Whole-genome sequencing, trajectory tracking, and field investigation reveal origin and long-distance migration routes of wheat stripe rust in China

Whole-genome sequencing, trajectory tracking, and field investigation reveal origin and long-distance migration routes of wheat stripe rust in China | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Whole-genome sequencing, trajectory tracking, and field investigation reveal origin and long-distance migration routes of wheat stripe rust in China Yuxiang Li, Jichen Dai, Taixue Zhang, Baotong Wang, Conghao Wang, and 21 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1427508/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Understanding the origins and migration routes of phytopathogen inoculum is essential in predicting disease development and formulating control strategies. Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal agent of wheat stripe rust, is an airborne fungal pathogen threatening wheat production by long-distance migration. Due to large variation in geographic features, climatic conditions, and wheat production systems, inter-regional Pst dispersal routes in China remain largely unknown. In the present research, we sequenced 154 Pst isolates sampled from all the major wheat-growing regions in China to study the Pst population structure. Western Qinling Mountains, Himalayan region, and Guizhou Plateau were found to be centers of Pst origin in China. Combined with trajectory tracking and field disease surveys, long-distance Pst migration routes from individual origins were proposed. The present findings will improve current understanding of Pst origin and migration in China and emphasize the need for managing stripe rust at the national scale. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SupplementaryTable125.xlsx Supplementary Table 1, 2 and 5 SupplementaryFiguresandTables.pdf Supplementary Figures and Tables codesubmission.zip Supplementary Code reportingsummar.pdf Reporting Summary Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1427508","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":93072275,"identity":"1c0dd84f-95e3-4bc4-a559-b2053091251c","order_by":0,"name":"Yuxiang Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A\u0026F University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuxiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":93072276,"identity":"dd48dc78-8f9e-47dc-b75f-8b96333f1dbe","order_by":1,"name":"Jichen Dai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A\u0026F University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jichen","middleName":"","lastName":"Dai","suffix":""},{"id":93072277,"identity":"17ca498e-b2ee-4765-b210-e4d2e624e7d9","order_by":2,"name":"Taixue Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A\u0026F University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taixue","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":93072278,"identity":"10503f5b-1409-4448-9036-84533e8dffea","order_by":3,"name":"Baotong Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A\u0026F University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Baotong","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":93072279,"identity":"172bddcb-5df0-4b1b-9e3c-d6bc45bbb646","order_by":4,"name":"Conghao Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A\u0026F University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Conghao","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":93072280,"identity":"11e17ba8-139b-43a7-ad94-e180cc28a0f8","order_by":5,"name":"Jiguang Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A\u0026F University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiguang","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":93072281,"identity":"d0e6db02-5f81-48e7-a90a-7a6284809131","order_by":6,"name":"Qiang Yao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science， Qinghai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Yao","suffix":""},{"id":93072282,"identity":"cfb7e1e6-032d-4a9a-ae95-e688f6d27438","order_by":7,"name":"Mingju Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Agricultural Environment and Resource Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mingju","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":93072283,"identity":"129bfd6d-74df-4799-8967-9c1563704963","order_by":8,"name":"Chengyun Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yunnan Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chengyun","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":93072284,"identity":"2cddc1e9-a43e-4e5a-8a25-91f2ecae8928","order_by":9,"name":"Yueling Peng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yueling","middleName":"","lastName":"Peng","suffix":""},{"id":93072285,"identity":"19ccee27-82fb-44b0-bb9c-49d559a590f0","order_by":10,"name":"Shiqin Cao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shiqin","middleName":"","lastName":"Cao","suffix":""},{"id":93072286,"identity":"2934070e-14b8-4ac6-968c-4dc2bd82f4aa","order_by":11,"name":"Gangming Zhan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A\u0026F University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gangming","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhan","suffix":""},{"id":93072287,"identity":"8b23dcf1-9548-43a7-a443-b2c03de863ed","order_by":12,"name":"Fei Tao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gansu Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fei","middleName":"","lastName":"Tao","suffix":""},{"id":93072288,"identity":"6b322037-cc4e-449c-82d2-09fc4a0378c3","order_by":13,"name":"Haifeng Gao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haifeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Gao","suffix":""},{"id":93072289,"identity":"34d50a11-2bb2-405e-ad62-f1a82604be7b","order_by":14,"name":"Weili Huang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xi’an Huang’s Bio-technology Company Ltd.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Weili","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""},{"id":93072290,"identity":"49710767-bcc2-4e99-9fe7-7c10d845e9e5","order_by":15,"name":"Xiaojun Feng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shaanxi Plant Protection Extension Station","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaojun","middleName":"","lastName":"Feng","suffix":""},{"id":93072291,"identity":"7401543d-ba46-4171-82b0-9b60881d3250","order_by":16,"name":"Yingwen Bai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Baoji Plant Protection Extension Station","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yingwen","middleName":"","lastName":"Bai","suffix":""},{"id":93072292,"identity":"869e718d-e0c5-4abc-9642-3380a955802c","order_by":17,"name":"Zhuoma Qucuo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhuoma","middleName":"","lastName":"Qucuo","suffix":""},{"id":93072293,"identity":"d16fdd4d-d9a7-4cb2-b9a5-9d01329cba74","order_by":18,"name":"Hongsheng Shang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A\u0026F University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hongsheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Shang","suffix":""},{"id":93072294,"identity":"3bcf03a4-0fa4-44ea-ad24-71a160a286f0","order_by":19,"name":"Chong Huang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chong","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""},{"id":93072295,"identity":"a069858b-9d38-4e0c-9f83-c8f3cbd5b2ef","order_by":20,"name":"Wancai Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wancai","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":93072296,"identity":"37ad8ad4-6758-4e6e-bc6d-5d4b8c43acc9","order_by":21,"name":"Xiangming Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The National Institute of Agricultural Botany","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiangming","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":93072297,"identity":"79e83c31-3f3d-4933-aaa2-e04d66a75d79","order_by":22,"name":"Jiasui Zhan","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9250-0157","institution":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiasui","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhan","suffix":""},{"id":93072298,"identity":"86b300ef-7fc8-48d9-9767-22815570ed9d","order_by":23,"name":"Xianming Chen","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9013-5974","institution":"US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xianming","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":93072299,"identity":"a1b58216-19f6-4d6f-899d-e8fe5a90418f","order_by":24,"name":"Zhensheng Kang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northwest A\u0026F University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhensheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Kang","suffix":""},{"id":93072300,"identity":"53d41b2a-bed2-443b-860c-c7b18fecf01a","order_by":25,"name":"Xiaoping Hu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHgaGD2AG4wMGBjYitTDOADOYDYjXwsxDkhaD273HpG13HLY3OH4Y6MKywwz8sxvwa5Gccy5NOvfM4cQNZ5KBLjx3mEHizgH8Wvglcsykc9tuJxgcyD/AzNt2mMFAIgG/FjaQFsu22/YG5x8zMP8lRgvYFsa224wbbiQzMDMSo0Vyzhljy962/4kzbzxmONhzLp1H4gYBLQa3ewxv/GxLs+c7n8z44EeZtRz/DAJaGCSQ2AcYwImBEJAgrGQUjIJRMApGOgAA5itA0qN4ym0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8155-7040","institution":"Northwest A\u0026F University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaoping","middleName":"","lastName":"Hu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-03-07 13:36:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1427508/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1427508/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":19575516,"identity":"ceed0409-7b4c-4f56-a1d6-98f2ee394fbe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-24 15:32:31","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":249612,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeographic distribution and population genetic structure of 154 Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) isolates.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(a) Geographical distribution of the 154 Pst isolates collected from eleven provinces in China. Different colors represent the different sampling sites. (b) The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree analysis of the 154 Pst isolates using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) pruned by linkage disequilibrium (LD), the star symbols on the branches indicate bootstrap values equal or greater than 60%. Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 were marked with blue and red, respectively. Samples collected from different provinces were represented with rounds in various colors. (c) Principal component analysis plots of SNPs from the 154 isolates filtered with LD. The blue dots represent Cluster 1, while red dots designate Cluster 2. (d) Ancestry coefficient analysis of the Pst accessions. The accessions were grouped into two clusters with K = 2.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1427508/v1/b68954881d739a6eb24ad4b8.jpg"},{"id":19575896,"identity":"927c5f89-dfcb-4f28-bdb1-26d0e9d0190e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-24 15:37:52","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":64924,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe population genetic structures of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) accessions in Cluster 1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(a) The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Pst isolates in Cluster 1. The clusters colored with blue, red, and green represent Cluster 1.1, Cluster 1.2, and Cluster 1.3, respectively. Stars on the branches indicated bootstrap values equal or greater than 60%. (b) Principal component analysis plot of the Pst isolates within Cluster 1. The blue, red, and green dots represent different clusters. (c) Ancestry coefficient analysis of the Pst isolates in Cluster 1. The isolates were grouped into three clusters at K = 3.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1427508/v1/7977ea28ea21c93e73d6c877.jpg"},{"id":19575898,"identity":"68681f13-08a2-449b-b6b9-71a9ac008897","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-24 15:38:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":247550,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe population genetic structures of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) accessions in Cluster 2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(a) Non-root phylogeny of Pst isolates in Cluster 2. Population structures colored with blue, red, green, and yellow represents Cluster 2.1, Cluster 2.2, Cluster 2.3, and Cluster 2.4, respectively. Bootstrap values greater than 60% were marked with stars. (b) Principal component analysis plots of the Pst isolates in Cluster 2 using single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Different clusters are shown in different colors. (c) Ancestry coefficient analysis of the Pst isolates in Cluster 2. The accessions were classified into four clusters with K = 4. (d) Stacked histogram of four clusters in Cluster 2. Proportion of Pst accession collected from different provinces are marked with different colors.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1427508/v1/b885dd5783887527ab6ff9f6.jpg"},{"id":19575888,"identity":"f00c7a79-87ec-452f-8f4d-6f5c1287628b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-24 15:36:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":132067,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe genetic diversity and heterozygosity of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) sub-populations in China.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(a) The box plot of the nucleotide diversity of Pst subpopulations. Genetic diversity was tested with π and θω. Letters on the top of each box indicate significant levels of Kruskal-Walli’s tests (P \u0026lt; 0.05). (b) The histogram of the observed and expected heterozygosity of each cluster. A permutation test was performed to examine the significant variation between observed and expected heterozygosity. P values were adjusted using the Benjamini Hochberg method. * represents P adjusted \u0026lt; 0.05 and ** means P adjusted \u0026lt; 0.01. Error bars represent the standard errors of the observed and expected heterozygosity for samples in each cluster.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1427508/v1/48a088837032a74d8e9726d3.jpg"},{"id":19575897,"identity":"5baebc6f-2e43-4632-b288-237078692b49","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-24 15:37:53","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":149981,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe genetic differentiation, introgression, and migration in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) sub-populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(a) The highly significant taxon topologies detected from D statistics (P adjusted \u0026lt; 0.001). Cluster 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 2.1 in red box of each group represent P3. The red and blue lines show the different introgression patterns with P3. (b) The results of D statistics among Pst clusters. Rows represent nodes within the tree topology, and columns represent clusters regarded as P3. Each cell shows the fb values between a tree node (rows) and each cluster (column). Grey cells show the comparisons cannot be tested with D statistics. Stars marked on the cell shows significant tests at P adjusted greater than 0.001. (c) The migration event detected with TreeMix analysis. Migration arrows are colored according to their weight. Horizontal branch length is proportional to the amount of genetic drift that has occurred on the branch. Scale bar shows ten times the average standard error of the entries in the sample covariance matrix.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1427508/v1/3f8fae113d39d2cd5691e141.jpg"},{"id":19575930,"identity":"4a8eef5b-e69b-4860-949d-d4e37a769dde","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-24 15:39:37","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":119784,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTrajectory analysis of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) migration routes in essential regions in China.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(a) The air trajectory within the major potential Pst epidemic regions. The green and orange arrows show the air trajectory in spring and autumn, respectively. The simulation period in Tianshui and Pingliang is October 1st to November 30th in autumn, in Mianyang is January 1st to April 10th in spring, and in Nanyang and Xiangyang is February 20th to April 10th. (b) The air trajectory from the Tibet regions in spring. The simulation period is April 1st to May 31st. (c) The aerial transportation from the Guizhou regions. The blue arrows show the air trajectory in spring and autumn. The simulation periods in Bijie and Liupanshui are October 1st to November 30th in autumn and February 20th to April 10th in spring. (d) The migration of air trajectory from the Sichuan regions in spring with the simulation period of January 1st to April 10th.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1427508/v1/af956ce3e6a68b3837bd8ce9.jpg"},{"id":19575622,"identity":"d5d46f55-de0a-46cc-9226-a7b9abd99f7f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-24 15:33:34","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":122998,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe major migration routes of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) in China.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMigration routes inferred from population genetics, air trajectory and disease occurrence. The red arrow represents the migration route supported by all analyses. The dark blue arrow shows the migration routes supported by population genetics and air trajectory. The green arrows designate the migration routes supported by disease survey and air trajectory. The blue arrow indicates the migration routes were solely supported by air trajectory. The width of each arrow shows the possibility of the migration routes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1427508/v1/d8c58e23234bad107ba15391.jpg"},{"id":19702830,"identity":"f15612f7-b89b-4a1e-ae9d-394066396d54","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-28 20:05:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1424473,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptmain.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1427508/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":19579467,"identity":"26ad7a9d-ebbf-4069-8052-0dceb74ee749","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-24 17:28:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1076856,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptmain.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1427508/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":19575959,"identity":"b59797e6-53b6-44a9-b716-b01759c295a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-24 15:39:50","extension":"xlsx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":41282,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplementary Table 1, 2 and 5\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTable125.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1427508/v1/3f6c3abbd6d0dd5431d2be28.xlsx"},{"id":19575517,"identity":"2b4ad03f-8ef4-437e-a5d1-a03d0fde9d1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-24 15:32:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":151009794,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplementary Figures and Tables\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFiguresandTables.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1427508/v1/52b9f8865661d6092b4589fb.pdf"},{"id":19575891,"identity":"789d07df-faea-4b39-9a9d-81dc1b0fbc5f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-24 15:37:23","extension":"zip","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":13448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Supplementary Code","description":"","filename":"codesubmission.zip","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1427508/v1/140019375a0a8bbdb9134ca6.zip"},{"id":19575893,"identity":"d4a6659f-4ab8-45dd-bf65-402217a38c62","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-24 15:37:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":313768,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Reporting Summary","description":"","filename":"reportingsummar.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1427508/v1/de7486cfafdec9f8d0208ec0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Whole-genome sequencing, trajectory tracking, and field investigation reveal origin and long-distance migration routes of wheat stripe rust in China","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-1427508/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e."}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1427508/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1427508/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Understanding the origins and migration routes of phytopathogen inoculum is essential in predicting disease development and formulating control strategies. Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal agent of wheat stripe rust, is an airborne fungal pathogen threatening wheat production by long-distance migration. Due to large variation in geographic features, climatic conditions, and wheat production systems, inter-regional Pst dispersal routes in China remain largely unknown. In the present research, we sequenced 154 Pst isolates sampled from all the major wheat-growing regions in China to study the Pst population structure. Western Qinling Mountains, Himalayan region, and Guizhou Plateau were found to be centers of Pst origin in China. Combined with trajectory tracking and field disease surveys, long-distance Pst migration routes from individual origins were proposed. The present findings will improve current understanding of Pst origin and migration in China and emphasize the need for managing stripe rust at the national scale.","manuscriptTitle":"Whole-genome sequencing, trajectory tracking, and field investigation reveal origin and long-distance migration routes of wheat stripe rust in China","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-03-24 15:17:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1427508/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9ed22e0e-44fd-4386-8058-deffedade75d","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 24th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-04-20T11:15:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-03-24 15:17:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1427508","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1427508","identity":"rs-1427508","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}