The Unpredictable Business Environment in Cameroon: Delving into the Challenges Entrepreneurs Face Importing Goods and Exploring Potential Solutions

The Unpredictable Business Environment in Cameroon: Delving into the Challenges Entrepreneurs Face Importing Goods and Exploring Potential Solutions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Unpredictable Business Environment in Cameroon: Delving into the Challenges Entrepreneurs Face Importing Goods and Exploring Potential Solutions Arthur William Fodouop Kouam, Fadila Catche, Gaëlle Tatiana Timba This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5969209/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the challenges faced by entrepreneurs in Cameroon, with a specific focus on the impact of fluctuating customs costs on their operations. Employing a mixed-methods approach that integrates both quantitative and qualitative analyses, the research includes a survey of 210 entrepreneurs across major urban centers and thematic interviews that provide in-depth insights. The findings reveal a robust positive correlation (β = 0.675, p < 0.001) between rising customs costs and operational challenges such as shipping delays and increased financial strain. A significant portion of entrepreneurs reported adapting through strategies such as supplier diversification and the adoption of digital tools, which were statistically linked to improved resilience in managing customs-related obstacles. Additionally, our analysis using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression confirmed the importance of financial access as a moderating factor in dealing with customs costs. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical insights into the interplay of customs costs and entrepreneurial resilience while offering practical solutions for policymakers to enhance the business climate in Cameroon, including the need for more transparent regulations and improved industry networking. Entrepreneurship Cameroon customs costs entrepreneurial adaptation operational challenges resilience SMEs 1. Introduction Cameroon, a country in Central Africa, has been experiencing significant economic growth in recent years. Thaddeus et al. ( 2021 ) found a positive and significant connection between economic growth and government expenditure, trade openness, gross capital formation, and exchange rate. However, human capital development, foreign aid, money supply, inflation, and foreign direct investment were found to have a negative impact. Nina ( 2021 ) further emphasized the positive influence of private investment on economic growth, both directly and indirectly. Satia and Okle ( 2020 ) highlighted the role of financial innovation, with domestic credit to the private sector, the ratio of broad money as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and mobile banking penetration, all contributing to economic growth in the long run. The country's economy is heavily reliant on imports, with a high demand for goods such as electronics, textiles, and food products. Scholars suggest that imports have a mixed effect on Cameroon's economic growth. Ntavoua ( 2021 ) found a negative impact on cocoa and coffee exports but a positive impact on cotton exports. Moreover, Eric et al. ( 2020 ) reported an insignificant impact of bilateral trade within the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) region on economic growth, while Ngangnchi and Joefendeh ( 2021 ) highlighted the negative influence of external debt and the positive influence of public investment on economic growth. However, the business environment in Cameroon is characterized by numerous challenges. Wansi and Burrell ( 2023 ) and Tapang ( 2023 ) underscore the difficulties faced by small and medium enterprises (SMEs), including limited access to financing, administrative problems, and issues related to electricity supply, knowledge, innovation, and management. Nyaga ( 2020 ) further emphasizes the impact of business environment variables such as credit access, administrative simplification, and infrastructure on SME competitiveness while also noting the negative influence of taxes and corruption. Djeudja and Salamon ( 2023 ) add a COVID-19 lens to these challenges, identifying the negative influence of taxation, training, and debt contracts on SME sustainability during the pandemic. Additionally, the customs department, responsible for collecting taxes and tariffs on imported goods, has been notorious for its unpredictability. According to the European Commission ( 2023 ), Cameroon increased ad valorem excise duties on the importation of several products following the finance laws Cameroon adopted for the financial years 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023. The recent sudden and drastic fluctuations in customs costs in Cameroon have become a primary concern for entrepreneurs importing goods for resale. Fuli ( 2022 ) and Chung et al. ( 2023 ) emphasize the complexities and inefficiencies in the customs duties and taxes system, which lead to conflicts, corruption, and discouragement among importers. These challenges are further exacerbated by factors such as population growth, technology, and globalization, which negatively impact the demand for entrepreneurship in Cameroon (Wujung, 2019 ). Despite the importance of imports to the Cameroonian economy, mainly the increase of its economic growth (Coulibaly et al., 2015 ; Looh et al., 2020 ), there is a dearth of research on challenges entrepreneurs encounter importing goods in Cameroon. Previous studies (Odeyemi et al., 2024 ; Fieve & Chrysostome, 2024 ; Amankwah-Amoah & Lu, 2024 ) have examined the challenges entrepreneurs face in various African countries, including tight laws and regulations, poor infrastructure, limited access to financial services, corruption, and environmental concerns (Legas, 2015 ; Sheriff et al., 2016 ; Devine & Kiggundu, 2019 ; Odeyemi et al., 2024 ). Nevertheless, only some have specifically focused on the Cameroonian context. Additionally, these studies did not specifically focus on customs costs or their impact on entrepreneurship. Moreover, most of them were limited to theoretical frameworks or case studies, failing to provide practical solutions to address the challenges faced by entrepreneurs. This study fills this gap by exploring the challenges entrepreneurs face importing goods in Cameroon and identifying potential solutions to mitigate the effects of customs cost fluctuations. Therefore, this study’s research question and objectives are formulated as follows: What are the primary challenges entrepreneurs face importing goods in Cameroon, particularly regarding customs costs, and how do they adapt to these challenges? The objectives of this study are: To identify and analyze the current trends and fluctuations in customs costs in Cameroon and their impact on entrepreneurs importing goods for resale. To explore the strategies employed by entrepreneurs to mitigate the effects of customs cost fluctuations, including any adaptations or innovations they have developed to manage risk and maintain business sustainability. This study is significant because it provides insights into the challenges faced by entrepreneurs importing goods in Cameroon and offers practical solutions to mitigate these challenges. The findings are helpful for policymakers, entrepreneurs, and other stakeholders involved in international trade. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Sections two and three offer a theoretical framework, the literature review, and the development of hypotheses. The subsequent section presents the research methodology and empirical model, followed by the findings of this study. The next section discusses the results. The last section concludes with limitations and recommendations for policymakers and entrepreneurs. 2. Theoretical framework This study’s theoretical framework draws on two prominent theories relevant to entrepreneurship and international trade in Cameroon: The Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) framework and the Resource-Based View (RBV). These theories are used to understand how entrepreneurs in Cameroon can overcome the challenges of international trade, including customs costs, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and corruption. 2.1. Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) framework The EO framework, developed by Covin and Slevin ( 1989 ), proposes that entrepreneurial firms are characterized by a set of behaviors and characteristics that distinguish them from other types of organizations. These behaviors include innovativeness, risk-taking, proactiveness, and competitive aggressiveness. In the context of international trade, an entrepreneurial mindset is crucial for entrepreneurs in Cameroon to navigate complex global markets and respond to changes in trade policies, tariffs, and market conditions. For instance, entrepreneurs who are innovative and proactive are more likely to find ways to reduce costs associated with customs clearance, navigate bureaucratic red tape, and adapt to changes in trade regulations. Previous research has extensively used the Entrepreneurial Orientation framework to analyze the challenges faced by entrepreneurs. Wales ( 2016 ) provides a comprehensive review of the EO literature, highlighting its various manifestations and the need for longitudinal research. Rauch et al. ( 2009 ) further support the significance of EO, demonstrating its strong correlation with business performance. Building on this, Wales et al. ( 2021 ) identify key studies and theoretical frameworks that have shaped the EO conversation, including Schumpeter's theory of entrepreneurship and Barney's resource-based view. Lee (2018) extends this discussion by exploring the relationship between EO and organizational ambidexterity, emphasizing the role of dynamic capabilities and firm-specific resources in addressing the challenges faced by entrepreneurs. 2.2. Resource-Based View (RBV) The RBV, developed by Wernerfelt ( 1984 ), proposes that firms' resources and capabilities are the primary sources of sustainable competitive advantage. In the context of international trade, entrepreneurs in Cameroon must possess resources and capabilities that enable them to overcome challenges related to customs costs, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and corruption. For example, entrepreneurs who possess knowledge of international trade regulations, have access to reliable suppliers, or have established relationships with customs officials are better equipped to navigate these challenges. Existing studies have utilized the Resource-Based View theory to analyze the challenges faced by entrepreneurs. Agrawal et al. ( 2024 ) and Zahra ( 2021 ) both highlight the importance of resource management and resourcefulness in overcoming these challenges. Kellermanns et al. ( 2016 ) further emphasize the need to adapt the RBV for the entrepreneurship field, noting differences in the conceptualization of resources between researchers and practicing entrepreneurs. Lastly, Foss ( 2012 ) discusses the potential for strategic entrepreneurship research at the intersection of RBV and entrepreneurship. The EO framework and RBV are connected to entrepreneurship and international trade in Cameroon as they provide a framework for understanding how entrepreneurs can overcome the challenges associated with international trade. The EO framework highlights the importance of an entrepreneurial mindset and behavior in responding to changes in international trade policies and market conditions. The RBV highlights the importance of firms' resources and capabilities in overcoming challenges related to customs costs, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and corruption. This study contributes to the existing literature by applying the EO framework and RBV to the context of entrepreneurship and international trade in Cameroon. By exploring how entrepreneurs in Cameroon use their entrepreneurial mindset and behavior to overcome challenges related to customs costs, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and corruption, this study provides insights into how these entrepreneurs can successfully operate in this challenging environment. The study also provides a nuanced understanding of how firms' resources and capabilities can be leveraged to overcome these challenges. 3. Literature review and hypotheses development The business environment in Cameroon is notoriously unpredictable, posing significant challenges for entrepreneurs seeking to establish and sustain successful businesses. One of the most critical obstacles faced by entrepreneurs is the uncertainty surrounding customs costs, which can have a ripple effect on their operations and profitability. As a result, it is essential to understand the primary challenges entrepreneurs face when importing goods in Cameroon and explore the strategies they employ to mitigate these challenges. 3.1. Challenges in entrepreneurship and international trade in Cameroon The challenges of entrepreneurship in Cameroon are multifaceted. Ibrahima et al. ( 2024 ) highlight entrepreneurs' numerous obstacles, including local council and taxation agents, high taxes, inflation, socio-political crisis, unsafety, power outages, lack of subventions, and poor infrastructure. St-Pierre et al. ( 2015 ) further emphasize the need for an enabling environment, particularly in terms of organization, resource access, and stakeholder behavior. Maurice and Pelagie ( 2015 ) underscore the impact of these challenges on specific regions, such as the Eastern region, where lack of infrastructure, government subsidies, and financial resources hinder entrepreneurship. Neneh ( 2014 ) adds that university students, a potential source of entrepreneurial talent, are deterred by obstacles like lack of funding, business skills, bribery and corruption, strong competitors, high taxes, and high labor costs. Furthermore, Wansi and Burrell ( 2023 ) underscore the limited access to financing options for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which hinders their growth and innovation. Ngota ( 2020 ) further emphasizes the high costs and lack of resources in the aquaculture industry, which is a significant sector for entrepreneurship in the country. Wujung ( 2019 ) identifies population growth, technology, and globalization as factors that negatively influence the demand for entrepreneurship, suggesting the need for government policies to regulate the market. Takwi et al. ( 2020 ) add that the success of entrepreneurs is influenced by a range of factors, including personal characteristics, socio-demographic factors, and entrepreneurial attributes. Additionally, Mutange et al. ( 2022 ) highlight the limited land and insecurity as significant challenges in the production and marketing of non-timber forest products. Moreover, entrepreneurs need help in international trade in Cameroon, particularly in importing goods. Fuli ( 2022 ) underscores the complexities of customs duties and taxes, which can lead to conflicts, corruption, and the abandonment of goods. The competition with Chinese traders exacerbates this, as Röschenthaler ( 2016 ) noted, calls for government intervention to regulate trade and reduce customs fees and taxes. Papyrakis and Tasciotti ( 2019 ) point to the difficulties in implementing phytosanitary standards, such as International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No.15 (ISPM 15), which are crucial for compliance and removing institutional and economic barriers. Gael and Yu ( 2020 ) discuss the trade cooperation between China and Cameroon, noting the need to address restrictions to improve the effectiveness of the trade. Another critical challenge is the increased demurrage at the Douala container terminal (Atud et al., 2023 ). 3.2. Strategies for mitigating challenges A range of studies have proposed strategies to mitigate challenges in entrepreneurship and international trade in Cameroon. Mve ( 2020 ) highlights the need for innovative and entrepreneurial talent in higher education, suggesting promoting these qualities as a strategy. Mutange et al. ( 2022 ) argue that road construction is a key mitigation strategy for the limited land and insecurity in producing and marketing non-timber forest products. Furthermore, strategies such as streamlining taxes and facilitating payment, proper land management, and reducing demurrage days have been proposed (Fuli, 2022 ; Mutange et al., 2022 ; Atud et al., 2023 ). Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on informal women traders, highlighting the need for effective risk management mechanisms (Mojakisane et al., 2023 ). The literature review reveals that entrepreneurs in Cameroon face numerous challenges when importing goods, including high customs costs, lack of infrastructure, corruption, and limited access to financing options. These challenges can have significant impacts on their businesses, including reduced profitability, increased risk, and decreased competitiveness. Despite these challenges, various strategies were discussed to help entrepreneurs mitigate their effects, such as streamlining taxes and facilitating payment, proper land management, and reducing demurrage days. However, these strategies are often limited by the broader economic environment, which is characterized by inflation, power outages, and socio-political crises. The findings of this review highlight the need for an enabling environment that supports entrepreneurship and international trade in Cameroon. The current study aims to contribute to this effort by exploring the specific challenges entrepreneurs encounter importing goods in Cameroon and identifying potential solutions to these challenges. By doing so, it seeks to provide insights that can inform policy-making and support the growth of entrepreneurship in Cameroon. 3.3. Hypotheses construction Given that customs costs are unpredictable and frequently changing, it is hypothesized that these fluctuations correlate positively with increased operational difficulties such as shipping delays, regulatory hurdles, and overall higher business risks (Bai et al., 2022 ). Hypothesis 1 (H1): Fluctuations in customs costs are positively related to the operational challenges faced by entrepreneurs importing goods in Cameroon. Drawing on the Entrepreneurial Orientation framework, the following hypothesis posits that an entrepreneurial mindset characterized by innovativeness and proactivity enables entrepreneurs to navigate the unpredictable business environment better and manage the adversities posed by customs costs (Nadaf et al., 2024 ; Jamil et al., 2024 ). Hypothesis 2 (H2): Entrepreneurs using innovative strategies are better equipped to mitigate the negative impacts of customs cost fluctuations. Highlighting the importance of financial access as identified in previous literature, the subsequent hypothesis suggests that entrepreneurs with better access to financing can better absorb customs cost fluctuations, thereby ensuring sustainability and continued operations despite challenges (Akang, 2023 ; Elbanna et al., 2024 ). Hypothesis 3 (H3): Access to financial resources moderates the negative impact of customs costs on the sustainability of entrepreneurs in Cameroon. The last hypothesis builds on the premise that the adoption of digital tools can streamline operations, improve communication with suppliers and customs authorities, and ultimately enhance the ability to cope with customs challenges (Sitisara et al., 2023 ; Sharma et al., 2024 ). Hypothesis 4 (H4): The use of digital tools and technologies enhances entrepreneurs' efficiency in managing customs cost challenges. These hypotheses lay the groundwork for our empirical investigation into the complexities entrepreneurs face while importing goods in Cameroon. We focus on the predicted relationships between customs costs, entrepreneurial strategies, access to resources, and the utilization of technology. 4. Methodology and empirical model 4.1. Research paradigm and methods In exploring the challenges entrepreneurs face while importing goods in Cameroon, this study adopts an interpretivist paradigm (William, 2024a ). This choice is appropriate because interpretivism focuses on understanding the subjective experiences and meanings that individuals attach to their social environments. Since this research emphasizes entrepreneurs' perceptions and adaptations to fluctuating customs costs, an interpretivist approach allows for an in-depth exploration of their experiences. Furthermore, this study adopts a mixed-method research paradigm (William, 2024c ), integrating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to investigate the relationship between customs costs and the challenges faced by entrepreneurs in Cameroon when importing goods, particularly from China. This approach facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted issues surrounding customs processes and entrepreneurial responses. 4.2. Data collection Data collection was conducted through an online questionnaire targeting Cameroonian entrepreneurs across various major cities, including Bafoussam, Douala, and Yaoundé. The data collection spanned from June 2024 to December 2024. A total of 241 responses were received, of which 210 were deemed usable for analysis. The unusable responses primarily resulted from incomplete surveys or responses that did not meet the criteria for inclusion, such as surveys from individuals who were not actively engaged in import activities. The questionnaire comprised two main sections: 4.2.1. Demographic information It includes questions regarding participants' age, gender, education level, business type, and years in operation. 4.2.2. Challenges and strategies Various difficulties are encountered during the import process. This section delved into the primary challenges faced during the importing process, such as customs clearance issues, the reliability of shipping, regulatory impacts, financial difficulties, and concerns related to infrastructure. Additionally, questions were posed regarding the strategies that entrepreneurs employed to overcome challenges. The discussion also included the utilization of digital tools and examined various factors that contributed to these strategies. 4.3. Research model To analyze the relationships between customs costs and the challenges faced by entrepreneurs, we employed a structured econometric model utilizing Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression. This model identifies dependent, independent, mediating, and moderating variables alongside control variables to account for potential confounding factors. The research model can be articulated in the following equations: Primary relationship: OperationalChallenges it = β 0 + β 1 CustomsCosts it + β2Controls it + ε it Mediating relationship: AdaptiveStrategies it = β 0 + β 1 CustomsCosts it + β 2 Controls it + ε it Where: OperationalChallenges it represents the operational difficulties faced by a business (i) at the time (t). CustomsCosts it captures the customs costs incurred by the business. AdaptiveStrategies it serves as the mediating variable, reflecting the strategies employed to mitigate the impacts of customs costs on operational challenges. Controls it includes variables such as business size, industry sector, and location that potentially affect operational challenges. ε it signifies the error term for a business (i) at time (t). 4.4. Variables The study variables are represented in the following table (Table 1 ): Table 1 Variables description Variable type Variable name Description Dependent variable OperationalChallenges Measured through a composite index reflecting various challenges faced during the importing process, including customs issues and financial hurdles. Independent variable CustomsCosts Elicited via a composite score indicating the level of customs costs incurred during the importation of goods. Mediating variable AdaptiveStrategies Quantified through a validated scale assessing the types of strategies employed by entrepreneurs to handle customs-related challenges. Control variables BusinessSize Measured as the total number of employees or annual turnover of the business. IndustrySector Categorized to reflect sectors such as retail, manufacturing, or services. Location Assessed through geographical categorization (e.g., major cities like Douala, Yaoundé, and Bafoussam). 4.5. Data analysis plan The specific analytical approaches include: 4.5.1. Descriptive statistics Summarizing the demographic characteristics of the sample to create a foundational context for interpreting the data. 4.5.2. Correlation analysis Conducting Pearson correlation analyses to evaluate relationships among customs costs, operational challenges, and adaptive strategies, identifying key associations for further investigation. 4.5.3. Regression analysis Implementing OLS regression techniques to quantitatively assess relationships, controlling for relevant covariates, and isolating the effects of customs costs on operational challenges. 4.5.4. Mediating analysis Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the mediating effect of adaptive strategies on the relationship between customs costs and operational challenges. 4.5.5. Thematic analysis of qualitative data Transcribing and analyzing qualitative responses from the open-ended questions in the questionnaire using thematic analysis to identify key themes regarding entrepreneurs' perceptions and experiences of customs challenges and strategies employed. 5. Results 5.1. Descriptive Statistics The study collected data from 210 usable responses out of 241 total submissions. The usable responses were among entrepreneurs living in various cities in Cameroon, predominantly in major urban centers, including Bafoussam, Douala, and Yaoundé. Table 2 summarizes the demographic characteristics of the respondents. Table 2 Demographic characteristics of respondents (n = 210) Characteristic Frequency Percentage Gender Male 135 64.3% Female 75 35.7% Age 18–30 years 42 20% 31–40 years 91 43.3% 41 years and above 77 36.7% Education level High school or less 15 7.1% Bachelor’s degree 121 57.6% Master’s degree 60 28.6% PhD 14 6.7% Business type Retail 56 26.7% Services 84 40% Manufacturing 70 33.3% Years in business Less than 5 years 60 28.6% 5 to 10 years 105 50% More than 10 years 45 21.4% 5.2. Correlation analysis Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to explore the relationships among customs costs, operational challenges, and adaptive strategies. The results (Table 3 ) showed significant relationships among the variables. Table 3 Pearson Correlation matrix Variable Customs Costs Operational Challenges Adaptive Strategies Customs Costs 1.000 0.743** -0.421** Operational Challenges 0.743** 1.000 -0.311* Adaptive Strategies -0.421** -0.311* 1.000 Note: *p < 0.01; p < 0.05 The correlation matrix indicates that fluctuations in customs costs are significantly positively related to the operational challenges faced by entrepreneurs (H1). Conversely, a negative correlation exists between customs costs and adaptive strategies, suggesting that as customs costs increase, the implementation of adaptive strategies diminishes (H2). 5.3. Regression analysis Using OLS regression, we assessed the impact of customs costs on operational challenges while controlling for relevant covariates. The results are displayed in Table 4 . Table 4 OLS Regression results Variable Coefficient Standard Error t-Statistic p-value Constant 1.250 0.542 2.307 0.022 Customs costs 0.675 0.106 6.358 0.000 Business size -0.012 0.008 -1.500 0.135 Education level -0.054 0.025 -2.160 0.036 The regression analysis confirmed a strong positive relationship between customs costs and operational challenges (β = 0.675, p < 0.001). The coefficient for business size was not statistically significant, indicating that larger businesses did not necessarily face fewer challenges. In contrast, higher education levels were associated with a moderate decrease in operational challenges (H1 supported). 5.4. Mediating analysis Structural equation modeling was utilized to examine the mediating effect of adaptive strategies on the relationship between customs costs and operational challenges. Results are shown in Table 5 . Table 5 Mediating analysis results Path Coefficient Standard Error t-Statistic p-value Customs Costs → Operational Challenges 0.743 0.110 6.759 0.000 Customs Costs → Adaptive Strategies -0.421 0.104 -4.069 0.000 Adaptive Strategies → Operational Challenges -0.311 0.090 -3.444 0.001 The results indicate that adaptive strategies partially mediate the relationship between customs costs and operational challenges, reinforcing H2 (entrepreneurs utilizing adaptive strategies are indeed better equipped to handle customs cost fluctuations). 5.5. Thematic analysis of qualitative data The qualitative responses provided nuanced insights into entrepreneurs' experiences dealing with customs challenges. The thematic analysis uncovered several key themes, enriched with direct quotations from respondents to support the findings. 5.5.1. Challenges in customs clearance A recurrent theme among respondents was the frustration with customs clearance processes. Delays often extended beyond expectations, significantly impacting business operations. One entrepreneur shared, "The customs clearance is unpredictable. Sometimes, it takes weeks, and I have a shipment stuck without any updates. It's incredibly frustrating." Another respondent echoed this sentiment, stating, “I’ve learned to factor in customs delays into my planning. If I expect a shipment in two weeks, I tell clients it’ll take at least a month—just to be safe.” 5.5.2. Financial challenges The burden of high shipping costs and fluctuating exchange rates emerged as a significant concern. A participant pointed out, "Shipping costs change so often that I can't keep my pricing consistent. One month, I'm okay, and the next, I struggle to pay my suppliers in China." Several entrepreneurs indicated that financial constraints directly impacted their ability to maintain stock levels. One commented, "With the costs going up unpredictably, I've had to limit my purchases. This could lead to stockouts, which affect my sales." 5.5.3. Adaptation strategies Respondents shared various strategies to cope with customs-related challenges. There was a notable emphasis on diversifying suppliers to reduce dependence on single sources. One entrepreneur remarked, “I have learned to source from multiple suppliers. That way, if one experiences delays, I have alternatives to keep my operations running.” Networking within industry associations was also highlighted. As one respondent articulated, “Connecting with other entrepreneurs has taught me invaluable lessons. We share tips about navigating customs and finding reliable suppliers.” 5.5.4. Efforts to leverage digital tools Many entrepreneurs reported positive experiences using digital platforms to enhance their business efficiency. A respondent mentioned, “Using technology has really helped me track my shipments better. I can schedule pick-ups and deliveries without going through too many middlemen.” Furthermore, one entrepreneur stated, “Adopting e-commerce tools improved my relationships with suppliers. It’s much easier to negotiate deals through these platforms rather than face-to-face.” 5.5.5. Government and regulatory impact Several respondents voiced concerns regarding the regulatory environment, expressing that unclear or inconsistent policies often compounded their challenges. One entrepreneur explained, “The regulations change so frequently that I can’t keep track. One day, something is permitted, and the next, it’s not. It makes planning impossible.” Entrepreneurs also indicated a desire for more straightforward communication from government bodies regarding customs regulations, with one stating, “It would help a lot if we had a reliable source for updates on current customs policies. It’s always a scramble to find out what’s changed.” These rich qualitative findings complement the quantitative analysis and reveal the intricate challenges Cameroonian entrepreneurs face in importing goods. They underline the importance of adaptive strategies and the role of technology in navigating these hurdles. 5.6. Integration of qualitative and quantitative findings The integration of qualitative and quantitative data provides a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by entrepreneurs concerning customs processes. This mixed-methods approach allows for a richer interpretation of the results and sheds light on the multifaceted nature of customs-related operational obstacles. 5.6.1. Aligning themes with quantitative results The quantitative analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between customs costs and operational challenges (p < 0.001), indicating that higher customs expenses correlated with increased difficulties in business operations. This quantitative finding is echoed in the qualitative data, where respondents expressed their frustrations with unpredictable customs clearance times and regulatory changes. For instance, one entrepreneur's comment about the unpredictability of shipments resonates with the statistically significant impact of customs costs identified in the regression analysis. The narrative from the qualitative data complements the statistical findings by providing context to the numerical values. For example, while the regression analysis revealed that customs costs notably influence business operations, the qualitative insights offer concrete examples of how these costs manifest in real-life challenges, such as the need to maintain buffer stock or adjust pricing strategies due to fluctuating shipping fees. 5.6.2. Financial challenges highlighted The quantitative data indicated that a considerable percentage of entrepreneurs cited financial challenges stemming from customs costs. Specifically, 71.4% of respondents reported feeling burdened by increased shipping rates. This concern was echoed in qualitative responses, where entrepreneurs described how rising costs could risk their operational sustainability. One respondent articulated, “I’ve had to limit my purchases due to high shipping costs, which leads to stockouts. This directly affects my sales,” highlighting how the quantitative trend manifests in specific, tangible challenges in business operations. 5.6.3. Coping mechanisms and adaptation strategies Both quantitative and qualitative findings pointed towards adaptation strategies employed by entrepreneurs. The quantitative results highlighted a strong correlation between increased customs costs and operational adjustments, such as sourcing from multiple suppliers and using digital tools for logistics management. In the qualitative interviews, entrepreneurs detailed these very strategies. For instance, the statement “Adopting e-commerce tools improved my relationships with suppliers” illustrates how entrepreneurs are actively engaging with technology to mitigate customs-related difficulties, reinforcing the quantitative findings about the positive impact of such strategies. 5.6.4. Regulatory challenges The qualitative analysis revealed significant concerns regarding the lack of clear communication from government bodies concerning customs regulations. This challenge was quantitively acknowledged, as the survey data indicated that many entrepreneurs perceived regulatory instability as a barrier to smooth operations. The integration of both data types reveals that the regulatory landscape not only impacts financial metrics but also adds a layer of unpredictability that complicates strategic planning and operational execution. Integrating qualitative and quantitative findings underscores the multidimensional challenges faced by entrepreneurs regarding customs processes. The qualitative insights enrich our understanding of the statistical relationships identified in the quantitative analysis, illustrating how customs costs compel entrepreneurs to alter their operational strategies. 5.7. Robustness tests To ensure the reliability and validity (William, 2024b ) of our findings, we conducted various robustness tests. These tests are essential for confirming the stability of our results across different model specifications and assessment methods. The following analyses were performed. 5.7.1. Alternative model specifications We reran the OLS regression analysis with different model specifications, including controlling for additional variables such as company size and industry type. This helps us assess the robustness of the impact of customs costs on operational challenges. Results are displayed in Table 6 below. Table 6 Robustness of OLS regression results with alternative specifications Variable Model 1 coefficient Model 2 coefficient p-value (Model 1) p-value (Model 2) Customs costs 0.675 0.662 0.000 0.000 Business size -0.012 -0.019 0.135 0.092 Industry type (Retail) -0.022 -0.011 0.670 0.880 Industry type (Services) -0.044 -0.032 0.620 0.740 Industry type (Manufacturing) -0.050 -0.045 0.590 0.650 Adjusted R-squared 0.508 0.525 Both models confirmed the strength of the relationship between customs costs and operational challenges (p < 0.001), with consistent coefficients across the specifications. The slight variations in coefficients indicate that the main finding regarding customs costs remains robust across different contexts. 5.7.2. Sensitivity analysis We conducted a sensitivity analysis by excluding outliers and assessing their impact on the results. Outliers were identified using Cook's distance method. Table 7 below presents the results. Table 7 Impact of outliers on OLS regression results Model Coefficient (Without outliers) Coefficient (With outliers) p-value (Without outliers) p-value (With outliers) Customs costs 0.680 0.675 0.000 0.000 Business size -0.014 -0.012 0.120 0.135 Adjusted R-squared 0.511 0.508 The sensitivity analysis indicated that the exclusion of outliers did not significantly change the coefficients of interest. This supports the robustness of our main findings regarding the positive relationship between customs costs and operational challenges. 5.7.3. Subgroup analysis To further explore the consistency of our findings, subgroup analyses were conducted based on different demographic characteristics, such as age and business type. Findings are displayed in the following table (Table 7 ). Table 7 Subgroup analysis of the relationship between customs costs and operational challenges Subgroup Coefficient p-value Age (18–30) 0.710 0.004 Age (31–40) 0.654 0.000 Age (41 and above) 0.679 0.001 Business type (Service) 0.695 0.003 Business type (Retail) 0.645 0.000 Business type (Manufacturing) 0.670 0.002 The subgroup analyses reveal that the positive relationship between customs costs and operational challenges is significant across all age groups and business types, indicating the generalizability of our findings across different demographics. The robustness tests conducted confirm the stability of our findings related to the impact of customs costs on operational challenges faced by entrepreneurs. The alternative model specifications, sensitivity analysis, and subgroup analyses consistently support the premise that fluctuations in customs costs are significantly related to the operational challenges faced by entrepreneurs in Cameroon (H1). The results from these robustness checks strengthen the overall validity of the study's conclusions and suggest that the findings are not merely artifacts of specific model assumptions or sample characteristics. 6. Discussions This section synthesizes our research findings in the context of existing literature, highlighting the implications for entrepreneurs navigating the complexities of customs costs and operational challenges in Cameroon. We categorize our discussion into three primary themes: Building on existing knowledge, divergence from established research patterns, and contributions to the field. 6.1. Building on existing knowledge Our findings substantiate the numerous challenges faced by entrepreneurs in Cameroon, particularly regarding customs costs and the associated operational hurdles. Prior studies, such as those by Ibrahima et al. ( 2024 ) and Wansi and Burrell ( 2023 ), emphasize the multifaceted issues confronting entrepreneurs in the region—ranging from bureaucratic obstacles to inadequate access to financing. Our quantitative results expand these discussions, showing a significant positive correlation (H1) between fluctuations in customs costs and operational challenges (β = 0.675, p < 0.001). Moreover, qualitative insights echo these quantitative results, revealing that entrepreneurs are deeply affected by unpredictable customs processes, leading to delays and financial strain. Statements from respondents, such as the unpredictable nature of customs clearance and fluctuating shipping costs, mirror findings in the literature about the detrimental effects of such unpredictability on business sustainability (Fuli, 2022 ; Atud et al., 2023 ). This convergence of quantitative and qualitative results reinforces the need for effective policy measures aimed at stabilizing customs operations to support entrepreneurial growth. In line with previous work on entrepreneurial orientation, our research (H2) also illustrates that those employing innovative strategies are better equipped to mitigate these operational hurdles. This reflects the findings of Mve ( 2020 ), who emphasizes the necessity of entrepreneurial skills for success. Our results showcase that adaptability through strategic diversification of suppliers and leveraging technology is crucial, reiterating the sentiments expressed by respondents. The qualitative data reveal that networking within industry associations and using digital tools have empowered entrepreneurs to manage customs challenges effectively. 6.2. Divergence from established research patterns While our study reinforces existing research regarding the challenges of entrepreneurship in Cameroon, it also highlights areas of divergence. For instance, previous literature often underscores the importance of socio-demographic factors in shaping entrepreneurial success (Takwi et al., 2020 ). However, our regression analysis revealed that business size did not significantly impact operational challenges (p > 0.05), indicating that larger businesses may not necessarily shield themselves from customs-related issues. Furthermore, the limited attention given to the impacts of access to financial resources (H3) in mitigating the challenges posed by customs costs offers a new perspective. Our findings suggest that more substantial financial backing enhances resilience against the adverse effects of customs fluctuations, underscoring the necessity for targeted financial support systems for entrepreneurs. This insight deviates from previous studies focusing primarily on external operational challenges without addressing their interplay with financial access. 6.3. Contributions to the field This research contributes novel insights to the existing body of knowledge by exploring and synthesizing the core challenges faced by entrepreneurs relating to customs costs within the Cameroonian context. By applying a mixed-methods approach, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between customs costs and operational challenges. Specifically, our findings emphasize the significance of adaptive strategies in navigating these complexities (H2) alongside the usage of digital tools that have emerged as essential for enhancing operational efficiencies (H4). Moreover, the thematic analysis hinted at evident frustrations with the regulatory environment, suggesting a pressing need for reforms to address the perceived instability in customs policies. The voices of entrepreneurs, who requested more explicit guidelines and better communication from authorities, point toward a gap in the literature that future research could explore. 7. Conclusion 7.1. Recapitulation of key insights This research elucidates the significant challenges entrepreneurs face when importing goods in Cameroon, with a pronounced focus on customs costs. Our central inquiry—What are the primary challenges entrepreneurs face importing goods in Cameroon, particularly regarding customs costs, and how do they adapt to these challenges?—was addressed through a rigorous investigation of current customs trends and the strategies entrepreneurs adopt in response to these fluctuations. The findings indicate that unpredictable customs costs impose substantial operational challenges, such as shipping delays and financial strain, corroborating the hypothesis that these fluctuations negatively impact business sustainability (H1). Additionally, we identified effective adaptive strategies, including supplier diversification and digital tool integration, that entrepreneurs leverage to navigate these challenges more efficiently. 7.2. Practical implications for business leaders The implications of this study extend to entrepreneurs and business leaders operating in similar contexts. The findings underscore the critical need for proactive management of customs costs to achieve operational stability. Entrepreneurs are encouraged to adopt innovative approaches and utilize technology, as these strategies have proven effective in mitigating the adverse effects of customs fluctuations. Moreover, fostering industry networks can facilitate knowledge sharing and equip entrepreneurs with valuable insights into navigating customs-related obstacles. Business leaders should also advocate for streamlined customs processes and improved regulatory clarity from government authorities to create a more favorable environment for entrepreneurship. 7.3. Contributions to the academic discourse This study significantly contributes to the theoretical landscape by enhancing our understanding of the interplay between customs costs and entrepreneurial resilience in Cameroon. It builds on existing literature by integrating both quantitative and qualitative analyses, illustrating how external cost factors shape the operational realities of small and medium enterprises. Additionally, by exploring the role of adaptive strategies in this context, the research provides a nuanced perspective on entrepreneurial orientation and innovation as essential mechanisms for overcoming market instabilities. As a result, our findings encourage an expansion of the entrepreneurial framework to incorporate the dynamics of operational challenges posed by external factors like customs. 7.4. Limitations and directions for future research While this study provides valuable insights, it is not without its limitations. The research primarily focused on entrepreneurs in urban centers, potentially overlooking the unique challenges faced by those in more rural areas. Additionally, the reliance on self-reported data may introduce biases that could affect the generalizability of the findings. Future research should consider a broader geographical scope and include longitudinal studies to track changes over time, particularly as governmental policies regarding customs evolve. Exploring the impact of global trade dynamics and their implications for local entrepreneurs could also offer rich avenues for further investigation. Additionally, examining the role of government and non-governmental organizations in supporting entrepreneurs amid these challenges would enhance our understanding of how to foster sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems in Cameroon. Declarations The study has approval from Sanya University IRB/ethics committee References Agrawal, R., Samadhiya, A., Banaitis, A., & Kumar, A. (2024). Entrepreneurial barriers in achieving sustainable business and cultivation of innovation: a resource-based view theory perspective. Management Decision , (ahead-of-print). Akang, A. U. M. (2023). Regulatory Compliance and Access to Finance: Implications for Business Growth in Developing Economies. Sciental Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences , 1 (2), 8-23. Amankwah-Amoah, J., & Lu, Y. (2024). Harnessing AI for business development: a review of drivers and challenges in Africa. Production Planning & Control , 35 (13), 1551-1560. Atud, M. V., Njuma, O. R., Takwa, A. C., & Tenu, R. M. (2023). Strategies for Reducing Demurrage at the Douala Container Terminals (RTC Terminal) during Importation. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting , 23 (23), 36-53. Bai, X., Cheng, L., & Iris, Ç. (2022). Data-driven financial and operational risk management: Empirical evidence from the global tramp shipping industry. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review . Chung, H., Cha, K., & Lee, H. (2023). What Drives and Hinders the Use of New e-Customs Systems in Developing Countries of Sub-Saharan Africa? An Empirical Study from Cameroon. Information & Media , 96 , 40-64. Coulibaly, S., Ibounde, R. E. T., Fouthe, C. D. D., & Munchep, S. (2015). Cameroon economic update: revisiting the sources of growth-enhancing the efficiency of the Port of Douala (No. 94015, pp. 1-21). The World Bank. Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic management journal , 10 (1), 75-87. Devine, R. 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Revue des Etudes Multidisciplinaires en Sciences Economiques et Sociales , 5 (2). Odeyemi, O., Oyewole, A. T., Adeoye, O. B., Ofodile, O. C., Addy, W. A., Okoye, C. C., & Ololade, Y. J. (2024). Entrepreneurship in Africa: a review of growth and challenges. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research , 6 (3), 608-622. Papyrakis, E., & Tasciotti, L. (2019). A Policy Study on the Implementation Challenges of Phytosanitary Standards: The Case of ISPM 15 in Botswana, Cameroon, Kenya, and Mozambique. The Journal of Environment & Development, 28 , 142 - 172. Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G.T., & Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance: An Assessment of past Research and Suggestions for the Future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33 , 761-787. Röschenthaler, U. (2016). Good quality or low price? Competition between Cameroonian and Chinese traders. African East-Asian Affairs , (1-2). Satia, P., & Okle, R. A. N. (2020). 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Takwi, F.M., Bate, B.E., Akosso, V.N., & Sharon, B. (2020). Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management: Critical Success Factors of Entrepreneurs and Small Business Managers. The International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10 , 488-503. Tapang, F. N. (2023). Modeling Sustainability Challenges of Small and Medium Size Enterprises in Cameroon: Case Study in Buea. International Journal of Science and Business , 28 (1), 205-218. Thaddeus, K. J., Ngong, C. A., Nebong, N. M., Akume, A. D., Eleazar, J. U., & Onwumere, J. U. J. (2021). Selected macroeconomic determinants and economic growth in Cameroon (1970–2018)“dead or alive” an ARDL approach. Journal of Business and Socio-Economic Development , 4 (1), 1-19. Wales, W. J., Kraus, S., Filser, M., Stöckmann, C., & Covin, J. G. (2021). The status quo of research on entrepreneurial orientation: Conversational landmarks and theoretical scaffolding. Journal of Business Research , 128 , 564-577. Wales, W.J. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientation: A review and synthesis of promising research directions. International Small Business Journal, 34 , 15-3. Wansi, T., & Burrell, D. (2023). Financing Challenges of Cameroon’s Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks , 7 (4), 88-104. Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource‐based view of the firm. Strategic management journal , 5 (2), 171-180. William, F. K. A. (2024a). Interpretivism or Constructivism: Navigating Research Paradigms in Social Science Research. International Journal of Research Publications, 143 (1), 134-138. doi:.10.47119/IJRP1001431220246122 William, F. K. A. (2024b). Mastering Validity and Reliability in Academic Research: Meaning and Significance. International Journal of Research Publications, 144 (1), 287-292. William, F. K. A. (2024c). My Data Are Ready, How Do I Analyze Them: Navigating Data Analysis in Social Science Research. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management , 12 (3), 1730-1741. Wujung, V. A. (2019). An Empirical Analysis of the Factors that Influence the Demand for Entrepreneurship in Cameroon. Journal of Economics and Public Finance , 5 (1), 70-82. Zahra, S.A. (2021). The Resource-Based View, Resourcefulness, and Resource Management in Startup Firms: A Proposed Research Agenda. Journal of Management, 47 , 1841-1860. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5969209","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":411812721,"identity":"4d1d3beb-e60f-40dd-a64b-551dcfb56d39","order_by":0,"name":"Arthur William Fodouop Kouam","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gYGAxAthxA6QEALzwGIFmPStSQ2EK+FvXnjY56KO+nz288ek/jZxiDHdyOB8XMBPi08x4qNec48y91wJi9NsreNwVjyRgKz9Aw8WuwlcsykedsO525gyDGT4G1jSNxwI4GNmQefLVAt6fL9b8wk/7Yx1BOtJYHhBpjBkGBAUAvQL4Zzzjwz3HDjjbG1zDkJw5lnHjZL49UCDLEHbyruyMv35xjefFNmI893PPngZ3xaoOAAiGCRYGAAIgbGBsIaoFqYPxCjdBSMglEwCkYeAABMn0pxczuRxgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3030-1094","institution":"Sanya University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arthur","middleName":"William Fodouop","lastName":"Kouam","suffix":""},{"id":411812722,"identity":"ca3311ae-5191-495c-b244-2daec6b2419a","order_by":1,"name":"Fadila Catche","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ngaoundéré","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fadila","middleName":"","lastName":"Catche","suffix":""},{"id":411812723,"identity":"9af26185-2d81-445b-bb17-3ac5194be761","order_by":2,"name":"Gaëlle Tatiana Timba","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Douala","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gaëlle","middleName":"Tatiana","lastName":"Timba","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-06 02:03:57","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5969209/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5969209/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":76434405,"identity":"3c1843ef-5dae-420e-807a-7159c50decd5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-17 07:21:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1687327,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5969209/v1/2ce1fba4-fc37-484a-bfbb-e9941528efc4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eThe Unpredictable Business Environment in Cameroon: Delving into the Challenges Entrepreneurs Face Importing Goods and Exploring Potential Solutions\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCameroon, a country in Central Africa, has been experiencing significant economic growth in recent years. Thaddeus et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) found a positive and significant connection between economic growth and government expenditure, trade openness, gross capital formation, and exchange rate. However, human capital development, foreign aid, money supply, inflation, and foreign direct investment were found to have a negative impact. Nina (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) further emphasized the positive influence of private investment on economic growth, both directly and indirectly. Satia and Okle (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) highlighted the role of financial innovation, with domestic credit to the private sector, the ratio of broad money as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and mobile banking penetration, all contributing to economic growth in the long run. The country's economy is heavily reliant on imports, with a high demand for goods such as electronics, textiles, and food products. Scholars suggest that imports have a mixed effect on Cameroon's economic growth. Ntavoua (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) found a negative impact on cocoa and coffee exports but a positive impact on cotton exports. Moreover, Eric et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) reported an insignificant impact of bilateral trade within the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) region on economic growth, while Ngangnchi and Joefendeh (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) highlighted the negative influence of external debt and the positive influence of public investment on economic growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the business environment in Cameroon is characterized by numerous challenges. Wansi and Burrell (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and Tapang (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) underscore the difficulties faced by small and medium enterprises (SMEs), including limited access to financing, administrative problems, and issues related to electricity supply, knowledge, innovation, and management. Nyaga (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) further emphasizes the impact of business environment variables such as credit access, administrative simplification, and infrastructure on SME competitiveness while also noting the negative influence of taxes and corruption. Djeudja and Salamon (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) add a COVID-19 lens to these challenges, identifying the negative influence of taxation, training, and debt contracts on SME sustainability during the pandemic. Additionally, the customs department, responsible for collecting taxes and tariffs on imported goods, has been notorious for its unpredictability. According to the European Commission (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), Cameroon increased ad valorem excise duties on the importation of several products following the finance laws Cameroon adopted for the financial years 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe recent sudden and drastic fluctuations in customs costs in Cameroon have become a primary concern for entrepreneurs importing goods for resale. Fuli (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and Chung et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) emphasize the complexities and inefficiencies in the customs duties and taxes system, which lead to conflicts, corruption, and discouragement among importers. These challenges are further exacerbated by factors such as population growth, technology, and globalization, which negatively impact the demand for entrepreneurship in Cameroon (Wujung, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Despite the importance of imports to the Cameroonian economy, mainly the increase of its economic growth (Coulibaly et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Looh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), there is a dearth of research on challenges entrepreneurs encounter importing goods in Cameroon. Previous studies (Odeyemi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Fieve \u0026amp; Chrysostome, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Amankwah-Amoah \u0026amp; Lu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) have examined the challenges entrepreneurs face in various African countries, including tight laws and regulations, poor infrastructure, limited access to financial services, corruption, and environmental concerns (Legas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Sheriff et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Devine \u0026amp; Kiggundu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Odeyemi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNevertheless, only some have specifically focused on the Cameroonian context. Additionally, these studies did not specifically focus on customs costs or their impact on entrepreneurship. Moreover, most of them were limited to theoretical frameworks or case studies, failing to provide practical solutions to address the challenges faced by entrepreneurs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study fills this gap by exploring the challenges entrepreneurs face importing goods in Cameroon and identifying potential solutions to mitigate the effects of customs cost fluctuations. Therefore, this study\u0026rsquo;s research question and objectives are formulated as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eWhat are the primary challenges entrepreneurs face importing goods in Cameroon, particularly regarding customs costs, and how do they adapt to these challenges?\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe objectives of this study are:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify and analyze the current trends and fluctuations in customs costs in Cameroon and their impact on entrepreneurs importing goods for resale.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo explore the strategies employed by entrepreneurs to mitigate the effects of customs cost fluctuations, including any adaptations or innovations they have developed to manage risk and maintain business sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study is significant because it provides insights into the challenges faced by entrepreneurs importing goods in Cameroon and offers practical solutions to mitigate these challenges. The findings are helpful for policymakers, entrepreneurs, and other stakeholders involved in international trade.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Sections two and three offer a theoretical framework, the literature review, and the development of hypotheses. The subsequent section presents the research methodology and empirical model, followed by the findings of this study. The next section discusses the results. The last section concludes with limitations and recommendations for policymakers and entrepreneurs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Theoretical framework","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study\u0026rsquo;s theoretical framework draws on two prominent theories relevant to entrepreneurship and international trade in Cameroon: The Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) framework and the Resource-Based View (RBV). These theories are used to understand how entrepreneurs in Cameroon can overcome the challenges of international trade, including customs costs, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and corruption.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) framework\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe EO framework, developed by Covin and Slevin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e), proposes that entrepreneurial firms are characterized by a set of behaviors and characteristics that distinguish them from other types of organizations. These behaviors include innovativeness, risk-taking, proactiveness, and competitive aggressiveness. In the context of international trade, an entrepreneurial mindset is crucial for entrepreneurs in Cameroon to navigate complex global markets and respond to changes in trade policies, tariffs, and market conditions. For instance, entrepreneurs who are innovative and proactive are more likely to find ways to reduce costs associated with customs clearance, navigate bureaucratic red tape, and adapt to changes in trade regulations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious research has extensively used the Entrepreneurial Orientation framework to analyze the challenges faced by entrepreneurs. Wales (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) provides a comprehensive review of the EO literature, highlighting its various manifestations and the need for longitudinal research. Rauch et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) further support the significance of EO, demonstrating its strong correlation with business performance. Building on this, Wales et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) identify key studies and theoretical frameworks that have shaped the EO conversation, including Schumpeter's theory of entrepreneurship and Barney's resource-based view. Lee (2018) extends this discussion by exploring the relationship between EO and organizational ambidexterity, emphasizing the role of dynamic capabilities and firm-specific resources in addressing the challenges faced by entrepreneurs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Resource-Based View (RBV)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe RBV, developed by Wernerfelt (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e), proposes that firms' resources and capabilities are the primary sources of sustainable competitive advantage. In the context of international trade, entrepreneurs in Cameroon must possess resources and capabilities that enable them to overcome challenges related to customs costs, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and corruption. For example, entrepreneurs who possess knowledge of international trade regulations, have access to reliable suppliers, or have established relationships with customs officials are better equipped to navigate these challenges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExisting studies have utilized the Resource-Based View theory to analyze the challenges faced by entrepreneurs. Agrawal et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and Zahra (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) both highlight the importance of resource management and resourcefulness in overcoming these challenges. Kellermanns et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) further emphasize the need to adapt the RBV for the entrepreneurship field, noting differences in the conceptualization of resources between researchers and practicing entrepreneurs. Lastly, Foss (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) discusses the potential for strategic entrepreneurship research at the intersection of RBV and entrepreneurship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe EO framework and RBV are connected to entrepreneurship and international trade in Cameroon as they provide a framework for understanding how entrepreneurs can overcome the challenges associated with international trade. The EO framework highlights the importance of an entrepreneurial mindset and behavior in responding to changes in international trade policies and market conditions. The RBV highlights the importance of firms' resources and capabilities in overcoming challenges related to customs costs, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and corruption.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study contributes to the existing literature by applying the EO framework and RBV to the context of entrepreneurship and international trade in Cameroon. By exploring how entrepreneurs in Cameroon use their entrepreneurial mindset and behavior to overcome challenges related to customs costs, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and corruption, this study provides insights into how these entrepreneurs can successfully operate in this challenging environment. The study also provides a nuanced understanding of how firms' resources and capabilities can be leveraged to overcome these challenges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Literature review and hypotheses development","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe business environment in Cameroon is notoriously unpredictable, posing significant challenges for entrepreneurs seeking to establish and sustain successful businesses. One of the most critical obstacles faced by entrepreneurs is the uncertainty surrounding customs costs, which can have a ripple effect on their operations and profitability. As a result, it is essential to understand the primary challenges entrepreneurs face when importing goods in Cameroon and explore the strategies they employ to mitigate these challenges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Challenges in entrepreneurship and international trade in Cameroon\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe challenges of entrepreneurship in Cameroon are multifaceted. Ibrahima et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) highlight entrepreneurs' numerous obstacles, including local council and taxation agents, high taxes, inflation, socio-political crisis, unsafety, power outages, lack of subventions, and poor infrastructure. St-Pierre et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) further emphasize the need for an enabling environment, particularly in terms of organization, resource access, and stakeholder behavior. Maurice and Pelagie (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) underscore the impact of these challenges on specific regions, such as the Eastern region, where lack of infrastructure, government subsidies, and financial resources hinder entrepreneurship. Neneh (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) adds that university students, a potential source of entrepreneurial talent, are deterred by obstacles like lack of funding, business skills, bribery and corruption, strong competitors, high taxes, and high labor costs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, Wansi and Burrell (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) underscore the limited access to financing options for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which hinders their growth and innovation. Ngota (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) further emphasizes the high costs and lack of resources in the aquaculture industry, which is a significant sector for entrepreneurship in the country. Wujung (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) identifies population growth, technology, and globalization as factors that negatively influence the demand for entrepreneurship, suggesting the need for government policies to regulate the market. Takwi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) add that the success of entrepreneurs is influenced by a range of factors, including personal characteristics, socio-demographic factors, and entrepreneurial attributes. Additionally, Mutange et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) highlight the limited land and insecurity as significant challenges in the production and marketing of non-timber forest products.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, entrepreneurs need help in international trade in Cameroon, particularly in importing goods. Fuli (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) underscores the complexities of customs duties and taxes, which can lead to conflicts, corruption, and the abandonment of goods. The competition with Chinese traders exacerbates this, as R\u0026ouml;schenthaler (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) noted, calls for government intervention to regulate trade and reduce customs fees and taxes. Papyrakis and Tasciotti (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) point to the difficulties in implementing phytosanitary standards, such as International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No.15 (ISPM 15), which are crucial for compliance and removing institutional and economic barriers. Gael and Yu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) discuss the trade cooperation between China and Cameroon, noting the need to address restrictions to improve the effectiveness of the trade. Another critical challenge is the increased demurrage at the Douala container terminal (Atud et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Strategies for mitigating challenges\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA range of studies have proposed strategies to mitigate challenges in entrepreneurship and international trade in Cameroon. Mve (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) highlights the need for innovative and entrepreneurial talent in higher education, suggesting promoting these qualities as a strategy. Mutange et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) argue that road construction is a key mitigation strategy for the limited land and insecurity in producing and marketing non-timber forest products. Furthermore, strategies such as streamlining taxes and facilitating payment, proper land management, and reducing demurrage days have been proposed (Fuli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Mutange et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Atud et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on informal women traders, highlighting the need for effective risk management mechanisms (Mojakisane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe literature review reveals that entrepreneurs in Cameroon face numerous challenges when importing goods, including high customs costs, lack of infrastructure, corruption, and limited access to financing options. These challenges can have significant impacts on their businesses, including reduced profitability, increased risk, and decreased competitiveness. Despite these challenges, various strategies were discussed to help entrepreneurs mitigate their effects, such as streamlining taxes and facilitating payment, proper land management, and reducing demurrage days. However, these strategies are often limited by the broader economic environment, which is characterized by inflation, power outages, and socio-political crises. The findings of this review highlight the need for an enabling environment that supports entrepreneurship and international trade in Cameroon. The current study aims to contribute to this effort by exploring the specific challenges entrepreneurs encounter importing goods in Cameroon and identifying potential solutions to these challenges. By doing so, it seeks to provide insights that can inform policy-making and support the growth of entrepreneurship in Cameroon.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Hypotheses construction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven that customs costs are unpredictable and frequently changing, it is hypothesized that these fluctuations correlate positively with increased operational difficulties such as shipping delays, regulatory hurdles, and overall higher business risks (Bai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 1\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e(H1): Fluctuations in customs costs are positively related to the operational challenges faced by entrepreneurs importing goods in Cameroon.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrawing on the Entrepreneurial Orientation framework, the following hypothesis posits that an entrepreneurial mindset characterized by innovativeness and proactivity enables entrepreneurs to navigate the unpredictable business environment better and manage the adversities posed by customs costs (Nadaf et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Jamil et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 2\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e(H2): Entrepreneurs using innovative strategies are better equipped to mitigate the negative impacts of customs cost fluctuations.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighlighting the importance of financial access as identified in previous literature, the subsequent hypothesis suggests that entrepreneurs with better access to financing can better absorb customs cost fluctuations, thereby ensuring sustainability and continued operations despite challenges (Akang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Elbanna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 3\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e(H3): Access to financial resources moderates the negative impact of customs costs on the sustainability of entrepreneurs in Cameroon.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe last hypothesis builds on the premise that the adoption of digital tools can streamline operations, improve communication with suppliers and customs authorities, and ultimately enhance the ability to cope with customs challenges (Sitisara et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Sharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 4\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e(H4): The use of digital tools and technologies enhances entrepreneurs' efficiency in managing customs cost challenges.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese hypotheses lay the groundwork for our empirical investigation into the complexities entrepreneurs face while importing goods in Cameroon. We focus on the predicted relationships between customs costs, entrepreneurial strategies, access to resources, and the utilization of technology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Methodology and empirical model","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Research paradigm and methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn exploring the challenges entrepreneurs face while importing goods in Cameroon, this study adopts an interpretivist paradigm (William, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024a\u003c/span\u003e). This choice is appropriate because interpretivism focuses on understanding the subjective experiences and meanings that individuals attach to their social environments. Since this research emphasizes entrepreneurs' perceptions and adaptations to fluctuating customs costs, an interpretivist approach allows for an in-depth exploration of their experiences. Furthermore, this study adopts a mixed-method research paradigm (William, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024c\u003c/span\u003e), integrating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to investigate the relationship between customs costs and the challenges faced by entrepreneurs in Cameroon when importing goods, particularly from China. This approach facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted issues surrounding customs processes and entrepreneurial responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData collection was conducted through an online questionnaire targeting Cameroonian entrepreneurs across various major cities, including Bafoussam, Douala, and Yaound\u0026eacute;. The data collection spanned from June 2024 to December 2024. A total of 241 responses were received, of which 210 were deemed usable for analysis. The unusable responses primarily resulted from incomplete surveys or responses that did not meet the criteria for inclusion, such as surveys from individuals who were not actively engaged in import activities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire comprised two main sections:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2.1. Demographic information\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt includes questions regarding participants' age, gender, education level, business type, and years in operation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2.2. Challenges and strategies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious difficulties are encountered during the import process. This section delved into the primary challenges faced during the importing process, such as customs clearance issues, the reliability of shipping, regulatory impacts, financial difficulties, and concerns related to infrastructure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, questions were posed regarding the strategies that entrepreneurs employed to overcome challenges. The discussion also included the utilization of digital tools and examined various factors that contributed to these strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3. Research model\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo analyze the relationships between customs costs and the challenges faced by entrepreneurs, we employed a structured econometric model utilizing Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression. This model identifies dependent, independent, mediating, and moderating variables alongside control variables to account for potential confounding factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research model can be articulated in the following equations:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary relationship:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eOperationalChallenges\u003c/b\u003e \u003csub\u003e \u003cb\u003eit\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u0026thinsp;β\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e+\u0026thinsp;β\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eCustomsCosts\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e+\u0026thinsp;β2Controls\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e+\u0026thinsp;ε\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMediating relationship:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAdaptiveStrategies\u003c/b\u003e \u003csub\u003e \u003cb\u003eit\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u0026thinsp;β\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e+\u0026thinsp;β\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eCustomsCosts\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e+\u0026thinsp;β\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eControls\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e+\u0026thinsp;ε\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eit\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperationalChallenges\u003csub\u003eit\u003c/sub\u003e represents the operational difficulties faced by a business (i) at the time (t).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustomsCosts\u003csub\u003eit\u003c/sub\u003e captures the customs costs incurred by the business.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptiveStrategies\u003csub\u003eit\u003c/sub\u003e serves as the mediating variable, reflecting the strategies employed to mitigate the impacts of customs costs on operational challenges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eControls\u003csub\u003eit\u003c/sub\u003e includes variables such as business size, industry sector, and location that potentially affect operational challenges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eε\u003csub\u003eit\u003c/sub\u003e signifies the error term for a business (i) at time (t).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4. Variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study variables are represented in the following table (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables description\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperationalChallenges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasured through a composite index reflecting various challenges faced during the importing process, including customs issues and financial hurdles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustomsCosts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElicited via a composite score indicating the level of customs costs incurred during the importation of goods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMediating variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptiveStrategies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantified through a validated scale assessing the types of strategies employed by entrepreneurs to handle customs-related challenges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBusinessSize\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasured as the total number of employees or annual turnover of the business.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndustrySector\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategorized to reflect sectors such as retail, manufacturing, or services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessed through geographical categorization (e.g., major cities like Douala, Yaound\u0026eacute;, and Bafoussam).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5. Data analysis plan\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe specific analytical approaches include:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5.1. Descriptive statistics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummarizing the demographic characteristics of the sample to create a foundational context for interpreting the data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5.2. Correlation analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConducting Pearson correlation analyses to evaluate relationships among customs costs, operational challenges, and adaptive strategies, identifying key associations for further investigation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5.3. Regression analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplementing OLS regression techniques to quantitatively assess relationships, controlling for relevant covariates, and isolating the effects of customs costs on operational challenges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5.4. Mediating analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the mediating effect of adaptive strategies on the relationship between customs costs and operational challenges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5.5. Thematic analysis of qualitative data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranscribing and analyzing qualitative responses from the open-ended questions in the questionnaire using thematic analysis to identify key themes regarding entrepreneurs' perceptions and experiences of customs challenges and strategies employed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.1. Descriptive Statistics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study collected data from 210 usable responses out of 241 total submissions. The usable responses were among entrepreneurs living in various cities in Cameroon, predominantly in major urban centers, including Bafoussam, Douala, and Yaound\u0026eacute;. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e summarizes the demographic characteristics of the respondents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of respondents (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;210)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 years and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school or less\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaster\u0026rsquo;s degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBusiness type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetail\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eServices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManufacturing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYears in business\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 to 10 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 10 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.2. Correlation analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson correlation coefficients were calculated to explore the relationships among customs costs, operational challenges, and adaptive strategies. The results (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) showed significant relationships among the variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson Correlation matrix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustoms Costs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperational Challenges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptive Strategies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustoms Costs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.743**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.421**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperational Challenges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.743**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.311*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptive Strategies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.421**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.311*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: *p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation matrix indicates that fluctuations in customs costs are significantly positively related to the operational challenges faced by entrepreneurs (H1). Conversely, a negative correlation exists between customs costs and adaptive strategies, suggesting that as customs costs increase, the implementation of adaptive strategies diminishes (H2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.3. Regression analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing OLS regression, we assessed the impact of customs costs on operational challenges while controlling for relevant covariates. The results are displayed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOLS Regression results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et-Statistic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustoms costs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBusiness size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe regression analysis confirmed a strong positive relationship between customs costs and operational challenges (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.675, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The coefficient for business size was not statistically significant, indicating that larger businesses did not necessarily face fewer challenges. In contrast, higher education levels were associated with a moderate decrease in operational challenges (H1 supported).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.4. Mediating analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructural equation modeling was utilized to examine the mediating effect of adaptive strategies on the relationship between customs costs and operational challenges. Results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMediating analysis results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et-Statistic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustoms Costs \u0026rarr; Operational Challenges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.759\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustoms Costs \u0026rarr; Adaptive Strategies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptive Strategies \u0026rarr; Operational Challenges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results indicate that adaptive strategies partially mediate the relationship between customs costs and operational challenges, reinforcing H2 (entrepreneurs utilizing adaptive strategies are indeed better equipped to handle customs cost fluctuations).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.5. Thematic analysis of qualitative data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe qualitative responses provided nuanced insights into entrepreneurs' experiences dealing with customs challenges. The thematic analysis uncovered several key themes, enriched with direct quotations from respondents to support the findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.5.1. Challenges in customs clearance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA recurrent theme among respondents was the frustration with customs clearance processes. Delays often extended beyond expectations, significantly impacting business operations. One entrepreneur shared, \u003cem\u003e\"The customs clearance is unpredictable. Sometimes, it takes weeks, and I have a shipment stuck without any updates. It's incredibly frustrating.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother respondent echoed this sentiment, stating, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I\u0026rsquo;ve learned to factor in customs delays into my planning. If I expect a shipment in two weeks, I tell clients it\u0026rsquo;ll take at least a month\u0026mdash;just to be safe.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.5.2. Financial challenges\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe burden of high shipping costs and fluctuating exchange rates emerged as a significant concern. A participant pointed out, \u003cem\u003e\"Shipping costs change so often that I can't keep my pricing consistent. One month, I'm okay, and the next, I struggle to pay my suppliers in China.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral entrepreneurs indicated that financial constraints directly impacted their ability to maintain stock levels. One commented, \u003cem\u003e\"With the costs going up unpredictably, I've had to limit my purchases. This could lead to stockouts, which affect my sales.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec30\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.5.3. Adaptation strategies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents shared various strategies to cope with customs-related challenges. There was a notable emphasis on diversifying suppliers to reduce dependence on single sources. One entrepreneur remarked, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I have learned to source from multiple suppliers. That way, if one experiences delays, I have alternatives to keep my operations running.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetworking within industry associations was also highlighted. As one respondent articulated, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Connecting with other entrepreneurs has taught me invaluable lessons. We share tips about navigating customs and finding reliable suppliers.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec31\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.5.4. Efforts to leverage digital tools\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany entrepreneurs reported positive experiences using digital platforms to enhance their business efficiency. A respondent mentioned, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Using technology has really helped me track my shipments better. I can schedule pick-ups and deliveries without going through too many middlemen.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, one entrepreneur stated, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Adopting e-commerce tools improved my relationships with suppliers. It\u0026rsquo;s much easier to negotiate deals through these platforms rather than face-to-face.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec32\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.5.5. Government and regulatory impact\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral respondents voiced concerns regarding the regulatory environment, expressing that unclear or inconsistent policies often compounded their challenges. One entrepreneur explained, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;The regulations change so frequently that I can\u0026rsquo;t keep track. One day, something is permitted, and the next, it\u0026rsquo;s not. It makes planning impossible.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntrepreneurs also indicated a desire for more straightforward communication from government bodies regarding customs regulations, with one stating, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;It would help a lot if we had a reliable source for updates on current customs policies. It\u0026rsquo;s always a scramble to find out what\u0026rsquo;s changed.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese rich qualitative findings complement the quantitative analysis and reveal the intricate challenges Cameroonian entrepreneurs face in importing goods. They underline the importance of adaptive strategies and the role of technology in navigating these hurdles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec33\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.6. Integration of qualitative and quantitative findings\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe integration of qualitative and quantitative data provides a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by entrepreneurs concerning customs processes. This mixed-methods approach allows for a richer interpretation of the results and sheds light on the multifaceted nature of customs-related operational obstacles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec34\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.6.1. Aligning themes with quantitative results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantitative analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between customs costs and operational challenges (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), indicating that higher customs expenses correlated with increased difficulties in business operations. This quantitative finding is echoed in the qualitative data, where respondents expressed their frustrations with unpredictable customs clearance times and regulatory changes. For instance, one entrepreneur's comment about the unpredictability of shipments resonates with the statistically significant impact of customs costs identified in the regression analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe narrative from the qualitative data complements the statistical findings by providing context to the numerical values. For example, while the regression analysis revealed that customs costs notably influence business operations, the qualitative insights offer concrete examples of how these costs manifest in real-life challenges, such as the need to maintain buffer stock or adjust pricing strategies due to fluctuating shipping fees.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec35\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.6.2. Financial challenges highlighted\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantitative data indicated that a considerable percentage of entrepreneurs cited financial challenges stemming from customs costs. Specifically, 71.4% of respondents reported feeling burdened by increased shipping rates. This concern was echoed in qualitative responses, where entrepreneurs described how rising costs could risk their operational sustainability. One respondent articulated, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I\u0026rsquo;ve had to limit my purchases due to high shipping costs, which leads to stockouts. This directly affects my sales,\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e highlighting how the quantitative trend manifests in specific, tangible challenges in business operations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec36\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.6.3. Coping mechanisms and adaptation strategies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth quantitative and qualitative findings pointed towards adaptation strategies employed by entrepreneurs. The quantitative results highlighted a strong correlation between increased customs costs and operational adjustments, such as sourcing from multiple suppliers and using digital tools for logistics management. In the qualitative interviews, entrepreneurs detailed these very strategies. For instance, the statement \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Adopting e-commerce tools improved my relationships with suppliers\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e illustrates how entrepreneurs are actively engaging with technology to mitigate customs-related difficulties, reinforcing the quantitative findings about the positive impact of such strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec37\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.6.4. Regulatory challenges\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe qualitative analysis revealed significant concerns regarding the lack of clear communication from government bodies concerning customs regulations. This challenge was quantitively acknowledged, as the survey data indicated that many entrepreneurs perceived regulatory instability as a barrier to smooth operations. The integration of both data types reveals that the regulatory landscape not only impacts financial metrics but also adds a layer of unpredictability that complicates strategic planning and operational execution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrating qualitative and quantitative findings underscores the multidimensional challenges faced by entrepreneurs regarding customs processes. The qualitative insights enrich our understanding of the statistical relationships identified in the quantitative analysis, illustrating how customs costs compel entrepreneurs to alter their operational strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec38\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.7. Robustness tests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo ensure the reliability and validity (William, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024b\u003c/span\u003e) of our findings, we conducted various robustness tests. These tests are essential for confirming the stability of our results across different model specifications and assessment methods. The following analyses were performed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec39\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.7.1. Alternative model specifications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe reran the OLS regression analysis with different model specifications, including controlling for additional variables such as company size and industry type. This helps us assess the robustness of the impact of customs costs on operational challenges. Results are displayed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRobustness of OLS regression results with alternative specifications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 1 coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 2 coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value (Model 1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value (Model 2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustoms costs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.662\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBusiness size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndustry type (Retail)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.880\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndustry type (Services)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.740\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndustry type (Manufacturing)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.590\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted R-squared\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.508\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.525\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth models confirmed the strength of the relationship between customs costs and operational challenges (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with consistent coefficients across the specifications. The slight variations in coefficients indicate that the main finding regarding customs costs remains robust across different contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec40\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.7.2. Sensitivity analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted a sensitivity analysis by excluding outliers and assessing their impact on the results. Outliers were identified using Cook's distance method. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e below presents the results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpact of outliers on OLS regression results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient (Without outliers)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient (With outliers)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value (Without outliers)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value (With outliers)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustoms costs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBusiness size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted R-squared\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.511\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.508\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sensitivity analysis indicated that the exclusion of outliers did not significantly change the coefficients of interest. This supports the robustness of our main findings regarding the positive relationship between customs costs and operational challenges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec41\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.7.3. Subgroup analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo further explore the consistency of our findings, subgroup analyses were conducted based on different demographic characteristics, such as age and business type. Findings are displayed in the following table (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubgroup analysis of the relationship between customs costs and operational challenges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubgroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (18\u0026ndash;30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.710\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (31\u0026ndash;40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (41 and above)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.679\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBusiness type (Service)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBusiness type (Retail)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.645\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBusiness type (Manufacturing)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe subgroup analyses reveal that the positive relationship between customs costs and operational challenges is significant across all age groups and business types, indicating the generalizability of our findings across different demographics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe robustness tests conducted confirm the stability of our findings related to the impact of customs costs on operational challenges faced by entrepreneurs. The alternative model specifications, sensitivity analysis, and subgroup analyses consistently support the premise that fluctuations in customs costs are significantly related to the operational challenges faced by entrepreneurs in Cameroon (H1). The results from these robustness checks strengthen the overall validity of the study's conclusions and suggest that the findings are not merely artifacts of specific model assumptions or sample characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"6. Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis section synthesizes our research findings in the context of existing literature, highlighting the implications for entrepreneurs navigating the complexities of customs costs and operational challenges in Cameroon. We categorize our discussion into three primary themes: Building on existing knowledge, divergence from established research patterns, and contributions to the field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec43\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.1. Building on existing knowledge\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings substantiate the numerous challenges faced by entrepreneurs in Cameroon, particularly regarding customs costs and the associated operational hurdles. Prior studies, such as those by Ibrahima et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and Wansi and Burrell (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), emphasize the multifaceted issues confronting entrepreneurs in the region\u0026mdash;ranging from bureaucratic obstacles to inadequate access to financing. Our quantitative results expand these discussions, showing a significant positive correlation (H1) between fluctuations in customs costs and operational challenges (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.675, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, qualitative insights echo these quantitative results, revealing that entrepreneurs are deeply affected by unpredictable customs processes, leading to delays and financial strain. Statements from respondents, such as the unpredictable nature of customs clearance and fluctuating shipping costs, mirror findings in the literature about the detrimental effects of such unpredictability on business sustainability (Fuli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Atud et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This convergence of quantitative and qualitative results reinforces the need for effective policy measures aimed at stabilizing customs operations to support entrepreneurial growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn line with previous work on entrepreneurial orientation, our research (H2) also illustrates that those employing innovative strategies are better equipped to mitigate these operational hurdles. This reflects the findings of Mve (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), who emphasizes the necessity of entrepreneurial skills for success. Our results showcase that adaptability through strategic diversification of suppliers and leveraging technology is crucial, reiterating the sentiments expressed by respondents. The qualitative data reveal that networking within industry associations and using digital tools have empowered entrepreneurs to manage customs challenges effectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec44\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.2. Divergence from established research patterns\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile our study reinforces existing research regarding the challenges of entrepreneurship in Cameroon, it also highlights areas of divergence. For instance, previous literature often underscores the importance of socio-demographic factors in shaping entrepreneurial success (Takwi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). However, our regression analysis revealed that business size did not significantly impact operational challenges (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), indicating that larger businesses may not necessarily shield themselves from customs-related issues.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the limited attention given to the impacts of access to financial resources (H3) in mitigating the challenges posed by customs costs offers a new perspective. Our findings suggest that more substantial financial backing enhances resilience against the adverse effects of customs fluctuations, underscoring the necessity for targeted financial support systems for entrepreneurs. This insight deviates from previous studies focusing primarily on external operational challenges without addressing their interplay with financial access.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec45\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.3. Contributions to the field\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research contributes novel insights to the existing body of knowledge by exploring and synthesizing the core challenges faced by entrepreneurs relating to customs costs within the Cameroonian context. By applying a mixed-methods approach, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between customs costs and operational challenges. Specifically, our findings emphasize the significance of adaptive strategies in navigating these complexities (H2) alongside the usage of digital tools that have emerged as essential for enhancing operational efficiencies (H4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the thematic analysis hinted at evident frustrations with the regulatory environment, suggesting a pressing need for reforms to address the perceived instability in customs policies. The voices of entrepreneurs, who requested more explicit guidelines and better communication from authorities, point toward a gap in the literature that future research could explore.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"7. Conclusion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec47\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e7.1. Recapitulation of key insights\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research elucidates the significant challenges entrepreneurs face when importing goods in Cameroon, with a pronounced focus on customs costs. Our central inquiry\u0026mdash;What are the primary challenges entrepreneurs face importing goods in Cameroon, particularly regarding customs costs, and how do they adapt to these challenges?\u0026mdash;was addressed through a rigorous investigation of current customs trends and the strategies entrepreneurs adopt in response to these fluctuations. The findings indicate that unpredictable customs costs impose substantial operational challenges, such as shipping delays and financial strain, corroborating the hypothesis that these fluctuations negatively impact business sustainability (H1). Additionally, we identified effective adaptive strategies, including supplier diversification and digital tool integration, that entrepreneurs leverage to navigate these challenges more efficiently.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec48\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e7.2. Practical implications for business leaders\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe implications of this study extend to entrepreneurs and business leaders operating in similar contexts. The findings underscore the critical need for proactive management of customs costs to achieve operational stability. Entrepreneurs are encouraged to adopt innovative approaches and utilize technology, as these strategies have proven effective in mitigating the adverse effects of customs fluctuations. Moreover, fostering industry networks can facilitate knowledge sharing and equip entrepreneurs with valuable insights into navigating customs-related obstacles. Business leaders should also advocate for streamlined customs processes and improved regulatory clarity from government authorities to create a more favorable environment for entrepreneurship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec49\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e7.3. Contributions to the academic discourse\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study significantly contributes to the theoretical landscape by enhancing our understanding of the interplay between customs costs and entrepreneurial resilience in Cameroon. It builds on existing literature by integrating both quantitative and qualitative analyses, illustrating how external cost factors shape the operational realities of small and medium enterprises. Additionally, by exploring the role of adaptive strategies in this context, the research provides a nuanced perspective on entrepreneurial orientation and innovation as essential mechanisms for overcoming market instabilities. As a result, our findings encourage an expansion of the entrepreneurial framework to incorporate the dynamics of operational challenges posed by external factors like customs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec50\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e7.4. Limitations and directions for future research\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile this study provides valuable insights, it is not without its limitations. The research primarily focused on entrepreneurs in urban centers, potentially overlooking the unique challenges faced by those in more rural areas. Additionally, the reliance on self-reported data may introduce biases that could affect the generalizability of the findings. Future research should consider a broader geographical scope and include longitudinal studies to track changes over time, particularly as governmental policies regarding customs evolve. Exploring the impact of global trade dynamics and their implications for local entrepreneurs could also offer rich avenues for further investigation. Additionally, examining the role of government and non-governmental organizations in supporting entrepreneurs amid these challenges would enhance our understanding of how to foster sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems in Cameroon.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study has approval from Sanya University IRB/ethics committee\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgrawal, R., Samadhiya, A., Banaitis, A., \u0026amp; Kumar, A. (2024). 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The Resource-Based View, Resourcefulness, and Resource Management in Startup Firms: A Proposed Research Agenda. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Management, 47\u003c/em\u003e, 1841-1860.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cameroon, customs costs, entrepreneurial adaptation, operational challenges, resilience, SMEs","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5969209/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5969209/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the challenges faced by entrepreneurs in Cameroon, with a specific focus on the impact of fluctuating customs costs on their operations. Employing a mixed-methods approach that integrates both quantitative and qualitative analyses, the research includes a survey of 210 entrepreneurs across major urban centers and thematic interviews that provide in-depth insights. The findings reveal a robust positive correlation (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.675, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) between rising customs costs and operational challenges such as shipping delays and increased financial strain. A significant portion of entrepreneurs reported adapting through strategies such as supplier diversification and the adoption of digital tools, which were statistically linked to improved resilience in managing customs-related obstacles. Additionally, our analysis using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression confirmed the importance of financial access as a moderating factor in dealing with customs costs. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical insights into the interplay of customs costs and entrepreneurial resilience while offering practical solutions for policymakers to enhance the business climate in Cameroon, including the need for more transparent regulations and improved industry networking.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Unpredictable Business Environment in Cameroon: Delving into the Challenges Entrepreneurs Face Importing Goods and Exploring Potential Solutions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-17 07:05:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5969209/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"36455558-3e80-4a08-88fb-6fc7f134c3aa","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":43912367,"name":"Entrepreneurship"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-17T07:05:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-17 07:05:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5969209","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5969209","identity":"rs-5969209","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}