Atypical B cells upregulate co-stimulatory molecules during malaria and secrete antibodies with T follicular helper cell support

ABSTRACT Several infectious and autoimmune diseases are associated with an expansion of CD21 - CD27 - atypical B cells (atBCs). The function of atBCs remains unclear and few studies have investigated the biology of pathogen-specific atBCs during acute infection. Here, we performed longitudinal RNA-sequencing and flow cytometry analyses of Plasmodium falciparum ( Pf) -specific B cells before and shortly after febrile malaria, with simultaneous analysis of influenza hemagglutinin (HA)-specific B cells as a comparator. B cell receptor-sequencing showed that Pf -specific atBCs, activated B cells (actBCs) and classical memory B cells share clonality and have comparable somatic hypermutation. In response to malaria, Pf -specific atBCs and actBCs expanded and upregulated molecules that mediate B-T cell interactions, suggesting that atBCs respond to T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Indeed, in the presence of Tfh cells and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B , atBCs of malaria-exposed individuals differentiated into CD38 + antibody-secreting cells in vitro , suggesting that atBCs may actively contribute to humoral immunity to infectious pathogens. One Sentence Summary This study shows that atypical B cells actively respond to acute malaria and have the capacity to produce antibodies with T cell help.