In-situ formed and low-temperature deposited Nb: TiO2 compact-mesoporous layer for hysteresis-less perovskite solar cells with high performance

Abstract Recently, reported perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with high power conversion efficiency (PCE) are mostly based on mesoporous structures containing mesoporous titanium oxide (TiO2 ) which is the main factor to reduce the overall hysteresis. However, existing fabrication approaches for mesoporous TiO2 generally require a high temperature annealing process. Moreover, there is still a long way to go for improvement in terms of increasing the electron conductivity and reducing the carrier recombination. Herein, a facile one-step, in situ and low-temperature method was developed to prepare an Nb: TiO2 compact-mesoporous layer to serve as both scaffold and electron transport layer (ETL) in PSCs. The Nb: TiO2 compact-mesoporous ETL based PSCs exhibit suppressed hysteresis, which is attributed to the synergistic effect of the large interface surface area caused by nano-pin morphology and the improved carrier transportation caused by Nb doping. Such a high-quality compact-mesoporous layer allows the PSC to achieve a remarkable PCE of 19.74%. This work promises an effective approach for creating hysteresis-less and high-efficiency PSCs based on compact-mesoporous structures with lower energy consumption and cost.