Ecological Governance Model for Coastal Area: The Environmental Dynamics Factors to Sustainable Development

Ecological Governance Model for Coastal Area: The Environmental Dynamics Factors to Sustainable Development | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Ecological Governance Model for Coastal Area: The Environmental Dynamics Factors to Sustainable Development Tomi Setiawan, Rita Myrna, Neneng Weti Isnawati, Muhammad Farras Samith, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5446088/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper explains the ecological crisis in rural coastal areas by reconstructing an ecological governance model integrating environmental dynamics variables with a focus on Pangandaran, West Java, which is a representative region of Indonesia's coastal challenges, including overfishing and unsustainable practices. This study investigates the new influence of the factors mentioned as: environmental dynamics, including economic-financial, physical infrastructure, social, spiritual environment, and environmental management, and their influence on sustainable development, with ecological governance as a mediator. This research uses quantitative methods with Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) tools on survey data from 178 villagers from Pananjung, Wonoharjo, Babakan, and Pangandaran villages. The study shows a significant positive influence of economic-financial (0.497) and social (1.558) environments on sustainable development. Ecological governance also positively affects sustainable development (0.205), while environmental management has a smaller positive effect on ecological governance (0.078). The direct effect of the physical infrastructure environment on sustainable development is very minimal (0.056). Particularly, the natural and spiritual environment variables did not show a significant impact. The model emphasizes the importance of synergizing sustainable infrastructure development and community awareness, advocating for multi-actor collaboration such as government, private sector, academia, and local villagers, to create effective cross-sectoral policies that address local environmental dynamics. Despite the limitations of the sample size and cross-cutting design, this study contributes theoretically to understanding ecological governance and empirically offers practical implications for integrative sustainable development planning in coastal areas. All variables showed acceptable reliability and discriminant validity. The findings highlight the need for governance models to prioritize locally relevant environmental dynamics. environmental dynamics ecological governance sustainable development Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1 Introduction Indonesia, as a maritime nation with vast coastal regions, relies significantly on its coastal areas for economic, social, and environmental sustainability. These areas serve as hubs for economic activities such as fisheries, tourism, and trade while also supporting diverse marine ecosystems [ 1 ]. Currently in Indonesia, coastal areas still face various development challenges, including environmental problems, economic instability, and inadequate governance structures [ 2 ]. To solve these challenges, sustainable development is needed, aiming to balance economic, environmental, and governance aspects by ensuring long-term ecological resilience and social welfare. Policies have been implemented by the Indonesian government to support coastal development. The Environmental Protection and Management Policy and the green constitution have strengthened environmental protection in the Pangandaran coastal area, ensuring that natural resources are managed sustainably [ 3 ]. This research highlights the need for integration between policies and ecological systems to ensure that the development of the Pangandaran coastal area is balanced with environmental preservation. This is certainly caused by gaps in policy enforcement and implementation, despite the existence of adequate policies [ 4 ]. In stimulating transformation and progress in rural areas coastal development is critical as it has an important function in the national landscape. The Indonesian government certainly has a mandate to improve the welfare of all citizens, through the development of coastal and rural areas as the main pillar [ 5 ]. Sustainable development, economic growth, environmental conservation, and social justice are aligned with ensuring the well-being of current and future generations. However, development disparities and environmental degradation in coastal areas necessitate governance and collaboration among stakeholders to create sustainable and inclusive coastal environments [ 6 ]. In rural areas, development is also very useful for reducing poverty, which often receives less attention from the central government. Several studies have shown that poverty can be reduced by improving the economic and social conditions of rural coastal communities[ 7 ][ 8 ] [ 9 ]. Some studies also highlight the logical framework of rural development[ 6 ][ 10 ] [ 11 ], that progress in rural coastal development at the national level can promote economic growth and improve the standard of civilization through environmental improvements. Furthermore, development has also been recognized as a tool to achieve sustainable improvements in living standards, addressing issues such as substandard housing, severe land and water pollution, inadequate health care and education, unstructured village planning, and other related challenges [ 12 ]. In addition, rural coastal areas are critical to development because of their potential to enhance public spaces, support economic activities, and address environmental challenges [ 13 ]. However, development gaps in rural and coastal areas often create environmental degradation that poses challenges to rehabilitate. On the other side, coastal development offers many opportunities, but it also presents challenges such as environmental degradation and social inequality. System governance and collaboration among stakeholders are needed to balance these aspects to create a sustainable and inclusive coastal environment [ 14 ]. Pangandaran Regency is part of the coastal areas in Indonesia, currently facing various environmental, economic, and social problems as a result of human activities in relation to fisheries. This situation is caused by overexploitation of the sea, which has resulted in a decline in fish production, impacting the ecological sustainability of fisheries and the aquatic environment. The condition of fishing boats in the Pangandaran coastal area, most of which are under 5 GT, also has an impact on the narrow cruising space for further exploitation. This has also led to increased fishing pressure in the shallow water Pangandaran coastal areas [ 15 ]. This condition is exacerbated by the dominance of Trichiurus savala and Pampus argenteus, and the concentration of fishing areas in the western part of the Pangandaran coastal area, which has resulted in severe environmental damage [ 15 ]. Overexploitation has resulted in a decline in fish production with a low level of sustainability. As a result, the sustainability of coastal areas is negatively impacted in terms of ecology and social[ 16 ] [ 17 ]. In the coastal area of Pangandaran, fishers face a range of economic issues, particularly concerning access to financial resources and financial institutions. In addition, limited access to credit and financial services limits their ability to obtain new capital to invest in better equipment or diversify their income source [ 18 ]. Fishermen also still experience a lack of capital support from the government, and the seasonal nature of fishing, ultimately affecting the availability of fish raw materials, as well as the ability to produce and market fish sustainably. This condition further exacerbates the daily lives of fishermen in coastal Pangandaran [ 19 ]. The condition of fishermen in the coastal area of Pangandaran is further exacerbated by the condition of their social life, especially related to high family burdens, including limited access to education for their children. This impacts their ability to find alternative livelihoods or improve fishing practices with more sophisticated methods [ 16 ]. This issue is an after-effect of the problem of fishermen's income, which is often insufficient to fulfill household needs. Considering the average length of the fishing season, there is a study showing that many fishers cannot adequately sustain their livelihoods [ 18 ]. Several studies have shown that environmental changes, such as land reclamation, have also damaged fish habitats, reducing their productivity. This has occurred in the eastern Pangandaran coastal area, especially in the Segara Anakan area, where the carrying capacity of the environment has decreased due to constriction, sedimentation, and decreased water quality[ 20 ][ 21 ][ 22 ] [ 23 ]. Then the problem of changes in sea temperature and currents that change the distribution and volume of fish due to climate change. To maintain their preferred environmental conditions, some species migrate to more adaptive areas. This has led to reduced catches by fishermen in traditional fishing grounds [ 24 ]. Overfishing in the Java Sea, including in the Pangandaran coastal areas, has resulted in environmentally unfriendly fishing activities. This has resulted in the rapid depletion of fish populations, making it difficult for fishermen to sustain their livelihoods from marine fisheries activities. [ 25 ]. As a result of declining fish populations, the cost of fishing has increased. This in turn forces fishers to spend more time and resources to catch fish whose populations are dwindling. This situation has, in some cases, exacerbated poverty among fishing communities [ 24 ]. Another problem is related to the economic structure and inadequate government policy incentives. These conditions have encouraged fishers to continue fishing despite the declining fish population. The absence of incentives for fishers to improve their livelihoods has resulted in low innovation in fishing. In addition, the pressure of economic needs has also resulted in over-dependence on fisheries resources, thus accelerating environmental degradation in the Pangandaran coastal area [ 26 ]. This condition is exacerbated by the lives of fishermen who come from poor households and tend to be unable to get other livelihoods apart from fishing activities alone. This situation is exacerbated by the ineffectiveness of social policies for social security and protection of fishermen in times of crisis [ 27 ]. On the other hand, ineffective management of the coastal environment and then mismanagement of fisheries and marine resources contribute to environmental degradation in Pangandaran's coastal areas. Therefore, better governance, supported by sustainable practices, and policies that consider social, economic, and environmental dimensions is essential [ 28 ]. Environmental degradation of fisheries in the Pangandaran coastal area in ecological, social, and technological dimensions also requires government intervention to improve sustainability and ensure ecological governance for sustainability [ 29 ]. In addition, local institutional systems are also needed to perform important functions in managing sustainable coastal resources. This is expected to contribute to the long-term economic stability of the fishers. An environmentally friendly institutional system is also needed, especially related to the use of environmentally friendly fishing gear and methods. Such institutions are expected to ensure the sustainability of fish populations and the preservation of coastal resources in the Pangandaran coastal area in the future [ 30 ]. Some research on sustainable development in coastal areas has focused on economic development, fisheries management, and conservation efforts [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ]. However, there is still very limited research exploring the dynamics of institutionally-focused governance, especially in the context of ecological governance [ 34 ]. Theoretically, the existing concept of ecological governance is still not comprehensive because it does not fully accommodate complex environmental dynamics in its analytical framework [ 33 ]. Existing theories tend to focus on institutional and regulatory aspects without systematically considering environmental factors such as climate variability, resource dependency, and socio-political influences in shaping governance outcomes [ 35 ] [ 36 ]. As such, ecological governance theory still has limitations in explaining how these factors interact and influence the sustainability of coastal resource management [ 37 ]. Although there have been studies highlighting environmental aspects in coastal governance, no model has explicitly incorporated environmental dynamics variables as a key element in ecological governance analysis [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ]. Therefore, no theory comprehensively explains how environmental dynamics affect the effectiveness of coastal governance to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, a new model is needed to fill the gap by analyzing how ecological governance operates in the Pangandaran coastal area and identifying the key environmental dynamics that influence sustainable development. Thus, ecological governance theory by introducing environmental dynamics as a new variable in the ecological governance model, can contribute to a more integrated and responsive approach to coastal resource management. From these backgrounds, several research questions were determined in this study, namely, how the existing condition of ecological governance in the context of sustainable development in the Pangandaran coastal area. Secondly, what factors significantly influence ecological governance for sustainable development of the Pangandaran coastal area. Finally, what specific environmental factors or cognitive variables associated with environmental dynamics can explain differences in the realization of ecological governance for sustainable development. From these research questions, the objectives of this study are: First, to obtain an overview of the real condition of ecological governance in the context of sustainable development in the Pangandaran coastal area. Second, the environmental dynamics factors that significantly affect ecological governance for sustainable development in the Pangandaran coastal area. And finally, finding specific environmental factors or cognitive variables associated with 'environmental dynamics', can explain the differences in the realization of ecological governance in coastal areas for sustainable development. The contribution of this research is to fill an important gap in the development of ecological governance theory by finding factors referred to as environmental dynamics that significantly influence ecological governance for sustainable development models in rural coastal areas. The development of factors referred to as 'environmental dynamics' in ecological governance theory is important and advanced to build an interactive and comprehensive governance approach for sustainable development. By identifying the key environmental dynamics that influence governance, this research goes beyond providing a renewable model. It then offers recommendations for policy makers, local governments, and stakeholders to develop more integrated and responsive governance strategies. Improving governance structures will not only support environmental sustainability but also strengthen the resilience of coastal communities in the face of socio-economic challenges. 2 Theoretical Framework and Research Hypotheses 2.1 Ecological Governance and Sustainable Development In the development of ecological governance studies, organizing principles have been identified for ecological governance in relation to sustainable development. The characteristics of ecological governance are particularly related to four “organizing principles”: purpose, design, process, and relationships [ 31 ]. Concepts of governance from institutional and policy perspectives are diverse, encompassing strategic organizational structures, participatory frameworks, and policy-based strategies. Governance capabilities are significantly influenced by institutional settings across dimensions of time, space, and quantity, which affect the response, collaboration, and expansion of institutional systems. This concept significantly impacts governance capabilities, with variations based on institutional affiliation [ 32 ]. Ecological governance, on the other hand, emphasizes communities to promote more equitable and responsive governance. This approach combines the concepts of institutions, participation, and governance, with a focus on political space and local mobilization for sustainable natural resource utilization [ 31 ]. This research identifies new variables in what it defines as ‘environmental dynamics’ that predictively affect ecological governance. These variables include: the natural environment, financial economic environment, physical environment, social environment, and environmental management ( measurement of the constructs in Appendix A ). The design and implementation of these policies are critical as they influence the effectiveness of participatory governance, which is positively associated with human development across countries of different income levels. Collectively, strategic institutional arrangements and participatory policies are important in improving governance capabilities, suggesting that a balanced approach that integrates structural and participatory elements can lead to more effective governance outcomes [ 33 ]. The governance model in this study extends existing theory by highlighting the interactive role of environmental dynamics in shaping governance effectiveness. Effective ecological governance requires not only institutional capacity but also active engagement from communities, policy makers, and economic actors to create a sustainable and adaptive management system [ 44 ]. Environmental protection and management is essentially a shared responsibility between the government (state), the private sector, and the community. Collaboration, in the long run, can affect economic, social, and environmental development sustainably [ 45 ]. Ecological governance integrates institutional structures, participatory frameworks, and adaptive policies to balance economic, social, and environmental sustainability. While traditional governance theories emphasize the role of institutions and policy-based strategies, this study introduces environmental dynamics as key determinants of governance effectiveness. Environmental dynamics include factors such as the natural environment, financial economy, physical infrastructure, social conditions, and environmental management, all of which shape governance outcomes in coastal areas like Pangandaran. Therefore, this variable is hypothesized in the study as follows: H1 Ecological governance positively and directly affects sustainable development[ 22 ][ 46 ][ 47 ] 2.2 Environmental Dynamics for Ecological Governance The environmental dynamics that shape ecological governance influence how governance systems adapt to social and environmental change. Diversity, heterogeneity, and connectivity are determinants of the stability and adaptability of such changes. These elements can stabilize or destabilize governance structures, affecting their ability to effectively manage complex human-nature systems [ 48 ]. Factors such as diversity and heterogeneity among actors, and the interdependence among them largely determine the stability of the governance system. Greater heterogeneity and diversity of decision-making centers can often destabilize governance systems. Complexity in governance, while often disruptive, can be mitigated by adaptive strategies that enhance stability, demonstrating the potential of complex systems theory in managing uncertain environments [ 49 ]. Table 1 Related Studies Typology of Environmental Dynamics. Source: Processed by Researchers Environmental Dynamics Typology Author Natural Environment Fisheries [50], [51], [52] Forest Clean water Fossil fuels Financial Economic Environment Cash [53], [54] Investment Loans Physical Infrastructure Environment Electricity, internet, and clean water access [55], [56], [57] Fishing and farming tools Infrastructure maintenance and improvement Fertile land and fisheries Social Environment Community social relations [58], [59], [60] Skills and knowledge Organization or community Spiritual Environment Religiosity [61], [62], [63] Spiritual coping mechanism Attachment to a higher power, Centrality of religiosity Environmental Management Environmental program implementation [64], [65], [66] Environmental performance assessment Establishment of partnerships to address environmental issues Table 1 categorized the ‘Environmental Dynamics’ into six main dimensions including the natural environment, financial economy, physical infrastructure, social, spiritual, and environmental management. Each dimension includes various typologies that explain the diverse factors affecting environmental systems. For example, the natural environment comprises elements such as fisheries, forestry, and drinking water, while the economic-financial environment emphasizes investment, liquidity, and credit provision. The physical infrastructure environment combines commercial and public infrastructure, thus illustrating the importance of the built environment in ecological systems. Subsequently, the table highlights the social and spiritual environment, emphasizing the importance of communal relationships, professional knowledge, and spiritual coping mechanisms as important dynamics that impact environmental outcomes. Finally, environmental management grates practices such as program implementation, performance evaluation, and collaborative partnerships aimed at addressing environmental challenges. Each classification is interlinked with scientific references, thus providing academic validation for the typology used. This typological structure provides a broad perspective on the complex characteristics of environmental dynamics, by synthesizing the ecological, economic, social, and governance dimensions that are critical for investigation in sustainable development. 2.2.1 Natural Environment The natural environment is a concept that embodies a broad spectrum of interpretations and uses in various disciplines, reflecting its important function in human existence and ecological frameworks. The natural environment is important because it serves as a resource for human use, a determinant of health outcomes, a key component of ecological relationships, and an important capital asset category for sustainable development [67]. This perspective highlights the various ways in which natural environmental resources contribute to economic growth, social stability, and long-term ecological resilience. In shaping ecosystem dynamics, the natural environment consists of biotic and abiotic elements. Biotic components consist of biodiversity, marine ecosystems, and terrestrial habitats, while examples such as climate, water resources, and land use patterns constitute abiotic factors [68]. Effective management of these elements is essential for maintaining ecological balance and ensuring sustainable resource utilization. The integrity of the natural environment directly affects coastal economic activities, especially in fisheries and tourism, which rely heavily on marine biodiversity and ecosystems [69]. From an ecological governance perspective, the natural environment has a function in determining policy effectiveness. The natural environment concept further reinforces the importance of conserving ecological assets to achieve long-term socioeconomic benefits. Several studies show that well-managed natural resources will result in better ecological governance by encouraging collaboration among stakeholders, enforcing environmental conservation policies, and promoting sustainable economic practices [70] [71]. The natural environment is essential for ecological governance and sustainable development. By implementing ecological governance initiatives, such as water conservation and sustainable fisheries management, ecological governance can be strengthened to ensure long-term environmental and socio-economic benefits [72]. This research will examine indicators of the natural environment in coastal areas, to operationalize these concepts, including well-protected coral reefs in coastal and marine areas, well-preserved fish quality and quantity in the ocean, and well-available clean water. By examining these indicators, this research will present empirical evidence on the dimensions of the natural environment in shaping governance frameworks and sustainable development pathways in coastal communities. Based on the theoretical basis, the following hypothesis is proposed: H2 The natural environment positively and directly affects sustainable development [70] [73] [74] H3 The natural environment is positively associated with ecological governance [71] [72] [75] 2.2.2 Financial Economic Environment The financial economic environment has an interrelated role in the development and functioning of a community's economy. This environment specifically refers to everything that can be used to produce goods and services to fulfill human needs and wants. Important components of the financial environment include the availability and cost of capital, along with the regulatory framework, which influences business performance and individual financial opportunities [76]. While the financial environment is primarily shaped by literacy, decision-making, and sustainability, it is also influenced by broader economic policies and market conditions. These factors collectively create a dynamic environment that requires individuals to adapt and make informed financial decisions. With the achievement of community financial targets through the management of a financial economic environment that follows economic principles, it is hypothesized that this research will have a positive impact on ecological governance and sustainable development [77]. Economic principles are closely related to the concept of the financial-economic environment which includes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in society. The economic-financial environment provides an important function in enabling long-term ecological governance by ensuring that sustainable practices are financially viable. Research has shown that higher levels of economic-financial environment and access to financial resources influence community decision-making processes related to resource management, ultimately shaping governance outcomes [76]. A well-structured financial environment provides access to capital, financial education, and sustainable economic opportunities that contribute to ecological governance and sustainable development [78]. Improving access to finance through microfinance programs, cooperatives, and alternative credit systems can reduce dependency on sustainable economic activities [79]. The establishment of sustainability-related financial policies can also encourage businesses and households to adopt practices that contribute to ecological governance [80]. In forming the hypothesis, the dimensions of the financial-economic environment studied include access to financial institutions, household financial security, and government financial support for sustainable development. Based on the analysis of these factors, this study aims to provide empirical insights into the role of financial stability in improving ecological governance and long-term sustainability in coastal communities. Therefore, the proposed hypothesis is as follows: H4 The financial economic environment positively and directly affects sustainable development[78][77] [81] H5 The financial economic environment is positively associated with ecological governance[82][76] [83] 2.2.3 Physical Infrastructure Environment The environmental concept of physical infrastructure encompasses human-made components of environmental extraction, including buildings, roads, and other structures, which have important functions in shaping human health, well-being, and resilience. This infrastructure concept is not only a framework for human endeavors but also a dynamic instrument for shaping well-being [84]. The physical infrastructure environment is a multifaceted construct that combines regional planning, ecology, and technological innovation to promote sustainable and resilient communities. While physical infrastructure environments are critical to community well-being and resilience, they are also vulnerable to legal and policy frameworks that may hinder adaptive responses to changes [85] [86]. The physical infrastructure environment is an important publicly-owned physical asset that supports the functioning and development of communities and institutions, which includes a variety of traditional and non-traditional elements managed through various economic and functional criteria. Adequate infrastructure is one of the main factors affecting socio-economic well-being, hence the need for ecological governance practices through infrastructure improvements that promote sustainable development, both socially, economically, and environmentally. [87]. To support sustainable development, improved road infrastructure is needed to facilitate better community access to markets. This is critical for economic growth and sustainable development in rural areas [88]. Furthermore, reliable and affordable electricity is essential to power homes, and the production of natural goods, thereby supporting economic activities and improving community living standards [89]. In addition, access to clean water and sanitation infrastructure is essential for health and well-being, reducing the prevalence of disease and improving communities' quality of life [90]. Access to telecommunication services, particularly the internet, is critical to support social interaction, and bridges to market access [91]. The physical infrastructure environment is critical in shaping sustainable development in coastal areas, where the community relies heavily on a marine and tourism-based economy. The availability of well-developed infrastructure provides alternative opportunities that reduce pressure on natural resources [85]. A study shows that better road networks improve access to markets, allowing fishermen to get better prices for their catch without having to over-extract [86]. This environmental dimension of physical infrastructure includes life-related infrastructure, including access to electricity, internet, or equipment for fishing and farming, as well as access to clean water. Therefore, the hypothesis is as follows: H6 Physical infrastructure environment positively and directly affects sustainable development[85][86][87] H7 Physical infrastructure environment positively associated with ecological governance[88][89] [91] 2.2.4 Social Environment The concept of social environment encompasses a wide range of factors and interactions that influence an individual's behavior, attitudes, and overall well-being [92]. It is a multifaceted construct that includes the relationships and structures in which individuals operate, which affect their personal and professional lives. The social environment is crucial in shaping human behavior, learning, and social interactions, and has important functions in various fields such as organizational management and social work. The social environment includes factors that determine the quality of life of workers, such as interpersonal relationships, organizational culture, and communication patterns. Methods to regulate and develop the social environment in organizations can increase satisfaction and productivity [93]. The social environment is essential for individuals and communities to address challenges, increase resilience, and improve overall well-being. Social environments can build group or community cohesion by providing social support, strengthening relationships, and enhancing positive interactions among members. It is seen as communities striving for social inclusion and building social capital to create a sense of belonging and opportunities for upward social mobility [94]. High levels of cohesion within groups tend to create a strong sense of solidarity. Understanding these interactions can help in designing interventions and policies that promote a positive social environment, ultimately improving individual and community well-being. Therefore, the existence of social environmental instruments in ecological governance, will be able to enhance sustainable development [95]. In addition, a social environment that supports education, health, and well-being contributes to sustainable development by empowering individuals to engage in long-term planning and environmentally responsible behavior. This study shows that higher levels of environmental awareness in coastal communities can encourage community participation in sustainable social programs [94]. Development conducted through a socially inclusive governance approach through active community engagement, educational initiatives, and institutional support can significantly improve ecological governance and sustainable development outcomes [96]. The social environment dimension in this study includes the social conditions of coastal communities such as the existence of fishermen organizations in coastal areas, health, and community education. From these factors, this study aims to provide empirical insight into the role of the social environment in shaping governance effectiveness and long-term sustainability in coastal communities. Based on these considerations, the following hypothesis is proposed: H8 The social environment positively and directly affects sustainable development [94] [95] [97] H9 Social environment positively associated with ecological governance [93] [98] [99] 2.2.5 Spiritual Environment The concept of a spiritual environment is an integration of spirituality and ecological awareness, emphasizing the sacredness of nature and the function of spiritual practices in enhancing environmental consciousness. The concept is explored through various perspectives, including spiritual ecology, religious perspectives on the environment, and the application of spirituality in organizational and institutional settings [100]. The spiritual environment is seen as a multidimensional construct that influences personal and collective approaches to environmental and social issues. A spiritual environment is a framework that combines spirituality with ecological practices, aiming to foster a deeper connection between humans and nature [101]. It encourages spiritually oriented-ecological activism, promoting reconnection with nature as a sacred entity [102]. The movement is international, involving diverse leaders and organizations that integrate religious and spiritual perspectives into environmentalism, complementing secular approaches to ecological challenges [103]. The influence of spiritual values on environmental management can lead to positive outcomes, such as increased public support for environmental initiatives and the adoption of more sustainable practices [104]. Spirituality will instill a sense of responsibility towards nature and encourage ethical behavior that prioritizes environmental conservation. Various faiths in the world emphasize moral behaviors that are in line with environmental preservation, promoting a harmonious relationship with nature [105]. Furthermore, coastal cultural ecosystem services connect natural and spiritual ecosystems, providing non-material benefits that enhance human well-being. Integrating spiritual elements in coastal management can guide natural resource management and enhance community engagement, promoting sustainable ecosystem development [106]. Ecological governance based on spiritual and cultural values, emphasizes the need for a spiritual shift in human attitudes towards nature, advocating a lifestyle that respects ecological balance [107]. The deep connection between humans and their coastal environment is crucial to understanding the importance of these areas to human well-being. These values are shaped by personal history and cultural identity, influencing how communities value and manage their coastal resources [108]. The role of religious values in environmental governance is critical to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda. The elevation of the spiritual environment by promoting collective consciousness and sustainable lifestyles to reduce the environmental footprint and address the planetary crisis [109]. Spiritual environments can promote sustainable development by improving community well-being and supporting environmental conservation initiatives [102]. For the spiritual environment dimension in this study, what is in the questionnaire is the condition of the beliefs and cultural customs of coastal communities. The hypothesis proposed is as follows: H10 The spiritual environment positively and directly affects sustainable development [102] [106] [110] H11 Spiritual environment positively associated with ecological governance [100] [102] [111] 2.2.6 Environmental Management Effective and responsible environmental management is essential to ensure sustainable development and conserve natural resources. This involves implementing strategies and policies to minimize the negative impacts of human activities while promoting economic growth and social well-being [112]. Key aspects include using efficient production technologies, integrating ecological, economic, and social factors in decision-making, and applying economic methods to improve management efficiency [113]. Developing and implementing environmental programs, monitoring and assessing environmental performance, and forming partnerships are key to addressing environmental issues [114]. This field has important functions in sectors such as nature management, ecological economics, and natural resource management, which ensure the sustainable use of natural resources and environmental protection [115]. In this context, efforts include sustainable management of natural resources to avoid irregular over-exploitation. Exploitation of nature refers to the process of excessive and unorganized extraction and utilization of natural resources for human activities. It involves the extraction, cultivation, and shipment of resources from a region to an industrialized region for the production of goods [116]. Environmental management in coastal areas such as in the Pangandaran coastal area is essential to maintain ecosystem health and productivity, and is critical to ecological balance and human well-being. Effective management ensures the use of coastal resources in line with sustainable development, supports the sustainability of livelihoods, and reduces the impact of human activities [109]. Good management of the coastal environment will enhance economic sectors and provide alternative livelihoods, while reducing poverty [117]. Furthermore, good environmental management should be supported by policies that promote sustainable development, such as those that ensure equitable access to resources [118]. The new ecological governance model developed in this study places environmental management as a key pillar of sustainable development. Through responsible resource use, compliance with sustainability policies, and active participation from local communities, environmental management fosters ecological resilience and economic stability in coastal areas. The environmental management variables in the questionnaires and interviews in this study include that environmental management in the ecological governance model is necessary for sustainable development. In the new ecological governance model, this approach can be the main pillar of sustainable development, with the following hypothesis: H12 Environmental management positively and directly affects sustainable development [114] [115] [118] H13 Environmental management positively associated with ecological governance[116][119][120] 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Sample and Data Collection To obtain the sample in this study, sampling was conducted in the Pangandaran coastal area, West Java, consisting of fishermen, farmers, and area managers. This study used questionnaires and interviews for data collection. The survey and data collection period lasted for 4 weeks from June 5, 2022, to July 29, 2022, in Pananjung, Wonoharjo, Babakan, and Pangandaran villages. These four villages were selected based on the argument that these villages are coastal areas that are fishing grounds with a predominance of fishermen. The other coastal areas were not selected because although they are on the coast, they are not fishing grounds. A total of 178 valid questionnaires, as well as interviews with 20 selected informants were conducted. The criteria for the selected informants were those who had direct involvement with fisheries activities and served in coastal area management. Subsequently, sampling was proportionally randomized from the four selected villages, resulting in between 44 and 45 samples. This number meets the minimum requirement of 30 samples for quantitative data analysis[ 121 ] [ 122 ]. A five-point Likert scale was used in the questionnaire [ 123 ]. To reduce common method bias, several precautions were taken during questionnaire design and administration, including concealing interviewee information and question meanings, randomizing the order of questions, and carefully wording questions. Analysis was conducted with a 95% confidence level [ 124 ]. The area marked with blue accents on the map shows the research survey location. The area is a coastal area that is specifically a place for fisheries activities. In addition, it is an area that can describe Indonesia's coastal areas in general [ 22 ]. Pangandaran Regency relies heavily on marine resources for their livelihoods, which include not only capture fisheries but also aquaculture, marine tourism, and related businesses, reflecting the diversity of economic activities prevalent in many Indonesian coastal areas and making them vulnerable to environmental and resource changes such as overfishing and irregular fishing [ 21 ]. Pangandaran regency's reliance on small-scale fisheries, which is similar to many coastal communities in West Java, provides valuable insight into the vulnerability of this sector nationwide. Furthermore, the region's vulnerability to environmental changes such as overfishing and climate change, which are issues common across Indonesia's coastline, highlights the urgent need for sustainable resource management strategies. While recognizing the diversity of Indonesia's coastal ecosystems and communities, the selection of the Pangandaran coastal area provides a valuable snapshot into the interrelated economic and environmental challenges common to many coastal populations in the archipelago. After conducting the survey, the results of this study were analyzed quantitatively. Therefore, the background of the sample is analyzed first, then the methodology of this study is explained, and finally, the data is analyzed by the partial least squares technique (PLS-SEM). 3.2 Questionnaire Design This questionnaire was formed into two sections. The first section of the questionnaire was designed to collect respondents' demographic information relevant to the ecological crisis research in the Pangandaran coastal area. This data is important for analyzing variations in views and experiences related to the issue based on respondents' backgrounds. For the sustainable development variable in this study, questionnaires and interviews were used as the main instruments to observe how much the community agreed that this model should be applied and could support sustainable development. Meanwhile, the ecological governance variable is indicated by how much the community agrees with the ecological governance model that involves environmental dynamics. The information collected includes age, gender, occupation, education level, and ethnicity (Table 2). The next section of the questionnaire examines several important aspects related to the research model. The ‘Environmental Dynamics’ aspect is measured through questions on the natural environment, financial economic environment, physical infrastructure, social, and spiritual environment, environmental management, ecological governance, and sustainable development ( Appendix A ). A five-point Likert scale (from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”) was used to measure responses to each question [ 123 ], chosen for its simplicity and ability to capture the nuances of respondents' opinions. 3.3 Data Analysis Research model testing was carried out using Structural Equation Modeling through the partial least squares technique (PLS-SEM) and SMART-PLS software [ 125 ]. As stated by Henseler, “ partial least squares modeling (PLS) is a multivariate statistical technique that is often used in various disciplines” [ 126 ]. In addition, PLS-SEM is considered appropriate for analyzing models that have a direct relationship between variables [ 127 ]. The sample analysis in this study is divided into two, viz: measurement model which analyzed the reliability and validity of the model, including 'individual variable reliability', 'internal consistency', 'convergent validity', and 'discriminant validity'; and 'structural model analysis' which was conducted to verify and estimate the 'explanatory power of the model (R-squared, R 2 ) and 'path coefficient' of the structural model, and explore the causal relationships among the dimensions. In this case, factorial loadings were shown to be higher than 0.7 for most items, and never lower than 0.4, the limit indicated by Hair et.al. [ 128 ]. Second, construct validity was examined with Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability index. Thirdly, the presence of convergent validity was confirmed using the average variance extracted. The results showed composite reliability values that exceeded the critical value of 0.8 for all variables [ 95 ], and the average value of the variance extracted was above 0.5 [ 124 ], so reliability and convergent validity were verified. Finally, the measurement model analysis consists of verifying the existence of discriminant validity. To confirm the discriminant validity of this study, first of all, we used the Fornell and Larcker criterion [ 124 ], which requires that the square root of the AVE be higher than the correlation between the constructs. Secondly, this study utilized the heterotrait-monotrait correlation ratio approach (HTMT − 90) [ 125 ], and the inference test shows that none of the confidence intervals contain the value one; this result indicates that all variables are empirically distinct. For both approaches, our scale meets the requirements, thereby demonstrating its discriminant validity. 4. Results 4.1. Measurement Model The measurement model, also known as the outer model, includes reliability and validity evaluations. In terms of item reliability, the factor loadings of all variables range between 0.709 and 0.895 (see Table 3), which is greater than the 0.708 recommended by Hair et al [ 128 ]. These results indicate that most of the variance of each item can be explained by the latent variables and the reliability of the items is sufficient. Which indicates that the reliability of all variables meets the minimum standards. To assess convergent validity, this study used average variance extracted (AVE) to evaluate the degree to which different indicators effectively represent the same variable. Table 3 shows that the AVE values range from 0.628 to 0.889, surpassing the threshold of 0.5 as recommended by [ 128 ]. These findings indicate that the convergent validity of each variable is strong. To evaluate discriminant validity, this study applied the Fornell and Larcker criteria and the Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratio. The square root of the AVE, which lies on the diagonal of the matrix, is greater than the shared variance between the variables, confirming that the scale exhibits sufficient discriminant validity [ 124 ]. In addition, Table 4 reveals that all values in the HTMT matrix are below the 0.85 threshold recommended by [ 128 ], which indicates that the variance of each variable is different from the other variables. Therefore, discriminant validity is also established. 4.2 Structural Model This study used Smart-PLS to analyze the path analysis among the various dimensions of the research framework, and bootstrapping was used to conduct path analysis and test the research hypotheses through the resampling method 5000 times. Following Hair et al. [ 128 ], this study used the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), R-square (R 2 ), f square (f 2 ), path coefficient, and significance to assess the model. We examined the VIF, which ranged between 1,402 and 2,547 (see Table 3) and was below 5, the threshold recommended by Kock & Lynn[ 129 ] and concluded that multicollinearity was not a significant issue in our study. Subsequently, examined the R 2 value, which indicates the explanatory power in the sample or the predictive power of the research model. The theoretical model explained 17.5% of ecological governance and 97.1% of sustainable development. The f 2 effect size was used to measure redundancy against the path coefficient size, which was between 0.000 and 0.558. Based on PLS-SEM analysis, the results show that hypothesis H13 is accepted: Environmental management is positively related to ecological governance, then other hypotheses are accepted from ecological governance to sustainable development (H1), financial economic environment (H4), physical infrastructure environment (H6), and social environment (H8). While other hypotheses from the natural and spiritual environment variables do not have a significant influence on ecological governance or sustainable development (H2, H3, H10, H11). According to the f 2 value, as proposed by Cohen [ 130 ], the f 2 value evaluates whether exogenous variables have significant explanatory power on endogenous variables, which follows the principle that 0.02 < f 2 ≤ 0.15 is considered a small effect; 0.15 0.35 is considered a large effect. The results in Table 5 show that there is a highly effective explanatory power of the financial-economic environment on sustainable development (0.497) and social environment on sustainable development (1.558). Then there is a moderate explanatory power of ecological governance on sustainable development (0.205). Finally, there is a small explanatory power of environmental management on ecological governance (0.078) and physical infrastructure environment on sustainable development (0.056). Overall, the explanatory power of exogenous dimensions on endogenous dimensions is above the small-medium-high effect. 5 Discussion The PLS-SEM analysis revealed a positive and significant influence of environmental management on ecological governance, as well as the financial, infrastructure, and social environments on sustainable development. However, these factors did not directly impact ecological governance, indicating the need for a stronger governance framework that incorporates environmental dynamics in decision-making. In the case of Pangandaran, where marine resource dependency is high, the role of ecological governance is crucial in balancing coastal area activities with environmental sustainability. Ecological governance in Pangandaran must be strengthened by addressing current institutional and legal weaknesses. Environmental policies and laws, especially in Indonesia's coastal areas, are regulated by Law No. 27 of 2007 on Coastal and Small Island Management, which affirms that resource utilization must be sustainable. However, its implementation in the Pangandaran Regency faces challenges due to sectoral fragmentation and limited community involvement. Many existing policies are still reactive rather than preventive without integrating governance mechanisms that are adaptive and appropriate to environmental dynamics. The critical gap in Pangandaran's governance structure is the lack of coordination between various government agencies responsible for environmental management. Relevant agencies such as the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF), the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF), and local government units each play a role in regulating the use of coastal resources, yet their policies often overlap, leading to inefficiencies. The absence of a clear and unified governance framework leads to weak enforcement of regulations against illegal fishing, coastal pollution, and unsustainable tourism practices. To improve ecological governance, Pangandaran needs a multi-stakeholder governance approach that strengthens the legal framework while encouraging collaboration between government agencies, local communities, and private actors. The establishment of an integrated governance model can serve as a reference for the Pangandaran coastal area. This would involve the adoption of polycentric governance, where decision-making is decentralized and involves different levels of governance working in a coordinated manner. A participatory governance framework, where coastal communities take an active role in decision-making, is essential to ensure compliance and long-term sustainability. Then infrastructure development is also important in ecological governance. Currently, Pangandaran is encountering issues related to inadequate waste management, limited access to sustainable fishing technology, and poor coastal infrastructure, all of which contribute to environmental degradation. Investments in sustainable infrastructure, eco-friendly tourism accommodation, and sustainable aquaculture systems are needed to support ecological governance. In addition, financial inclusion and economic incentives should be incorporated into Pangandaran's governance strategy to promote sustainable practices. Small-scale fishers and tourism operators often lack access to credit and investment opportunities, making it difficult to transition to sustainable livelihoods. Government-backed microfinance programs and sustainability-related subsidies should be introduced to support the use of environmentally friendly fishing gear and ecotourism initiatives. The social environment is also an important factor in achieving sustainable development in the Pangandaran coastal area, especially in encouraging community involvement in conservation efforts. Local fishermen and tourism operators should be actively involved in the governance process to ensure long-term sustainability. However, social challenges, such as resistance to regulatory changes, hinder effective policy implementation. Improving the quality of education with capacity-building programs that emphasize the economic benefits of sustainable practices can increase community participation. In addition, strengthening local institutions, such as coastal community organizations and fisher cooperatives, can empower citizens to play an active role in ecological governance. The ecological governance framework in the Pangandaran coastal area should be improved by incorporating adaptive, participatory, and polycentric governance elements. Strengthening environmental law enforcement, improving coordination among agencies related to environmental law, investing in green infrastructure, and expanding financial support for local communities are important steps to achieve sustainable development in the region. Future policies should prioritize the integration of environmental dynamics into governance models, to ensure long-term ecological resilience and stability in the Pangandaran coastal region. 5.1 Theoretical implications This research contributes to the theoretical model of ecological governance by expanding its conceptual framework to include environmental dynamics as a determinant of the effectiveness of ecological governance models. Existing theories emphasize institutional structures and regulatory mechanisms [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ], which often overlook dynamic environmental factors such as economic shifts, infrastructure development, social interactions, natural resource variability, and the environment. This research fills this theoretical gap by showing how environmental dynamics interact with governance mechanisms, leading to a new ecological governance model that is more sensitive to environmental variability and is also adaptive. The main theoretical advance of this research is the redefinition of ecological governance as a system that is not only institutionally based but also shaped by the fluctuating conditions of its environmental context. Governance has traditionally been conceptualized as an institutional process, focusing on regulatory frameworks, administrative structures, and formal decision-making mechanisms. However, this study highlights that governance cannot be fully understood without considering environmental dynamics, which act as key external influences shaping governance outcomes. By systematically identifying and operationalizing environmental dynamics factors, this study refines the conceptual framework of ecological governance, making it more applicable to complex social-ecological systems. These theoretical refinements extend previous models, which have largely focused on static and institution-centered approaches, by introducing an adaptive perspective that accounts for external environmental variables. In addition, this research updates conventional governance theory by demonstrating that resilience in coastal ecological governance is not only a function of institutional strength but also the capacity of the system to respond to environmental and socio-economic changes. The introduction of environmental dynamics as a key component of governance theory is a significant theoretical contribution, as it reconstructs the prevailing notion that governance effectiveness depends solely on institutional factors. By incorporating environmental dynamics into ecological governance theory, this study provides a foundation for developing more robust governance models that prioritize sustainability and adaptability over the long term. Finally, this study proposes an enhanced ecological governance framework that integrates continuous monitoring, responsive mechanisms, and evolving environmental conditions. This research contributes to the theoretical discourse by offering a more comprehensive and empirically grounded model that enhances our understanding of how governance structures can remain responsive and adaptive in the face of environmental uncertainty. As such, this research not only expands theoretical knowledge but also provides a foundation for future research to develop governance models that are theoretically sound and practically effective in managing coastal and marine ecosystems. 5.2 Practical implications In the Pangandaran coastal area, which relies heavily on fisheries and also marine tourism, environmental dynamics are mainly characterized by increasing coastal abrasion caused by rising sea levels and unsustainable development practices. The economic-financial landscape is primarily governed by fisheries and also marine tourism, which, while providing economic benefits, simultaneously generates pollution and habitat degradation. The current condition of physical infrastructure, particularly concerning waste management systems, is inadequate to accommodate the surge in tourists, resulting in marine pollution. The socio-cultural environment is distinguished by a strong communal connection to the ocean, with a large number of villagers dependent on fishing as their main source of income. Nevertheless, the dilemma in the overfishing research domain is compounded by the prevalence of irresponsible fishing practices among local communities. Certain fishermen persist in their activities during critical reproductive phases, thereby disrupting natural ecological cycles and reducing the potential for future fish populations. The use of destructive fishing techniques, such as trawling, further jeopardizes marine ecosystems and results in the indiscriminate death of marine organisms. Additional challenges include a lack of educational attainment, as locals, despite having access to government education funds and scholarships, often choose to emulate their parents by pursuing careers as fishermen or farmers, thus diverting financial resources for immediate needs such as clothing or food. As a result, existing governance structures fail to take into account the environmental dynamics inherent in the community. To strengthen the achievement of sustainable development, it is necessary to develop models that facilitate synergies between these factors, so that financial policies can be aligned with physical and social infrastructure needs. Ecological governance has a critical function in achieving sustainable development goals, which can be strengthened to create sustainability standards in various sectors. From a practical perspective, this implies the importance of sustainable investment in green infrastructure projects that adopt environmentally friendly practices. In addition, the Pangadaran coastal area Manager explained that: “ the development of infrastructure to support the human resource economy of local communities is also a priority. Public awareness also needs to be strengthened through education programs to engage people in sustainable practices at the community level ” (Interview document, 2024). Effective ecological governance within this model requires a comprehensive approach to address the unique challenges associated with reconciling economic development and environmental conservation, including addressing these unsustainable fishing practices. For example, the implementation of stricter regulations governing coastal development, the promotion of sustainable marine tourism models, and the involvement of local fishing communities in the co-management of fisheries resources, including the enforcement of fishing regulations and education on sustainable practices, are very important measures. The model deepens the understanding of the role of ecological governance as a mediator in the sustainable development process while emphasizing the importance of linkages between social, physical, and financial environments as the main pillars of sustainability. The implementation of this model requires multi-stakeholder collaboration involving the government, private sector, financial institutions, community organizations, and academia to create more effective cross-sectoral policies, especially in rural coastal areas. For example, ecology-oriented regulations can be supported by the participation of fishermen who engage in strict environmental management practices. In addition, community empowerment initiatives in ecological governance require proactive involvement from local communities and policy support from the government. In the financial sector, incentives to institutions that support funding for sustainable economic, social, and infrastructure incentives can optimize positive environmental impacts and accelerate the achievement of sustainable development goals. This multi-stakeholder collaboration is needed to address the complex challenges of achieving integrated and sustainable sustainability across multiple sectors. 5.3 Limitations and Suggestions This research also has some limitations when developing and interpreting the results and applying the findings. One of the main limitations is the limited sample representation. The focus of this study on coastal areas in Pangandaran with a majority sample of local people, such as fishermen and farmers, may limit the generalizability of the results to other coastal areas that have different socioeconomic or ecological conditions. Conditions in the Pangandaran coastal area may not fully reflect conditions in other areas, so further research needs to be conducted to test the validity of these findings in different contexts. Thus, further research involving other regions or more diverse populations will be able to provide a more comprehensive picture of the effectiveness of participatory and sustainable ecological governance models in various contexts. Another limitation faced in this study is methodological limitations. While PLS-SEM provides deep insights into the causal relationships between variables, the cross-sectional nature of the research design limits the ability to observe changes over a long period. This precludes longitudinal analysis that could provide a more detailed understanding of the dynamics of governance and sustainable development over time. In the context of ecological governance research, longitudinal analysis would be valuable to see the cumulative effects of policies and community participation on future environmental sustainability. Therefore, further research adopting a longitudinal approach is recommended to understand possible changes in governance and resource management in coastal areas. 6 Conclusion This research contributes to novelty by constructing a new model of ecological governance that integrates environmental dynamics variables as influential factors in ecological governance, through a series of significance tests using PLS-SEM analysis. The findings highlight the significant positive influence of environmental management on ecological governance and the strong influence of economic-financial, physical infrastructure, social environment, and ecological governance on sustainable development. However, variables representing the natural and spiritual environments showed no significant impact on ecological governance or sustainable development. Results further show that the economic-financial environment and social environment have substantial explanatory power on sustainable development, while ecological governance has moderate explanatory power. In contrast, the environmental management environment and physical infrastructure show weaker influence on sustainable development and ecological governance. The practical or policy implications of these findings suggest that enhancing sustainable development in coastal areas requires targeted, multi-actor strategies. First, policymakers should prioritize strengthening economic-financial mechanisms through improving access to sustainable financing, credit systems, and investment incentives that support environmentally friendly industries and coastal resource management. Financial inclusion policies tailored to small-scale fishers and coastal entrepreneurs are critical to promoting sustainable livelihoods. Second, infrastructure policies should focus on building physical infrastructure for coastal communities that integrates climate adaptation measures and supports sustainable marine tourism, transportation, and fisheries activities. Third, to harness the influence of the social environment, community empowerment programs should be expanded to enhance local capacity, skills development, and environmental stewardship, integrating participatory governance frameworks to strengthen public engagement. This is a reflection of the significant outcome variables in this study, in this context, the coastal region of Pangandaran, which represents Indonesia. Finally, ecological governance models should be constructed to encourage synergistic collaboration between government agencies, the private sector, academia, and civil society. Cross-sectoral coordination should be institutionalized through policy councils or task forces that comprehensively address coastal sustainability. Regulatory and policy reforms can further embed ecological governance models into local development plans and zoning regulations to ensure sustainable resource use. Considering the limitations of this study, future research should adopt a longitudinal design and wider geographical coverage to refine these policy recommendations. Therefore, this study offers actionable theoretical advances and conceptual insights that can be used to promote sustainable development in coastal areas through a robust and dynamic ecological governance model. Declarations Acknowledgment. The researchers would like to express their gratitude to Padjadjaran University for supporting this study through its university research grant program with contract No. 1501/UN6.3.1/PT.00/2024. This generous support has been instrumental in the successful completion of this research. Data Availability. The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Ethics approval and consent to participate. The research, which involved a survey of fishermen communities in the coastal area of Pangandaran, West Java, was conducted with great care and adherence to Indonesian ethical standards. The research was formally licensed by the local ‘National Unity and Political Organization Agency ( Badan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik ), under local regulations and policies. This decision was based on a research methodology that did not involve invasive procedures or the collection of sensitive personal data beyond what participants were willing to share in the context of the consent process. Comprehensive measures were taken to ensure the ethical integrity of the study. Informed consent was directly obtained from all participants who participated in the survey. Before participation, all respondents were thoroughly informed about the purpose of the study, the nature of the data collected, and how this data would be used. We guaranteed the confidentiality and anonymity of all participants' responses throughout the research process. This was done to ensure that the data collected was only used for this study, with no other intentions. The ethical approach adopted for this study was designed to respect the dignity, rights, and well-being of all participants, ensuring that the research was conducted responsibly and following the prevailing norms in the Pangandaran coastal area. Consent from all participants involved in the study was obtained before the survey was conducted. Informed consent. Consent was required in this study, as each individual interviewed was asked for their consent directly before the survey was conducted. This process was conducted under ethical measures that had been approved by the authorities of the local ‘National Unity and Political Organization Agency ( Badan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik ). Each respondent was given a clear explanation of the purpose of the research, the type of information to be collected, and how the data would be used. By ensuring consent from all participants, the study respected the rights and privacy of each individual involved. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5446088","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":444222608,"identity":"4076d4e7-b4d8-4b60-b512-fb79404b32df","order_by":0,"name":"Tomi Setiawan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAyCCDcysAJMGIIIHIo4JeKBaJCBazhCpBQQkwCRjG0ILAy4t9uzdiQcY/tjU8bGfMfxcOO9wnjn74Q0MP2oYZPhw2cJzdsMBxrY0CTaeHGPpmdsOF1v2pBUw9hxj4JHEpUUiF6il4TDQL7kbpHm3HU7ccCDHgIG3gYHHAJ8Whj//Jdj4327+zTsHqOX8GwPGvwS1sB2QYJPI3SbN2wDUciPHgBmvLWeAfklsS5Zsk3j/zZrnWHrizhnPCg7LHJPA6Rf29t7NHz78seOX709Lvs1TY524nT9548M3NTb2uEIMDBKQOaBIOQCLKOKAAQlqR8EoGAWjYGQAALnHW+WERQI7AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Padjadjaran University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tomi","middleName":"","lastName":"Setiawan","suffix":""},{"id":444222609,"identity":"15ac412d-f318-4782-9915-9b8f5aa87ca5","order_by":1,"name":"Rita Myrna","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Padjadjaran University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rita","middleName":"","lastName":"Myrna","suffix":""},{"id":444222610,"identity":"ddafd4f5-92fc-45a2-be1b-d9eef81c4e40","order_by":2,"name":"Neneng Weti Isnawati","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Padjadjaran University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Neneng","middleName":"Weti","lastName":"Isnawati","suffix":""},{"id":444222614,"identity":"6b6e0535-9592-40e9-953a-4fea78a9101b","order_by":3,"name":"Muhammad Farras Samith","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Padjadjaran University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Farras","lastName":"Samith","suffix":""},{"id":444222615,"identity":"54903b1a-d8cf-4f91-87af-9fe72b3a77d6","order_by":4,"name":"Muhammad Hammam Mughits","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Padjadjaran University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Hammam","lastName":"Mughits","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-13 10:23:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5446088/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5446088/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01849-8","type":"published","date":"2025-09-26T15:57:44+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":80890169,"identity":"f65fa701-6415-45aa-8d6a-85f31679b420","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-18 09:54:53","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":310708,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA New Model of Ecological Governance. Source: Constructed by Researchers\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5446088/v1/0060831167d00a5049130662.png"},{"id":80890461,"identity":"f9e7ba23-26a3-41a8-bc67-3d877caa1a0c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-18 10:02:53","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103702,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of Pangandaran Location Points. Source: Processed by Researchers\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5446088/v1/77fd6c577b194b2eb03de19b.png"},{"id":80890178,"identity":"1f52d255-5943-4c97-a8d6-e4e4cd1423b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-18 09:54:53","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":344816,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTheoretical Research and Measurement Model Source: Processed by Researchers\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5446088/v1/cabf1b632ee69a9aa876f53d.png"},{"id":80891206,"identity":"82de2624-5e99-4d70-ade7-beb9f9b0dc6d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-18 10:10:53","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":339730,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStructural Model. Source: Processed by Researchers\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5446088/v1/7f9c697e4b28e5d0bae439e3.png"},{"id":92430484,"identity":"6d089546-f363-4561-9f66-af064524bb8b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-29 16:05:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1785798,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5446088/v1/44fac7b8-8b04-42ff-827f-3b925c8437d9.pdf"},{"id":80890167,"identity":"a0b3df93-b5a7-401b-8985-24968e969639","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-18 09:54:53","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":763519,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5446088/v1/f4c9471623b042fc5efd4fb2.docx"},{"id":80890463,"identity":"26ba27a5-ed8d-43d6-ac5e-1e21ed66ef3f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-18 10:02:53","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":735812,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables2to5.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5446088/v1/2d32a1a39d330f007d9a63d6.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Ecological Governance Model for Coastal Area: The Environmental Dynamics Factors to Sustainable Development","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIndonesia, as a maritime nation with vast coastal regions, relies significantly on its coastal areas for economic, social, and environmental sustainability. These areas serve as hubs for economic activities such as fisheries, tourism, and trade while also supporting diverse marine ecosystems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Currently in Indonesia, coastal areas still face various development challenges, including environmental problems, economic instability, and inadequate governance structures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. To solve these challenges, sustainable development is needed, aiming to balance economic, environmental, and governance aspects by ensuring long-term ecological resilience and social welfare. Policies have been implemented by the Indonesian government to support coastal development. The Environmental Protection and Management Policy and the green constitution have strengthened environmental protection in the Pangandaran coastal area, ensuring that natural resources are managed sustainably [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. This research highlights the need for integration between policies and ecological systems to ensure that the development of the Pangandaran coastal area is balanced with environmental preservation. This is certainly caused by gaps in policy enforcement and implementation, despite the existence of adequate policies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn stimulating transformation and progress in rural areas coastal development is critical as it has an important function in the national landscape. The Indonesian government certainly has a mandate to improve the welfare of all citizens, through the development of coastal and rural areas as the main pillar [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Sustainable development, economic growth, environmental conservation, and social justice are aligned with ensuring the well-being of current and future generations. However, development disparities and environmental degradation in coastal areas necessitate governance and collaboration among stakeholders to create sustainable and inclusive coastal environments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. In rural areas, development is also very useful for reducing poverty, which often receives less attention from the central government. Several studies have shown that poverty can be reduced by improving the economic and social conditions of rural coastal communities[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Some studies also highlight the logical framework of rural development[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], that progress in rural coastal development at the national level can promote economic growth and improve the standard of civilization through environmental improvements. Furthermore, development has also been recognized as a tool to achieve sustainable improvements in living standards, addressing issues such as substandard housing, severe land and water pollution, inadequate health care and education, unstructured village planning, and other related challenges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, rural coastal areas are critical to development because of their potential to enhance public spaces, support economic activities, and address environmental challenges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. However, development gaps in rural and coastal areas often create environmental degradation that poses challenges to rehabilitate. On the other side, coastal development offers many opportunities, but it also presents challenges such as environmental degradation and social inequality. System governance and collaboration among stakeholders are needed to balance these aspects to create a sustainable and inclusive coastal environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePangandaran Regency is part of the coastal areas in Indonesia, currently facing various environmental, economic, and social problems as a result of human activities in relation to fisheries. This situation is caused by overexploitation of the sea, which has resulted in a decline in fish production, impacting the ecological sustainability of fisheries and the aquatic environment. The condition of fishing boats in the Pangandaran coastal area, most of which are under 5 GT, also has an impact on the narrow cruising space for further exploitation. This has also led to increased fishing pressure in the shallow water Pangandaran coastal areas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. This condition is exacerbated by the dominance of Trichiurus savala and Pampus argenteus, and the concentration of fishing areas in the western part of the Pangandaran coastal area, which has resulted in severe environmental damage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Overexploitation has resulted in a decline in fish production with a low level of sustainability. As a result, the sustainability of coastal areas is negatively impacted in terms of ecology and social[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the coastal area of Pangandaran, fishers face a range of economic issues, particularly concerning access to financial resources and financial institutions. In addition, limited access to credit and financial services limits their ability to obtain new capital to invest in better equipment or diversify their income source [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Fishermen also still experience a lack of capital support from the government, and the seasonal nature of fishing, ultimately affecting the availability of fish raw materials, as well as the ability to produce and market fish sustainably. This condition further exacerbates the daily lives of fishermen in coastal Pangandaran [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The condition of fishermen in the coastal area of Pangandaran is further exacerbated by the condition of their social life, especially related to high family burdens, including limited access to education for their children. This impacts their ability to find alternative livelihoods or improve fishing practices with more sophisticated methods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This issue is an after-effect of the problem of fishermen's income, which is often insufficient to fulfill household needs. Considering the average length of the fishing season, there is a study showing that many fishers cannot adequately sustain their livelihoods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral studies have shown that environmental changes, such as land reclamation, have also damaged fish habitats, reducing their productivity. This has occurred in the eastern Pangandaran coastal area, especially in the Segara Anakan area, where the carrying capacity of the environment has decreased due to constriction, sedimentation, and decreased water quality[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Then the problem of changes in sea temperature and currents that change the distribution and volume of fish due to climate change. To maintain their preferred environmental conditions, some species migrate to more adaptive areas. This has led to reduced catches by fishermen in traditional fishing grounds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Overfishing in the Java Sea, including in the Pangandaran coastal areas, has resulted in environmentally unfriendly fishing activities. This has resulted in the rapid depletion of fish populations, making it difficult for fishermen to sustain their livelihoods from marine fisheries activities. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result of declining fish populations, the cost of fishing has increased. This in turn forces fishers to spend more time and resources to catch fish whose populations are dwindling. This situation has, in some cases, exacerbated poverty among fishing communities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother problem is related to the economic structure and inadequate government policy incentives. These conditions have encouraged fishers to continue fishing despite the declining fish population. The absence of incentives for fishers to improve their livelihoods has resulted in low innovation in fishing. In addition, the pressure of economic needs has also resulted in over-dependence on fisheries resources, thus accelerating environmental degradation in the Pangandaran coastal area [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. This condition is exacerbated by the lives of fishermen who come from poor households and tend to be unable to get other livelihoods apart from fishing activities alone. This situation is exacerbated by the ineffectiveness of social policies for social security and protection of fishermen in times of crisis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, ineffective management of the coastal environment and then mismanagement of fisheries and marine resources contribute to environmental degradation in Pangandaran's coastal areas. Therefore, better governance, supported by sustainable practices, and policies that consider social, economic, and environmental dimensions is essential [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Environmental degradation of fisheries in the Pangandaran coastal area in ecological, social, and technological dimensions also requires government intervention to improve sustainability and ensure ecological governance for sustainability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, local institutional systems are also needed to perform important functions in managing sustainable coastal resources. This is expected to contribute to the long-term economic stability of the fishers. An environmentally friendly institutional system is also needed, especially related to the use of environmentally friendly fishing gear and methods. Such institutions are expected to ensure the sustainability of fish populations and the preservation of coastal resources in the Pangandaran coastal area in the future [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome research on sustainable development in coastal areas has focused on economic development, fisheries management, and conservation efforts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. However, there is still very limited research exploring the dynamics of institutionally-focused governance, especially in the context of ecological governance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Theoretically, the existing concept of ecological governance is still not comprehensive because it does not fully accommodate complex environmental dynamics in its analytical framework [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Existing theories tend to focus on institutional and regulatory aspects without systematically considering environmental factors such as climate variability, resource dependency, and socio-political influences in shaping governance outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. As such, ecological governance theory still has limitations in explaining how these factors interact and influence the sustainability of coastal resource management [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough there have been studies highlighting environmental aspects in coastal governance, no model has explicitly incorporated environmental dynamics variables as a key element in ecological governance analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, no theory comprehensively explains how environmental dynamics affect the effectiveness of coastal governance to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, a new model is needed to fill the gap by analyzing how ecological governance operates in the Pangandaran coastal area and identifying the key environmental dynamics that influence sustainable development. Thus, ecological governance theory by introducing environmental dynamics as a new variable in the ecological governance model, can contribute to a more integrated and responsive approach to coastal resource management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom these backgrounds, several research questions were determined in this study, namely, how the existing condition of ecological governance in the context of sustainable development in the Pangandaran coastal area. Secondly, what factors significantly influence ecological governance for sustainable development of the Pangandaran coastal area. Finally, what specific environmental factors or cognitive variables associated with environmental dynamics can explain differences in the realization of ecological governance for sustainable development. From these research questions, the objectives of this study are: First, to obtain an overview of the real condition of ecological governance in the context of sustainable development in the Pangandaran coastal area. Second, the environmental dynamics factors that significantly affect ecological governance for sustainable development in the Pangandaran coastal area. And finally, finding specific environmental factors or cognitive variables associated with 'environmental dynamics', can explain the differences in the realization of ecological governance in coastal areas for sustainable development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe contribution of this research is to fill an important gap in the development of ecological governance theory by finding factors referred to as environmental dynamics that significantly influence ecological governance for sustainable development models in rural coastal areas. The development of factors referred to as 'environmental dynamics' in ecological governance theory is important and advanced to build an interactive and comprehensive governance approach for sustainable development. By identifying the key environmental dynamics that influence governance, this research goes beyond providing a renewable model. It then offers recommendations for policy makers, local governments, and stakeholders to develop more integrated and responsive governance strategies. Improving governance structures will not only support environmental sustainability but also strengthen the resilience of coastal communities in the face of socio-economic challenges.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Theoretical Framework and Research Hypotheses","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Ecological Governance and Sustainable Development\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the development of ecological governance studies, organizing principles have been identified for ecological governance in relation to sustainable development. The characteristics of ecological governance are particularly related to four \u0026ldquo;organizing principles\u0026rdquo;: purpose, design, process, and relationships [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Concepts of governance from institutional and policy perspectives are diverse, encompassing strategic organizational structures, participatory frameworks, and policy-based strategies. Governance capabilities are significantly influenced by institutional settings across dimensions of time, space, and quantity, which affect the response, collaboration, and expansion of institutional systems. This concept significantly impacts governance capabilities, with variations based on institutional affiliation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Ecological governance, on the other hand, emphasizes communities to promote more equitable and responsive governance. This approach combines the concepts of institutions, participation, and governance, with a focus on political space and local mobilization for sustainable natural resource utilization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research identifies new variables in what it defines as \u0026lsquo;environmental dynamics\u0026rsquo; that predictively affect ecological governance. These variables include: the natural environment, financial economic environment, physical environment, social environment, and environmental management (\u003cem\u003emeasurement of the constructs in\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003eAppendix A\u003c/b\u003e). The design and implementation of these policies are critical as they influence the effectiveness of participatory governance, which is positively associated with human development across countries of different income levels. Collectively, strategic institutional arrangements and participatory policies are important in improving governance capabilities, suggesting that a balanced approach that integrates structural and participatory elements can lead to more effective governance outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe governance model in this study extends existing theory by highlighting the interactive role of environmental dynamics in shaping governance effectiveness. Effective ecological governance requires not only institutional capacity but also active engagement from communities, policy makers, and economic actors to create a sustainable and adaptive management system [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. Environmental protection and management is essentially a shared responsibility between the government (state), the private sector, and the community. Collaboration, in the long run, can affect economic, social, and environmental development sustainably [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. Ecological governance integrates institutional structures, participatory frameworks, and adaptive policies to balance economic, social, and environmental sustainability. While traditional governance theories emphasize the role of institutions and policy-based strategies, this study introduces environmental dynamics as key determinants of governance effectiveness. Environmental dynamics include factors such as the natural environment, financial economy, physical infrastructure, social conditions, and environmental management, all of which shape governance outcomes in coastal areas like Pangandaran. Therefore, this variable is hypothesized in the study as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eH1\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcological governance positively and directly affects sustainable development[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Environmental Dynamics for Ecological Governance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe environmental dynamics that shape ecological governance influence how governance systems adapt to social and environmental change. Diversity, heterogeneity, and connectivity are determinants of the stability and adaptability of such changes. These elements can stabilize or destabilize governance structures, affecting their ability to effectively manage complex human-nature systems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. Factors such as diversity and heterogeneity among actors, and the interdependence among them largely determine the stability of the governance system. Greater heterogeneity and diversity of decision-making centers can often destabilize governance systems. Complexity in governance, while often disruptive, can be mitigated by adaptive strategies that enhance stability, demonstrating the potential of complex systems theory in managing uncertain environments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e Related Studies Typology of Environmental Dynamics. Source: Processed by Researchers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Dynamics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTypology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNatural Environment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFisheries\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp align=\"left\"\u003e[50], [51], [52]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eForest\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eClean water\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFossil fuels\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinancial Economic Environment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCash\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[53], [54]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInvestment\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLoans\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical Infrastructure Environment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eElectricity, internet, and clean water access\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[55], [56], [57]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFishing and farming tools\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInfrastructure maintenance and improvement\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFertile land and fisheries\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Environment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCommunity social relations\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[58], [59], [60]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSkills and knowledge\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOrganization or community\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpiritual Environment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eReligiosity\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[61], [62], [63]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSpiritual coping mechanism\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAttachment to a higher power,\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCentrality of religiosity\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEnvironmental program implementation\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[64], [65], [66]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEnvironmental performance assessment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEstablishment of partnerships to address environmental issues\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\"\u003eTable 1 categorized the ‘Environmental Dynamics’ into six main dimensions including the natural environment, financial economy, physical infrastructure, social, spiritual, and environmental management. Each dimension includes various typologies that explain the diverse factors affecting environmental systems. For example, the natural environment comprises elements such as fisheries, forestry, and drinking water, while the economic-financial environment emphasizes investment, liquidity, and credit provision. The physical infrastructure environment combines commercial and public infrastructure, thus illustrating the importance of the built environment in ecological systems. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubsequently, the table highlights the social and spiritual environment, emphasizing the importance of communal relationships, professional knowledge, and spiritual coping mechanisms as important dynamics that impact environmental outcomes. Finally, environmental management grates practices such as program implementation, performance evaluation, and collaborative partnerships aimed at addressing environmental challenges. Each classification is interlinked with scientific references, thus providing academic validation for the typology used. This typological structure provides a broad perspective on the complex characteristics of environmental dynamics, by synthesizing the ecological, economic, social, and governance dimensions that are critical for investigation in sustainable development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1 Natural Environment\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe natural environment is a concept that embodies a broad spectrum of interpretations and uses in various disciplines, reflecting its important function in human existence and ecological frameworks. The natural environment is important because it serves as a resource for human use, a determinant of health outcomes, a key component of ecological relationships, and an important capital asset category for sustainable development [67]. This perspective highlights the various ways in which natural environmental resources contribute to economic growth, social stability, and long-term ecological resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn shaping ecosystem dynamics, the natural environment consists of biotic and abiotic elements. Biotic components consist of biodiversity, marine ecosystems, and terrestrial habitats, while examples such as climate, water resources, and land use patterns constitute abiotic factors [68]. Effective management of these elements is essential for maintaining ecological balance and ensuring sustainable resource utilization. The integrity of the natural environment directly affects coastal economic activities, especially in fisheries and tourism, which rely heavily on marine biodiversity and ecosystems [69]. From an ecological governance perspective, the natural environment has a function in determining policy effectiveness. The natural environment concept further reinforces the importance of conserving ecological assets to achieve long-term socioeconomic benefits. Several studies show that well-managed natural resources will result in better ecological governance by encouraging collaboration among stakeholders, enforcing environmental conservation policies, and promoting sustainable economic practices [70] [71].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe natural environment is essential for ecological governance and sustainable development. By implementing ecological governance initiatives, such as water conservation and sustainable fisheries management, ecological governance can be strengthened to ensure long-term environmental and socio-economic benefits [72]. This research will examine indicators of the natural environment in coastal areas, to operationalize these concepts, including well-protected coral reefs in coastal and marine areas, well-preserved fish quality and quantity in the ocean, and well-available clean water. By examining these indicators, this research will present empirical evidence on the dimensions of the natural environment in shaping governance frameworks and sustainable development pathways in coastal communities. Based on the theoretical basis, the following hypothesis is proposed:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe natural environment positively and directly affects sustainable development [70] [73] [74]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe natural environment is positively associated with ecological governance [71] [72] [75]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2 Financial Economic Environment\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe financial economic environment has an interrelated role in the development and functioning of a community's economy. This environment specifically refers to everything that can be used to produce goods and services to fulfill human needs and wants. Important components of the financial environment include the availability and cost of capital, along with the regulatory framework, which influences business performance and individual financial opportunities [76]. While the financial environment is primarily shaped by literacy, decision-making, and sustainability, it is also influenced by broader economic policies and market conditions. These factors collectively create a dynamic environment that requires individuals to adapt and make informed financial decisions. With the achievement of community financial targets through the management of a financial economic environment that follows economic principles, it is hypothesized that this research will have a positive impact on ecological governance and sustainable development [77].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEconomic principles are closely related to the concept of the financial-economic environment which includes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in society. The economic-financial environment provides an important function in enabling long-term ecological governance by ensuring that sustainable practices are financially viable. Research has shown that higher levels of economic-financial environment and access to financial resources influence community decision-making processes related to resource management, ultimately shaping governance outcomes [76].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA well-structured financial environment provides access to capital, financial education, and sustainable economic opportunities that contribute to ecological governance and sustainable development [78]. Improving access to finance through microfinance programs, cooperatives, and alternative credit systems can reduce dependency on sustainable economic activities [79]. The establishment of sustainability-related financial policies can also encourage businesses and households to adopt practices that contribute to ecological governance [80]. In forming the hypothesis, the dimensions of the financial-economic environment studied include access to financial institutions, household financial security, and government financial support for sustainable development. Based on the analysis of these factors, this study aims to provide empirical insights into the role of financial stability in improving ecological governance and long-term sustainability in coastal communities. Therefore, the proposed hypothesis is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe financial economic environment positively and directly affects sustainable development[78][77] [81]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe financial economic environment is positively associated with ecological governance[82][76] [83]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.3 Physical Infrastructure Environment\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe environmental concept of physical infrastructure encompasses human-made components of environmental extraction, including buildings, roads, and other structures, which have important functions in shaping human health, well-being, and resilience. This infrastructure concept is not only a framework for human endeavors but also a dynamic instrument for shaping well-being [84]. The physical infrastructure environment is a multifaceted construct that combines regional planning, ecology, and technological innovation to promote sustainable and resilient communities. While physical infrastructure environments are critical to community well-being and resilience, they are also vulnerable to legal and policy frameworks that may hinder adaptive responses to changes [85] [86].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe physical infrastructure environment is an important publicly-owned physical asset that supports the functioning and development of communities and institutions, which includes a variety of traditional and non-traditional elements managed through various economic and functional criteria. Adequate infrastructure is one of the main factors affecting socio-economic well-being, hence the need for ecological governance practices through infrastructure improvements that promote sustainable development, both socially, economically, and environmentally. [87]. To support sustainable development, improved road infrastructure is needed to facilitate better community access to markets. This is critical for economic growth and sustainable development in rural areas [88]. Furthermore, reliable and affordable electricity is essential to power homes, and the production of natural goods, thereby supporting economic activities and improving community living standards [89]. In addition, access to clean water and sanitation infrastructure is essential for health and well-being, reducing the prevalence of disease and improving communities' quality of life [90]. Access to telecommunication services, particularly the internet, is critical to support social interaction, and bridges to market access [91].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe physical infrastructure environment is critical in shaping sustainable development in coastal areas, where the community relies heavily on a marine and tourism-based economy. The availability of well-developed infrastructure provides alternative opportunities that reduce pressure on natural resources [85]. A study shows that better road networks improve access to markets, allowing fishermen to get better prices for their catch without having to over-extract [86]. This environmental dimension of physical infrastructure includes life-related infrastructure, including access to electricity, internet, or equipment for fishing and farming, as well as access to clean water. Therefore, the hypothesis is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical infrastructure environment positively and directly affects sustainable development[85][86][87]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical infrastructure environment positively associated with ecological governance[88][89] [91]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.4 Social Environment\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe concept of social environment encompasses a wide range of factors and interactions that influence an individual's behavior, attitudes, and overall well-being [92]. It is a multifaceted construct that includes the relationships and structures in which individuals operate, which affect their personal and professional lives. The social environment is crucial in shaping human behavior, learning, and social interactions, and has important functions in various fields such as organizational management and social work. The social environment includes factors that determine the quality of life of workers, such as interpersonal relationships, organizational culture, and communication patterns. Methods to regulate and develop the social environment in organizations can increase satisfaction and productivity [93].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe social environment is essential for individuals and communities to address challenges, increase resilience, and improve overall well-being. Social environments can build group or community cohesion by providing social support, strengthening relationships, and enhancing positive interactions among members. It is seen as communities striving for social inclusion and building social capital to create a sense of belonging and opportunities for upward social mobility [94]. High levels of cohesion within groups tend to create a strong sense of solidarity. Understanding these interactions can help in designing interventions and policies that promote a positive social environment, ultimately improving individual and community well-being. Therefore, the existence of social environmental instruments in ecological governance, will be able to enhance sustainable development [95].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn addition, a social environment that supports education, health, and well-being contributes to sustainable development by empowering individuals to engage in long-term planning and environmentally responsible behavior. This study shows that higher levels of environmental awareness in coastal communities can encourage community participation in sustainable social programs [94]. Development conducted through a socially inclusive governance approach through active community engagement, educational initiatives, and institutional support can significantly improve ecological governance and sustainable development outcomes [96]. The social environment dimension in this study includes the social conditions of coastal communities such as the existence of fishermen organizations in coastal areas, health, and community education. From these factors, this study aims to provide empirical insight into the role of the social environment in shaping governance effectiveness and long-term sustainability in coastal communities. Based on these considerations, the following hypothesis is proposed:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe social environment positively and directly affects sustainable development [94] [95] [97]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial environment positively associated with ecological governance [93] [98] [99]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.5 Spiritual Environment\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe concept of a spiritual environment is an integration of spirituality and ecological awareness, emphasizing the sacredness of nature and the function of spiritual practices in enhancing environmental consciousness. The concept is explored through various perspectives, including spiritual ecology, religious perspectives on the environment, and the application of spirituality in organizational and institutional settings [100]. The spiritual environment is seen as a multidimensional construct that influences personal and collective approaches to environmental and social issues. A spiritual environment is a framework that combines spirituality with ecological practices, aiming to foster a deeper connection between humans and nature [101]. It encourages spiritually oriented-ecological activism, promoting reconnection with nature as a sacred entity [102]. The movement is international, involving diverse leaders and organizations that integrate religious and spiritual perspectives into environmentalism, complementing secular approaches to ecological challenges [103].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe influence of spiritual values on environmental management can lead to positive outcomes, such as increased public support for environmental initiatives and the adoption of more sustainable practices [104]. Spirituality will instill a sense of responsibility towards nature and encourage ethical behavior that prioritizes environmental conservation. Various faiths in the world emphasize moral behaviors that are in line with environmental preservation, promoting a harmonious relationship with nature [105]. Furthermore, coastal cultural ecosystem services connect natural and spiritual ecosystems, providing non-material benefits that enhance human well-being. Integrating spiritual elements in coastal management can guide natural resource management and enhance community engagement, promoting sustainable ecosystem development [106].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological governance based on spiritual and cultural values, emphasizes the need for a spiritual shift in human attitudes towards nature, advocating a lifestyle that respects ecological balance [107]. The deep connection between humans and their coastal environment is crucial to understanding the importance of these areas to human well-being. These values are shaped by personal history and cultural identity, influencing how communities value and manage their coastal resources [108]. The role of religious values in environmental governance is critical to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda. The elevation of the spiritual environment by promoting collective consciousness and sustainable lifestyles to reduce the environmental footprint and address the planetary crisis [109]. Spiritual environments can promote sustainable development by improving community well-being and supporting environmental conservation initiatives [102]. For the spiritual environment dimension in this study, what is in the questionnaire is the condition of the beliefs and cultural customs of coastal communities. The hypothesis proposed is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe spiritual environment positively and directly affects sustainable development [102] [106] [110]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpiritual environment positively associated with ecological governance [100] [102] [111]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.6 Environmental Management\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffective and responsible environmental management is essential to ensure sustainable development and conserve natural resources. This involves implementing strategies and policies to minimize the negative impacts of human activities while promoting economic growth and social well-being [112]. Key aspects include using efficient production technologies, integrating ecological, economic, and social factors in decision-making, and applying economic methods to improve management efficiency [113].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeveloping and implementing environmental programs, monitoring and assessing environmental performance, and forming partnerships are key to addressing environmental issues [114]. This field has important functions in sectors such as nature management, ecological economics, and natural resource management, which ensure the sustainable use of natural resources and environmental protection [115]. In this context, efforts include sustainable management of natural resources to avoid irregular over-exploitation. Exploitation of nature refers to the process of excessive and unorganized extraction and utilization of natural resources for human activities. It involves the extraction, cultivation, and shipment of resources from a region to an industrialized region for the production of goods [116].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental management in coastal areas such as in the Pangandaran coastal area is essential to maintain ecosystem health and productivity, and is critical to ecological balance and human well-being. Effective management ensures the use of coastal resources in line with sustainable development, supports the sustainability of livelihoods, and reduces the impact of human activities [109]. Good management of the coastal environment will enhance economic sectors and provide alternative livelihoods, while reducing poverty [117]. Furthermore, good environmental management should be supported by policies that promote sustainable development, such as those that ensure equitable access to resources [118].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe new ecological governance model developed in this study places environmental management as a key pillar of sustainable development. Through responsible resource use, compliance with sustainability policies, and active participation from local communities, environmental management fosters ecological resilience and economic stability in coastal areas. The environmental management variables in the questionnaires and interviews in this study include that environmental management in the ecological governance model is necessary for sustainable development. In the new ecological governance model, this approach can be the main pillar of sustainable development, with the following hypothesis:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental management positively and directly affects sustainable development [114] [115] [118]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental management positively associated with ecological governance[116][119][120]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Research Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Sample and Data Collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo obtain the sample in this study, sampling was conducted in the Pangandaran coastal area, West Java, consisting of fishermen, farmers, and area managers. This study used questionnaires and interviews for data collection. The survey and data collection period lasted for 4 weeks from June 5, 2022, to July 29, 2022, in Pananjung, Wonoharjo, Babakan, and Pangandaran villages. These four villages were selected based on the argument that these villages are coastal areas that are fishing grounds with a predominance of fishermen. The other coastal areas were not selected because although they are on the coast, they are not fishing grounds. A total of 178 valid questionnaires, as well as interviews with 20 selected informants were conducted. The criteria for the selected informants were those who had direct involvement with fisheries activities and served in coastal area management. Subsequently, sampling was proportionally randomized from the four selected villages, resulting in between 44 and 45 samples. This number meets the minimum requirement of 30 samples for quantitative data analysis[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e121\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e122\u003c/span\u003e]. A five-point Likert scale was used in the questionnaire [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e123\u003c/span\u003e]. To reduce common method bias, several precautions were taken during questionnaire design and administration, including concealing interviewee information and question meanings, randomizing the order of questions, and carefully wording questions. Analysis was conducted with a 95% confidence level [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e124\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe area marked with blue accents on the map shows the research survey location. The area is a coastal area that is specifically a place for fisheries activities. In addition, it is an area that can describe Indonesia\u0026apos;s coastal areas in general [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Pangandaran Regency relies heavily on marine resources for their livelihoods, which include not only capture fisheries but also aquaculture, marine tourism, and related businesses, reflecting the diversity of economic activities prevalent in many Indonesian coastal areas and making them vulnerable to environmental and resource changes such as overfishing and irregular fishing [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePangandaran regency\u0026apos;s reliance on small-scale fisheries, which is similar to many coastal communities in West Java, provides valuable insight into the vulnerability of this sector nationwide. Furthermore, the region\u0026apos;s vulnerability to environmental changes such as overfishing and climate change, which are issues common across Indonesia\u0026apos;s coastline, highlights the urgent need for sustainable resource management strategies. While recognizing the diversity of Indonesia\u0026apos;s coastal ecosystems and communities, the selection of the Pangandaran coastal area provides a valuable snapshot into the interrelated economic and environmental challenges common to many coastal populations in the archipelago. After conducting the survey, the results of this study were analyzed quantitatively. Therefore, the background of the sample is analyzed first, then the methodology of this study is explained, and finally, the data is analyzed by the partial least squares technique (PLS-SEM).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Questionnaire Design\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis questionnaire was formed into two sections. The first section of the questionnaire was designed to collect respondents\u0026apos; demographic information relevant to the ecological crisis research in the Pangandaran coastal area. This data is important for analyzing variations in views and experiences related to the issue based on respondents\u0026apos; backgrounds. For the sustainable development variable in this study, questionnaires and interviews were used as the main instruments to observe how much the community agreed that this model should be applied and could support sustainable development. Meanwhile, the ecological governance variable is indicated by how much the community agrees with the ecological governance model that involves environmental dynamics. The information collected includes age, gender, occupation, education level, and ethnicity (Table\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe next section of the questionnaire examines several important aspects related to the research model. The \u0026lsquo;Environmental Dynamics\u0026rsquo; aspect is measured through questions on the natural environment, financial economic environment, physical infrastructure, social, and spiritual environment, environmental management, ecological governance, and sustainable development (\u003cstrong\u003eAppendix A\u003c/strong\u003e). A five-point Likert scale (from \u0026ldquo;strongly disagree\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;strongly agree\u0026rdquo;) was used to measure responses to each question [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e123\u003c/span\u003e], chosen for its simplicity and ability to capture the nuances of respondents\u0026apos; opinions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Data Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch model testing was carried out using Structural Equation Modeling through the partial least squares technique (PLS-SEM) and SMART-PLS software [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e125\u003c/span\u003e]. As stated by Henseler, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003epartial least squares modeling (PLS) is a multivariate statistical technique that is often used in various disciplines\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e126\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, PLS-SEM is considered appropriate for analyzing models that have a direct relationship between variables [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e127\u003c/span\u003e]. The sample analysis in this study is divided into two, viz: measurement model which analyzed the reliability and validity of the model, including \u0026apos;individual variable reliability\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;internal consistency\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;convergent validity\u0026apos;, and \u0026apos;discriminant validity\u0026apos;; and \u0026apos;structural model analysis\u0026apos; which was conducted to verify and estimate the \u0026apos;explanatory power of the model (R-squared, R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and \u0026apos;path coefficient\u0026apos; of the structural model, and explore the causal relationships among the dimensions. In this case, factorial loadings were shown to be higher than 0.7 for most items, and never lower than 0.4, the limit indicated by Hair et.al. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e128\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecond, construct validity was examined with Cronbach\u0026apos;s alpha and composite reliability index. Thirdly, the presence of convergent validity was confirmed using the average variance extracted. The results showed composite reliability values that exceeded the critical value of 0.8 for all variables [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e95\u003c/span\u003e], and the average value of the variance extracted was above 0.5 [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e124\u003c/span\u003e], so reliability and convergent validity were verified.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinally, the measurement model analysis consists of verifying the existence of discriminant validity. To confirm the discriminant validity of this study, first of all, we used the \u003cem\u003eFornell and Larcker\u003c/em\u003e criterion [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e124\u003c/span\u003e], which requires that the square root of the AVE be higher than the correlation between the constructs. Secondly, this study utilized the \u003cem\u003eheterotrait-monotrait\u003c/em\u003e correlation ratio approach (HTMT \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;90) [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e125\u003c/span\u003e], and the inference test shows that none of the confidence intervals contain the value one; this result indicates that all variables are empirically distinct. For both approaches, our scale meets the requirements, thereby demonstrating its discriminant validity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Measurement Model\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe measurement model, also known as the outer model, includes reliability and validity evaluations. In terms of item reliability, the factor loadings of all variables range between 0.709 and 0.895 (see Table\u0026nbsp;3), which is greater than the 0.708 recommended by Hair et al [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e128\u003c/span\u003e]. These results indicate that most of the variance of each item can be explained by the latent variables and the reliability of the items is sufficient. Which indicates that the reliability of all variables meets the minimum standards.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo assess convergent validity, this study used average variance extracted (AVE) to evaluate the degree to which different indicators effectively represent the same variable. Table\u0026nbsp;3 shows that the AVE values range from 0.628 to 0.889, surpassing the threshold of 0.5 as recommended by [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e128\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThese findings indicate that the convergent validity of each variable is strong. To evaluate discriminant validity, this study applied the \u003cem\u003eFornell and Larcker\u003c/em\u003e criteria and the \u003cem\u003eHeterotrait-Monotrait\u003c/em\u003e (HTMT) ratio. The square root of the AVE, which lies on the diagonal of the matrix, is greater than the shared variance between the variables, confirming that the scale exhibits sufficient discriminant validity [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e124\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, Table\u0026nbsp;4 reveals that all values in the HTMT matrix are below the 0.85 threshold recommended by [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e128\u003c/span\u003e], which indicates that the variance of each variable is different from the other variables. Therefore, discriminant validity is also established.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Structural Model\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study used Smart-PLS to analyze the path analysis among the various dimensions of the research framework, and bootstrapping was used to conduct path analysis and test the research hypotheses through the resampling method 5000 times.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFollowing Hair et al. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e128\u003c/span\u003e], this study used the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), R-square (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), f square (f\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), path coefficient, and significance to assess the model. We examined the VIF, which ranged between 1,402 and 2,547 (see Table\u0026nbsp;3) and was below 5, the threshold recommended by Kock \u0026amp; Lynn[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e129\u003c/span\u003e] and concluded that multicollinearity was not a significant issue in our study. Subsequently, examined the R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value, which indicates the explanatory power in the sample or the predictive power of the research model. The theoretical model explained 17.5% of ecological governance and 97.1% of sustainable development. The f\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e effect size was used to measure redundancy against the path coefficient size, which was between 0.000 and 0.558.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBased on PLS-SEM analysis, the results show that hypothesis H13 is accepted: Environmental management is positively related to ecological governance, then other hypotheses are accepted from ecological governance to sustainable development (H1), financial economic environment (H4), physical infrastructure environment (H6), and social environment (H8). While other hypotheses from the natural and spiritual environment variables do not have a significant influence on ecological governance or sustainable development (H2, H3, H10, H11).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to the f\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value, as proposed by Cohen [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e130\u003c/span\u003e], the f\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value evaluates whether exogenous variables have significant explanatory power on endogenous variables, which follows the principle that 0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;f\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.15 is considered a small effect; 0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;f\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.35 is considered a medium effect, and f\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.35 is considered a large effect. The results in Table\u0026nbsp;5 show that there is a highly effective explanatory power of the financial-economic environment on sustainable development (0.497) and social environment on sustainable development (1.558). Then there is a moderate explanatory power of ecological governance on sustainable development (0.205). Finally, there is a small explanatory power of environmental management on ecological governance (0.078) and physical infrastructure environment on sustainable development (0.056). Overall, the explanatory power of exogenous dimensions on endogenous dimensions is above the small-medium-high effect.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe PLS-SEM analysis revealed a positive and significant influence of environmental management on ecological governance, as well as the financial, infrastructure, and social environments on sustainable development. However, these factors did not directly impact ecological governance, indicating the need for a stronger governance framework that incorporates environmental dynamics in decision-making. In the case of Pangandaran, where marine resource dependency is high, the role of ecological governance is crucial in balancing coastal area activities with environmental sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcological governance in Pangandaran must be strengthened by addressing current institutional and legal weaknesses. Environmental policies and laws, especially in Indonesia's coastal areas, are regulated by Law No. 27 of 2007 on Coastal and Small Island Management, which affirms that resource utilization must be sustainable. However, its implementation in the Pangandaran Regency faces challenges due to sectoral fragmentation and limited community involvement. Many existing policies are still reactive rather than preventive without integrating governance mechanisms that are adaptive and appropriate to environmental dynamics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe critical gap in Pangandaran's governance structure is the lack of coordination between various government agencies responsible for environmental management. Relevant agencies such as the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF), the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF), and local government units each play a role in regulating the use of coastal resources, yet their policies often overlap, leading to inefficiencies. The absence of a clear and unified governance framework leads to weak enforcement of regulations against illegal fishing, coastal pollution, and unsustainable tourism practices. To improve ecological governance, Pangandaran needs a multi-stakeholder governance approach that strengthens the legal framework while encouraging collaboration between government agencies, local communities, and private actors. The establishment of an integrated governance model can serve as a reference for the Pangandaran coastal area. This would involve the adoption of polycentric governance, where decision-making is decentralized and involves different levels of governance working in a coordinated manner. A participatory governance framework, where coastal communities take an active role in decision-making, is essential to ensure compliance and long-term sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThen infrastructure development is also important in ecological governance. Currently, Pangandaran is encountering issues related to inadequate waste management, limited access to sustainable fishing technology, and poor coastal infrastructure, all of which contribute to environmental degradation. Investments in sustainable infrastructure, eco-friendly tourism accommodation, and sustainable aquaculture systems are needed to support ecological governance. In addition, financial inclusion and economic incentives should be incorporated into Pangandaran's governance strategy to promote sustainable practices. Small-scale fishers and tourism operators often lack access to credit and investment opportunities, making it difficult to transition to sustainable livelihoods. Government-backed microfinance programs and sustainability-related subsidies should be introduced to support the use of environmentally friendly fishing gear and ecotourism initiatives. The social environment is also an important factor in achieving sustainable development in the Pangandaran coastal area, especially in encouraging community involvement in conservation efforts. Local fishermen and tourism operators should be actively involved in the governance process to ensure long-term sustainability. However, social challenges, such as resistance to regulatory changes, hinder effective policy implementation. Improving the quality of education with capacity-building programs that emphasize the economic benefits of sustainable practices can increase community participation. In addition, strengthening local institutions, such as coastal community organizations and fisher cooperatives, can empower citizens to play an active role in ecological governance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ecological governance framework in the Pangandaran coastal area should be improved by incorporating adaptive, participatory, and polycentric governance elements. Strengthening environmental law enforcement, improving coordination among agencies related to environmental law, investing in green infrastructure, and expanding financial support for local communities are important steps to achieve sustainable development in the region. Future policies should prioritize the integration of environmental dynamics into governance models, to ensure long-term ecological resilience and stability in the Pangandaran coastal region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.1 Theoretical implications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research contributes to the theoretical model of ecological governance by expanding its conceptual framework to include environmental dynamics as a determinant of the effectiveness of ecological governance models. Existing theories emphasize institutional structures and regulatory mechanisms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], which often overlook dynamic environmental factors such as economic shifts, infrastructure development, social interactions, natural resource variability, and the environment. This research fills this theoretical gap by showing how environmental dynamics interact with governance mechanisms, leading to a new ecological governance model that is more sensitive to environmental variability and is also adaptive.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main theoretical advance of this research is the redefinition of ecological governance as a system that is not only institutionally based but also shaped by the fluctuating conditions of its environmental context. Governance has traditionally been conceptualized as an institutional process, focusing on regulatory frameworks, administrative structures, and formal decision-making mechanisms. However, this study highlights that governance cannot be fully understood without considering environmental dynamics, which act as key external influences shaping governance outcomes. By systematically identifying and operationalizing environmental dynamics factors, this study refines the conceptual framework of ecological governance, making it more applicable to complex social-ecological systems. These theoretical refinements extend previous models, which have largely focused on static and institution-centered approaches, by introducing an adaptive perspective that accounts for external environmental variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, this research updates conventional governance theory by demonstrating that resilience in coastal ecological governance is not only a function of institutional strength but also the capacity of the system to respond to environmental and socio-economic changes. The introduction of environmental dynamics as a key component of governance theory is a significant theoretical contribution, as it reconstructs the prevailing notion that governance effectiveness depends solely on institutional factors. By incorporating environmental dynamics into ecological governance theory, this study provides a foundation for developing more robust governance models that prioritize sustainability and adaptability over the long term.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, this study proposes an enhanced ecological governance framework that integrates continuous monitoring, responsive mechanisms, and evolving environmental conditions. This research contributes to the theoretical discourse by offering a more comprehensive and empirically grounded model that enhances our understanding of how governance structures can remain responsive and adaptive in the face of environmental uncertainty. As such, this research not only expands theoretical knowledge but also provides a foundation for future research to develop governance models that are theoretically sound and practically effective in managing coastal and marine ecosystems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.2 Practical implications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Pangandaran coastal area, which relies heavily on fisheries and also marine tourism, environmental dynamics are mainly characterized by increasing coastal abrasion caused by rising sea levels and unsustainable development practices. The economic-financial landscape is primarily governed by fisheries and also marine tourism, which, while providing economic benefits, simultaneously generates pollution and habitat degradation. The current condition of physical infrastructure, particularly concerning waste management systems, is inadequate to accommodate the surge in tourists, resulting in marine pollution. The socio-cultural environment is distinguished by a strong communal connection to the ocean, with a large number of villagers dependent on fishing as their main source of income. Nevertheless, the dilemma in the overfishing research domain is compounded by the prevalence of irresponsible fishing practices among local communities. Certain fishermen persist in their activities during critical reproductive phases, thereby disrupting natural ecological cycles and reducing the potential for future fish populations. The use of destructive fishing techniques, such as trawling, further jeopardizes marine ecosystems and results in the indiscriminate death of marine organisms. Additional challenges include a lack of educational attainment, as locals, despite having access to government education funds and scholarships, often choose to emulate their parents by pursuing careers as fishermen or farmers, thus diverting financial resources for immediate needs such as clothing or food. As a result, existing governance structures fail to take into account the environmental dynamics inherent in the community.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo strengthen the achievement of sustainable development, it is necessary to develop models that facilitate synergies between these factors, so that financial policies can be aligned with physical and social infrastructure needs. Ecological governance has a critical function in achieving sustainable development goals, which can be strengthened to create sustainability standards in various sectors. From a practical perspective, this implies the importance of sustainable investment in green infrastructure projects that adopt environmentally friendly practices. In addition, the Pangadaran coastal area Manager explained that: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ethe development of infrastructure to support the human resource economy of local communities is also a priority. Public awareness also needs to be strengthened through education programs to engage people in sustainable practices at the community level\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; (Interview document, 2024). Effective ecological governance within this model requires a comprehensive approach to address the unique challenges associated with reconciling economic development and environmental conservation, including addressing these unsustainable fishing practices. For example, the implementation of stricter regulations governing coastal development, the promotion of sustainable marine tourism models, and the involvement of local fishing communities in the co-management of fisheries resources, including the enforcement of fishing regulations and education on sustainable practices, are very important measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe model deepens the understanding of the role of ecological governance as a mediator in the sustainable development process while emphasizing the importance of linkages between social, physical, and financial environments as the main pillars of sustainability. The implementation of this model requires multi-stakeholder collaboration involving the government, private sector, financial institutions, community organizations, and academia to create more effective cross-sectoral policies, especially in rural coastal areas. For example, ecology-oriented regulations can be supported by the participation of fishermen who engage in strict environmental management practices. In addition, community empowerment initiatives in ecological governance require proactive involvement from local communities and policy support from the government. In the financial sector, incentives to institutions that support funding for sustainable economic, social, and infrastructure incentives can optimize positive environmental impacts and accelerate the achievement of sustainable development goals. This multi-stakeholder collaboration is needed to address the complex challenges of achieving integrated and sustainable sustainability across multiple sectors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.3 Limitations and Suggestions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research also has some limitations when developing and interpreting the results and applying the findings. One of the main limitations is the limited sample representation. The focus of this study on coastal areas in Pangandaran with a majority sample of local people, such as fishermen and farmers, may limit the generalizability of the results to other coastal areas that have different socioeconomic or ecological conditions. Conditions in the Pangandaran coastal area may not fully reflect conditions in other areas, so further research needs to be conducted to test the validity of these findings in different contexts. Thus, further research involving other regions or more diverse populations will be able to provide a more comprehensive picture of the effectiveness of participatory and sustainable ecological governance models in various contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother limitation faced in this study is methodological limitations. While PLS-SEM provides deep insights into the causal relationships between variables, the cross-sectional nature of the research design limits the ability to observe changes over a long period. This precludes longitudinal analysis that could provide a more detailed understanding of the dynamics of governance and sustainable development over time. In the context of ecological governance research, longitudinal analysis would be valuable to see the cumulative effects of policies and community participation on future environmental sustainability. Therefore, further research adopting a longitudinal approach is recommended to understand possible changes in governance and resource management in coastal areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"6 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research contributes to novelty by constructing a new model of ecological governance that integrates environmental dynamics variables as influential factors in ecological governance, through a series of significance tests using PLS-SEM analysis. The findings highlight the significant positive influence of environmental management on ecological governance and the strong influence of economic-financial, physical infrastructure, social environment, and ecological governance on sustainable development. However, variables representing the natural and spiritual environments showed no significant impact on ecological governance or sustainable development. Results further show that the economic-financial environment and social environment have substantial explanatory power on sustainable development, while ecological governance has moderate explanatory power. In contrast, the environmental management environment and physical infrastructure show weaker influence on sustainable development and ecological governance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe practical or policy implications of these findings suggest that enhancing sustainable development in coastal areas requires targeted, multi-actor strategies. First, policymakers should prioritize strengthening economic-financial mechanisms through improving access to sustainable financing, credit systems, and investment incentives that support environmentally friendly industries and coastal resource management. Financial inclusion policies tailored to small-scale fishers and coastal entrepreneurs are critical to promoting sustainable livelihoods. Second, infrastructure policies should focus on building physical infrastructure for coastal communities that integrates climate adaptation measures and supports sustainable marine tourism, transportation, and fisheries activities. Third, to harness the influence of the social environment, community empowerment programs should be expanded to enhance local capacity, skills development, and environmental stewardship, integrating participatory governance frameworks to strengthen public engagement. This is a reflection of the significant outcome variables in this study, in this context, the coastal region of Pangandaran, which represents Indonesia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, ecological governance models should be constructed to encourage synergistic collaboration between government agencies, the private sector, academia, and civil society. Cross-sectoral coordination should be institutionalized through policy councils or task forces that comprehensively address coastal sustainability. Regulatory and policy reforms can further embed ecological governance models into local development plans and zoning regulations to ensure sustainable resource use. Considering the limitations of this study, future research should adopt a longitudinal design and wider geographical coverage to refine these policy recommendations. Therefore, this study offers actionable theoretical advances and conceptual insights that can be used to promote sustainable development in coastal areas through a robust and dynamic ecological governance model.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe researchers would like to express their gratitude to Padjadjaran University for supporting this study through its university research grant program with contract No. 1501/UN6.3.1/PT.00/2024. This generous support has been instrumental in the successful completion of this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate.\u003c/strong\u003e The research, which involved a survey of fishermen communities in the coastal area of Pangandaran, West Java, was conducted with great care and adherence to Indonesian ethical standards. The research was formally licensed by the local \u0026lsquo;National Unity and Political Organization Agency (\u003cem\u003eBadan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik\u003c/em\u003e), under local regulations and policies. This decision was based on a research methodology that did not involve invasive procedures or the collection of sensitive personal data beyond what participants were willing to share in the context of the consent process. Comprehensive measures were taken to ensure the ethical integrity of the study. Informed consent was directly obtained from all participants who participated in the survey. Before participation, all respondents were thoroughly informed about the purpose of the study, the nature of the data collected, and how this data would be used. We guaranteed the confidentiality and anonymity of all participants\u0026apos; responses throughout the research process. This was done to ensure that the data collected was only used for this study, with no other intentions. The ethical approach adopted for this study was designed to respect the dignity, rights, and well-being of all participants, ensuring that the research was conducted responsibly and following the prevailing norms in the Pangandaran coastal area. Consent from all participants involved in the study was obtained before the survey was conducted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent.\u003c/strong\u003e Consent was required in this study, as each individual interviewed was asked for their consent directly before the survey was conducted. This process was conducted under ethical measures that had been approved by the authorities of the local \u0026lsquo;National Unity and Political Organization Agency (\u003cem\u003eBadan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik\u003c/em\u003e). Each respondent was given a clear explanation of the purpose of the research, the type of information to be collected, and how the data would be used. By ensuring consent from all participants, the study respected the rights and privacy of each individual involved. The entire data collection process was conducted in compliance with the official permit obtained from \u0026lsquo;The National Unity and Political Organization Agency\u0026rsquo; and based on applicable principles of research ethics. These steps were taken to ensure that the research was conducted responsibly, taking into account dignity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRizki Sumardani, I. G. Wiramatika, F. Sengkey, R. F. Osin, I. W. A. Anggayana, and I. M. W. S. Nagara, \u0026ldquo;Modeling Marine Tourism from the Perspective of Sustainable Tourism in Serangan Tourism Village,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eProceedings International Conference on Marine Tourism and Hospitality Studies\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 307\u0026ndash;322, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.33649/ICONMTHS.V1I1.375.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. H. 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Dolynska, I. Smyrnov, K. Horiunova, and N. Flinta, \u0026ldquo;Political and Legal Framework for the Formation of Effective Strategies for Managing Sustainable Development in a Geographical Context,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eGrassroots journal of natural resources\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. s230\u0026ndash;s252, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.33002/NR2581.6853.0703UKR12.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. J. Metcalf, J. M. Dambacher, P. Rogers, N. Loneragan, and D. J. Gaughan, \u0026ldquo;Identifying key dynamics and ideal governance structures for successful ecological management,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eEnviron Sci Policy\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 37, pp. 34\u0026ndash;49, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2013.07.005.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJ. Paavola, \u0026ldquo;Environmental governance,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eElgar Encyclopedia of Ecological Economics\u003c/em\u003e, pp. 217\u0026ndash;222, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.4337/9781802200416.CH36.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJ. Park and H. 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Leal-Rodr\u0026iacute;guez, \u0026ldquo;Impact of IS Capabilities on Firm Performance: The Roles of Organizational Agility and Industry Technology Intensity,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eDecision Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 575\u0026ndash;619, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1111/DECI.12379.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJ. F. Hair, J. J. Risher, M. Sarstedt, and C. M. Ringle, \u0026ldquo;When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eEuropean Business Review\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 2\u0026ndash;24, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203/FULL/XML.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eN. Kock and G. S. Lynn, \u0026ldquo;Lateral Collinearity and Misleading Results in Variance-Based SEM: An Illustration and Recommendations,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJ Assoc Inf Syst\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 13, no. 7, p. 2, Jul. 2012, doi: 10.17705/1jais.00302.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJ. 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Sharma, \u0026ldquo;Sustainable development balancing economic viability, environmental protection, and social equity,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eSustainable Partnership and Investment Strategies for Startups and SMEs\u003c/em\u003e, pp. 212\u0026ndash;235, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.4018/979-8-3693-2197-3.CH012.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table 2 to 5","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 2 to 5 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e\n"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"environmental dynamics, ecological governance, sustainable development","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5446088/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5446088/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper explains the ecological crisis in rural coastal areas by reconstructing an ecological governance model integrating environmental dynamics variables with a focus on Pangandaran, West Java, which is a representative region of Indonesia's coastal challenges, including overfishing and unsustainable practices. This study investigates the new influence of the factors mentioned as: environmental dynamics, including economic-financial, physical infrastructure, social, spiritual environment, and environmental management, and their influence on sustainable development, with ecological governance as a mediator. This research uses quantitative methods with Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) tools on survey data from 178 villagers from Pananjung, Wonoharjo, Babakan, and Pangandaran villages. The study shows a significant positive influence of economic-financial (0.497) and social (1.558) environments on sustainable development. Ecological governance also positively affects sustainable development (0.205), while environmental management has a smaller positive effect on ecological governance (0.078). The direct effect of the physical infrastructure environment on sustainable development is very minimal (0.056). Particularly, the natural and spiritual environment variables did not show a significant impact. The model emphasizes the importance of synergizing sustainable infrastructure development and community awareness, advocating for multi-actor collaboration such as government, private sector, academia, and local villagers, to create effective cross-sectoral policies that address local environmental dynamics. Despite the limitations of the sample size and cross-cutting design, this study contributes theoretically to understanding ecological governance and empirically offers practical implications for integrative sustainable development planning in coastal areas. All variables showed acceptable reliability and discriminant validity. The findings highlight the need for governance models to prioritize locally relevant environmental dynamics.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Ecological Governance Model for Coastal Area: The Environmental Dynamics Factors to Sustainable Development","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-18 09:54:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5446088/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-04-23T13:03:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-20T13:41:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"237017701785921147339675626115887591191","date":"2025-04-19T12:04:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-17T07:08:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-15T02:01:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Sustainability","date":"2025-03-23T04:05:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"07d939b3-c3f0-4be0-b1b8-eea36ef2b4e4","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-29T16:00:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5446088","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01849-8","journal":{"identity":"discover-sustainability","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Discover Sustainability"},"publishedOn":"2025-09-26 15:57:44","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 26th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-18 09:54:48","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s43621-025-01849-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01849-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5446088","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5446088","identity":"rs-5446088","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}