Prospective Evaluation of Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Six Selective Rice Cultivars in Strongly Saline Soil of Bangladesh

Prospective Evaluation of Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Six Selective Rice Cultivars in Strongly Saline Soil of Bangladesh | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prospective Evaluation of Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Six Selective Rice Cultivars in Strongly Saline Soil of Bangladesh Syed Sazidul Islam, Shova Akter This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4531321/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose: Over the past two decades, rice production has been seriously threatened by the progressively diminishing agricultural land caused by both environmental and anthropogenic issues. To support the policy decisions for food security in Bangladesh, we must use marginal soil, such as salt-affected soil and suitable variety for a particular region for higher yield. Methods: A field experiment was conducted in saline soil (8.7 dS m -1 ) in Khulna, Bangladesh during December 2020 to April 2021 to identify the best rice cultivar following Randomized Complete Block design with three replications. Six rice varieties (BRRI dhan47 , BRRI dhan28 , BRRI dhan67 , Black rice , Violet rice and Heera hybrid ) were tested in this experiment to observe their growth and yield performance as well as macro nutrient uptake. Results: In this study, Black rice died at 74 days after transplanting due to the excess salt stress. The findings revealed that Heera hybrid rice produced significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) higher tiller hill -1 , panicle hill -1 , panicle length, biological yield, harvest index, grain yield, straw yield, total grain panicle -1 and filled grain compared to other varieties except BRRI dhan67 . On the other hand, significantly highest number of leaf hill -1 , 1000-grain weight, P, S and Na uptake was obtained from BRRI dhan67. Additionally, maximum grain N and K uptake was observed for Heera hybrid rice as compared with other cultivars. Conclusions: It can be summarized that Heera hybrid and BRRI dhan67 could be effective to improve rice production and nutrient uptake in coastal saline soil of Bangladesh followed by BRRI dhan47 , BRRI dhan28 and Violet rice . Salinity rice varieties growth parameters yield nutrient uptake Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Among all abiotic stresses, salinity is the most widespread and complicated issue posing a major threat for world agricultural production and food security (El hasini et al. 2019). Worldwide around 1.0-billion-acre land comprising 20% of all cultivated area is already salinized (Hopmans et al. 2021 ; Shrivastava and Kumar 2015 ). Only in Bangladesh around 0.223 million ha of new land is damaged by salinity over the past 40 years (Hasan et al. 2019 ), primarily because of sea water intrusion brought on by excessive ground water extraction (Rahman et al. 2018 ). Currently 53% of the coastal lands of Bangladesh are affected by different levels of salinity where moderately and strongly saline soil covers 274.22 and 351.69 million hectares land respectively (SRDI 2010 ). Salinity creates an unfavorable climate and hydrological conditions that limit the usual agricultural output year-round (Haque 2006 ). It has an adverse effect on physio-biochemical mechanism of plants that ultimately lead to reduction in overall crop growth, development, and productivity. Ionic toxicity, osmotic stress, nutrients imbalance, changed plant-pathogen interactions, etc. are the major negative impacts of salinity on plants (Zhu 2003 ; Zörb et al. 2019 ). The saline environment causes hyperionic and hyperosmotic stresses in plants, which lead to membrane damage, enzymatic inhibition, nutritional imbalances, metabolic dysfunction, inhibition of oxidative stress, photosynthetic processes, growth and eventually death (Isayenkov and Maathuis 2019 ). Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is the most common and important cereal crops for over half of the world’s population (Yuan 2014 ). In Bangladesh the availability and access of rice consider as the primary determining factor for food security as 70% of people’s daily caloric need comes from rice (BBS 2019 ). Besides, rice contributes 5% of the country's overall GDP, making it a significant economic crop for Bangladesh (BER 2019 ). Hence, Bangladesh's overall food security is heavily dependent on the sustainable rice cultivation system. Salinity is the major limiting factors for rice growth and grain development (Zheng et al. 2023 ). Grains yield characteristics like panicle length, panicle numbers, 1000-grain weight and grain quantity are all negatively affected by soil salt levels beyond the critical threshold (3.0 dSm − 1 ) (Mumtaz et al. 2017 ). Moreover, rice grain yield was reported to be reduced by 50% under the electrical conductivity (EC) of 6.0 dSm − 1 (Djaman et al. 2020 ). In the coastal areas of Bangladesh, the rice production is negatively affected by salt and water logging stress, and these affected areas are gradually expanding as a result of climate change and overuse of natural resources to feed growing populations. Over one-fifth of Bangladesh's land area is currently suffered from salinity impact, which is increasing at an alarming rate (Abedin and Hosenuzzaman 2023 ). Soil salinity stress is account for almost 50% yield reduction of the major cultivated crops in the coastal regions of Bangladesh (Rahman et al. 2018 ). Since the population of Bangladesh is expanding quickly, therefore, either more arable land needs to be added or the yield per hectare needs to be increased to feed the surplus population and to maintain its economic stability. Consequently, it is imperative to raise the rice productivity in saline soil for maintaining food security and sustainability in salinity affected environments. In the last two decades Boro rice has been cultivated rapidly in waterlogged, low-lying or medium lands with irrigation during November to May for rapid production of rice. To fulfill the need for food security, in recent years several salt and stagnant flood tolerant rice varieties were developed and commercialized in the southwest coastal belts of Bangladesh. BINA, BRRI and IRRI has developed a numbers of salt tolerant rice varieties including Binadhan-8, Binadhan-10, BRRI dhan28 , BRRI dhan47 , BRRI dhan53 , BRRI dhan54 , BRRI dhan55 , BRRI dhan61 , BRRI dhan67 , BRRI dhan73 , and BRRI dhan78 (Hassan et al, 2019). However, not all the above-mentioned varieties are suitable for cultivation in a particular saline soil. The suitability of these cultivars depends on their capacity to adjust to a region’s local conditions as well as farmers' preferences, which haven't been fully assessed. In order to achieve this goal, it is essential to assess the morphology, yield performance, and nutrient content of various salt-tolerant rice varieties for cultivating in coastal saline soils of Bangladesh. The current study aims to provide information on the agronomic state (germination, growth, and yield) and adaptability of recently released modern Boro rice varieties in relation to other varieties. Therefore, the current research is mainly emphasized on the following objectives: i. To investigate the morphology and yield performance of selected rice varieties ii. To evaluate the grain nutrient content of the rice varieties and iii. To find out the best rice cultivar for this region. Material and methods Study location and soil A field experiment was undertaken from January 2020 to May 2020 at Batiaghata upazila under Khulna district. The site is located at 22°43´49.4´´ N 89°28´00.5´´E. The descriptions of physicochemical characteristics of the studied soil are presented in Table 1 . Temperature, relative humidity at 2 meters, cloud and precipitation data for the study site throughout the investigation were presented in Fig. 1 ( https://power.larc.nasa.gov/data-access-viewer/ ). Table 1 Initial physical and chemical properties of the soil Properties Values Bulk density (g/cc) 1.19 Texture Silty clay loam Organic carbon (%) 0.67 pH 6.8 EC (dS/m) 8.7 Available N (ppm) 33.29 Available P (ppm) 23.98 Available K (ppm) 497.26 Available S (ppm) 19.66 Available Na (ppm) 3798.08 Experimental design and cultural practices Six types of rice cultivars namely, Black rice , BRRI dhan28 , BRRI dhan47 , BRRI dhan67 , Heera hybrid and Violet rice were tested for the experiment. BRRI dhan28 , BRRI dhan47 and BRRI dhan67 were salt-tolerant varieties whereas; Violet rice and Black rice were selected to obtain their salt tolerant capacity. Hera hybrid is a local variety cultivating in this area for the last 6 years. Seeds of BRRI dhan28 , BRRI dhan47 and BRRI dhan67 were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC), Khulna. Heera hybrid ’s seed was collected from a nearby market. On the other hand, seeds of Black rice and Violet rice were collected from Sherpur district of Bangladesh. During December 2019 , five different seed beds were prepared for the seeding cultivation and the seeds were sown. The study was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), where each of the varieties was replicated three times. In this experiment, the individual plot size was 15 m 2 (5m × 3 m) at 50 cm gap between two plots. In order to prepare the main plots, the field was ploughed three times and then leveled by a single laddering. Then for the next six days, 5 to 7 cm of standing water was maintained to inhibit weed growth and the complete decomposition of soil stubbles. When the seedlings turned 28 days old, they were transplanted back in the main field following a spacing of 20 cm × 15 cm (row and column). Each of the experimental plots received a recommended rate of N, P and K (160, 90 and 30 kg ha − 1 , respectively), where N (source: urea) was applied in three equal splits (land preparation, 40 days after transplantation and 80 days after transplantation) and the other fertilizers were applied in two splits (land preparation, 80 days after transplanting). Hand weeding was done four times and pesticides were applied two times depending on the pest attack. All the plots were kept under submerged condition until the panicles matured. Morphological and yield parameters collection When the grains reached their maturity level and were 80% ripened, the plants were harvested. Prior to harvesting rice growth attributes were recorded from each of the replicated plots. Parameters like plant height (PH), leaf area (LA), leaf (LN), tiller (TN) and panicle number (PN) were recorded at matured stage (120 days after transplanting). Five plants, with an average growth and development, were selected randomly from each plot for calculating the morphological and yield data used in this study. The number of leaves, panicles and tillers per plant were recorded manually from each of the designated plots. Harvested samples were collected, threshed, and dried to determine filled grain and unfilled grains. The grain yield was estimated at 14% moisture content and expressed in ton ha − 1 . Fresh and dry straw yield was also recorded on ton ha − 1 basis. Grain harvest index (GHI) of rice was estimated as par Eq. 1. Soil sample analysis Before tillage, soil samples were collected from the selected field for initial soil properties analysis. The sample was then air dried, made debris free, grinded, and sieved with a 2 mm sieve. Soil textural class was determined by following the hydrometer method. Soil pH was measured by electrode pH meter prescribed by Jackson, 1973 and the EC (electric conductivity) was determined at a soil-water ratio of 1: 5 by glass-electrode (Allison and Richards 1954 ). Soil organic carbon (SOC) content was estimated by following the wet oxidation method of Walkley and Black ( 1934 ) and available soil P was determined by using Olsen extraction (Olsen 1954 ). Soil exchangeable Na + and K + were extracted with NH 4 OAc and the contents were analyzed by Flame spectroscopy (Benton, 2001). The available S content was determined by Turbidimetric method (Hunt, 1980 ). Plant sample analysis After harvesting, rice grains were oven dried at 60º C for 24 h and then grinded. The samples were then digested with HNO 3 and HClO 4 (2:1) mixture followed by Jackson ( 1973 ) for the determination of grain macronutrients content (K, P, S, and Na). Total P was analyzed by the corresponding vanadomolybdate yellow color method (Murphy and Riley 1962 ) and K and Na content were analyzed by Flame emission spectroscopic method (Benton, 2001). The grain S content was determined by following the method proposed by Hunt ( 1980 ). For total grain N content determination, soil and plant sample were digested with H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 (2:1) mixture and the contents were estimated by micro- Kjeldahl method (Jackson, 1973 ). Afterward, the grain nutrient uptake was estimated followed by Eq. 2 (Sharma et al. 2012). Statistical analyses One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to observe the significant differences using confidence interval of 0.05. All the statistical analyses were carried out by using statistical software SPSS 26. The means and standard deviation were calculated, and the graphs were designed by using MS Excel (Microsoft office 2016). Results Variation in morphological parameters of different rice varieties In this study, rice morphological traits were significantly varied with the types of varieties (Table 2 ) except Black rice which was unable to grow and had died in 75 days after transplanting for the existence of excess salinity in the field. Maximum plant height of 92.33 cm was recorded in BRRI dhan28 , while the minimum plant height of 75 cm was found in Violet rice variety. However, the leaf area showed no significant variation among the varieties ( p > 0.05). The number of leaves per hill of different rice varieties demonstrated a significant difference at p < 0.05 (Table 2 ). BRRI dhan67 produced the maximum number of leafs per hill (58.33) followed by Heera hybrid (51), whereas lowest leaf number was obtained by violate rice (43). The number of tiller and panicle per hill data were also significantly varied with the types of varieties (Table 2 ). The highest number of tiller (29.33) and panicle plant − 1 (25) was found by Heera hybrid , while the lowest number of tiller (16) and panicle plant − 1 (13) was resulted by violate rice. Further, the length of panicle was also significantly varied with the variety types. Results demonstrated that, Heera hybrid produced the maximum panicle length of 26.73 cm followed by BRRI dhan47 (26.03 cm), while BRRI dhan28 resulted in the minimum panicle length of 24.37 cm. Additionally, the changes in plant height, leaf area, numbers of tiller and panicle of different cultivar throughout their rice lifespan has been presented in Fig. 2 . Table 2 Variation in growth morphological attributes among five different rice varieties in saline soil Variety Plant height (cm) Leaf area (cm 2 ) Leaf hill − 1 Tiller hill − 1 Panicle plant − 1 Panicle length (cm) BR 28 92.33 ± 2.08a 31.23 ± 8.11a 47.67 ± 2.52bc 19.33 ± 3.06bc 15.00 ± 1.73 24.37 ± 0.68d BR 47 86.67 ± 5.77a 38.50 ± 12.62a 47.67 ± 7.23bc 19.67 ± 2.08bc 16.33 ± 1.53 26.03 ± 0.40ab BR 67 84.33 ± 5.13a 32.83 ± 8.99a 58.33 ± 3.79a 24.33 ± 4.93ab 22.33 ± 1.53 25.67 ± 0.35bc Heera hybrid 91.67 ± 7.64a 30.30 ± 2.56a 51.00 ± 5.00b 29.33 ± 3.06a 25.00 ± 3.61 26.73 ± 0.97a Violate 75.00 ± 5.00b 36.33 ± 9.87a 43.00 ± 1.00c 16.00 ± 3.00c 13.33 ± 2.52 24.9 ± 0.36cd p ≤ 0.05 S NS S S S S Note: ± values are mean standard deviation of three replications. In each column values not sharing the same letter differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05. NS indicates no significant difference; S indicates significant difference among the varieties. 3.2 Variation in yield attributes Likewise, the growth parameters, the yield attributes of rice were also significantly differed upon the types of variants ( p < 0.05). In this study, Heera hybrid resulted in the maximum number of filled grain (122) followed by BRRI dhan67 (91.6) and the number was 130%, 67% and 56% more compared to the BRRI dhan28 , BRRI dhan47 and violet variety, respectively (Table 3 ). BRRI dhan28 produced the highest amount of unfilled grain (60), on the other hand, the lowest amount of unfilled grain was recorded by Heera hybrid (26) (Table 3 ). The GHI and 1000 G.W were also significantly varied with the types of cultivars. The grain HI varied from 22.3–32.8%, where Heera hybrid contributed the highest GHI, and Violet rice variety resulted in lowest GHI. The maximum 1000 G.W of 21.3 g was recorded from BRRI dhan67 , whereas the minimum 1000 G.W of 14.9 g was obtained from Heera hybrid (Table 3 ). Table 3 Filled grain number (FGN), unfilled grain number (UFGN), total grain number (TGN), 1000 grain weight (1000-G.W) and grain harvest index (GHI) parameters of different rice varieties in saline soil Variety FGN UFGN TGN 1000 G.W GHI BRRI-28 53 ± 7c 60.33 ± 9.86a 113.30 ± 5.84b 16.60 ± 0.70bc 23.07 ± 0.97b BRRI-47 78 ± 14.57b 36.33 ± 2.51cd 114.33 ± 22.50b 15.96 ± 0.45c 24.38 ± 4.78b BRRI-67 91.66 ± 3.78b 42 ± 2.64b 133.60 ± 1.52a 21.3 ± 0.26a 31.65 ± 0.79a Violate rice 73 ± 15.13bc 32.66 ± 10.01cd 105.66 ± 5.85b 16.93 ± 0.11b 22.37 ± 2.82b Heera hybrid 122 ± 6.24a 26.67 ± 2.08d 148.66 ± 5.50a 14.9 ± 0.65d 32.83 ± 1.75a p ≤ 0.05 S S S S S Note: ± values are mean standard deviation of three replications. In each column values not sharing the same letter differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05. S indicates significant difference among the varieties. Results exhibited that BRRI dhan67 and Heera hybrid produced significantly higher fresh (129.67 and 137.67 g hill − 1 , respectively) and dry (40.64, 43.15 g hill − 1 , respectively) shoot weight than the other varieties ( p ≤ 0.05; Fig. 3 ). A noticeable variation in grain yield and straw yield was also found among the different rice cultivars (Fig. 4 ). In this study, Heera hybrid resulted in the maximum grain yield of 6.38 t ha − 1 which was 36% and 86% more than the BRRI dhan67 and BRRI dhan47 while the minimum grain yield was recorded in violet and BRRI dhan28 (2.1 and 2.2 t ha − 1 , respectively). The straw yield was highest in Heera hybrid followed by BRRI dhan67 (6.28, 5.91 t ha − 1 , respectively) on the contrary, the lowest straw yield of 3.4 t ha − 1 was found in violet and BRRI dhan28 (Fig. 4 ). Grain nutrient (N, K, P and S) uptake Under saline condition, due to the difference in variety, macronutrients (N, P, K and S) uptake by rice grain were varied significantly (Table 4 ). In this experiment, Heera hybrid exhibited the highest grain N uptake (37.08 kg ha − 1 ) followed by BRRI dhan67 (36.51 kg ha − 1 ). On the other hand, Violet rice resulted in the lowest level of N uptake (14.80 kg ha − 1 ). BRRI dhan67 demonstrated the maximum P uptake of 18.23 kg ha − 1 , which was significantly higher than the uptake of BRRI dhan28 (6.54 kg ha − 1 ) and BRRI dhan47 (7.59 kg ha − 1 ) varieties ( p < 0.05). Violet and Heera hybrid on the contrary showed 8.15 and 17.34 kg ha − 1 grain P uptake, respectively. Besides, maximum level of grain K uptake was recorded by Heera hybrid (25.24 kg ha − 1 ), whereas the minimum K uptake was found by violet variety (6.34 kg ha − 1 ). Further, the grain S uptake was also significantly varied among the variety types (Table 4 ). BRRI dhan67 resulted in 18.40 kg ha − 1 S uptake, which was significantly higher than the remaining varieties ( p ≤ 0.05), while the lowest S uptake was obtained by BRRI dhan28 (6.54 kg ha − 1 ). Table 4 Variation in grain macronutrient uptake among five different rice varieties in saline soil Variety Uptake (kg ha − 1 ) N P K S BR-28 14.98 ± 1.82b 6.54 ± 0.72b 9.23 ± 2.7b 6.13 ± 2.21d BR-47 20.85 ± 4.48b 7.59 ± 1.5b 9.91 ± 1.85b 10.46 ± 2.03c BR-67 36.51 ± 3.09a 18.23 ± 0.91a 23.78 ± a 18.4 ± 2.68a Violate Rice 14.8 ± 2.56b 8.15 ± 3.3b 6.34 ± 1.21b 8.47 ± 2.14cd Heera Hybrid 37.08 ± 6.3a 17.34 ± 1.03a 25.24 ± 3.6a 14.23 ± 1.85a p ≤ 0.05 S S S S Note: ± values are mean standard deviation of three replications. In each column values not sharing the same letter differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05. S indicates significant difference among the varieties. Grain K + /Na + ratio It was found that under saline condition, the K + /Na + ratio of rice grain significantly varied with the types of varieties ( p ≤ 0.05, Fig. 5 ). The BRRI dhan28 exhibited maximum grain K + /Na + ratio of 2.89 followed by Heera hybrid 2.59 on the contrary, Violet rice resulted in minimum K + /Na + of 1.12. Discussion In accordance with the result, it was observed that BRRI dhan67 and Heera hybrid rice exhibited the best morphological and yield performance as well as nutrient uptake whereas Black rice didn’t grow due to the high salt concentration. The findings show that different kinds of responses to salinity varied in terms of plant elongation, which may be related to the genetic capacity of the types. This result was in consistent with the investigation of Khanam et al. ( 2018 ); Hossain et al. (2016) and Islam et al. (2022) reporting the variation in rice growth performance due to genetic variation of the cultivated varieties. Node of different variety remains different in length which may influence plant height. We observed a significant variation in panicle and tiller number which is consistent with the findings of Roy et al. ( 2021 ) stating that different rice cultivers exhibit different effective tillers numbers. Besides, the higher number of leaves found by BRRI dhan67 and Heera hybrid might produce higher amount of food in the leaf which may resulted in variation in macronutrient uptake as well as increased grain yield in those varieties. Further the variation in straw yield may be resulted from the influence of differential carbohydrate supply, vegetative growth, and the genotypes which as in conformity with Akram et al. ( 2013 ); Hasan et al (2015); Khanam et al. ( 2018 ); Mazher et al. ( 2007 ); Nahar et al. ( 2018 ). In strongly saline soil condition, variation of morphological and yield properties may be found due to the genetic makeup of the variety, which influence cell division and elongations at the presence of sodium ion which was also in similar with the findings of Islam and Hossain ( 2020 ) for BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan74 cultivars. In our study, irrespective of the tested rice varieties grain N and K uptake was higher than P and S uptake. The higher nutrient uptake BRRI dhan67 and Heera hybrid might result in their better grain yield compared to the remaining cultivars. Banerjee et al. ( 2018 ) suggested that grain yield is moderately dependent on NPK concentration in grain and straw and increase in total NPK concentration might have enhanced grain yield which is consistent with our present findings. It was suggested that salinity tolerance of rice genotype at vegetative stage was an important trait to determine the grain yield under saline stress condition by basing selection on the genotype's ability to withstand salinity during the vegetative stage. Therefore, the variety selection based on their ability to withstand salinity during the vegetative stage will assist the breeders to choose the genotype with the highest yield under salt stress conditions. Conclusion In our study, Heera hybrid and salt tolerant BRRI dhan67 varieties performed better in saline soil compared to BRRI dhan47 , BRRI dhan28 and Violet rice . Under strongly saline soil condition like this, Heera hybrid and BRRI dhan67 exhibited higher growth performance, yield, and nutrient uptake. Further, the higher grain K/Na ratio of these two varieties suggested lower Na uptake hence better salt tolerance level. Therefore, the farmers of the coastal region of Bangladesh could prefer Heera hybrid and BRRI dhan67 over the other varieties for better yield and productivity of rice. Declarations Conflict of interests There are no competing interests among the writers of this research article Author Contribution Syed Sazidul Islam set up the idea, worked in the laboratory and field as well as statistical analysis of the data acquired and initial manuscript writing . Along with the first authors, Shova Akter is responsible for final writing of the manuscript, pre-edit the final manuscript and formatting. Acknowledgements The researchers are grateful to Soil, Water and Environment Discipline, Khulna University for laboratory support. The researchers are also grateful to Mejba ul Islam, student, Govt Hazi Md Mohosin College, Khulna; Md. Rakib Hasan student, Soil, Water and Environment Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna for their cooperation. References Abedin MA, Hosenuzzaman M (2023) Chapter 19 - Change in cropping pattern and soil health in relation to climate change and salinity in coastal Bangladesh. In: Pal I, Shaw R (eds) Multi-Hazard Vulnerability and Resilience Building. Elsevier, pp 315–332 Akram HM, Ali A, Sattar A, Rehman HSU, Bibi A (2013) Impact of water deficit stress on various physiological and agronomic traits of three basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. J Anim Plant Sci 23:1415–1423 Allison LE, Richards LA (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. U.S. Department of Agriculture Banerjee H, Ray K, Dutta SK, Majumdar K, Satyanarayana T, Timsina J (2018) Optimizing potassium application for hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in coastal saline soils of West Bengal, India. Agronomy 8:292 BBS (2019) Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh: Dhaka, Bangladesh BER (2019) Bangladesh Economic Review. General Economic Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh: Dhaka, Bangladesh Djaman K, Mel V, Boye A, Diop L, Manneh B, El-Namaky R, Koudahe K, Futakuchi K (2020) Rice genotype and fertilizer management for improving rice productivity under saline soil conditions. Paddy Water Environ 18:43–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-019-00763-w El hasini S, Iben. Halima O, El. Azzouzi M, Douaik A, Azim K, Zouahri A (2019) Organic and inorganic remediation of soils affected by salinity in the Sebkha of Sed El Mesjoune – Marrakech (Morocco). Soil Till Res 193:153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.06.003 Haque S (2006) Salinity problems and crop production in coastal regions of Bangladesh. Pak J Bot 38:1359–1365 Hasan MH, Rahman MR, Haque A, Hossain T (2019) Soil salinity hazard assessment in Bangladesh coastal zone. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Disaster Risk Management, Dhaka, Bangladesh (pp. 12-14) Hopmans JW, Qureshi AS, Kisekka I, Munns R, Grattan SR, Rengasamy P, Ben-Gal A, Assouline S, Javaux M, Minhas PS (2021) Critical knowledge gaps and research priorities in global soil salinity. Adv Agron 169:1–191 Hunt J (1980) Determination of total sulphur in small amounts of plant material. Analyst 105:83–85 Isayenkov SV, Maathuis FJ (2019) Plant salinity stress: many unanswered questions remain. Frontiers in plant science 10:80 Islam SS, Hossain M (2020) Morphological and yield performance of rice varieties grown in moderately and strongly saline soils of Khulna, Bangladesh. GSJ 8: Jackson ML (1973) Soil chemical analysis, pentice hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, India 498:151–154 Khanam T, Akhtar N, Halim MA, Hossain F (2018) Effect of irrigation salinity on the growth and yield of two Aus rice cultivars of Bangladesh. Jahangirnagar University J Biol Sci 7:1–12 Mazher AA, El-Quesni EF, Farahat MM (2007) Responses of ornamental and woody trees to salinity. World J Agric Sci 3:386–395 Mumtaz MZ, Saqib M, Abbas G, Akhtar J, Qamar Z (2017) Genotypic variation in rice for grain yield and quality as affected by salt-affected field conditions. J Plant Nutr 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2017.1385796 Murphy J, Riley JP (1962) A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta 27:31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5 Nahar A, Mannan MA, Mamun MAA, Ghosh TK (2018) Growth and yield performance of foxtail millets under salinity. J Bangladesh Agron 21:51–59 Olsen SR (1954) Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. U.S. Department of Agriculture Rahman MS, Di L, Eugene GY, Tang J, Lin L, Zhang C, Yu Z, Gaigalas J (2018) Impact of climate change on soil salinity: a remote sensing based investigation in coastal Bangladesh. In: 2018 7th International Conference on Agro-geoinformatics (Agro-geoinformatics). IEEE, pp 1–5 Roy TK, Hasan MA, Pramanik SK, Sikder S (2021) Yield performance of rice varieties under NaCl induced salinity stress in boro season. J Sci Technol 40:1994–0386 Shrivastava P, Kumar R (2015) Soil salinity: a serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation. Saudi J Biol Sci 22: 123–131 SRDI (2010) Saline soils of Bangladesh. Soil Resource Development Institute, Dhaka Bangladesh Walkley A, Black IA (1934) An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37:29 Yuan LP (2014) Develop hybrid rice to ensure food security. Sci News 12: 32-33 Zheng C, Liu C, Liu L, Tan Y, Sheng X, Yu D, Sun Z, Sun X, Chen J, Yuan D (2023) Effect of salinity stress on rice yield and grain quality: A meta-analysis. Eur J Agron 144:126765 Zhu J-K (2003) Regulation of ion homeostasis under salt stress. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6:441–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5266(03)00085-2 Zhu Y-G, Miller RM (2003) Carbon cycling by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil–plant systems. Trends plant sci 8:407–409 Zörb C, Geilfus C ‐M., Dietz K ‐J. (2019) Salinity and crop yield. Plant Biol J 21:31–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12884 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4531321","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":314444546,"identity":"48edcd3d-f8f6-4c36-8054-0d7e105e4de9","order_by":0,"name":"Syed Sazidul Islam","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgaGBwwMBgzsDUCOgQWRWhJAWngOgLRIEGkRWItEAohJhBb5/sPNHxJqthkb3Hx+dcOPAgkG/vbuBLxaDG4ktkkkHLttZnA7p+xmD9BhEmfObsCvRYKxjSGB7bYNUEvaDR6gFgOJXPxa5PsPAh32D6jl5pm0m3+I0cJwILFBIrEN6LAb7MduE2UL2C+JfbeNJc/ksN2WMZDgIegX+f7jjz98+HbbsO/48Wc33/yxkeNv7yXgMATgMQCTxCoHAfYHpKgeBaNgFIyCEQQAxsFNZj7cfGMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Khulna University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Syed","middleName":"Sazidul","lastName":"Islam","suffix":""},{"id":314444548,"identity":"35d5e75e-3503-4a58-995d-f7b602549ce0","order_by":1,"name":"Shova Akter","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Khulna University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shova","middleName":"","lastName":"Akter","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-05 04:25:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4531321/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4531321/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58561697,"identity":"9c8f3da3-813d-4556-bccc-7b896bc9b512","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 09:12:28","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22845,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMeteorological data of the study period\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4531321/v1/1d4295f98a11aa085037d9a1.png"},{"id":58561701,"identity":"66d0e465-70a3-4c3a-b4c5-92156a250805","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 09:12:28","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82910,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Plant height (b) leaf area (c) number of tillers and (d) number of panicles of different rice varieties during their lifespan.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4531321/v1/601dd017a4ffb46dbbbdb526.png"},{"id":58561698,"identity":"3ddd9d3c-2a76-431b-b84f-511f75d7478f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 09:12:28","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22583,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFresh and dry shoot weight hill\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e of different rice varieties\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4531321/v1/5731d10dfc9303f713461df7.png"},{"id":58561699,"identity":"a619700a-cb0d-454b-901c-7a5895b6dfad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 09:12:28","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21912,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGrain and straw yield of different rice varieties\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4531321/v1/fcc667031887027540c97fd6.png"},{"id":58562587,"identity":"595bbd86-acaa-4eab-9ca5-b7649a08e855","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 09:20:28","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16557,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGrain K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ratio of different rice varieties\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4531321/v1/f92e65e2b2769f6295eb392d.png"},{"id":58564111,"identity":"434f05ef-a120-4457-aca7-15b637ee576e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 09:36:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":722075,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4531321/v1/40337188-4696-4538-b681-636824e6a45c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Prospective Evaluation of Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Six Selective Rice Cultivars in Strongly Saline Soil of Bangladesh","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAmong all abiotic stresses, salinity is the most widespread and complicated issue posing a major threat for world agricultural production and food security (El hasini et al. 2019). Worldwide around 1.0-billion-acre land comprising 20% of all cultivated area is already salinized (Hopmans et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Shrivastava and Kumar \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Only in Bangladesh around 0.223\u0026nbsp;million ha of new land is damaged by salinity over the past 40 years (Hasan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), primarily because of sea water intrusion brought on by excessive ground water extraction (Rahman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently 53% of the coastal lands of Bangladesh are affected by different levels of salinity where moderately and strongly saline soil covers 274.22 and 351.69\u0026nbsp;million hectares land respectively (SRDI \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Salinity creates an unfavorable climate and hydrological conditions that limit the usual agricultural output year-round (Haque \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). It has an adverse effect on physio-biochemical mechanism of plants that ultimately lead to reduction in overall crop growth, development, and productivity. Ionic toxicity, osmotic stress, nutrients imbalance, changed plant-pathogen interactions, etc. are the major negative impacts of salinity on plants (Zhu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Z\u0026ouml;rb et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The saline environment causes hyperionic and hyperosmotic stresses in plants, which lead to membrane damage, enzymatic inhibition, nutritional imbalances, metabolic dysfunction, inhibition of oxidative stress, photosynthetic processes, growth and eventually death (Isayenkov and Maathuis \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice (\u003cem\u003eOryza sativa\u003c/em\u003e L.) is the most common and important cereal crops for over half of the world\u0026rsquo;s population (Yuan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In Bangladesh the availability and access of rice consider as the primary determining factor for food security as 70% of people\u0026rsquo;s daily caloric need comes from rice (BBS \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Besides, rice contributes 5% of the country's overall GDP, making it a significant economic crop for Bangladesh (BER \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, Bangladesh's overall food security is heavily dependent on the sustainable rice cultivation system. Salinity is the major limiting factors for rice growth and grain development (Zheng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Grains yield characteristics like panicle length, panicle numbers, 1000-grain weight and grain quantity are all negatively affected by soil salt levels beyond the critical threshold (3.0 dSm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) (Mumtaz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, rice grain yield was reported to be reduced by 50% under the electrical conductivity (EC) of 6.0 dSm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Djaman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the coastal areas of Bangladesh, the rice production is negatively affected by salt and water logging stress, and these affected areas are gradually expanding as a result of climate change and overuse of natural resources to feed growing populations. Over one-fifth of Bangladesh's land area is currently suffered from salinity impact, which is increasing at an alarming rate (Abedin and Hosenuzzaman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Soil salinity stress is account for almost 50% yield reduction of the major cultivated crops in the coastal regions of Bangladesh (Rahman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Since the population of Bangladesh is expanding quickly, therefore, either more arable land needs to be added or the yield per hectare needs to be increased to feed the surplus population and to maintain its economic stability. Consequently, it is imperative to raise the rice productivity in saline soil for maintaining food security and sustainability in salinity affected environments. In the last two decades Boro rice has been cultivated rapidly in waterlogged, low-lying or medium lands with irrigation during November to May for rapid production of rice. To fulfill the need for food security, in recent years several salt and stagnant flood tolerant rice varieties were developed and commercialized in the southwest coastal belts of Bangladesh. BINA, BRRI and IRRI has developed a numbers of salt tolerant rice varieties including Binadhan-8, Binadhan-10, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan47\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan53\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan54\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan55\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan61\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan73\u003c/em\u003e, and BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan78\u003c/em\u003e (Hassan et al, 2019). However, not all the above-mentioned varieties are suitable for cultivation in a particular saline soil. The suitability of these cultivars depends on their capacity to adjust to a region\u0026rsquo;s local conditions as well as farmers' preferences, which haven't been fully assessed. In order to achieve this goal, it is essential to assess the morphology, yield performance, and nutrient content of various salt-tolerant rice varieties for cultivating in coastal saline soils of Bangladesh. The current study aims to provide information on the agronomic state (germination, growth, and yield) and adaptability of recently released modern Boro rice varieties in relation to other varieties. Therefore, the current research is mainly emphasized on the following objectives: i. To investigate the morphology and yield performance of selected rice varieties ii. To evaluate the grain nutrient content of the rice varieties and iii. To find out the best rice cultivar for this region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStudy location and soil\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA field experiment was undertaken from January 2020 to May 2020 at Batiaghata upazila under Khulna district. The site is located at 22°43´49.4´´ N 89°28´00.5´´E. The descriptions of physicochemical characteristics of the studied soil are presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Temperature, relative humidity at 2 meters, cloud and precipitation data for the study site throughout the investigation were presented in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://power.larc.nasa.gov/data-access-viewer/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial physical and chemical properties of the soil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProperties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValues\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBulk density (g/cc)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTexture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilty clay loam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrganic carbon (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEC (dS/m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable N (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable P (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable K (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e497.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable S (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable Na (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3798.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eExperimental design and cultural practices\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSix types of rice cultivars namely, \u003cem\u003eBlack rice\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan47\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eViolet rice\u003c/em\u003e were tested for the experiment. BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan47\u003c/em\u003e and BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e were salt-tolerant varieties whereas; \u003cem\u003eViolet rice\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBlack rice\u003c/em\u003e were selected to obtain their salt tolerant capacity. Hera hybrid is a local variety cultivating in this area for the last 6 years. Seeds of BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan47\u003c/em\u003e and BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC), Khulna. \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e’s seed was collected from a nearby market. On the other hand, seeds of \u003cem\u003eBlack rice\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eViolet rice\u003c/em\u003e were collected from Sherpur district of Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuring December \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e, five different seed beds were prepared for the seeding cultivation and the seeds were sown. The study was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), where each of the varieties was replicated three times. In this experiment, the individual plot size was 15 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (5m × 3 m) at 50 cm gap between two plots. In order to prepare the main plots, the field was ploughed three times and then leveled by a single laddering. Then for the next six days, 5 to 7 cm of standing water was maintained to inhibit weed growth and the complete decomposition of soil stubbles. When the seedlings turned 28 days old, they were transplanted back in the main field following a spacing of 20 cm × 15 cm (row and column). Each of the experimental plots received a recommended rate of N, P and K (160, 90 and 30 kg ha\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively), where N (source: urea) was applied in three equal splits (land preparation, 40 days after transplantation and 80 days after transplantation) and the other fertilizers were applied in two splits (land preparation, 80 days after transplanting). Hand weeding was done four times and pesticides were applied two times depending on the pest attack. All the plots were kept under submerged condition until the panicles matured.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMorphological and yield parameters collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhen the grains reached their maturity level and were 80% ripened, the plants were harvested. Prior to harvesting rice growth attributes were recorded from each of the replicated plots. Parameters like plant height (PH), leaf area (LA), leaf (LN), tiller (TN) and panicle number (PN) were recorded at matured stage (120 days after transplanting). Five plants, with an average growth and development, were selected randomly from each plot for calculating the morphological and yield data used in this study. The number of leaves, panicles and tillers per plant were recorded manually from each of the designated plots. Harvested samples were collected, threshed, and dried to determine filled grain and unfilled grains. The grain yield was estimated at 14% moisture content and expressed in ton ha\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e. Fresh and dry straw yield was also recorded on ton ha\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e basis. Grain harvest index (GHI) of rice was estimated as par Eq.\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSoil sample analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBefore tillage, soil samples were collected from the selected field for initial soil properties analysis. The sample was then air dried, made debris free, grinded, and sieved with a 2 mm sieve. Soil textural class was determined by following the hydrometer method. Soil pH was measured by electrode pH meter prescribed by Jackson, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e and the EC (electric conductivity) was determined at a soil-water ratio of 1: 5 by glass-electrode (Allison and Richards \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1954\u003c/span\u003e). Soil organic carbon (SOC) content was estimated by following the wet oxidation method of Walkley and Black (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1934\u003c/span\u003e) and available soil P was determined by using Olsen extraction (Olsen \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1954\u003c/span\u003e). Soil exchangeable Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e were extracted with NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eOAc and the contents were analyzed by Flame spectroscopy (Benton, 2001). The available S content was determined by Turbidimetric method (Hunt, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePlant sample analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvesting, rice grains were oven dried at 60º C for 24 h and then grinded. The samples were then digested with HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and HClO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (2:1) mixture followed by Jackson (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e) for the determination of grain macronutrients content (K, P, S, and Na). Total P was analyzed by the corresponding vanadomolybdate yellow color method (Murphy and Riley \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e) and K and Na content were analyzed by Flame emission spectroscopic method (Benton, 2001). The grain S content was determined by following the method proposed by Hunt (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e). For total grain N content determination, soil and plant sample were digested with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (2:1) mixture and the contents were estimated by micro- Kjeldahl method (Jackson, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e). Afterward, the grain nutrient uptake was estimated followed by Eq. 2 (Sharma et al. 2012).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to observe the significant differences using confidence interval of 0.05. All the statistical analyses were carried out by using statistical software SPSS 26. The means and standard deviation were calculated, and the graphs were designed by using MS Excel (Microsoft office 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVariation in morphological parameters of different rice varieties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, rice morphological traits were significantly varied with the types of varieties (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) except \u003cem\u003eBlack rice\u003c/em\u003e which was unable to grow and had died in 75 days after transplanting for the existence of excess salinity in the field. Maximum plant height of 92.33 cm was recorded in BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e, while the minimum plant height of 75 cm was found in \u003cem\u003eViolet rice\u003c/em\u003e variety. However, the leaf area showed no significant variation among the varieties (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The number of leaves per hill of different rice varieties demonstrated a significant difference at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e produced the maximum number of leafs per hill (58.33) followed by \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e (51), whereas lowest leaf number was obtained by violate rice (43). The number of tiller and panicle per hill data were also significantly varied with the types of varieties (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The highest number of tiller (29.33) and panicle plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (25) was found by \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e, while the lowest number of tiller (16) and panicle plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (13) was resulted by violate rice. Further, the length of panicle was also significantly varied with the variety types. Results demonstrated that, \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e produced the maximum panicle length of 26.73 cm followed by BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan47\u003c/em\u003e (26.03 cm), while BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e resulted in the minimum panicle length of 24.37 cm. Additionally, the changes in plant height, leaf area, numbers of tiller and panicle of different cultivar throughout their rice lifespan has been presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariation in growth morphological attributes among five different rice varieties in saline soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf area (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiller hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanicle plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanicle length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBR 28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.08a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.11a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.52bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBR 47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.62a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.23bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.08bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBR 67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.13a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.99a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.79a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.93ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.64a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.56a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.00b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.97a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eViolate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.00b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.87a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.00c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNote: \u0026plusmn; values are mean standard deviation of three replications. In each column values not sharing the same letter differ significantly at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05. NS indicates no significant difference; S indicates significant difference among the varieties.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Variation in yield attributes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLikewise, the growth parameters, the yield attributes of rice were also significantly differed upon the types of variants (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In this study, \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e resulted in the maximum number of filled grain (122) followed by BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e (91.6) and the number was 130%, 67% and 56% more compared to the BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan47\u003c/em\u003e and violet variety, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e produced the highest amount of unfilled grain (60), on the other hand, the lowest amount of unfilled grain was recorded by \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e (26) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The GHI and 1000 G.W were also significantly varied with the types of cultivars. The grain HI varied from 22.3\u0026ndash;32.8%, where \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e contributed the highest GHI, and \u003cem\u003eViolet rice\u003c/em\u003e variety resulted in lowest GHI. The maximum 1000 G.W of 21.3 g was recorded from BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e, whereas the minimum 1000 G.W of 14.9 g was obtained from \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFilled grain number (FGN), unfilled grain number (UFGN), total grain number (TGN), 1000 grain weight (1000-G.W) and grain harvest index (GHI) parameters of different rice varieties in saline soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFGN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUFGN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTGN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000 G.W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGHI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRRI-28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.86a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.84b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.97b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRRI-47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.57b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.51cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.50b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.78b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRRI-67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.78b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.64b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eViolate rice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.13bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.01cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.85b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.82b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.24a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.08d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.50a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.75a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote: \u0026plusmn; values are mean standard deviation of three replications. In each column values not sharing the same letter differ significantly at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05. S indicates significant difference among the varieties.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults exhibited that BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e produced significantly higher fresh (129.67 and 137.67 g hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively) and dry (40.64, 43.15 g hill\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively) shoot weight than the other varieties (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). A noticeable variation in grain yield and straw yield was also found among the different rice cultivars (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e resulted in the maximum grain yield of 6.38 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e which was 36% and 86% more than the BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e and BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan47\u003c/em\u003e while the minimum grain yield was recorded in violet and BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e (2.1 and 2.2 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively). The straw yield was highest in \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e followed by BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e (6.28, 5.91 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively) on the contrary, the lowest straw yield of 3.4 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was found in violet and BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGrain nutrient (N, K, P and S) uptake\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder saline condition, due to the difference in variety, macronutrients (N, P, K and S) uptake by rice grain were varied significantly (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). In this experiment, \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e exhibited the highest grain N uptake (37.08 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) followed by BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e (36.51 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). On the other hand, \u003cem\u003eViolet rice\u003c/em\u003e resulted in the lowest level of N uptake (14.80 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated the maximum P uptake of 18.23 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, which was significantly higher than the uptake of BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e (6.54 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan47\u003c/em\u003e (7.59 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) varieties (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Violet and \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e on the contrary showed 8.15 and 17.34 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e grain P uptake, respectively. Besides, maximum level of grain K uptake was recorded by \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e (25.24 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), whereas the minimum K uptake was found by violet variety (6.34 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). Further, the grain S uptake was also significantly varied among the variety types (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e resulted in 18.40 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e S uptake, which was significantly higher than the remaining varieties (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while the lowest S uptake was obtained by BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e (6.54 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariation in grain macronutrient uptake among five different rice varieties in saline soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUptake (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBR-28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.82b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.21d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBR-47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.48b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.03c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBR-67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.09a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.68a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eViolate Rice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.56b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.21b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeera Hybrid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.3a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.03a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eNote: \u0026plusmn; values are mean standard deviation of three replications. In each column values not sharing the same letter differ significantly at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05. S indicates significant difference among the varieties.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGrain K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ratio\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was found that under saline condition, the K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ratio of rice grain significantly varied with the types of varieties (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e exhibited maximum grain K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ratio of 2.89 followed by \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e 2.59 on the contrary, \u003cem\u003eViolet rice\u003c/em\u003e resulted in minimum K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e of 1.12.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn accordance with the result, it was observed that BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e rice exhibited the best morphological and yield performance as well as nutrient uptake whereas \u003cem\u003eBlack rice\u003c/em\u003e didn\u0026rsquo;t grow due to the high salt concentration. The findings show that different kinds of responses to salinity varied in terms of plant elongation, which may be related to the genetic capacity of the types. This result was in consistent with the investigation of Khanam et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e); Hossain et al. (2016) and Islam et al. (2022) reporting the variation in rice growth performance due to genetic variation of the cultivated varieties. Node of different variety remains different in length which may influence plant height. We observed a significant variation in panicle and tiller number which is consistent with the findings of Roy et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) stating that different rice cultivers exhibit different effective tillers numbers. Besides, the higher number of leaves found by BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e might produce higher amount of food in the leaf which may resulted in variation in macronutrient uptake as well as increased grain yield in those varieties. Further the variation in straw yield may be resulted from the influence of differential carbohydrate supply, vegetative growth, and the genotypes which as in conformity with Akram et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e); Hasan et al (2015); Khanam et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e); Mazher et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e); Nahar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In strongly saline soil condition, variation of morphological and yield properties may be found due to the genetic makeup of the variety, which influence cell division and elongations at the presence of sodium ion which was also in similar with the findings of Islam and Hossain (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) for BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e and BRRI dhan74 cultivars. In our study, irrespective of the tested rice varieties grain N and K uptake was higher than P and S uptake. The higher nutrient uptake BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e might result in their better grain yield compared to the remaining cultivars. Banerjee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that grain yield is moderately dependent on NPK concentration in grain and straw and increase in total NPK concentration might have enhanced grain yield which is consistent with our present findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was suggested that salinity tolerance of rice genotype at vegetative stage was an important trait to determine the grain yield under saline stress condition by basing selection on the genotype's ability to withstand salinity during the vegetative stage. Therefore, the variety selection based on their ability to withstand salinity during the vegetative stage will assist the breeders to choose the genotype with the highest yield under salt stress conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn our study, \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e and salt tolerant BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e varieties performed better in saline soil compared to BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan47\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eViolet rice\u003c/em\u003e. Under strongly saline soil condition like this, \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e and BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e exhibited higher growth performance, yield, and nutrient uptake. Further, the higher grain K/Na ratio of these two varieties suggested lower Na uptake hence better salt tolerance level. Therefore, the farmers of the coastal region of Bangladesh could prefer \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e and BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e over the other varieties for better yield and productivity of rice.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are no competing interests among the writers of this research article\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSyed Sazidul Islam set up the idea, worked in the laboratory and field as well as statistical analysis of the data acquired and initial manuscript writing . Along with the first authors, Shova Akter is responsible for final writing of the manuscript, pre-edit the final manuscript and formatting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe researchers are grateful to Soil, Water and Environment Discipline, Khulna University for laboratory support. The researchers are also grateful to Mejba ul Islam, student, Govt Hazi Md Mohosin College, Khulna; Md. Rakib Hasan student, Soil, Water and Environment Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna for their cooperation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbedin MA, Hosenuzzaman M (2023) Chapter 19 - Change in cropping pattern and soil health in relation to climate change and salinity in coastal Bangladesh. In: Pal I, Shaw R (eds) Multi-Hazard Vulnerability and Resilience Building. Elsevier, pp 315\u0026ndash;332\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkram HM, Ali A, Sattar A, Rehman HSU, Bibi A (2013) Impact of water deficit stress on various physiological and agronomic traits of three basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. J Anim Plant Sci 23:1415\u0026ndash;1423\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAllison LE, Richards LA (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. U.S. Department of Agriculture\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBanerjee H, Ray K, Dutta SK, Majumdar K, Satyanarayana T, Timsina J (2018) Optimizing potassium application for hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in coastal saline soils of West Bengal, India. Agronomy 8:292\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBBS (2019) Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People\u0026rsquo;s Republic of Bangladesh: Dhaka, Bangladesh\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBER (2019) Bangladesh Economic Review. General Economic Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People\u0026rsquo;s Republic of Bangladesh: Dhaka, Bangladesh\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDjaman K, Mel V, Boye A, Diop L, Manneh B, El-Namaky R, Koudahe K, Futakuchi K (2020) Rice genotype and fertilizer management for improving rice productivity under saline soil conditions. Paddy Water Environ 18:43\u0026ndash;57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-019-00763-w\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEl hasini S, Iben. Halima O, El. Azzouzi M, Douaik A, Azim K, Zouahri A (2019) Organic and inorganic remediation of soils affected by salinity in the Sebkha of Sed El Mesjoune \u0026ndash; Marrakech (Morocco). Soil Till Res 193:153\u0026ndash;160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.06.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHaque S (2006) Salinity problems and crop production in coastal regions of Bangladesh. Pak J Bot 38:1359\u0026ndash;1365\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHasan MH, Rahman MR, Haque A, Hossain T (2019) Soil salinity hazard assessment in Bangladesh coastal zone. In \u003cem\u003eProceedings of the International Conference on Disaster Risk Management, Dhaka, Bangladesh\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 12-14)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHopmans JW, Qureshi AS, Kisekka I, Munns R, Grattan SR, Rengasamy P, Ben-Gal A, Assouline S, Javaux M, Minhas PS (2021) Critical knowledge gaps and research priorities in global soil salinity. Adv Agron 169:1\u0026ndash;191\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHunt J (1980) Determination of total sulphur in small amounts of plant material. Analyst 105:83\u0026ndash;85\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIsayenkov SV, Maathuis FJ (2019) Plant salinity stress: many unanswered questions remain. Frontiers in plant science 10:80\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIslam SS, Hossain M (2020) Morphological and yield performance of rice varieties grown in moderately and strongly saline soils of Khulna, Bangladesh. GSJ 8:\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJackson ML (1973) Soil chemical analysis, pentice hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, India 498:151\u0026ndash;154\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhanam T, Akhtar N, Halim MA, Hossain F (2018) Effect of irrigation salinity on the growth and yield of two Aus rice cultivars of Bangladesh. Jahangirnagar University J Biol Sci 7:1\u0026ndash;12\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMazher AA, El-Quesni EF, Farahat MM (2007) Responses of ornamental and woody trees to salinity. World J Agric Sci 3:386\u0026ndash;395\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMumtaz MZ, Saqib M, Abbas G, Akhtar J, Qamar Z (2017) Genotypic variation in rice for grain yield and quality as affected by salt-affected field conditions. J Plant Nutr 1\u0026ndash;10. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2017.1385796\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMurphy J, Riley JP (1962) A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta 27:31\u0026ndash;36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNahar A, Mannan MA, Mamun MAA, Ghosh TK (2018) Growth and yield performance of foxtail millets under salinity. J Bangladesh Agron 21:51\u0026ndash;59\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOlsen SR (1954) Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. U.S. Department of Agriculture\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRahman MS, Di L, Eugene GY, Tang J, Lin L, Zhang C, Yu Z, Gaigalas J (2018) Impact of climate change on soil salinity: a remote sensing based investigation in coastal Bangladesh. In: 2018 7th International Conference on Agro-geoinformatics (Agro-geoinformatics). IEEE, pp 1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoy TK, Hasan MA, Pramanik SK, Sikder S (2021) Yield performance of rice varieties under NaCl induced salinity stress in boro season. J Sci Technol 40:1994\u0026ndash;0386\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShrivastava P, Kumar R (2015) Soil salinity: a serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation. Saudi J Biol Sci 22: 123\u0026ndash;131\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSRDI (2010) Saline soils of Bangladesh. Soil Resource Development Institute, Dhaka Bangladesh\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWalkley A, Black IA (1934) An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37:29\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYuan LP (2014) Develop hybrid rice to ensure food security. Sci News 12: 32-33\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZheng C, Liu C, Liu L, Tan Y, Sheng X, Yu D, Sun Z, Sun X, Chen J, Yuan D (2023) Effect of salinity stress on rice yield and grain quality: A meta-analysis. Eur J Agron 144:126765\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhu J-K (2003) Regulation of ion homeostasis under salt stress. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6:441\u0026ndash;445. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5266(03)00085-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhu Y-G, Miller RM (2003) Carbon cycling by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil\u0026ndash;plant systems. Trends plant sci 8:407\u0026ndash;409\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZ\u0026ouml;rb C, Geilfus C ‐M., Dietz K ‐J. (2019) Salinity and crop yield. Plant Biol J 21:31\u0026ndash;38. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12884\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Salinity, rice varieties, growth parameters, yield, nutrient uptake","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4531321/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4531321/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose:\u003c/strong\u003e Over the past two decades, rice production has been seriously threatened by the progressively diminishing agricultural land caused by both environmental and anthropogenic issues. To support the policy decisions for food security in Bangladesh, we must use marginal soil, such as salt-affected soil and suitable variety for a particular region for higher yield.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e A field experiment was conducted in saline soil (8.7 dS m\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) in Khulna, Bangladesh during December 2020 to April 2021 to identify the best rice cultivar following Randomized Complete Block design with three replications. Six rice varieties (BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan47\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBlack rice\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eViolet rice\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e) were tested in this experiment to observe their growth and yield performance as well as macro nutrient uptake.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e In this study, \u003cem\u003eBlack rice\u003c/em\u003e died at 74 days after transplanting due to the excess salt stress. The findings revealed that \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e rice produced significantly (\u003cem\u003ep \u003c/em\u003e≤ 0.05) higher tiller hill\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, panicle hill\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, panicle length, biological yield, harvest index, grain yield, straw yield, total grain panicle\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and filled grain compared to other varieties except BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e. On the other hand, significantly highest number of leaf hill\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1000-grain weight, P, S and Na uptake was obtained from BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67.\u003c/em\u003e Additionally, maximum grain N and K uptake was observed for \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e rice as compared with other cultivars.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e It can be summarized that \u003cem\u003eHeera hybrid\u003c/em\u003e and BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan67\u003c/em\u003e could be effective to improve rice production and nutrient uptake in coastal saline soil of Bangladesh followed by BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan47\u003c/em\u003e, BRRI \u003cem\u003edhan28\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eViolet rice\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prospective Evaluation of Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Six Selective Rice Cultivars in Strongly Saline Soil of Bangladesh","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-18 09:12:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4531321/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fe122dd0-f016-4cb2-ad62-cba7abb80a1b","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-18T09:12:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-18 09:12:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4531321","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4531321","identity":"rs-4531321","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}