fabaceae species conserved in the Herbal Garden and Arboretum of Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational & Conservation Park (KUBECP) Plant name Part(s) used Phytoconstituents present References 1. Abrus precatorius L. Seeds, Roots Gallic acid, Glycyrrhizin, Vanillic Acid, Decahydro-isoquinoline-3 carbonitrile, Oleic Acid, 17-Octadecenoic acid, 4 Hydroxy-3-methyl acetophenone, Abrin B, Abrol, Precasine, Abrusin, Precatorin I, Hemiphloin, Isohemiphloin, Hispidulin, Homoplantaginin, and Cirsimaritin Santhosam et al., 2023 ; Das et al., 2016 ; Bhakta & Das, 2020 ; Garaniya & Bapodra, 2014 ; Ogunlakin et al. 2023 ;Lankatillake et al., 2024 2. Abrus pulchellus Wall. ex Thwaites Roots, Leaves Isoflavonoids (abrusin, abrisapogenol), Triterpenoid saponins, Flavonoids (rutin, quercetin) Lin et al., 2025 ; Soumya et al., 2010 3. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Bark, Pods, Leaves, Gum Catechin, Epigallocatechin, Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Tannins, β-sitosterol Saini et al., 2008 ;Gilani et al., 1999 4. Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Bark, Leaves, Seeds Albiziasaponins, Albiziahexoside, β-sitosterol, Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), Tannins Sharma et al., 2022 ; Tasnim et al., 2014 5. Bauhinia variegata (L.) Benth. Stem bark, Leaves, Flowers Kaempferol, Quercetin, β-sitosterol, Stigmasterol, Lupeol, Bauhiniastatins (alkaloids), Tannins Sharma et al., 2011 ;Tanika et al., 2022 ; Pandey, 2015 6. Bauhinia acuminata L. Leaves, Bark, Flowers Flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin), β-sitosterol, Lupeol, Oleanolic acid Sikdar et al., 2025 ; Dongray et al., 2016 7. Bauhinia tomentosa L. Leaves, Flowers, Bark Quercetin, Rutin, Gallic acid, Kaempferol, Stigmasterol, β-sitosterol Dugasani, et al. 2010 8. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Flowers, Bark, Seeds Butrin, Isobutrin, Butin, Butrin-7-glucoside, Coreopsin, Palasitrin, Chalcones, Flavonoids, Stigmasterol Kumari et al., 2022 ; Tiwari et al., 2019 9. Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Whole plant Chlorogenic acid, Tryptamine, Gangetin, Gangetinin, Desmocarpin, Desmodin, Hordenine, Candicine, Rutin, Quercetine, Kaempferol, Caffeic acid, Gallic acid, Salicylic acid. Govindarajan et al., 2007 ; Singh et al., 2005 ; Joshi et al., 2023 10. Dendrolobium triangulare (Retz.) Schindl. Whole plant Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), Triterpenoids, Phenolic acids, Alkaloids Baliga et al., 2012 ; Jahan et al., 2019 11. Cassia javanica L. Leaves, Bark, Flowers Anthraquinones (rhein, chryso-phanol, emodin), Kaempferol, Quercetin, Luteolin, β-sitosterol Almuhayawi et al.. 2024 12. Cassia fistula L. Pods, Leaves, Bark Rhein, Emodin, Chrysophanol, Physcion, Kaempferol, Quercetin, β-sitosterol Bhakta & Ganjewala, 2009 ; 13. Clitoria ternatea L. Flowers, Roots, Seeds Ternatins (anthocyanins), Taraxerol, Aparajitin, Clitorin, Delphinidin derivatives, Quercetin, Kaempferol Mukherjee et al., 2008 ; Kamilla et al., 2009 14. Codariocalyx motorius (Houtt.) Ohashi Leaves Flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol), Isoflavones, Phenolic acids Ghani, 2003 15. Mimosa pudica L. Whole plant Mimosine, Crocetin, Crocin, Gallic acid, Caffeic acid. Muhammad et al., 2016 ; Patel &Bhutani, 2014 16. Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Heartwood, Bark Pterostilbene, Isoflavonoids, Homopterocarpin, Liquiritigenin, β-sitosterol, Resveratrol Islam et al., 2023 17. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Heart wood, Bark Liquiritigenin, Isoliquiritigenin, Pterosupin, Epicatechin, Pterostilbene, Quinine, Marsupsin and Pterostilbene. Srivastava et al., 2016 ; Katiyar et al., 2016 ; Deshpande et al., 2024 , Manickam et al., 1997 , Ahmad et al., 2022 18. Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. Bark and Heartwood Pterocarpin, Luteolin,Taxifolin, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Beta-Sitosterol, Alpha-cedrene,Resveratrol, Curcumin Dahat et al., 2021 ; Bulle et al., 2016 ; Arunakumara et al., 2011 ; Pagadala et al., 2021 ; Akhouri et al., 2020 ; Kim et al., 2008 ; Gopinath et al., 2013 19. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Flowers, Bark, Young stem and Seeds Lyoniside, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Gallic acid, Lupeol, Naringin, Ursolic acid, Epicatechin, Procyanidin B2, Rutin, Salicylic acid, Nudiposide, and Schizandriside. Mishra & Aeri, 2016 ; Saravanan et al., 2011 ; Cibin et al., 2012 ; Bu et al., 2023 ; Sadhu et al., 2007 20. Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Leaves, flowers, bark and wood Kaempferol, Aloe emodin, Astragalin, Rhein. Lee et al., 2025 ; Eusebio-Alpapara et al., 2020 ; Atanu et al., 2022 ; Fotso et al., 2021 ; Lim, 2014 21. Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Leaves, Flowers, Seeds Sesbanimide, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Rutin, β-sitosterol, Saponins Singh, & Srivastava, 2024 ; Mokhtar et al., 2025 22. Tamarindus indica L. Leaves, Seeds and Pulps Campesterol, β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, Palmitic acid, Oleic acid, Cis-Vaccenic acid, Catechin, Epicatechin, Procyanidin B2, Procyanidin C2, Isoquercetin, Quercetin, Luteolin, Rutin, Taxifolin, Eriodictyol. Asra & Singh, 2024 ; Abdulnabi et al., 2021 , Bonin et al., 2023 23. Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Whole plant Rutin, Quercetin, Tephrosin (rotenoid), Deguelin, Lupeol, Stigmasterol Satyavati et al., 1987 ; Rao et al., 2020 24. Uraria picta (Jacq.) Desv. ex DC. Leaves, Root Rhoifolin, Octadecanoic acid, N-Capric acid Isopropyl Ester, Azukisaponin III, Gingerol, Shogaol, Mucronine B. Mohan et al., 2019 ; Mohan et al., 2020 ; Vats et al., 2024 , Acharya et al., 2021 Conservation relevance of the Fabaceae species maintained in the Herbal Garden and Arboretum of Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational & Conservation Park (KUBECP) was assessed in terms of their ecological role, present status, and potential threats, along with traditional and ethnobotanical perspectives. Such documentation not only highlights the cultural and medicinal value of these plants but also underscores the importance of ex-situ conservation in safeguarding genetic resources and reducing pressure on natural populations (Table 3 ). Table 3 Conservation relevance of representative Fabaceae species conserved in the Herbal Garden and Arboretum of Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational & Conservation Park (KUBECP) Scientific Name Conservation Relevance Ethnobotanical and Cultural Significance References Abrus precatorius L. Widely distributed; seeds highly toxic; cultivation for ex situ conservation reduces wild collection pressure. Seeds used in folk traditions (after detoxification) for beads, ornaments, and sometimes in Ayurveda for medicinal pastes; root and leaves occasionally used in Siddha medicine. Bhat et al., 2014 ; Okoh et al., 2014 ; Santhosam et al., 2013 Abrus pulchellus Wall. ex Thwaites Conservation focus due to restricted occurrence and potential over harvest. Known in Unani and folk remedies for fever and cough; also valued as an ornamental. Lin et al., 2025 ; Cissé et al., 2024 Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Widely distributed but threatened locally by overexploitation for timber, tannins, and fuelwood. Pods and bark used in Ayurveda for diarrhoea and dental care; gum used in Unani; multipurpose species for fodder, fencing, and cultural uses. Gilani et al., 1999 ; Sadiq et al., 2015 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Increasingly scarce in the wild due to timber extraction; ex- situ propagation important. Bark and seeds employed in Ayurveda and Unani for respiratory and allergic conditions; sacred avenue tree in several Indian traditions. Perveen & Anis, 2015 ; Balkrishna et al., 2022 Bauhinia variegata L. Widely planted as ornamental; ex-situ cultivation shall safeguard diversity during habitat shrinkage Flower buds consumed as vegetable; bark and roots used in Ayurveda for goitre, skin, and digestive disorders; valued as a sacred tree. Shing et al., 2019; Khare et al., 2018 Bauhinia acuminata L. Easily propagated; low conservation concern; ex situ collections preserve genetic stock. Folk medicine for wound healing and antibacterial remedies. Dongray et al., 2016 ; Sebastian & Sophy, 2020 Bauhinia tomentosa L. Habitat loss in dry forests reduces natural populations; ex situ conservation valuable. Used in folk and Ayurvedic medicine for diabetes and antioxidant therapies. Kumar et al., 2025 ; Shahana et al., 2017 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Keystone species for pollinators; sacred tree; locally reduced due to overuse for dye & timber. Strong ritual significance; flowers used for natural dyes and medicines. Burli & Khade, 2007 ; Kumari et al., 2022 Cassia fistula L. Widely cultivated and culturally protected; natural regeneration declining, requiring conservation. Fruits used as a classical laxative in Ayurveda and Siddha; the tree is ritually significant as a festival species. Bhakta & Ganjewala, 2009 ; Rathore et al., 2022 Cassia javanica L. Primarily cultivated as an ornamental and avenue tree; ex situ collections conserve germplasm. Minor medicinal use report in folk traditions; valued in sacred and landscaping contexts Almuhayawi et al., 2024 ; Singh et al., 2013 Clitoria ternatea L. Widely grown ornamental; supports pollinators and biodiversity. Flowers used as natural dye, memory enhancer, ritual offering, and Ayurvedic remedy. Suebkhampet & Sotthi-bandhu, 2012; Mukherjee et al., 2008 Codariocalyx motorius (Houtt.) H. Ohashi Uncommon; conserved mainly as a botanical curiosity and educational species. Known as the “dancing plant” for leaf movements; used in folk remedies for rheumatism and as tonic. Chidambaram et al., 2013 ; Li et al., 2020 Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Overharvested from wild populations; considered important in ex situ propagation programs. Widely used in Ayurveda as Dashamoola ingredient; applied for fever, weakness, and nervous disorders. Govindarajan et al., 2007 ; Singh et al., 2015 ; Singh et al., 2005 Dendrolobium triangulare (Retz.) Schindl. Common shrub; conservation value lies in germplasm documentation and maintenance. Folk uses for digestive disorders and wound healing. Jahan et al., 2019 ; Heider et al., 2009 Mimosa pudica L. Common but ecologically significant species for soil health; valued as a teaching specimen. Known for leaf-folding response; used in folk medicine and Ayurveda for wounds, piles, and gynaecological care. Rizwan et al., 2022 ; Muhammad et al., 2016 ; Majeed et al., 2021 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Timber species; locally threatened by logging; arboretum collections critical. Wood and bark used in folk medicine; timber culturally valued. Senthilkumar et al., 2020 ; Islam et al., 2023 Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Threatened by overharvest for timber and medicinal bark; declining natural populations. Classical antidiabetic plant in Ayurveda and Siddha; wood used as “Vijaysar” in ritual water treatment. Srivastava et al., 2016 ; Londonkar et al., 2017 ; Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. Endemic to southern India; endangered from illegal logging and habitat degradation; requires strict conservation. Valued for red sandalwood heartwood in Ayurveda, Siddha, and cultural artifacts; used as dye and ritual wood. Pagadala et al., 2021 ; Akhouri et al., 2020 ; Bulle et al., 2016 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Endangered in the wild due to overharvesting and habitat loss; high priority for ex situ conservation. Revered as a sacred tree; bark widely used in Ayurveda, Unani, and folk traditions for gynaecological disorders; strong ritual and cultural value. Saravanan et al., 2011 ; Sadhu et al., 2007 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Pioneer shrub; ex situ cultivation reduces wild harvesting pressure. Folk medicine antifungal; also used in Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. Hazni et al., 2008 ; Atanu et al., 2022 ; Lee et al., 2025 ; Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Common agroforestry tree; not threatened; multipurpose species. Flowers and leaves edible; medicinal use in Ayurveda. Deepthi et al., 2024 ; Vinothini et al., 2018 Tamarindus indica L. Culturally protected; not threatened; conserving local landraces important. Fruits widely used in diet, folk medicine, rituals, and Ayurveda. Asra & Singh, 2024 ; Naik et al., 2018 ; Abdulnabi et al., 2021 ; Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Hardy shrub; under-documented; ex situ seed banking recommended. Ayurvedic herb for liver ailments and cancer therapy. Khan et al., 2017 ; Rao et al., 2020 Uraria picta (Jacq.) Desv. ex DC. Scattered local populations; documentation and ex situ cultivation needed. Part of the classical Ayurvedic Dasha-moola; used in adaptogenic therapies. Mohan et al., 2019 ; Mohan et al., 2020 ; Acharya et al., 2021 ; The dual synthesis of pharmacological potential and conservation relevance of Fabaceae species in the KUBECP collection highlights not only their role as reservoirs of diverse bioactive compounds but also their indispensable cultural, ecological, and ethnomedicinal significance. Together, these tables emphasize how ex-situ conservation through university herbal gardens and arboreta can bridge the gap between traditional knowledge, pharmacological research, and biodiversity stewardship. Discussion The phytochemical screening of Fabaceae species conserved in the Herbal Garden and Arboretum of KUBECP reveals a remarkable diversity of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and phenolic acids. These compounds are strongly correlated with a spectrum of validated pharmacological activities such as antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Such evidence reaffirms why members of this family continue to form the backbone of Indian traditional medicine and are increasingly investigated in contemporary pharmacognosy. Alongside their pharmacological potentials, conservation challenges emerge as a critical concern. Species such as Pterocarpus santalinus , Pterocarpus marsupium , and Saraca asoca are categorized as endangered or vulnerable due to overexploitation of timber, bark, or seeds. Even widely distributed taxa like Tamarindus indica and Clitoria ternatea face threats from habitat loss and genetic erosion. The juxtaposition of therapeutic potential with conservation value demonstrates the urgency of developing integrated management approaches that balance utilization with protection. The living collections maintained at the Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational & Conservation Park function as an ex-situ conservation model. By safeguarding threatened and culturally significant taxa within a curated herbal garden and arboretum, KUBECP not only reduces pressure on wild populations but also facilitates education, germplasm preservation, and experimental research. This strategy bridges the divide between biodiversity conservation and ethnopharmacological research, ensuring that both ecological and medicinal knowledge are preserved for future generations. The ethnobotanical importance of Fabaceae species in local traditions underscores their cultural depth. For instance, Abrus precatorius holds ritualistic significance despite its toxic seeds, while Saraca asoca features prominently in festivals and folklore linked to fertility and women’s health. By documenting and conserving these plants, KUBECP reinforces the intangible cultural heritage associated with biodiversity, positioning conservation not just as a biological necessity but as a cultural imperative. The case study resonates strongly with global sustainability frameworks. Linking phytomedicine with biodiversity conservation advances SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) by promoting plant-derived therapeutics, supports SDG 15 (Life on Land) by conserving threatened species, and strengthens SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals) through its scope for community involvement, academic research, and policy support. Thus, the Fabaceae collection at KUBECP illustrates how local initiatives can meaningfully contribute to global biodiversity and health agendas. The synthesis of pharmacological and conservation dimensions offers a replicable model for other plant families and botanical gardens. Future directions include expanding phytochemical profiling with accessible laboratory techniques, prioritizing in-situ linkages with community-based conservation, and exploring sustainable bioprospecting pathways. Such an integrated framework can reinforce India’s rich ethnobotanical legacy while advancing contemporary goals of ecological resilience and drug discovery. The results confirm the deep integration of these plants in traditional Indian medical systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. However, the increasing scarcity of these species due to environmental pressures underscores the urgent need for conservation. The present study underscores the dual importance of Fabaceae species as reservoirs of bioactive phytochemicals and as culturally embedded resources under conservation threat. By systematically documenting their pharmacological potential and conservation relevance within the living collections of the Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational & Conservation Park, the work highlights how localized ex-situ efforts can address both scientific and ecological priorities. The integration of phytochemistry, traditional knowledge, and biodiversity stewardship provides a model for linking research with conservation action. Beyond contributing to drug discovery and ethnopharmacology, the KUBECP initiative aligns with national biodiversity strategies and global sustainability agendas, particularly the Sustainable Development Goals. The present study at KUBECP, thus demonstrate how university-based biodiversity parks can serve as vital interfaces between culture, science, and sustainability. Future Plans Future investigations are deemed to focus on: Comprehensive phytochemical profiling using HPLC, GC-MS, LC-MS, and NMR to identify novel compounds. Pharmacological validation through in-vitro assays and in-vivo models (rat models, followed by controlled human trials) for different diseases and disorders. Molecular docking and bioinformatics to explore signalling pathways and synergistic interactions of phytoconstituents. Conservation and sustainable use of Fabaceae medicinal species through ex-situ cultivation, community awareness, and integration into sustainable health care practices. Declarations Acknowledgement The authors express their sincere gratitude to the University of Kalyani for providing the infrastructural support, academic environment and also PRG necessary for the successful execution of this work. Furthermore, we gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, for funding the establishment of the Herbal Garden, vide Project Sanction No. Z.18017/187/CSS/HG/WB-02/2017-18-NMPB, dated-18.10.2017, the West Bengal Biodiversity Board for supporting the development of the Arboretum, vide Project Sanction No. 1321/3k(Bio)–7/2019, dated-18.12.2019, and the Department of Environment, Govt. of West Bengal for funding the upgradation of this conservation and educational facility to Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational and Conservation Park (KUBECP), vide Sanction No. ENV-29014(11)/3/2021/-PrSECY(ENV)-Dept of ENV; dated-25.10.2021 . These supportive initiatives and the handholding of the University of Kalyani have been instrumental in building up this space for conserving indigenous medicinal flora and fostering education, research, and awareness. 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Effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Bauhinia variegata Linn. on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Ind J Pharm Edu Res , 45(2), 192-198. Sharma, S., & Thokchom, R. (2014). A review on endangered medicinal plants of India and their conservation. Journal of Crop and Weed, 10 (2), 205–218. Sharma, T., Rani, C., Kumar, D., Kumar, H., & Deep, A. (2022). Phytochemical screening and traditional medicinal potential of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth: An update. TMR Modern Herb Med , 5(4), 23. Sikdar, P., Kundu, P., Aktar, M. R., Biswas, B. B., Hossain, M. S., Faruque, M., ... & Sadhu, S. K. (2025). Exploration of pharmacological potentialities of Bauhinia acuminata L. fruits by in vitro and in vivo assays supported by computational analysis. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine , 16(4), 101127. Singh, A., Tiwari, S., & Kavita, P. (2023). Sacred medicinal plants of India. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 11 (1), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.22271/flora. 2023.v11.i1a.851 Singh, N., Mishra, P. K., Kapil, A., Arya, K. R., Maurya, R., & Dube, A. (2005). Efficacy of Desmodium gangeticum extract and its fractions against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 98 (1–2), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.12.032 Singh, N., Singh, A., & Pabla, D. (2019). A review on medicinal uses of Bauhinia variegata Linn. Pharma Tutor , 7 (6), 12-17. Singh, S., & Srivastava, M. (2024). Phytochemical investigation and in-vitro antioxidant activity of Sesbania sesban and Sesbania grandiflora seeds. National Academy Science Letters , 47(1), 79-85. Singh, S., Parmar, N., & Patel, B. (2015). A review on Shalparni ( Desmodium gangeticum DC.) and Desmodium species ( D. triflorum DC. & D. laxiflorum DC.)—Ethnomedicinal perspectives. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 3 (4), 34–43. Singh, S., Singh, S. K., & Yadav, A. (2013). A review on Cassia species: Pharmacological, traditional and medicinal aspects in various countries. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics , 1 (3), 291-312. Sookying, S., Duangjai, A., Saokaew, S., & Phisalprapa, P. (2022). Botanical aspects, phytochemicals, and toxicity of Tamarindus indica leaf and a systematic review of antioxidant capacities of T. indica leaf extracts. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9 , 977015. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.977015 Soumya, K. V., Kiran, R., Ashwini, S. K., Prashith Kekuda, T. R., Raghavendra, H. L., & Vinayaka, K. S. (2010). DPPH radical scavenging and Insecticidal activity of seeds of Abrus pulchellus Wall (Fabaceae). Res Rev Biomed Biotech , 1 (1), 31-37 Srivastava, B., Sharma, H., Sharma, V. C., Verma, S. C., & Jadhav, A. D. (2016). Comparative physicochemical, phytochemical and HPTLC evaluation of heartwood and small branches of Pterocarpus marsupium . Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8 (2), 53–59. Stickel, F., & Schuppan, D. (2007). Herbal medicine in the treatment of liver diseases. Digestive and Liver Disease, 39 (4), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2006.11.004 Stickel, F., & Schuppan, D. (2007). Herbal medicine in the treatment of liver diseases. Digestive and liver disease: official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver , 39(4), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2006.11.004. Suebkhampet, A., & Sotthibandhu, P. (2012). Effect of using aqueous crude extract from butterfly pea flowers ( Clitoria ternatea L.) as a dye on animal blood smear staining. Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology , 19 (1), 15-19. Tanika, T., Vaishnavi, R. K., Shruti, S., & Rakesh, T. (2022). A review on: Bauhinia variegata and its phytoconstituents. Ayushdhara , 9(3), 94-99. Tasnim, J., Saha, A., Ahmed, S., Sultana, N., Muslim, T., & Rahman, M. A. (2014). Biological studies of the bark of Albizia Lebbeck (L.) Benth. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research , 5(11), 4969. Thoreau, H. D. (1837/1906). The journal of Henry David Thoreau (B. Torrey & F. H. Allen, Eds.). Houghton Mifflin. (Original journal entry dated 1837). Tiwari, P., Jena, S., & Sahu, P. K. (2019). Butea monosperma : phytochemistry and pharmacology. Acta Scietific Pharmaceutical Science , 3(4), 19-26. Vats, S., Kaushal, C., Timko, M. P., & Ganie, S. A. (2024). Uraria picta : A review on its ethnobotany, bioactive compounds, pharmacology and commercial relevance. South African Journal of Botany, 167 , 333–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.02.008 Vinothini, K., Devi, M. S., Sekar, S., George, B. P., Abrahamse, H., van Vuuren, B., & Pandian, A. (2018). In Vitro Plant Regeneration, Comparative Biochemical and Antioxidant Potential of Calli and Seeds of Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poiret. In Medicinal Plants (pp. 355-378). CRC Press. World Health Organization (2019). WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine 2019 . World Health Organization. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7613724","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":515173415,"identity":"46bed942-4b38-4485-9753-08593ca965e3","order_by":0,"name":"Md Samiul Alim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kalyani","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md","middleName":"Samiul","lastName":"Alim","suffix":""},{"id":515173417,"identity":"6cfb0600-4163-4bf4-beb5-11607bd7f842","order_by":1,"name":"Srijonee Choudhury","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rani Indira Debi Government Girls’ College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Srijonee","middleName":"","lastName":"Choudhury","suffix":""},{"id":515173418,"identity":"d7c1d304-6819-4c8d-b1dd-c702425a98a3","order_by":2,"name":"Adarsha Raj","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kalyani","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adarsha","middleName":"","lastName":"Raj","suffix":""},{"id":515173419,"identity":"35b9396a-7f92-400c-a25e-ca3e4993e801","order_by":3,"name":"Neera Sen 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07:45:19","extension":"xml","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":244650,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"63dbc13ff5434744800f6730b55b598d1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7613724/v1/5af25a75b5e2635fc1c995ae.xml"},{"id":93467863,"identity":"605154d0-6247-4328-a6c2-d9766d0d114e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 07:45:19","extension":"html","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":259375,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7613724/v1/8f79d1998a10760b30653bcd.html"},{"id":93467857,"identity":"a176773c-6c7c-4873-894d-cc6a0821ac32","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 07:45:19","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":710607,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRepresentative Fabaceae species planted and maintained in the Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational and Conservation Park (KUBECP), Kalyani, West Bengal, India\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7613724/v1/54287aa7db8c8896556cead9.png"},{"id":93865396,"identity":"68d8961a-c8e4-4458-b04e-f80de6b2832a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-19 08:31:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2255678,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7613724/v1/885e7d3e-83b3-4d3e-850a-4e922aef3886.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Pharmacological and Conservation Perspectives on Fabaceae Species: Insights from the Herbal Garden and Arboretum of Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational and Conservation Park","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eHumanity has an enduring relationship with plants. Aa relationship that extends far beyond sustenance to encompass healing, culture, and survival. Across civilizations, medicinal plants have remained indispensable to healthcare, with nearly 88% of the global population depending on them for primary medical needs (WHO, 2019). India, a recognized megadiverse country, with about 47,000 documented plant species (Bapat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Sharma and Thokchom, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) of which approximately 3,000 plant species have been recognized for their potential therapeutic properties and utilized in ancient traditional or folk medical systems, including traditional systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani continue to flourish (Schippmann et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Sharma and Thokchom, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Chakraborty et al., 2012), till date has almost 70% of its rural communities relying directly on plant-based therapies (Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). A number of studies have also clearly demonstrated the sharp surge of the popularity of herbal medicine up to 65% in U.S and Europe for the treatment of liver diseases (Stickel and Schuppan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; De Smet, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Several novel therapeutic drugs as anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-oxidant are being discovered from various plant species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the above and a global inventory of approximately 3,74,000 plant species (Christenhusz and Byng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), fewer than 10% of the estimated 300,000\u0026ndash;500,000 plant species have been studied for any bioactivity (Cock, 2012). Other assessments reveal that less than 20% of plant species worldwide have undergone systematic pharmacological investigation (Sen \u0026amp; Samanta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) and most recent studies reveal that only about 6% have been screened for biological activity and ~\u0026thinsp;15% for phytochemical activity (Esamskriti, 2023). Furthermore, the World Health Organization and other global estimates suggest that around 50,000 species (10\u0026ndash;18% of vascular plants) are recognized as medicinal (Chen et al., 2016; WHO, 2019), underscoring the vast untapped potential of plant biodiversity for pharmacological exploration. This gap underscores both the untapped therapeutic potential of plants and the urgent need for planning their conservation. Alarmingly, habitat degradation, climate change, and unsustainable exploitation have placed immense pressure on plant diversity, threatening not only species survival but also the cultural and medicinal knowledge embedded within them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn recognition of these challenges, the University of Kalyani, in Nadia district of the state of West Bengal in India has established the Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational and Conservation Park (KUBECP). Two specialized components among others, viz., Spice Garden, Nuts and Seeds Garden, Underground Tuber Crops Garden, Dye Garden, etc. strengthen this initiative. The two specialized components include a \u003cb\u003eMinistry of AYUSH-funded \u0026lsquo;Herbal Garden\u0026rsquo;\u003c/b\u003e, which conserves over 82 medicinal herbs and shrubs, and a \u003cb\u003eWest Bengal Biodiversity Board-supported \u0026lsquo;Arboretum\u0026rsquo;\u003c/b\u003e, which safeguards a wide array of about 70 tree species. Together, these \u003cem\u003eex-situ\u003c/em\u003e facilities provide an integrated framework for research, education, and conservation. Within this repository, members of the family \u003cem\u003eFabaceae\u003c/em\u003e occupy a major role due to their phytochemical richness, pharmacological activities, and ethnomedicinal relevance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present investigation focuses on twenty-four representative \u003cem\u003eFabaceae\u003c/em\u003e species conserved at KUBECP, collating their phytoconstituent profiles, pharmacological activities, and traditional therapeutic applications, while emphasizing their broader conservation and educational value. The relevant information was collected and synthesized from peer-reviewed journals, ethnobotanical records, and authoritative phytochemistry databases.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Study Site\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was carried out with relevance to the KUBECP within the University of Kalyani campus, West Bengal, India. Spread over ~\u0026thinsp;2.5 hectares, KUBECP serves as an \u003cem\u003eex-situ\u003c/em\u003e repository conserving over 180 medicinal and ethnobotanically important species. Two specialized components form the backbone of this facility: (i) a Ministry of AYUSH-funded Herbal Garden, housing\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;82 species of herbs and shrubs with documented ethnomedicinal relevance, and (ii) a West Bengal Biodiversity Board-supported Arboretum, dedicated to the conservation of ~\u0026thinsp;70 indigenous and medicinally important tree species. Together, these units provide a comprehensive representation of India\u0026rsquo;s medicinal plant diversity in a managed, educationally oriented landscape.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Selection of Plant Family and Species\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Fabaceae family was selected as the focus of this investigation owing to its:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTaxonomic significance\u003c/b\u003e: one of the largest families of flowering plants, globally distributed and well represented in Indian flora.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhytochemical richness\u003c/b\u003e: reported abundance of bioactive classes such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and glycosides.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePharmacological relevance\u003c/b\u003e: established activities including antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer, and gynaecological applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConservation value\u003c/b\u003e: several species face threats due to habitat degradation, overharvesting, and declining indigenous knowledge, thereby requiring \u003cem\u003eex-situ\u003c/em\u003e safeguarding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on ethnomedicinal records, availability within the park, and representation across growth forms (herbs, shrubs, and trees), twenty-four Fabaceae species were purposively selected from the Herbal Garden and Arboretum for detailed study (Table-1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Documentation, Data Collection, and Data Organization\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor each selected species, information was compiled from:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn-site surveys within KUBECP for morphological verification.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary literature reviews to record phytoconstituent profiles and pharmacological activities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraditional knowledge sources for therapeutic applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were organized under three categories: (i) pharmacological activities, (ii) phytochemical constituents, and (iii) conservation relevance. The compiled data are presented in Tables\u0026nbsp;1\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable \u0026ndash; 1. Representative Fabaceae species conserved in the Herbal Garden and Arboretum of Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational \u0026amp; Conservation Park (KUBECP), with local and common names and reported pharmacological activities.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSl. No.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScientific Name\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVernacular Name\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon Name\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReported Pharmacological Activities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAbrus precatorius\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKunch\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRosary Pea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntidiabetic, anti-microbial, expectorant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAbrus pulchellus\u003c/em\u003e Wall ex Thwaites\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShwet Kunch\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite-flowered Rosary Pea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntidiabetic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica (L.) Delile\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBabool\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGum Arabic Tree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntibacterial, antidiarrheal, astringent, antioxidant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlbizia lebbeck\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Benth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShirish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLebbek Tree / Woman\u0026rsquo;s Tongue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntiallergic, broncho-dilator, anti-inflammatory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBauhinia variegata\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Benth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKanchan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrchid Tree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBauhinia acuminata\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSada Kanchan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite Bauhinia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, wound healing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBauhinia tomentosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeet Kanchan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYellow Bell Orchid Tree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntidiabetic, anti-microbial, antioxidant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eButea monosperma\u003c/em\u003e (Lam.) Taub.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePalash\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlame of the Forest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, wound healing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDesmodium gangeticum\u003c/em\u003e (L.) DC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSalparni\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTick Clover\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntipyretic, anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, nerve tonic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDendrolobium triangulare\u003c/em\u003e (Retz.) Schindl.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBir Jarbar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTriangular Bush Clover\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial, antioxidant, wound healing, digestive aid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCassia javanica\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJungle Jalebi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePink Shower Tree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLaxative, antimicrobial, antioxidant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCassia fistula\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBanorlathi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmaltas/ Golden Shower Tree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLaxative, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClitoria ternatea\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAparajita\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eButterfly Pea/ Bluebell Vine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNootropic, anxiolytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCodariocalyx motorius\u003c/em\u003e (Houtt.) Ohashi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTeleghora\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTelegraph Plant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMimosa pudica\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLajjabati\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTouch-me-not\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWound healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antidiabetic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePterocarpus indicus\u003c/em\u003e Willd.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePadauk\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBurmese Rosewood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePterocarpus marsupium\u003c/em\u003e Roxb.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePiasaal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndian Kino\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntidiabetic, hepato-protective, antioxidant, cardioprotective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaraca asoca\u003c/em\u003e (Roxb.) Willd.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAshok\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsoka\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUterotonic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSenna alata\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Roxb.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDadmardan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRingworm Bush\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntifungal, laxative, antimicrobial, antioxidant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSesbania grandiflora\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBakphool\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVegetable Hummingbird\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntioxidant, hepato-protective, antimicrobial, nutritive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarindus indica\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTentul\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTamarind\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntioxidant, laxative, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTephrosia purpurea\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBon Neel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWild Indigo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUraria picta\u003c/em\u003e (Jacq.) Desv. ex DC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSankarjata\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrishnaparni\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, adaptogenic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe pharmacological potential of Fabaceae species is largely attributed to their diverse array of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides. Documenting these phytoconstituents not only provides insights into their therapeutic relevance but also establishes a scientific basis for their traditional use in Indian ethnomedicine. The major phytochemical constituents reported from the representative Fabaceae species conserved in KUBECP are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMajor phytochemical constituents of representative Fabaceae species conserved in the Herbal Garden and Arboretum of Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational \u0026amp; Conservation Park (KUBECP)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlant name\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart(s) used\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhytoconstituents present\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. \u003cem\u003eAbrus precatorius\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeeds, Roots\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGallic acid, Glycyrrhizin, Vanillic Acid, Decahydro-isoquinoline-3 carbonitrile, Oleic Acid, 17-Octadecenoic acid, 4 Hydroxy-3-methyl acetophenone, Abrin B, Abrol, Precasine, Abrusin, Precatorin I, Hemiphloin, Isohemiphloin, Hispidulin, Homoplantaginin, and Cirsimaritin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSanthosam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Das et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Bhakta \u0026amp; Das, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Garaniya \u0026amp; Bapodra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Ogunlakin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e;Lankatillake et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. \u003cem\u003eAbrus pulchellus\u003c/em\u003e Wall. ex Thwaites\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoots, Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIsoflavonoids (abrusin, abrisapogenol), Triterpenoid saponins, Flavonoids (rutin, quercetin)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Soumya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Delile\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBark, Pods, Leaves, Gum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCatechin, Epigallocatechin, Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Tannins, β-sitosterol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e;Gilani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. \u003cem\u003eAlbizia lebbeck\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Benth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBark, Leaves, Seeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlbiziasaponins, Albiziahexoside, β-sitosterol, Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), Tannins\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Tasnim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR115\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. \u003cem\u003eBauhinia variegata\u003c/em\u003e (L.) 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DC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhole plant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChlorogenic acid, Tryptamine, Gangetin, Gangetinin, Desmocarpin, Desmodin, Hordenine, Candicine, Rutin, Quercetine, Kaempferol, Caffeic acid, Gallic acid, Salicylic acid.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovindarajan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Joshi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10. \u003cem\u003eDendrolobium triangulare\u003c/em\u003e (Retz.) Schindl.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhole plant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), Triterpenoids, Phenolic acids, Alkaloids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBaliga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Jahan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11. \u003cem\u003eCassia javanica\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, Bark, Flowers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnthraquinones (rhein, chryso-phanol, emodin), Kaempferol, Quercetin, Luteolin, β-sitosterol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlmuhayawi et al.. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12. \u003cem\u003eCassia fistula\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePods, Leaves, Bark\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRhein, Emodin, Chrysophanol, Physcion, Kaempferol, Quercetin, β-sitosterol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBhakta \u0026amp; Ganjewala, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13. \u003cem\u003eClitoria ternatea\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowers, Roots, Seeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTernatins (anthocyanins), Taraxerol, Aparajitin, Clitorin, Delphinidin derivatives, Quercetin, Kaempferol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMukherjee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Kamilla et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14. \u003cem\u003eCodariocalyx motorius\u003c/em\u003e (Houtt.) Ohashi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol), Isoflavones, Phenolic acids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGhani, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15. \u003cem\u003eMimosa pudica\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhole plant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMimosine, Crocetin, Crocin, Gallic acid, Caffeic acid.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMuhammad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Patel \u0026amp;Bhutani, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16. \u003cem\u003ePterocarpus indicus\u003c/em\u003e Willd.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeartwood, Bark\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePterostilbene, Isoflavonoids, Homopterocarpin, Liquiritigenin, β-sitosterol, Resveratrol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIslam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17. \u003cem\u003ePterocarpus marsupium\u003c/em\u003e Roxb.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeart wood, Bark\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiquiritigenin, Isoliquiritigenin, Pterosupin, Epicatechin, Pterostilbene, Quinine, Marsupsin and Pterostilbene.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSrivastava et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Katiyar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Deshpande et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e, Manickam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e, Ahmad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18. \u003cem\u003ePterocarpus santalinus\u003c/em\u003e L.f.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBark and Heartwood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePterocarpin, Luteolin,Taxifolin, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Beta-Sitosterol, Alpha-cedrene,Resveratrol, Curcumin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDahat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Bulle et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Arunakumara et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Pagadala et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Akhouri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Kim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Gopinath et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19. \u003cem\u003eSaraca asoca\u003c/em\u003e (Roxb.) Willd.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowers, Bark, Young stem and Seeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLyoniside, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Gallic acid, Lupeol, Naringin, Ursolic acid, Epicatechin, Procyanidin B2, Rutin, Salicylic acid, Nudiposide, and Schizandriside.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMishra \u0026amp; Aeri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Saravanan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Cibin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Bu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Sadhu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20. \u003cem\u003eSenna alata\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Roxb.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, flowers, bark and wood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKaempferol, Aloe emodin, Astragalin, Rhein.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Eusebio-Alpapara et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Atanu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Fotso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Lim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21. \u003cem\u003eSesbania grandiflora\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, Flowers, Seeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSesbanimide, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Rutin, β-sitosterol, Saponins\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingh, \u0026amp; Srivastava, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Mokhtar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22. \u003cem\u003eTamarindus indica\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, Seeds and Pulps\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCampesterol, β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, Palmitic acid, Oleic acid, Cis-Vaccenic acid, Catechin, Epicatechin, Procyanidin B2, Procyanidin C2, Isoquercetin, Quercetin, Luteolin, Rutin, Taxifolin, Eriodictyol.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsra \u0026amp; Singh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Abdulnabi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, Bonin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23. \u003cem\u003eTephrosia purpurea\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhole plant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRutin, Quercetin, Tephrosin (rotenoid), Deguelin, Lupeol, Stigmasterol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatyavati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e; Rao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24. \u003cem\u003eUraria picta\u003c/em\u003e (Jacq.) Desv. ex DC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves, Root\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRhoifolin, Octadecanoic acid, N-Capric acid Isopropyl Ester, Azukisaponin III, Gingerol, Shogaol, Mucronine B.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMohan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Mohan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Vats et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR118\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e, Acharya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConservation relevance of the Fabaceae species maintained in the Herbal Garden and Arboretum of Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational \u0026amp; Conservation Park (KUBECP) was assessed in terms of their ecological role, present status, and potential threats, along with traditional and ethnobotanical perspectives. Such documentation not only highlights the cultural and medicinal value of these plants but also underscores the importance of ex-situ conservation in safeguarding genetic resources and reducing pressure on natural populations (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConservation relevance of representative Fabaceae species conserved in the Herbal Garden and Arboretum of Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational \u0026amp; Conservation Park (KUBECP)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScientific Name\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConservation Relevance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthnobotanical and Cultural Significance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAbrus precatorius\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidely distributed; seeds highly toxic; cultivation for ex situ conservation reduces wild collection pressure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeeds used in folk traditions (after detoxification) for beads, ornaments, and sometimes in Ayurveda for medicinal pastes; root and leaves occasionally used in Siddha medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBhat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Okoh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Santhosam et al., 2013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAbrus pulchellus\u003c/em\u003e Wall. ex Thwaites\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConservation focus due to restricted occurrence and potential over harvest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnown in Unani and folk remedies for fever and cough; also valued as an ornamental.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Ciss\u0026eacute; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Delile\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidely distributed but threatened locally by overexploitation for timber, tannins, and fuelwood.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePods and bark used in Ayurveda for diarrhoea and dental care; gum used in Unani; multipurpose species for fodder, fencing, and cultural uses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGilani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Sadiq et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlbizia lebbeck\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Benth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncreasingly scarce in the wild due to timber extraction; \u003cem\u003eex- situ\u003c/em\u003e propagation important.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBark and seeds employed in Ayurveda and Unani for respiratory and allergic conditions; sacred avenue tree in several Indian traditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerveen \u0026amp; Anis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Balkrishna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBauhinia variegata\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidely planted as ornamental; \u003cem\u003eex-situ\u003c/em\u003e cultivation shall safeguard diversity during habitat shrinkage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlower buds consumed as vegetable; bark and roots used in Ayurveda for goitre, skin, and digestive disorders; valued as a sacred tree.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShing et al., 2019; Khare et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBauhinia acuminata\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEasily propagated; low conservation concern; ex situ collections preserve genetic stock.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFolk medicine for wound healing and antibacterial remedies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDongray et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Sebastian \u0026amp; Sophy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBauhinia tomentosa\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHabitat loss in dry forests reduces natural populations; ex situ conservation valuable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsed in folk and Ayurvedic medicine for diabetes and antioxidant therapies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Shahana et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eButea monosperma\u003c/em\u003e (Lam.) Taub.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKeystone species for pollinators; sacred tree; locally reduced due to overuse for dye \u0026amp; timber.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrong ritual significance; flowers used for natural dyes and medicines.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBurli \u0026amp; Khade, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Kumari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCassia fistula\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidely cultivated and culturally protected; natural regeneration declining, requiring conservation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruits used as a classical laxative in Ayurveda and Siddha; the tree is ritually significant as a festival species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBhakta \u0026amp; Ganjewala, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Rathore et al., 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCassia javanica\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimarily cultivated as an ornamental and avenue tree; ex situ collections conserve germplasm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinor medicinal use report in folk traditions; valued in sacred and landscaping contexts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlmuhayawi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClitoria ternatea\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidely grown ornamental; supports pollinators and biodiversity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowers used as natural dye, memory enhancer, ritual offering, and Ayurvedic remedy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuebkhampet \u0026amp; Sotthi-bandhu, 2012; Mukherjee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCodariocalyx motorius\u003c/em\u003e (Houtt.) H. Ohashi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUncommon; conserved mainly as a botanical curiosity and educational species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnown as the \u0026ldquo;dancing plant\u0026rdquo; for leaf movements; used in folk remedies for rheumatism and as tonic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChidambaram et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDesmodium gangeticum\u003c/em\u003e (L.) DC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverharvested from wild populations; considered important in ex situ propagation programs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidely used in Ayurveda as \u003cem\u003eDashamoola\u003c/em\u003e ingredient; applied for fever, weakness, and nervous disorders.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovindarajan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDendrolobium triangulare\u003c/em\u003e (Retz.) Schindl.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon shrub; conservation value lies in germplasm documentation and maintenance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFolk uses for digestive disorders and wound healing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJahan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Heider et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMimosa pudica\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon but ecologically significant species for soil health; valued as a teaching specimen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnown for leaf-folding response; used in folk medicine and Ayurveda for wounds, piles, and gynaecological care.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRizwan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Muhammad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Majeed et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePterocarpus indicus\u003c/em\u003e Willd.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTimber species; locally threatened by logging; arboretum collections critical.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWood and bark used in folk medicine; timber culturally valued.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSenthilkumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Islam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePterocarpus marsupium\u003c/em\u003e Roxb.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThreatened by overharvest for timber and medicinal bark; declining natural populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClassical antidiabetic plant in Ayurveda and Siddha; wood used as \u0026ldquo;Vijaysar\u0026rdquo; in ritual water treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSrivastava et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Londonkar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePterocarpus santalinus\u003c/em\u003e L. f.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEndemic to southern India; endangered from illegal logging and habitat degradation; requires strict conservation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValued for red sandalwood heartwood in Ayurveda, Siddha, and cultural artifacts; used as dye and ritual wood.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePagadala et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Akhouri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Bulle et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaraca asoca\u003c/em\u003e (Roxb.) Willd.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEndangered in the wild due to overharvesting and habitat loss; high priority for ex situ conservation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRevered as a sacred tree; bark widely used in Ayurveda, Unani, and folk traditions for gynaecological disorders; strong ritual and cultural value.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaravanan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Sadhu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSenna alata\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Roxb.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePioneer shrub; ex situ cultivation reduces wild harvesting pressure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFolk medicine antifungal; also used in Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHazni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Atanu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Lee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSesbania grandiflora\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon agroforestry tree; not threatened; multipurpose species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowers and leaves edible; medicinal use in Ayurveda.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeepthi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Vinothini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR119\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarindus indica\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCulturally protected; not threatened; conserving local landraces important.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruits widely used in diet, folk medicine, rituals, and Ayurveda.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsra \u0026amp; Singh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Naik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Abdulnabi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTephrosia purpurea\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Pers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHardy shrub; under-documented; ex situ seed banking recommended.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAyurvedic herb for liver ailments and cancer therapy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKhan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Rao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUraria picta\u003c/em\u003e (Jacq.) Desv. ex DC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScattered local populations; documentation and ex situ cultivation needed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart of the classical Ayurvedic Dasha-moola; used in adaptogenic therapies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMohan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Mohan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Acharya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dual synthesis of pharmacological potential and conservation relevance of Fabaceae species in the KUBECP collection highlights not only their role as reservoirs of diverse bioactive compounds but also their indispensable cultural, ecological, and ethnomedicinal significance. Together, these tables emphasize how \u003cem\u003eex-situ\u003c/em\u003e conservation through university herbal gardens and arboreta can bridge the gap between traditional knowledge, pharmacological research, and biodiversity stewardship.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe phytochemical screening of Fabaceae species conserved in the Herbal Garden and Arboretum of KUBECP reveals a remarkable diversity of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and phenolic acids. These compounds are strongly correlated with a spectrum of validated pharmacological activities such as antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Such evidence reaffirms why members of this family continue to form the backbone of Indian traditional medicine and are increasingly investigated in contemporary pharmacognosy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlongside their pharmacological potentials, conservation challenges emerge as a critical concern. Species such as \u003cem\u003ePterocarpus santalinus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePterocarpus marsupium\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSaraca asoca\u003c/em\u003e are categorized as endangered or vulnerable due to overexploitation of timber, bark, or seeds. Even widely distributed taxa like \u003cem\u003eTamarindus indica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eClitoria ternatea\u003c/em\u003e face threats from habitat loss and genetic erosion. The juxtaposition of therapeutic potential with conservation value demonstrates the urgency of developing integrated management approaches that balance utilization with protection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe living collections maintained at the Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational \u0026amp; Conservation Park function as an \u003cem\u003eex-situ\u003c/em\u003e conservation model. By safeguarding threatened and culturally significant taxa within a curated herbal garden and arboretum, KUBECP not only reduces pressure on wild populations but also facilitates education, germplasm preservation, and experimental research. This strategy bridges the divide between biodiversity conservation and ethnopharmacological research, ensuring that both ecological and medicinal knowledge are preserved for future generations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ethnobotanical importance of Fabaceae species in local traditions underscores their cultural depth. For instance, \u003cem\u003eAbrus precatorius\u003c/em\u003e holds ritualistic significance despite its toxic seeds, while \u003cem\u003eSaraca asoca\u003c/em\u003e features prominently in festivals and folklore linked to fertility and women\u0026rsquo;s health. By documenting and conserving these plants, KUBECP reinforces the intangible cultural heritage associated with biodiversity, positioning conservation not just as a biological necessity but as a cultural imperative.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe case study resonates strongly with global sustainability frameworks. Linking phytomedicine with biodiversity conservation advances \u003cb\u003eSDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being)\u003c/b\u003e by promoting plant-derived therapeutics, supports \u003cb\u003eSDG 15 (Life on Land)\u003c/b\u003e by conserving threatened species, and strengthens \u003cb\u003eSDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals)\u003c/b\u003e through its scope for community involvement, academic research, and policy support. Thus, the Fabaceae collection at KUBECP illustrates how local initiatives can meaningfully contribute to global biodiversity and health agendas.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe synthesis of pharmacological and conservation dimensions offers a replicable model for other plant families and botanical gardens. Future directions include expanding phytochemical profiling with accessible laboratory techniques, prioritizing \u003cem\u003ein-situ\u003c/em\u003e linkages with community-based conservation, and exploring sustainable bioprospecting pathways. Such an integrated framework can reinforce India\u0026rsquo;s rich ethnobotanical legacy while advancing contemporary goals of ecological resilience and drug discovery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results confirm the deep integration of these plants in traditional Indian medical systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. However, the increasing scarcity of these species due to environmental pressures underscores the urgent need for conservation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study underscores the dual importance of Fabaceae species as reservoirs of bioactive phytochemicals and as culturally embedded resources under conservation threat. By systematically documenting their pharmacological potential and conservation relevance within the living collections of the Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational \u0026amp; Conservation Park, the work highlights how localized \u003cem\u003eex-situ\u003c/em\u003e efforts can address both scientific and ecological priorities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe integration of phytochemistry, traditional knowledge, and biodiversity stewardship provides a model for linking research with conservation action. Beyond contributing to drug discovery and ethnopharmacology, the KUBECP initiative aligns with national biodiversity strategies and global sustainability agendas, particularly the Sustainable Development Goals. The present study at KUBECP, thus demonstrate how university-based biodiversity parks can serve as vital interfaces between culture, science, and sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Future Plans","content":"\u003cp\u003eFuture investigations are deemed to focus on:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComprehensive phytochemical profiling\u003c/b\u003e using HPLC, GC-MS, LC-MS, and NMR to identify novel compounds.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePharmacological validation\u003c/b\u003e through \u003cem\u003ein-vitro\u003c/em\u003e assays and \u003cem\u003ein-vivo\u003c/em\u003e models (rat models, followed by controlled human trials) for different diseases and disorders.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMolecular docking and bioinformatics\u003c/b\u003e to explore signalling pathways and synergistic interactions of phytoconstituents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConservation and sustainable use\u003c/b\u003e of Fabaceae medicinal species through \u003cem\u003eex-situ\u003c/em\u003e cultivation, community awareness, and integration into sustainable health care practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors express their sincere gratitude to the University of Kalyani for providing the infrastructural support, academic environment and also PRG necessary for the successful execution of this work. Furthermore, we gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, for funding the establishment of the Herbal Garden, vide Project Sanction No.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eZ.18017/187/CSS/HG/WB-02/2017-18-NMPB, dated-18.10.2017,\u003c/strong\u003e the West Bengal Biodiversity Board for supporting the development of the Arboretum, vide Project Sanction No. \u003cstrong\u003e1321/3k(Bio)\u0026ndash;7/2019, dated-18.12.2019,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand the Department of Environment, Govt. of West Bengal for funding the upgradation of this conservation and educational facility to Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational and Conservation Park (KUBECP), vide Sanction No. \u003cstrong\u003eENV-29014(11)/3/2021/-PrSECY(ENV)-Dept of ENV; dated-25.10.2021\u003c/strong\u003e. These supportive initiatives and the handholding of the University of Kalyani have been instrumental in building up this space for conserving indigenous medicinal flora and fostering education, research, and awareness. We also extend our thanks to the research scholars, and students whose enthusiasm and contributions have enriched this endeavour.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdulnabi, M. A., Saghir, S. A., \u0026amp; Al-Sabahi, J. N. (2021). Phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of \u003cem\u003eTamarindus indica\u003c/em\u003e: An updated review. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 10\u003c/em\u003e(5), 135\u0026ndash;143.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcharya, S. K., Hedda, G. V., Kankariya, A. J., \u0026amp; Tamhane, V. A. (2021). 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(2024). \u003cem\u003eUraria picta\u003c/em\u003e: A review on its ethnobotany, bioactive compounds, pharmacology and commercial relevance. \u003cem\u003eSouth African Journal of Botany, 167\u003c/em\u003e, 333\u0026ndash;354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.02.008\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVinothini, K., Devi, M. S., Sekar, S., George, B. P., Abrahamse, H., van Vuuren, B., \u0026amp; Pandian, A. (2018). In Vitro Plant Regeneration, Comparative Biochemical and Antioxidant Potential of Calli and Seeds of \u003cem\u003eSesbania grandiflora\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Poiret. In \u003cem\u003eMedicinal Plants\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 355-378). CRC Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization (2019). \u003cem\u003eWHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine 2019\u003c/em\u003e. World Health Organization.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Fabaceae, pharmacological activities, phytochemical constituents, conservation relevance, biodiversity education, KUBECP","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7613724/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7613724/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMedicinal plants continue to play an indispensable role in global healthcare systems, particularly within traditional and alternative medicine. India, one of the world\u0026rsquo;s most biodiverse countries, harbours nearly 47,000 plant species, of which about 3,000 are employed in traditional therapeutic practices. Among these, the family \u003cem\u003eFabaceae\u003c/em\u003e represents one of the largest pharmacologically significant groups of flowering plants, renowned for their rich phytochemical diversity and long-standing ethnomedicinal use. However, unsustainable harvesting, habitat degradation, and erosion of indigenous knowledge threaten the availability and survival of many species. To address these challenges, the Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational and Conservation Park (KUBECP) was established as a living repository of indigenous medicinal flora. Central to this initiative is a Ministry of AYUSH-funded Herbal Garden and a West Bengal Biodiversity Board-supported Arboretum conserving about 180 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees, including several \u003cem\u003eFabaceae\u003c/em\u003e taxa. The present study examines twenty-four representative \u003cem\u003eFabaceae\u003c/em\u003e species growing in KUBECP, synthesizing evidence on their phytochemical profiles, pharmacological activities, and conservation relevance. These taxa are particularly rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and glycosides, underpinning a wide spectrum of biological activities such as antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and gynaecological effects. Their continued use in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani further underscores their therapeutic potential. By linking phytochemical and pharmacological insights with conservation perspectives, this study emphasizes the dual role of KUBECP as both a biodiversity safeguard and a hub for education and research. It highlights how \u003cem\u003eex-situ\u003c/em\u003e conservation initiatives can simultaneously preserve genetic resources and promote sustainable healthcare solutions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Pharmacological and Conservation Perspectives on Fabaceae Species: Insights from the Herbal Garden and Arboretum of Kalyani University Biodiversity Educational and Conservation Park","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-14 07:45:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7613724/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"91d63dea-4ea7-4491-a42e-ef6217f8d00a","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-19T08:23:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-14 07:45:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7613724","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7613724","identity":"rs-7613724","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}