The burden of diabetes and hypertension on healthy life expectancy in Bangladesh

The burden of diabetes and hypertension on healthy life expectancy in Bangladesh | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The burden of diabetes and hypertension on healthy life expectancy in Bangladesh Md. Zakiul Alam This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2451585/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Apr, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 15 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Diabetes and hypertension are among the leading causes of death in Bangladesh. This study examined diabetes and hypertension-free life expectancy, the effect of either disease and the aggregate effect of both diseases on healthy life expectancy in Bangladesh. We utilized data from Bangladesh sample vital statistics, 2018 for mortality, and Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2017-18 for diabetes and hypertension. Sullivan method has been employed to estimate age-specific hypertension and diabetes-free life expectancy. Altogether, 6% of the people lived with both diabetes and hypertension. The life expectancy free of both diseases is 56.6 years. Life expectancy without either of the diseases is 36.9 years. The prevalence of hypertension is higher than diabetes. The hypertension-free life expectancy is 40.4 years, and the diabetes-free life expectancy is 53.2 years. Female suffers more from the aggregate effect of the two chronic diseases. However, female suffers more from hypertension, and male suffers from diabetes. Diabetes and hypertension affect a considerable proportion of life of the population in Bangladesh. Policy actions are needed to guide for prevention and treatment of both diseases with a specific focus on women. Health sciences/Biomarkers Health sciences/Diseases Health sciences/Health care Health sciences/Medical research Health sciences/Risk factors Biological sciences/Computational biology and bioinformatics/Statistical methods Diabetes hypertension life expectancy healthy life expectancy Diabetes-free life expectancy Hypertension-free life expectancy Figures Figure 1 Introduction The world has experienced a remarkable increase in life expectancy from less than 52 years to over 72 years between 1960 and 2019 1 . Today, we expect to live much more than twice as our ancestors. Nevertheless, the situation is not identical for healthy life expectancy. Healthy life expectancy adds a quality dimension to the quantity of life by splitting life expectancy into years lived with disability or ill health and years lived free of disability or healthy. It measures whether the increase in life expectancy experienced by most countries worldwide are years of healthy life or simply extending the lives of the feeble 2 . Over the years, the world has experienced an epidemiological transition. The epidemiological transition marks a shift of significant causes of death from acute infectious diseases to chronic manmade diseases 3 . As a result, people are living longer with ill health and diseases. In this situation, it is essential to see increased life expectancy from the quality dimension following the quantity dimension. In Bangladesh, life expectancy has increased from 45 years in 1960 to 73 years in 2019 1 . This improvement is a resultant effect of demographic and epidemiological transition. As a result, the disease pattern of the country has shifted from infectious to chronic diseases. Ten of the fifteen major causes of death in Bangladesh are chronic degenerative diseases, where diabetes and hypertension are significant among them 4 . Diabetes is characterized by elevated blood glucose, leading to severe damage to blood vessels, the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves. Usually, in adults, the most common is type 2 diabetes, when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not make enough insulin. Worldwide, around 422 million people have diabetes, with 1.5 million deaths directly attributed to it 5 . Around 8% of the total population of Bangladesh have diabetes in the pooled analysis, nearly 7.3% of males and 6.7% of females 6 . On the other hand, hypertension (elevated blood pressure) is a severe medical condition that significantly increases the risks of heart, brain, kidney, and other diseases. Around 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 years have hypertension, a significant cause of premature death worldwide 7 . Approximately twenty percent of adults and 40–65% of older adults have hypertension in Bangladesh 8 . In this situation, it is necessary to estimate how much these two diseases affect the life expectancy and healthy life expectancy of the population of Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, several studies have been conducted regarding healthy life expectancy and the relative contribution of different diseases and disabilities to the healthy life expectancy of the population. One study of healthy life expectancy and its correlates to self-rated health has shown that the perceived health of the population improved between 1996 and 2002 9 . Urban and rural areas in Bangladesh have shown different levels of mortality and disability. Bangladesh's rural areas of Bangladesh have experienced higher mortality and morbidity 10 . Another study on disability-free life expectancy in Bangladesh observed gender differences in disability-free life expectancy of old ages in Bangladesh and suggested that women have each disability and at least one disability is significantly higher percentages than men 11 . At all ages, and in both numbers and proportion, women have longer life expectancy but shorter DFLE than men. Only one study has been conducted to address the relative contribution of hypertension to healthy life expectancy and observe gender differences in hypertension-free life expectancy in Bangladesh 12 . However, no study has yet been conducted about diabetes-free life expectancy. The aggregate effect of diabetes and hypertension is analyzed to know how these two diseases affect people's healthy life expectancy. Diabetes and hypertension are related to each other Diabetes damages arteries and targets hardening, called atherosclerosis 13 . That can cause high blood pressure. The risk factor of both diseases is related two each other. As a result, people often suffer from two diseases together. On this background, this study aimed to address the following questions: What is the relative contribution of diabetes to healthy life expectancy in Bangladesh? What is the relative contribution of hypertension to healthy life expectancy? What is the relative contribution of either diabetes or hypertension to healthy life expectancy? What is the relative contribution of both diabetes and hypertension to healthy life expectancy? Methodology Data Source Age-sex-specific mortality rates ( n m x ) were extracted from published Bangladesh sample vital statistics of 2018 14 . Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) initiated the Sample Vital Registration System (SVRS) in 1980 to determine the population change during the intercensal periods. Since the 2013 SVRS, Integrated Multi-Purpose Sample (IMPS) Design has also been followed 14 . The vital events (e.g., birth, death, marriage, divorce, migration) in the sample area are collected through a dual recording system proposed by Chandrasekaran and Deming 15 . Under a dual record system, vital events are collected (when they occur) by a locally recruited female registrar termed as Local Registrar ( System 1 ). Under a second system ( System 2 ), from the same area, another group of officials from the BBS also collect the data independently. With the filled-in questionnaires from the two systems, data are matched in the headquarters by pre-designed matching criteria. The demographic rates and ratios are estimated following Chandrasekaran and Deming's procedure. In order to find denominators for the demographic parameters, a detailed household survey is conducted at the beginning of every year, covering essential household and population characteristics. In 2018, 297233 households were surveyed from 2012 primary sampling units (PSUs). The total population was 1259744, where 630591 were males and 629153 females. On the other hand, the age-sex-specific prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was obtained from Bangladesh demographic and health survey (BHDS), 2017-18 16 . BDHS 2017-18 is the seventh type undertaken in Bangladesh as a part of an international program of measures DHS 16 . The sample for the BDHS is nationally representative, and a detailed methodology will be found elsewhere in report 16 . The BDHS follows two-stage stratified sampling with a response rate of 98.8%. Blood pressure (BP) and blood glucose (BG) measurement testing were collected from men and women aged 18 years and above in the subsample of 1/4 of the households. All men and women identified as eligible for BP and BG measurements (14704) were contacted and had the test explained to them, and testing was taken for those who consented. The measurements were missing for 12.1% of the respondents (16.6% for men and 8.4% for women) for BP. The sample size was 12926 (5583 for men and 7342 for women) for BP. On the other hand, 82.3% (86.3% for women and 77.4% for men) of the respondents had their BG tested. The final sample size for BG stood at 12100. Estimation of Hypertension and Diabetes The LIFE SOURCE® UA-767 Plus BP monitor was used to measuring blood pressure in the BDHS survey 16 . During the interview, three measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (measured in millimeters of mercury [mmHg]) were taken at least 5 minutes between measurements, using a digital oscillometric blood pressure measuring device with automatic upper-arm inflation and an automatic pressure release. The mean of the second and third measurements classified individuals with hypertension. Respondents whose blood pressure fell into two categories based on their mean systolic and diastolic levels were classified according to the highest blood pressure category. If the third measurement was missing, the second measurement was considered the mean. The first measurement was considered the average if the second and third blood pressure measurements were missing. Individuals were classified as hypertensive: if they had average systolic blood pressure (SBP) level of 140 mmHg or above, they had average diastolic blood pressure (DBP) level of 90 mmHg or above, or they were currently taking antihypertensive medication. The diabetes status was calculated based on the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level. The HemoCue Glucose 201 DM system with plasma conversion was used to test a drop of capillary blood obtained from consenting eligible respondents from the middle or ring finger after fasting overnight. The system automatically converted the fasting whole blood glucose measurements taken in the survey to FPG equivalent values. If individuals had a fasting blood glucose (FBG) equivalent level of 7 mmol/L or above or currently taking prescribed medication for their high blood glucose or diabetes were considered as having raised blood glucose or diabetes. We also estimated the prevalence of any diabetes or hypertension (if the individual suffered from any of two diseases); the prevalence of both diabetes and hypertension (if both were present simultaneously). Estimation of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy Using age-specific central death rate (m x ), we calculated the probabilities of dying using the following formula 17 : Equation 1: \({q}_{x}=\frac{n.{m}_{x}}{1+\left(n-{a}_{x}\right).{m}_{x}}\) Where n is the length of the age group, m x is the central death rate, and a x is the mean number of person-years lived in the interval x to x + n by those dying in the interval. We used a x equals 0.5. Details methodology of life table is available 17 . For instance, we followed the steps given in Health Expectancy Calculation by the Sullivan Method: A Practical Guide 18 . The following equation calculated hypertension-free life expectancy (HFLE) and diabetes-free life expectancy (DFLE). Equation 2 Where l x refers to the number of survivors at age x, L x refers to the person-years lived for the age interval x, H x refers to the prevalence of hypertension-free for the age interval x, and D x refers to the prevalence of disability-free for the age interval x. We also calculated the difference in life expectancy by gender. The 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated using Z-test, where p < 0.05 was considered significant. Findings Probability of death, the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes The probability of age-specific probability of dying and life expectancy are presented in Fig. 1 . It is observed that the immediate risk of mortality at any age follows an exponential curve with age. The probability of dying is high at an early age and increases with aging. Life expectancy also varies with age. At ages 15–19, life expectancy ranges from 67 to 71 years, while at ages 1–4 years, it ranges from 69 to 72 years. The life expectancy of ages 1–4 years is higher than that of 0–1 year. Besides this, all life expectancy decreases with age as mortality increases exponentially. Table 1 represents the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes among the adult population in Bangladesh in 2017-18. The prevalence of hypertension is 63.5%. Females have a higher percentage of hypertension prevalence (68.8%) than males (57.3%). The prevalence of hypertension increased with age and was highest in ages 80 or above. The prevalence of diabetes is 13.3% in Bangladesh. Males have a higher percentage of diabetes than females (15.3%, 11.4%). Diabetes is most prevalent among males and females in the middle age group (50–54). Table 1 Prevalence of hypertension and diabetes among the adult population in Bangladesh, 2017-18 Age group Hypertension Diabetes Either hypertension or diabetes Both hypertension and diabetes Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 15–19 10.6 5.0 6.8 5.7 2.9 3.8 15.7 7.8 10.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 20–24 12.8 7.6 9.5 5.1 3.7 4.2 16.3 11.4 13.1 1.8 0.1 0.6 25–29 11.5 14.0 13.0 3.6 5.6 4.9 14.0 18.3 16.7 0.7 1.1 1.0 30–34 16.8 21.3 19.5 6.9 8.0 7.6 22.0 25.7 24.3 1.1 3.2 2.4 35–39 22.1 31.4 27.0 8.8 11.6 10.3 28.6 38.4 33.8 3.1 4.6 3.9 40–44 22.0 37.3 30.3 13.7 12.5 13.0 31.3 44.1 38.3 5.2 5.9 5.6 45–49 28.3 43.4 36.9 11.7 15.2 13.6 34.2 49.7 43.0 6.0 9.2 7.8 50–54 34.9 47.5 40.8 17.9 17.3 17.6 45.8 54.2 49.7 7.0 11.8 9.3 55–59 37.6 51.0 45.0 14.0 16.8 15.6 45.2 55.2 50.7 7.3 11.8 9.8 60–64 43.6 54.0 48.6 18.3 15.2 17.0 53.0 60.2 56.4 9.3 11.0 10.1 65–69 48.3 55.0 51.2 16.4 13.3 15.0 55.6 59.9 57.5 11.3 9.2 10.4 70–74 51.0 52.7 51.7 19.3 15.5 17.8 57.9 58.4 58.1 12.0 9.4 10.9 74–79 44.8 62.7 52.6 12.9 14.8 13.8 51.8 67.2 57.9 7.1 11.5 9.0 80+ 57.3 68.8 63.5 15.3 11.4 13.3 64.9 73.6 69.4 9.0 8.1 8.5 The percentage of the population with either hypertension or diabetes is 69.4. Again, females outnumbered males in the prevalence with a difference of 8.7. The total population of Bangladesh with both hypertension and diabetes is 8.5%. In this case, males have a higher percentage than females, 9% for males and 8.1% for females. Hypertension-free life expectancy Table 2 presents hypertension-free life expectancy in Bangladesh with a 95% confidence interval. Males have more hypertension-free life expectancy (42 years) than females (38.8 years). It is coherent with the previous Table 1 , as we have seen that the prevalence of hypertension is higher among females. The percentage of years lived with hypertension is 32.8 years. Table 2 Hypertension-free life expectancy with 95 confidence intervals (CI) in Bangladesh Age Hypertension Free Life Expectancy (95% CI) % of Years Lived with Hypertension, Total (Male, Female) Male Female Difference Total 15–19 42.0 (41.3, 42.7) 38.8 (38.0, 39.6) 3.2 (1.7, 4.7) *** 40.4 (39.9, 41.0) 32.8 (28.7, 37.0) 20–24 37.8 (37.1, 38.5) 34.2 (33.4, 35.0) 3.6 (2.1, 5.0) *** 36.0 (35.5, 36.5) 35.1 (30.4, 39.8) 25–29 33.6 (32.9, 34.3) 29.7 (29.0, 30.5) 3.9 (2.4, 5.3) *** 31.6 (31.1, 32.1) 37.6 (32.1, 42.9) 30–34 29.3 (28.7, 30.0) 25.6 (24.8, 26.3) 3.8 (2.3, 5.2) *** 27.4 (26.9, 27.9) 40.4 (34.5, 46.0) 35–39 25.3 (24.6, 26.0) 21.8 (21.0, 22.5) 3.5 (2.1, 5.0) *** 23.5 (23.0, 24.) 42.9 (36.7, 48.9) 40–44 21.6, (21.0, 22.3) 18.5 (17.7, 19.2) 3.1 (1.7, 4.6) *** 20.0 (19.5, 20.5) 45.1 (38.8, 51.3) 45–49 17.9 (17.3, 18.6) 15.5 (14.8, 16.3) 2.4 (1.1, 3.8) *** 16.8 (16.3, 17.2) 47.5 (41.6, 53.3) 50–54 14.8 (14.1, 15.4) 13.0 (12.2, 13.7) 1.8 (0.4, 3.2) ** 13.9 (13.5, 14.4) 49.3 (43.9, 55.0) 55–59 12.1 (11.5, 12.7) 10.6 (9.9, 11.3) 1.4 (0.1, 2.7) * 11.4 (10.9, 11.9) 51.3 (46.1, 56.6) 60–64 9.6 (9.0, 10.2) 8.5 (7.8, 9.2) 1.1 (-0.2, 2.3) 9.1 (8.7, 9.6) 52.9 (48.4, 58.1) 65–69 7.4 (6.9, 8.0) 6.7 (6.0, 7.4) 0.8 (-0.5, 2.0) 7.1 (6.7, 7.6) 54.3 (50.1, 59.3) 70–74 5.8 (5.2, 6.3) 5.0 (4.3, 5.6) 0.8 (-0.4, 2.0) 5.4 (5.0, 5.8) 55.6 (50.8, 60.9) 74–79 4.0 (3.5, 4.6) 3.1 (2.5, 3.7) 0.9 (-0.2, 2.0) 3.6 (3.2, 4.0) 58.5 (51.1, 65.9) 80+ 2.7 (2.2, 3.2) 2.3 (1.7, 2.8) 0.4 (-0.6, 1.4) 2.5 (2.1, 2.8) 63.5 (57.4, 68.6) z ≤ 0.001=***, ≤ 0.01=**, ≤ 0.05=* Diabetes-free life expectancy Table 3 presents the Diabetes free life expectancy with 95 percent confidence intervals in Bangladesh. The prevalence of diabetes is lower than hypertension and much more likely to occur at a later age. The years spent without diabetes are 53.2 years, 54.5 years for females, and 52.1 years for males. The percentage of years lived with diabetes is 11.6% for both males and females. Table 3 Diabetes-free life expectancy with 95 confidence intervals (CI) in Bangladesh Age Diabetes Free Life Expectancy (95% CI) % of Years Lived with Diabetes, Total (Male, Female) Male Female Difference Total 15–19 52.1 (51.6, 52.7) 54.5 (54.0, 55.1) -2.4 (-3.5, -1.3) *** 53.2 (52.9, 53.6) 11.6 (11.5, 11.5) 20–24 47.7 (47.2, 48.3) 50.0 (49.4, 50.6) -2.2 (-3.3, -1.1) *** 48.7 (48.4, 49.1) 12.2 (12.1, 12.2) 25–29 43.2 (42.7, 43.7) 45.4 (44.8, 45.9) -2.1 (-3.3, -1.1) *** 44.1 (43.8, 44.5) 12.9 (12.7, 13.0) 30–34 38.6 (38.1, 39.1) 40.8 (40.2, 41.4) -2.2 (-3.3, -1.1) *** 39.6 (39.2, 40.0) 13.9 (13.8, 13.7) 35–39 34.1 (33.6, 34.6) 36.5 (35.9, 37.0) -2.3 (-3.4, -1.2) *** 35.2 (34.8, 35.6) 14.6 (14.7, 14.4) 40–44 29.8 (29.3, 30.3) 32.3 (31.7, 32.8) -2.4 (-3.5, -1.4) *** 30.9 (30.6, 31.3) 15.2 (15.5, 14.9) 45–49 25.8 (25.3, 26.3) 28.2 (27.6, 28.7) -2.4 (-3.4, -1.3) *** 26.9 (26.5, 27.3) 15.6 (15.8, 15.1) 50–54 22 (21.5, 22.5) 24.5 (23.9, 25.0) -2.5 (-3.5, -1.4) *** 23.1 (22.8, 23.5) 15.8 (16.4, 15.0) 55–59 18.8 (18.3, 19.2) 20.9 (20.4, 21.4) -2.2 (-3.1, -1.2) *** 19.8 (19.4, 20.1) 15.6 (16.2, 14.6) 60–64 15.5 (15.0, 15.9) 17.4 (16.9, 17.9) -1.9 (-2.9, -1.0) *** 16.4 (16.0, 16.7) 15.6 (16.8, 14.2) 65–69 12.5 (12.1, 12.9) 14.1 (13.6, 14.6) -1.7 (-2.6, -0.7) *** 13.3 (12.9, 13.6) 15.0 (16.3, 13.8) 70–74 9.8 (9.4, 10.3) 11.0 (10.5, 11.4) -1.1 (-2.0, -0.2) * 10.4 (10.1, 10.7) 14.9 (15.8, 13.7) 74–79 7.0 (6.6, 7.4) 7.9 (7.6, 8.4) -0.9 (-1.7, -0.1) * 7.5 (7.2, 7.8) 14.0 (14.3, 12.8) 80+ 5.3 (4.9, 5.7) 6.4 (6.0, 6.8) -1.1 (-1.8, -0.3) 5.9 (5.6, 6.2) 13.3 (15.5, 10.9) z ≤ 0.001=***, ≤ 0.01=**, ≤ 0.05=* Either hypertension or diabetes-free life expectancy Table 4 presents either hypertension or diabetes-free life expectancy with 95 confidence intervals (CI). Male spends 38.1 years of their life expectancy with either of the disease-free. On the other hand, the females spend 35.6 years either hypertension or diabetes-free. The percentage of life spent with either of the diseases is 38.7. Table 4 Either hypertension or diabetes-free life expectancy with 95 confidence intervals (CI) Age Either Hypertension or Diabetes Free Life Expectancy (95% CI) % of Years Lived with Either H/D, Total (Male, Female) Male Female Difference Total 15–19 38.1 (37.3, 38.9) 35.6 (34.8, 36.4) 2.5 (0.9, 4.1) ** 36.9 (36.3, 37.4) 38.7 (35.3, 42.2) 20–24 34.1 (33.4, 34.9) 31.2 (30.4, 32.0) 3.0 (1.4, 4.5) *** 32.6 (32.1, 33.2) 41.2 (37.2, 45.2) 25–29 30.1 (29.3, 30.8) 26.9 (26.1, 27.7) 3.2 (1.7, 4.8) *** 28.4 (27.9, 28.9) 44.0 (39.2, 48.5) 30–34 25.9 (25.2, 26.7) 22.9 (22.1, 23.7) 3.1 (1.5, 4.6) *** 24.4 (23.8, 24.9) 47.0 (42.1, 51.6) 35–39 22.2 (21.5, 22.9) 19.3 (18.5, 20.1) 2.9 (1.4, 4.4) *** 20.7 (20.2, 21.2) 49.7 (44.6, 54.7) 40–44 18.7 (18.1, 19.4) 16.3 (15.5, 17.1) 2.4 (1.0, 3.9) ** 17.5 (17.0, 18.1) 52.0 (46.9, 56.9) 45–49 15.5 (14.8, 16.2) 13.7 (12.9, 14.4) 1.8 (0.4, 3.3) ** 14.6 (14.1, 15.1) 54.2 (49.5, 58.8) 50–54 12.6 (11.9, 13.2) 11.4 (10.7, 12.2) 1.1 (-0.2, 2.5) * 12.1 (11.6, 12.6) 56.1 (52.2, 60.4) 55–59 10.3 (9.7, 11.0) 9.4 (8.7, 10.1) 1.0 (-0.4, 2.3) 9.9 (9.5, 10.4) 57.6 (53.8, 61.7) 60–64 8.1 (7.6, 8.7) 7.4 (6.7, 8.1) 0.7 (-0.6, 2.0) 7.9 (7.4, 8.3) 59.4 (56.2, 63.4) 65–69 6.4 (5.8, 6.9) 5.9 (5.2, 6.5) 0.5 (-0.8, 1.8) 6.2 (5.7, 6.6) 60.3 (57.3, 64.3) 70–74 4.9 (4.4, 5.5) 4.3 (3.7, 5.0) 0.6 (-0.6, 1.8) 4.7 (4.3, 5.1) 61.5 (57.3, 66.0) 74–79 3.4 (2.9, 4.0) 2.7 (2.1, 3.3) 0.7 (-0.4, 1.9) 3.1 (2.7, 3.5) 64.0 (58.4, 70.6) 80+ 2.2 (1.7, 2.7) 1.9 (1.4, 2.4) 0.3 (-0.7, 1.3) 2.1 (1.7, 2.4) 69.4 (65.0, 73.5) z ≤ 0.001=***, ≤ 0.01=**, ≤ 0.05=* Both hypertension and diabetes-free life expectancy Table 5 presents both hypertension and diabetes-free life expectancy with a 95 percent confidence interval. On average, the population of Bangladesh spends 6% of their total life span with both diseases. The females spend more years with both hypertension and diabetes-free (57.5 years) than males (55.8 years). Table 5 Both hypertension and diabetes-free life expectancy with 95 confidence intervals (CI) Age Both Hypertension and Diabetes Free Life Expectancy (95% CI) % of Years Lived with Both H/D, Total (Male, Female) Male Female Difference Total 15–19 55.8 (55.5, 56.2) 57.5 (57.0, 58.0) -1.7 (-2.5, -0.8) *** 56.6 (56.3, 56.9) 6.0 (5.2, 6.6) 20–24 51.2 (50.8, 51.6) 52.8 (52.4, 53.3) -1.6 (-2.5, -0.8) *** 51.9 (51.6, 52.2) 6.4 (5.7, 7.1) 25–29 46.5 (46.1, 46.9) 48.0 (47.6, 48.5) -1.5 (-2.4, -0.7) *** 47.2 (46.9, 47.5) 6.9 (6.1, 7.8) 30–34 41.8 (41.4, 42.2) 43.3 (42.8, 43.8) -1.5 (-2.4, -0.7) *** 42.4 (42.1, 42.7) 7.7 (6.8, 8.5) 35–39 37.0 (36.6, 37.4) 38.7 (38.2, 39.2) -1.7 (-2.6, -0.8) *** 37.8 (37.5, 38.1) 8.3 (7.4, 9.1) 40–44 32.5 (32.1, 32.8) 34.2 (33.7, 34.7) -1.7 (-2.6, -0.9) *** 33.2 (32.9, 33.5) 8.9 (8.1, 9.8) 45–49 28.1 (27.7, 28.4) 29.8 (29.3, 30.3) -1.7 (-2.6, -0.9) *** 28.9 (28.6, 29.2) 9.5 (8.6, 10.3) 50–54 24.0 (23.6, 24.4) 25.8 (25.3, 26.3) -1.8 (2.6, -1.0) *** 24.8 (24.5, 25.1) 9.7 (8.7, 10.4) 55–59 20.3 (19.9, 20.7) 22.0 (21.6, 22.5) -1.7 (-2.5, -0.9) *** 21.1 (20.8, 21.4) 9.9 (9.4, 10.2) 60–64 16.8 (16.4, 17.1) 18.3 (17.8, 18.7) -1.5 (-2.3, -0.7) *** 17.5 (17.2, 17.8) 9.9 (9.9, 9.9) 65–69 13.4 (13.0, 13.7) 14.8 (14.4, 15.3) -1.5 (-2.2, -0.7) *** 14.1 (13.8, 14.4) 9.7 (10.1, 9.5) 70–74 10.6 (10.3, 10.9) 11.5 (11.1, 11.9) -0.9 (-1.6, -0.2) * 11.1 (10.8, 11.3) 9.3 (9.2, 9.3) 74–79 7.5 (7.2, 7.8) 8.2 (7.8, 8.6) -0.7 (-1.4, 0.0) * 7.9 (7.7, 8.1) 9.2 (8.2, 9.5) 80+ 5.7 (5.4, 6.0) 6.7 (6.3, 7.0) -0.9 (-1.6, -0.3) ** 6.2 (6.0, 6.4) 8.5 (9.2, 7.5) z ≤ 0.001=***, ≤ 0.01=**, ≤ 0.05=* Discussions The study aimed to explore the contribution of hypertension and diabetes to healthy life expectancy reduction in Bangladesh. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes is relatively high in Bangladesh. On average, a person aged 15–19 is expected to live 32.8% of their life with hypertension in Bangladesh. Whereas the life expectancy of those ages 15–19 was 58.9 years in 2018 in Bangladesh, they would spend 40.4 years without hypertension. Almost 18.5 years are expected to live with hypertension. These findings correlate with other study findings 8 , 19 . The main reason for this high prevalence of hypertension in Bangladesh is the increasing prevalence of obesity, tobacco use, high intake of processed foods, salt intake, and less physical activity 8 , 19 . Males spend more years hypertension free than females. Several studies found the reason for females' higher prevalence of hypertension, including higher prevalence of obesity, use of oral contraception, preeclampsia and menopause, gender difference in functional status, nutritional status, inadequate health care service availability for women, patriarchy, and culture. Women are outliving men in Bangladesh, which also works as a reason for women's more years living with hypertension 12 . On the contrary, the prevalence of diabetes is less acute than hypertension. The number of years spends without diabetes is 53.2 years. Males and females have different patterns in diabetes when compared to hypertension. Females spend more years without diabetes. The main reason is compiled of biological and lifestyle-related reasons. A higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in men than in women is associated with differences in Visceral Fat Mass as males store more fat in their bellies. In different studies, physical activity, smoking, and indifference to test the disease are shown as reasons 20 , 21 . Furthermore, either hypertension or diabetes-free life expectancy presents the burden of both diseases on the population. Again, females spend fewer years (35.6 years) without either disease than 38.1 years for males. Around 39% of life is spent with either disease in Bangladesh, whereas 6% with both diseases. Females spend more years with both diseases. This pattern is also evident in other literature, indicating the life expectancy advantages of women in Bangladesh as Failures of success. Increasing life expectancy comes with chronic disease, economic insolvency, poor mental health, and misery. The lifelong discrimination and patriarchy are becoming evident with disease patterns 22 . Both diabetes and hypertension are more prevalent with increasing age. The percentage of years lived with both hypertension and diabetes is increasing with age. This finding is also consistent with another study, as the prevalence of communicable diseases increases with age 6 , 8 , 13 , 19 . This study has some important strengths. This study has discovered the effects of both diseases on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in Bangladesh. It is crucial to increase the burden of non-communicable diseases for the population with increasing life expectancy. The Sullivan method for calculating healthy life expectancy has some important strengths. It is straightforward to apply to data from cross-sectional studies and less influenced by survey design and analytic strategies than methods relying on longitudinal data. The limitations of the methods include the method's assumptions constraining the portrayal of the expected life cycle or functional status histories of persons exposed to current mortality and morbidity conditions. It does not permit recovery once individuals have experienced a health problem. It will yield an inaccurate portrayal of the timing and volume of a cohort's health experiences under conditions in which individuals experience the onset of health problems and recovery. Although the Sullivan method could not detect a sudden change in health problems, it provides relatively stable estimates as the multistate life table method if there are smooth and relatively regular changes in health problems prevalence rates over a long time 23 , 24 . Conclusions And Implications The world is experiencing increasing life expectancy due to improved socioeconomic conditions and medical and public health advancements. Bangladesh is no exception to it. With increasing life expectancy, non-communicable diseases and their impact on later life have become more significant than ever. This study provides insights into diabetes and hypertension-free life expectancy in Bangladesh. Diabetes and hypertension are becoming more prevalent day by day in the country. These two diseases directly affect mortality and morbidity, and it also works as contributing factor to other diseases. In these circumstances, policies and programs need to reduce the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension. Efforts must be made from the early stages of life through physical activity, food patterns, salt taking, mental health, and other factors. Mass screening programs need to be enforced to detect taking steps early and appropriately. The focus should be given cost-effective and readily available treatment for both diseases. Women suffer more from both diseases. Particular focus should be given to women as they live more than males. This study has brought forward this quality-of-life dimension with the quantity dimension of life expectancy. This study will work to ignite consciousness among policymakers and people about the burden of diabetes and hypertension. Declarations Data availability statement The 2017–18 BDHS data set is anonymized and freely available at https://dhsprogram.com/data/, and the instructions were followed for using the data. The published Bangladesh sample vital statistics of 2018 is available at the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) website: http://www.bbs.gov.bd/site/page/ef4d6756-2685-485a-b707-aa2d96bd4c6c/-. Ethics approval and consent to participate The National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT) of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare conducted the 2017–18 BDHS. The survey was implemented by a Bangladeshi firm named Mitra and Associates of Bangladesh, while the ICF International of USA provided technical assistance as part of its international Demographic and Health Surveys Program. If the respondent provided their verbal consent in response to being read out an informed consent statement by the interviewer, only then was an interview conducted. The ethical approval for the survey was taken by the NIPORT from the Bangladesh Medical Research Council (BMRC). Consent to publication Not applicable. Competing interests The author declares that they have no competing interests. References The World Bank. Data Bank | World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (2021). Jagger, C. & Robine, J.-M. Healthy Life Expectancy. in International Handbook of Adult Mortality (ed. Dudley L. Poston, J.) 551–568 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2011). doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-9996-9_26 . Omran, A. R. The epidemiologic transition: A theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Q. 83 , 731–757 (2005). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics [BBS]. Report on Bangladesh sample vital statistics 2021 . (Statistics and Informatics Division (SID), Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, 2021). World Health Organization [WHO]. Diabetes. https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes#tab=tab_1 . Akhtar, S. et al. Prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in Bangladesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 10 , e036086 (2020). World Health Organization [WHO]. Hypertension. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension (2021). Monwarul Islam, A. K. M. & Majumder, A. A. S. Hypertension in Bangladesh: A review. Indian Heart J. 64 , 319–323 (2012). Tareque, M. I., Saito, Y. & Kawahara, K. Healthy life expectancy and the correlates of self-rated health in Bangladesh in 1996 and 2002. BMC Public Health 15 , 1–10 (2015). Islam, M. S. et al. Urban-rural differences in disability-free life expectancy in Bangladesh using the 2010 HIES data. PLoS One 12 , 1–13 (2017). Tareque, M. I., Begum, S. & Saito, Y. Gender differences in disability-free life expectancy at old ages in Bangladesh. J. Aging Health 25 , 1299–1312 (2013). Tareque, M. I. & Saito, Y. Gender differences in hypertension- free life expectancy in Bangladesh. Int. J. Popul. Stud. 3 , 110–120 (2017). Petrie, J. R., Guzik, T. J. & Touyz, R. M. Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Insights and Vascular Mechanisms. Can. J. Cardiol. 34 , 575–584 (2018). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics [BBS]. Report on Bangladesh sample vital statistics 2018 . (2019) doi:978-984-34-6845-1. Sekar, C. & Deming, E. On a method of estimating birth and death rates and the extent of registration. J. Am. Stat. 44 , 101–115 (1949). National Institute of Population Research and Training [NIPORT] & ICF. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18 . (2020). Preston, S. H., Heuveline, P. & Guillot, M. Demography: Measuring and modeling population processes . (Blackwell Publishers, 2001). Jagger, C., Oyen, H. Van & Robine, J.-M. Health expectancy calculation by the Sullivan method: A practical guide . Newcastle University Isntitute of Ageing (2014). Chowdhury, M. Z. I. et al. Hypertension prevalence and its trend in Bangladesh: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Hypertens. 26 , 10 (2020). CDC. Diabetes and Men | Diabetes | CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes-and-men.html (2022). Nordström, A., Hadrévi, J., Olsson, T., Franks, P. W. & Nordström, P. Higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in men than in women is associated with differences in visceral fat mass. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 101 , 3740–3746 (2016). Alam, M. Z. Women outweighed men at life expectancy in Bangladesh: Does it mean a better quality of life? Heliyon 7 , e07618 (2021). Mathers, C. D. & Robine, J. M. How good is Sullivan's method for monitoring changes in population health expectancies? J. Epidemiol. Community Health 51 , 80–86 (1997). Robine, J.-M., Jagger, C., Mathers, C. D., Crimmins, E. M. & Suzman, R. M. Determining health expectancies . (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2002). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Apr, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 04 Jan, 2024 Reviews received at journal 12 Dec, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Dec, 2023 Reviews received at journal 03 Dec, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Nov, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Nov, 2023 Reviews received at journal 13 Oct, 2023 Reviews received at journal 02 Oct, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Sep, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Sep, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Jul, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 27 Jun, 2023 Editor invited by journal 09 Jan, 2023 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Jan, 2023 First submitted to journal 06 Jan, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2451585","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":166160478,"identity":"22b80fe5-33f8-4a07-a72e-818102a0b651","order_by":0,"name":"Md. Zakiul Alam","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACNoYDDAUMDHwMDIwPeMAiPAwShLUYgCgGZgOitTBAtbBJEKVFvv1Y4mEeAwZ5NvbTaRVv2xjk+Rt4D97Ap4WxJ+0ASIthG0/utptz2xgMZxzgS7bAp4WZIb0BpIWxjSF3223eNgbGDQw8Zngdxsb/HKzFvo3/7bZioBZ7glp4JCAOS2yTyN3GDNSSSFCLhMSzhINzDCSS2yTebpacc04iecZhAn6R708z/vCmwsa2nz9344c3ZUBGey/+EINZhsRgJkL9KBgFo2AUjAL8AAB9Nj7ujUNbJQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Dhaka","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Zakiul","lastName":"Alam","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-01-06 19:44:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2451585/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2451585/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58554-1","type":"published","date":"2024-04-04T15:01:14+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":31451469,"identity":"fb82442c-aa7c-4946-93f1-3781822a92c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-01-11 23:07:36","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":102441,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAge-sex-specific probability of dying (\u003csub\u003en\u003c/sub\u003eq\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e) and life expectancy (e\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e) in Bangladesh, 2018\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2451585/v1/77acfa51748001a52d6c7469.png"},{"id":54303809,"identity":"0581d216-abf3-4f98-bddf-6c31ba66a338","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-08 15:11:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":561743,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2451585/v1/9b66d5aa-f2ec-4f48-ad95-f7f28b22dcd0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The burden of diabetes and hypertension on healthy life expectancy in Bangladesh","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe world has experienced a remarkable increase in life expectancy from less than 52 years to over 72 years between 1960 and 2019 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. Today, we expect to live much more than twice as our ancestors. Nevertheless, the situation is not identical for healthy life expectancy. Healthy life expectancy adds a quality dimension to the quantity of life by splitting life expectancy into years lived with disability or ill health and years lived free of disability or healthy. It measures whether the increase in life expectancy experienced by most countries worldwide are years of healthy life or simply extending the lives of the feeble \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Over the years, the world has experienced an epidemiological transition. The epidemiological transition marks a shift of significant causes of death from acute infectious diseases to chronic manmade diseases \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. As a result, people are living longer with ill health and diseases. In this situation, it is essential to see increased life expectancy from the quality dimension following the quantity dimension.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Bangladesh, life expectancy has increased from 45 years in 1960 to 73 years in 2019 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. This improvement is a resultant effect of demographic and epidemiological transition. As a result, the disease pattern of the country has shifted from infectious to chronic diseases. Ten of the fifteen major causes of death in Bangladesh are chronic degenerative diseases, where diabetes and hypertension are significant among them \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes is characterized by elevated blood glucose, leading to severe damage to blood vessels, the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves. Usually, in adults, the most common is type 2 diabetes, when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not make enough insulin. Worldwide, around 422\u0026nbsp;million people have diabetes, with 1.5\u0026nbsp;million deaths directly attributed to it \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Around 8% of the total population of Bangladesh have diabetes in the pooled analysis, nearly 7.3% of males and 6.7% of females \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. On the other hand, hypertension (elevated blood pressure) is a severe medical condition that significantly increases the risks of heart, brain, kidney, and other diseases. Around 1.28\u0026nbsp;billion adults aged 30\u0026ndash;79 years have hypertension, a significant cause of premature death worldwide \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Approximately twenty percent of adults and 40\u0026ndash;65% of older adults have hypertension in Bangladesh \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In this situation, it is necessary to estimate how much these two diseases affect the life expectancy and healthy life expectancy of the population of Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Bangladesh, several studies have been conducted regarding healthy life expectancy and the relative contribution of different diseases and disabilities to the healthy life expectancy of the population. One study of healthy life expectancy and its correlates to self-rated health has shown that the perceived health of the population improved between 1996 and 2002 \u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e. Urban and rural areas in Bangladesh have shown different levels of mortality and disability. Bangladesh's rural areas of Bangladesh have experienced higher mortality and morbidity \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Another study on disability-free life expectancy in Bangladesh observed gender differences in disability-free life expectancy of old ages in Bangladesh and suggested that women have each disability and at least one disability is significantly higher percentages than men \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. At all ages, and in both numbers and proportion, women have longer life expectancy but shorter DFLE than men. Only one study has been conducted to address the relative contribution of hypertension to healthy life expectancy and observe gender differences in hypertension-free life expectancy in Bangladesh \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, no study has yet been conducted about diabetes-free life expectancy. The aggregate effect of diabetes and hypertension is analyzed to know how these two diseases affect people's healthy life expectancy. Diabetes and hypertension are related to each other Diabetes damages arteries and targets hardening, called atherosclerosis \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. That can cause high blood pressure. The risk factor of both diseases is related two each other. As a result, people often suffer from two diseases together. On this background, this study aimed to address the following questions:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is the relative contribution of diabetes to healthy life expectancy in Bangladesh?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is the relative contribution of hypertension to healthy life expectancy?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is the relative contribution of either diabetes or hypertension to healthy life expectancy?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is the relative contribution of both diabetes and hypertension to healthy life expectancy?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Source\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge-sex-specific mortality rates (\u003csub\u003en\u003c/sub\u003em\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e) were extracted from published Bangladesh sample vital statistics of 2018 \u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) initiated the Sample Vital Registration System (SVRS) in 1980 to determine the population change during the intercensal periods. Since the 2013 SVRS, Integrated Multi-Purpose Sample (IMPS) Design has also been followed \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The vital events (e.g., birth, death, marriage, divorce, migration) in the sample area are collected through a dual recording system proposed by Chandrasekaran and Deming \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Under a dual record system, vital events are collected (when they occur) by a locally recruited female registrar termed as Local Registrar (\u003cb\u003eSystem 1\u003c/b\u003e). Under a second system (\u003cb\u003eSystem 2\u003c/b\u003e), from the same area, another group of officials from the BBS also collect the data independently. With the filled-in questionnaires from the two systems, data are matched in the headquarters by pre-designed matching criteria. The demographic rates and ratios are estimated following Chandrasekaran and Deming's procedure. In order to find denominators for the demographic parameters, a detailed household survey is conducted at the beginning of every year, covering essential household and population characteristics. In 2018, 297233 households were surveyed from 2012 primary sampling units (PSUs). The total population was 1259744, where 630591 were males and 629153 females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, the age-sex-specific prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was obtained from Bangladesh demographic and health survey (BHDS), 2017-18 \u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e. BDHS 2017-18 is the seventh type undertaken in Bangladesh as a part of an international program of measures DHS \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The sample for the BDHS is nationally representative, and a detailed methodology will be found elsewhere in report \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The BDHS follows two-stage stratified sampling with a response rate of 98.8%. Blood pressure (BP) and blood glucose (BG) measurement testing were collected from men and women aged 18 years and above in the subsample of 1/4 of the households. All men and women identified as eligible for BP and BG measurements (14704) were contacted and had the test explained to them, and testing was taken for those who consented. The measurements were missing for 12.1% of the respondents (16.6% for men and 8.4% for women) for BP. The sample size was 12926 (5583 for men and 7342 for women) for BP. On the other hand, 82.3% (86.3% for women and 77.4% for men) of the respondents had their BG tested. The final sample size for BG stood at 12100.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimation of Hypertension and Diabetes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe LIFE SOURCE\u0026reg; UA-767 Plus BP monitor was used to measuring blood pressure in the BDHS survey \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. During the interview, three measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (measured in millimeters of mercury [mmHg]) were taken at least 5 minutes between measurements, using a digital oscillometric blood pressure measuring device with automatic upper-arm inflation and an automatic pressure release. The mean of the second and third measurements classified individuals with hypertension. Respondents whose blood pressure fell into two categories based on their mean systolic and diastolic levels were classified according to the highest blood pressure category. If the third measurement was missing, the second measurement was considered the mean. The first measurement was considered the average if the second and third blood pressure measurements were missing. Individuals were classified as hypertensive: if they had average systolic blood pressure (SBP) level of 140 mmHg or above, they had average diastolic blood pressure (DBP) level of 90 mmHg or above, or they were currently taking antihypertensive medication.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe diabetes status was calculated based on the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level. The HemoCue Glucose 201 DM system with plasma conversion was used to test a drop of capillary blood obtained from consenting eligible respondents from the middle or ring finger after fasting overnight. The system automatically converted the fasting whole blood glucose measurements taken in the survey to FPG equivalent values. If individuals had a fasting blood glucose (FBG) equivalent level of 7 mmol/L or above or currently taking prescribed medication for their high blood glucose or diabetes were considered as having raised blood glucose or diabetes. We also estimated the prevalence of any diabetes or hypertension (if the individual suffered from any of two diseases); the prevalence of both diabetes and hypertension (if both were present simultaneously).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimation of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing age-specific central death rate (m\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e), we calculated the probabilities of dying using the following formula \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEquation 1:\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({q}_{x}=\\frac{n.{m}_{x}}{1+\\left(n-{a}_{x}\\right).{m}_{x}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere n is the length of the age group, m\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e is the central death rate, and a\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e is the mean number of person-years lived in the interval x to x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;n by those dying in the interval. We used a\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e equals 0.5. Details methodology of life table is available \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For instance, we followed the steps given in \u003cem\u003eHealth Expectancy Calculation by the Sullivan Method: A Practical Guide\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The following equation calculated hypertension-free life expectancy (HFLE) and diabetes-free life expectancy (DFLE).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEquation 2\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cem\u003el\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e refers to the number of survivors at age x, \u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e refers to the person-years lived for the age interval x, \u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e refers to the prevalence of hypertension-free for the age interval x, and \u003cem\u003eD\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e refers to the prevalence of disability-free for the age interval x. We also calculated the difference in life expectancy by gender. The 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated using Z-test, where p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Findings","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProbability of death, the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe probability of age-specific probability of dying and life expectancy are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. It is observed that the immediate risk of mortality at any age follows an exponential curve with age. The probability of dying is high at an early age and increases with aging. Life expectancy also varies with age. At ages 15\u0026ndash;19, life expectancy ranges from 67 to 71 years, while at ages 1\u0026ndash;4 years, it ranges from 69 to 72 years. The life expectancy of ages 1\u0026ndash;4 years is higher than that of 0\u0026ndash;1 year. Besides this, all life expectancy decreases with age as mortality increases exponentially.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e represents the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes among the adult population in Bangladesh in 2017-18. The prevalence of hypertension is 63.5%. Females have a higher percentage of hypertension prevalence (68.8%) than males (57.3%). The prevalence of hypertension increased with age and was highest in ages 80 or above. The prevalence of diabetes is 13.3% in Bangladesh. Males have a higher percentage of diabetes than females (15.3%, 11.4%). Diabetes is most prevalent among males and females in the middle age group (50\u0026ndash;54).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of hypertension and diabetes among the adult population in Bangladesh, 2017-18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEither hypertension or diabetes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth hypertension and diabetes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u0026ndash;69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u0026ndash;79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe percentage of the population with either hypertension or diabetes is 69.4. Again, females outnumbered males in the prevalence with a difference of 8.7. The total population of Bangladesh with both hypertension and diabetes is 8.5%. In this case, males have a higher percentage than females, 9% for males and 8.1% for females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHypertension-free life expectancy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents hypertension-free life expectancy in Bangladesh with a 95% confidence interval. Males have more hypertension-free life expectancy (42 years) than females (38.8 years). It is coherent with the previous Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, as we have seen that the prevalence of hypertension is higher among females. The percentage of years lived with hypertension is 32.8 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension-free life expectancy with 95 confidence intervals (CI) in Bangladesh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension Free Life Expectancy (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Years Lived with Hypertension,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (Male, Female)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.0 (41.3, 42.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.8 (38.0, 39.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 (1.7, 4.7) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.4 (39.9, 41.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.8 (28.7, 37.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.8 (37.1, 38.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.2 (33.4, 35.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 (2.1, 5.0) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.0 (35.5, 36.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.1 (30.4, 39.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.6 (32.9, 34.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7 (29.0, 30.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 (2.4, 5.3) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.6 (31.1, 32.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.6 (32.1, 42.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 (28.7, 30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 (24.8, 26.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 (2.3, 5.2) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4 (26.9, 27.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.4 (34.5, 46.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 (24.6, 26.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8 (21.0, 22.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 (2.1, 5.0) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 (23.0, 24.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9 (36.7, 48.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6, (21.0, 22.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 (17.7, 19.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 (1.7, 4.6) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0 (19.5, 20.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.1 (38.8, 51.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9 (17.3, 18.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 (14.8, 16.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 (1.1, 3.8) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 (16.3, 17.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.5 (41.6, 53.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 (14.1, 15.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0 (12.2, 13.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 (0.4, 3.2) \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 (13.5, 14.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.3 (43.9, 55.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 (11.5, 12.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 (9.9, 11.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 (0.1, 2.7) \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 (10.9, 11.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.3 (46.1, 56.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 (9.0, 10.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 (7.8, 9.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 (-0.2, 2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 (8.7, 9.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.9 (48.4, 58.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u0026ndash;69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 (6.9, 8.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 (6.0, 7.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8 (-0.5, 2.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 (6.7, 7.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.3 (50.1, 59.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 (5.2, 6.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0 (4.3, 5.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8 (-0.4, 2.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 (5.0, 5.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.6 (50.8, 60.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u0026ndash;79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0 (3.5, 4.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 (2.5, 3.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9 (-0.2, 2.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 (3.2, 4.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.5 (51.1, 65.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 (2.2, 3.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 (1.7, 2.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 (-0.6, 1.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 (2.1, 2.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.5 (57.4, 68.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003ez\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.001=***, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.01=**, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.05=*\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDiabetes-free life expectancy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents the Diabetes free life expectancy with 95 percent confidence intervals in Bangladesh. The prevalence of diabetes is lower than hypertension and much more likely to occur at a later age. The years spent without diabetes are 53.2 years, 54.5 years for females, and 52.1 years for males. The percentage of years lived with diabetes is 11.6% for both males and females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes-free life expectancy with 95 confidence intervals (CI) in Bangladesh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes Free Life Expectancy (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Years Lived with Diabetes,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (Male, Female)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.1 (51.6, 52.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.5 (54.0, 55.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.4 (-3.5, -1.3) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.2 (52.9, 53.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 (11.5, 11.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.7 (47.2, 48.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0 (49.4, 50.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.2 (-3.3, -1.1) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.7 (48.4, 49.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 (12.1, 12.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.2 (42.7, 43.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.4 (44.8, 45.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.1 (-3.3, -1.1) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.1 (43.8, 44.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 (12.7, 13.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6 (38.1, 39.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.8 (40.2, 41.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.2 (-3.3, -1.1) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.6 (39.2, 40.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 (13.8, 13.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.1 (33.6, 34.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.5 (35.9, 37.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.3 (-3.4, -1.2) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.2 (34.8, 35.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 (14.7, 14.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.8 (29.3, 30.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.3 (31.7, 32.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.4 (-3.5, -1.4) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.9 (30.6, 31.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 (15.5, 14.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8 (25.3, 26.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 (27.6, 28.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.4 (-3.4, -1.3) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9 (26.5, 27.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 (15.8, 15.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (21.5, 22.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 (23.9, 25.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.5 (-3.5, -1.4) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 (22.8, 23.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 (16.4, 15.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 (18.3, 19.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9 (20.4, 21.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.2 (-3.1, -1.2) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 (19.4, 20.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 (16.2, 14.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 (15.0, 15.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 (16.9, 17.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.9 (-2.9, -1.0) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 (16.0, 16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 (16.8, 14.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u0026ndash;69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 (12.1, 12.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 (13.6, 14.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.7 (-2.6, -0.7) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 (12.9, 13.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0 (16.3, 13.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 (9.4, 10.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0 (10.5, 11.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.1 (-2.0, -0.2) \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 (10.1, 10.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 (15.8, 13.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u0026ndash;79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0 (6.6, 7.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 (7.6, 8.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.9 (-1.7, -0.1) \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 (7.2, 7.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0 (14.3, 12.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 (4.9, 5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 (6.0, 6.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.1 (-1.8, -0.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 (5.6, 6.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 (15.5, 10.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003ez\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.001=***, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.01=**, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.05=*\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEither hypertension or diabetes-free life expectancy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents either hypertension or diabetes-free life expectancy with 95 confidence intervals (CI). Male spends 38.1 years of their life expectancy with either of the disease-free. On the other hand, the females spend 35.6 years either hypertension or diabetes-free. The percentage of life spent with either of the diseases is 38.7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEither hypertension or diabetes-free life expectancy with 95 confidence intervals (CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEither Hypertension or Diabetes Free Life Expectancy (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Years Lived with Either H/D,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (Male, Female)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.1 (37.3, 38.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6 (34.8, 36.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 (0.9, 4.1) \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.9 (36.3, 37.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.7 (35.3, 42.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.1 (33.4, 34.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2 (30.4, 32.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0 (1.4, 4.5) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.6 (32.1, 33.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.2 (37.2, 45.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1 (29.3, 30.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9 (26.1, 27.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 (1.7, 4.8) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 (27.9, 28.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.0 (39.2, 48.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.9 (25.2, 26.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.9 (22.1, 23.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 (1.5, 4.6) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 (23.8, 24.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.0 (42.1, 51.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 (21.5, 22.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 (18.5, 20.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 (1.4, 4.4) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 (20.2, 21.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.7 (44.6, 54.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 (18.1, 19.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 (15.5, 17.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 (1.0, 3.9) \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 (17.0, 18.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.0 (46.9, 56.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 (14.8, 16.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 (12.9, 14.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 (0.4, 3.3) \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 (14.1, 15.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.2 (49.5, 58.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 (11.9, 13.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 (10.7, 12.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 (-0.2, 2.5) \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 (11.6, 12.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.1 (52.2, 60.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 (9.7, 11.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 (8.7, 10.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0 (-0.4, 2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 (9.5, 10.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.6 (53.8, 61.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 (7.6, 8.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 (6.7, 8.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7 (-0.6, 2.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 (7.4, 8.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.4 (56.2, 63.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u0026ndash;69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 (5.8, 6.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 (5.2, 6.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 (-0.8, 1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 (5.7, 6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.3 (57.3, 64.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 (4.4, 5.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 (3.7, 5.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6 (-0.6, 1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 (4.3, 5.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5 (57.3, 66.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u0026ndash;79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 (2.9, 4.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 (2.1, 3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7 (-0.4, 1.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 (2.7, 3.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.0 (58.4, 70.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 (1.7, 2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 (1.4, 2.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 (-0.7, 1.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 (1.7, 2.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.4 (65.0, 73.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003ez\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.001=***, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.01=**, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.05=*\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBoth hypertension and diabetes-free life expectancy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e presents both hypertension and diabetes-free life expectancy with a 95 percent confidence interval. On average, the population of Bangladesh spends 6% of their total life span with both diseases. The females spend more years with both hypertension and diabetes-free (57.5 years) than males (55.8 years).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth hypertension and diabetes-free life expectancy with 95 confidence intervals (CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth Hypertension and Diabetes Free Life Expectancy (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Years Lived with Both H/D,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (Male, Female)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.8 (55.5, 56.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.5 (57.0, 58.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.7 (-2.5, -0.8) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.6 (56.3, 56.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0 (5.2, 6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.2 (50.8, 51.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.8 (52.4, 53.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.6 (-2.5, -0.8) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.9 (51.6, 52.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 (5.7, 7.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.5 (46.1, 46.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.0 (47.6, 48.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.5 (-2.4, -0.7) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.2 (46.9, 47.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 (6.1, 7.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.8 (41.4, 42.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.3 (42.8, 43.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.5 (-2.4, -0.7) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.4 (42.1, 42.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 (6.8, 8.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.0 (36.6, 37.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.7 (38.2, 39.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.7 (-2.6, -0.8) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.8 (37.5, 38.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 (7.4, 9.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.5 (32.1, 32.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.2 (33.7, 34.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.7 (-2.6, -0.9) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.2 (32.9, 33.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 (8.1, 9.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 (27.7, 28.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.8 (29.3, 30.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.7 (-2.6, -0.9) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9 (28.6, 29.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 (8.6, 10.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0 (23.6, 24.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8 (25.3, 26.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.8 (2.6, -1.0) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8 (24.5, 25.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 (8.7, 10.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 (19.9, 20.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.0 (21.6, 22.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.7 (-2.5, -0.9) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 (20.8, 21.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 (9.4, 10.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 (16.4, 17.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 (17.8, 18.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.5 (-2.3, -0.7) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 (17.2, 17.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 (9.9, 9.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u0026ndash;69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 (13.0, 13.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 (14.4, 15.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.5 (-2.2, -0.7) \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 (13.8, 14.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 (10.1, 9.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 (10.3, 10.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 (11.1, 11.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.9 (-1.6, -0.2) \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 (10.8, 11.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 (9.2, 9.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u0026ndash;79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 (7.2, 7.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 (7.8, 8.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.7 (-1.4, 0.0) \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 (7.7, 8.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 (8.2, 9.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 (5.4, 6.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 (6.3, 7.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.9 (-1.6, -0.3) \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 (6.0, 6.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 (9.2, 7.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003ez\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.001=***, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.01=**, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.05=*\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study aimed to explore the contribution of hypertension and diabetes to healthy life expectancy reduction in Bangladesh. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes is relatively high in Bangladesh. On average, a person aged 15\u0026ndash;19 is expected to live 32.8% of their life with hypertension in Bangladesh. Whereas the life expectancy of those ages 15\u0026ndash;19 was 58.9 years in 2018 in Bangladesh, they would spend 40.4 years without hypertension. Almost 18.5 years are expected to live with hypertension. These findings correlate with other study findings \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The main reason for this high prevalence of hypertension in Bangladesh is the increasing prevalence of obesity, tobacco use, high intake of processed foods, salt intake, and less physical activity \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMales spend more years hypertension free than females. Several studies found the reason for females' higher prevalence of hypertension, including higher prevalence of obesity, use of oral contraception, preeclampsia and menopause, gender difference in functional status, nutritional status, inadequate health care service availability for women, patriarchy, and culture. Women are outliving men in Bangladesh, which also works as a reason for women's more years living with hypertension \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the contrary, the prevalence of diabetes is less acute than hypertension. The number of years spends without diabetes is 53.2 years. Males and females have different patterns in diabetes when compared to hypertension. Females spend more years without diabetes. The main reason is compiled of biological and lifestyle-related reasons. A higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in men than in women is associated with differences in Visceral Fat Mass as males store more fat in their bellies. In different studies, physical activity, smoking, and indifference to test the disease are shown as reasons \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, either hypertension or diabetes-free life expectancy presents the burden of both diseases on the population. Again, females spend fewer years (35.6 years) without either disease than 38.1 years for males. Around 39% of life is spent with either disease in Bangladesh, whereas 6% with both diseases. Females spend more years with both diseases. This pattern is also evident in other literature, indicating the life expectancy advantages of women in Bangladesh as \u003cem\u003eFailures of success.\u003c/em\u003e Increasing life expectancy comes with chronic disease, economic insolvency, poor mental health, and misery. The lifelong discrimination and patriarchy are becoming evident with disease patterns \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth diabetes and hypertension are more prevalent with increasing age. The percentage of years lived with both hypertension and diabetes is increasing with age. This finding is also consistent with another study, as the prevalence of communicable diseases increases with age \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has some important strengths. This study has discovered the effects of both diseases on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in Bangladesh. It is crucial to increase the burden of non-communicable diseases for the population with increasing life expectancy. The Sullivan method for calculating healthy life expectancy has some important strengths. It is straightforward to apply to data from cross-sectional studies and less influenced by survey design and analytic strategies than methods relying on longitudinal data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe limitations of the methods include the method's assumptions constraining the portrayal of the expected life cycle or functional status histories of persons exposed to current mortality and morbidity conditions. It does not permit recovery once individuals have experienced a health problem. It will yield an inaccurate portrayal of the timing and volume of a cohort's health experiences under conditions in which individuals experience the onset of health problems and recovery. Although the Sullivan method could not detect a sudden change in health problems, it provides relatively stable estimates as the multistate life table method if there are smooth and relatively regular changes in health problems prevalence rates over a long time \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions And Implications","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe world is experiencing increasing life expectancy due to improved socioeconomic conditions and medical and public health advancements. Bangladesh is no exception to it. With increasing life expectancy, non-communicable diseases and their impact on later life have become more significant than ever. This study provides insights into diabetes and hypertension-free life expectancy in Bangladesh. Diabetes and hypertension are becoming more prevalent day by day in the country. These two diseases directly affect mortality and morbidity, and it also works as contributing factor to other diseases. In these circumstances, policies and programs need to reduce the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension. Efforts must be made from the early stages of life through physical activity, food patterns, salt taking, mental health, and other factors. Mass screening programs need to be enforced to detect taking steps early and appropriately. The focus should be given cost-effective and readily available treatment for both diseases. Women suffer more from both diseases. Particular focus should be given to women as they live more than males. This study has brought forward this quality-of-life dimension with the quantity dimension of life expectancy. This study will work to ignite consciousness among policymakers and people about the burden of diabetes and hypertension.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eData availability statement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2017\u0026ndash;18 BDHS data set is anonymized and freely available at https://dhsprogram.com/data/, and the instructions were followed for using the data. The\u0026nbsp;published Bangladesh sample vital statistics of 2018 is available at the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) website: http://www.bbs.gov.bd/site/page/ef4d6756-2685-485a-b707-aa2d96bd4c6c/-. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT) of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare conducted the 2017\u0026ndash;18 BDHS. The survey was implemented by a Bangladeshi firm named Mitra and Associates of Bangladesh, while the ICF International of USA provided technical assistance as part of its international Demographic and Health Surveys Program. If the respondent provided their verbal consent in response to being read out an informed consent statement by the interviewer, only then was an interview conducted. The ethical approval for the survey was taken by the NIPORT from the Bangladesh Medical Research Council (BMRC).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConsent to publication\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe World Bank. Data Bank | World Development Indicators. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJagger, C. \u0026amp; Robine, J.-M. Healthy Life Expectancy. in \u003cem\u003eInternational Handbook of Adult Mortality\u003c/em\u003e (ed. Dudley L. Poston, J.) 551\u0026ndash;568 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2011). doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/978-90-481-9996-9_26\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/978-90-481-9996-9_26\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOmran, A. R. The epidemiologic transition: A theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Q. \u003cb\u003e83\u003c/b\u003e, 731\u0026ndash;757 (2005).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBangladesh Bureau of Statistics [BBS]. \u003cem\u003eReport on Bangladesh sample vital statistics 2021\u003c/em\u003e. (Statistics and Informatics Division (SID), Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, 2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization [WHO]. Diabetes. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes#tab=tab_1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes#tab=tab_1\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkhtar, S. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in Bangladesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open \u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e, e036086 (2020).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization [WHO]. Hypertension. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMonwarul Islam, A. K. M. \u0026amp; Majumder, A. A. S. Hypertension in Bangladesh: A review. Indian Heart J. \u003cb\u003e64\u003c/b\u003e, 319\u0026ndash;323 (2012).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTareque, M. I., Saito, Y. \u0026amp; Kawahara, K. Healthy life expectancy and the correlates of self-rated health in Bangladesh in 1996 and 2002. BMC Public Health \u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;10 (2015).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIslam, M. S. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Urban-rural differences in disability-free life expectancy in Bangladesh using the 2010 HIES data. PLoS One \u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;13 (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTareque, M. I., Begum, S. \u0026amp; Saito, Y. Gender differences in disability-free life expectancy at old ages in Bangladesh. J. Aging Health \u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e, 1299\u0026ndash;1312 (2013).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTareque, M. I. \u0026amp; Saito, Y. Gender differences in hypertension- free life expectancy in Bangladesh. Int. J. Popul. Stud. \u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e, 110\u0026ndash;120 (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePetrie, J. R., Guzik, T. J. \u0026amp; Touyz, R. M. Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Insights and Vascular Mechanisms. Can. J. Cardiol. \u003cb\u003e34\u003c/b\u003e, 575\u0026ndash;584 (2018).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBangladesh Bureau of Statistics [BBS]. \u003cem\u003eReport on Bangladesh sample vital statistics 2018\u003c/em\u003e. (2019) doi:978-984-34-6845-1.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSekar, C. \u0026amp; Deming, E. On a method of estimating birth and death rates and the extent of registration. J. Am. Stat. \u003cb\u003e44\u003c/b\u003e, 101\u0026ndash;115 (1949).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNational Institute of Population Research and Training [NIPORT] \u0026amp; ICF. \u003cem\u003eBangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18\u003c/em\u003e. (2020).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePreston, S. H., Heuveline, P. \u0026amp; Guillot, M. \u003cem\u003eDemography: Measuring and modeling population processes\u003c/em\u003e. (Blackwell Publishers, 2001).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJagger, C., Oyen, H. Van \u0026amp; Robine, J.-M. \u003cem\u003eHealth expectancy calculation by the Sullivan method: A practical guide\u003c/em\u003e. Newcastle University Isntitute of Ageing (2014).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChowdhury, M. Z. I. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Hypertension prevalence and its trend in Bangladesh: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Hypertens. \u003cb\u003e26\u003c/b\u003e, 10 (2020).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCDC. Diabetes and Men | Diabetes | CDC. \u003cem\u003eCenters for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/em\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes-and-men.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes-and-men.html\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNordstr\u0026ouml;m, A., Hadr\u0026eacute;vi, J., Olsson, T., Franks, P. W. \u0026amp; Nordstr\u0026ouml;m, P. Higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in men than in women is associated with differences in visceral fat mass. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. \u003cb\u003e101\u003c/b\u003e, 3740\u0026ndash;3746 (2016).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlam, M. Z. Women outweighed men at life expectancy in Bangladesh: Does it mean a better quality of life? Heliyon \u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e, e07618 (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMathers, C. D. \u0026amp; Robine, J. M. How good is Sullivan's method for monitoring changes in population health expectancies? J. Epidemiol. Community Health \u003cb\u003e51\u003c/b\u003e, 80\u0026ndash;86 (1997).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRobine, J.-M., Jagger, C., Mathers, C. D., Crimmins, E. M. \u0026amp; Suzman, R. M. \u003cem\u003eDetermining health expectancies\u003c/em\u003e. (John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons, Ltd, 2002).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Diabetes, hypertension, life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, Diabetes-free life expectancy, Hypertension-free life expectancy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2451585/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2451585/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDiabetes and hypertension are among the leading causes of death in Bangladesh. This study examined diabetes and hypertension-free life expectancy, the effect of either disease and the aggregate effect of both diseases on healthy life expectancy in Bangladesh. We utilized data from Bangladesh sample vital statistics, 2018 for mortality, and Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2017-18 for diabetes and hypertension. Sullivan method has been employed to estimate age-specific hypertension and diabetes-free life expectancy. Altogether, 6% of the people lived with both diabetes and hypertension. The life expectancy free of both diseases is 56.6 years. Life expectancy without either of the diseases is 36.9 years. The prevalence of hypertension is higher than diabetes. The hypertension-free life expectancy is 40.4 years, and the diabetes-free life expectancy is 53.2 years. Female suffers more from the aggregate effect of the two chronic diseases. However, female suffers more from hypertension, and male suffers from diabetes. Diabetes and hypertension affect a considerable proportion of life of the population in Bangladesh. Policy actions are needed to guide for prevention and treatment of both diseases with a specific focus on women.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The burden of diabetes and hypertension on healthy life expectancy in Bangladesh","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-01-11 23:07:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2451585/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-01-04T06:56:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-12-12T17:27:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"a3eefe9d-f8dc-4742-b8db-281e67b4ea8b","date":"2023-12-12T05:25:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-12-03T14:05:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"a3c2a8c6-8418-498e-ae1d-4e64487c5f38","date":"2023-11-24T06:24:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"9b895800-80c2-4d00-8dfa-6eb41ba3565c_SNPRID","date":"2023-11-17T16:45:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-10-13T09:39:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-10-02T22:31:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"275586fe-4ecf-4a34-a827-35f0c81e8a71","date":"2023-09-23T08:08:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"11559554-1f0c-466a-b365-d52c345e44d4","date":"2023-09-20T06:11:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-07-07T07:33:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-06-27T05:02:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2023-01-09T10:54:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2023-01-09T10:47:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2023-01-06T19:38:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5eafa84d-5e05-4698-9bcb-3056ce44f4ff","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 11th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":18253517,"name":"Health sciences/Biomarkers"},{"id":18253518,"name":"Health sciences/Diseases"},{"id":18253519,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"},{"id":18253520,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"},{"id":18253521,"name":"Health sciences/Risk factors"},{"id":18253522,"name":"Biological sciences/Computational biology and bioinformatics/Statistical methods"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-08T15:04:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2451585","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58554-1","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2024-04-04 15:01:14","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 4th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-01-11 23:07:31","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-024-58554-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58554-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2451585","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2451585","identity":"rs-2451585","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}