The ancient slags of Palaeopolis, Andros Island, Greece. Geochemical and mineralogical characterization, archaeometallurgical and archaeoeconomic implications

The ancient slags of Palaeopolis, Andros Island, Greece. Geochemical and mineralogical characterization, archaeometallurgical and archaeoeconomic implications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The ancient slags of Palaeopolis, Andros Island, Greece. Geochemical and mineralogical characterization, archaeometallurgical and archaeoeconomic implications Giorgos Stamatakis, Lydia Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa, Michael Stamatakis This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7437539/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Andros Island is situated in Cyclades, Aegean Sea, Greece and is mainly composed of blueschists and marbles of the Attico-Cycladic Massif with subsidiary basic-ultrabasic igneous rocks. Iron ores have been located close to Palaeopolis and in the villages of Agios Petros and Mpatsi to the north. Iron-rich minerals found in the area include limonite, goethite, hematite, and siderite in the form of veins in marbles or on the contact of marbles with the schists. According to the findings of recent excavations metallurgical slags have been discovered in several archaeo-stratigraphic layers. The aim of the present paper is to characterize the newly discovered slags through identification of synthetic mineral phases formed during the metallurgical processes and measurement of their trace element content in order to consider the metal extracted, the origin of the source ore used, the metallurgical process followed, and the political/military status at the time of mining/metallurgical operations. The synthetic mineral phases of the slag such as wüstite, bustamite, thephroite and fayalite are largely a product of the ore chemistry and Mn-Ba rich fluxes that were used to make this iron. Phase forms and abundance are the result of complex thermochemical dynamics that existed both in the smelting furnace and later in the blacksmith’s hearth. Whether or not artifacts and the processes that created them were connected in some direct way with military or political actions cannot be determined without an additional understanding of the entire technological system, including relationships between primary iron producers, the exchange of iron semi-products, the artefact producers, and the implements that were made. Andros iron slags wüstite bustamite archaeometallurgy Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 INTRODUCTION Geology and mineral deposits of Andros The island of Andros is situated in Cyclades, Aegean Sea, Greece, mainly composed of blueschists and marbles of the Attico-Cycladic Massif with subsidiary basic-ultrabasic igneous rocks that are divided in the Upper and Lower Tectonic Unit which are separated by a low-angle normal fault (Marinos and Petrascheck 1956; Papanikolaou 1978; Mehl et al. 2007). The age of the structurally Lower Unit was calculated as Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, whereas the so-called Makrotantalon, structurally Upper Unit has Permian age (Papanikolaou 1978; Huyskens and Brocker 2014; Bröcker et al. 2016). Iron ores have been located close to Palaeopolis and in the villages of Agios Petros and Mpatsi to the north. Iron-rich minerals found in the area include limonite, goethite, hematite, and siderite in the form of veins in marbles or on the contact of marbles with the schists (Marinos and Petrascheck 1956). Rarely, thin veins of mixed sulfides containing Cu, Pb and Zn crosscut the ironstone formations (Marinos and Petrascheck 1956). These rocks have been sporadically exploited as ore from ancient times till the early 20 th century. Reinecke et al. (1985) discovered Ba, Pb, Cu, As, and Sr enrichments in metasediments and they attributed mobilization and fixation of these trace elements in neoformed minerals during metamorphosis. Detailed mineralogical research of the basement rocks revealed the presence of several Fe-, Mn-, Ni- and/or Ba-rich mineral such as Fe smectites, mainly nontronite and also Mn-rich minerals such as braunite, rhodochrosite, rhoronite, spessartine, ardennite, La-androsite, Mn-rich garnets, Ni-rich magnetite, barite and the Ba-silicates cymrite and celsian in the Mn-rich quartzites, ferro-manganoan metasediments and other metamorphic rocks of Andros (Reinecke and Braunschweig 1983; Reinecke et al. 1985; Reinecke 1987; Bonazzi et al. 1996). Archaeological findings Andros Island is located close to the Attica Peninsula. The earliest archaeological findings are related to the Late Neolithic Age (Televantou 2005). In the Early Iron Age (1150-700 BC), two main settlements existed on the island and probably at the end of 8 th century BC the Andros town, present Palaeopolis, was founded on the west coast of the island. Since 1956, systematic archaeological excavations started on the island at several locations (Cambitoglou 1988; Cambitoglou 1988; Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa 2009; Beaumont et al. 2014; Beaumont et al. 2016; Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa 2018). During these excavations metallurgical slags were discovered. East of Palaeopolis, the geomorphological ridge is named Skouria [scoriae=slag], due to the presence of large amount of stockpiled slags. According to the findings of recent excavations performed by the Department of Archaeology of the University of Athens since 1987, metallurgical slags have been discovered in several archaeo-stratigraphic layers. At the same time, metallurgical hearths of the 4 th -3 rd century BC have been located to furnaces in the vicinity of the city’s agora (Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa 2009; Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa 2018) (Figs 1-3). Metallurgical activity extended over a wide area of the agora and could be due to the wars between the Successors to Alexander the Great, from 337 BC onward, when Andros Island came under the domination of the Macedonians. Its cessation is probably related to the reorganization of the space of the agora in the 2 nd century BC (Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa 2018). Early characterizations of the ancient slags were performed by Dimou et al. (2001) on slag samples extracted from Ypsili and Palaeopolis in 1992-1994. The authors suggested a pyrometallurgical extraction of iron, similar to those described from south Euboea Island, Greece (Dimou et al. 1997). Despite poor information on the presence of copper (Cu)-rich deposits on the island, Cu production slags of Bronze-age date are referenced by O’Brien (2014), while Betancourt (2006) mentions Cu implements on the island dating to the 5 th Millennium BC. Notably, close to the ancient mines of the Mn-bearing iron ores of Agios Petros there are several Hellenistic towers, but one stands relatively well preserved built in the 3 rd century BC. Similar towers exist in other islands of the Cyclades, such as Naxos, Kythnos, Serifos, Sifnos, always close to mining areas, for protection [emery, iron ores] (Mylonas and Siafla 2005; Oikonomou 2006). Andros Island was under Macedonian rule at this time, so the new rulers probably transplanted the technology they had developed on similar Fe/Mn-rich deposits of Macedonia and Thrace, some of them exploited between the 4 th and the 2 nd century BC (Vavelidis et al. 1997; Papastamataki et al. 2001) (Photos 1987; Papadopoulos and Nerantzis 2014). The King of Macedonia, Phillippos, by the middle of the 4 th Century BC, started the exploitation of the gold (Au) and silver (Ag) deposits located in Paggaion Mountain, Macedonia (Economopoulos 1992). It is therefore assumed that during the period of the 4 th to 3 rd Century BC, the mining activity in Greece was promoted. Ferrous metallurgy related to military activities has been described by (Young 2012; Young 2014) from Roman south Wales. The aim of the present paper is to characterize the newly discovered slags through identification of synthetic mineral phases formed during the metallurgical processes and measurement of their trace element content in order to consider the metal extracted, the origin of the source ore used, the metallurgical process followed, and the political/military status at the time of mining/metallurgical operations. Fieldwork – sampling The present study is based on the discovery of metallurgical slags that occur in vast quantities in the archaeological site of Palaeopolis, Andros Island, shown in Figures 1-3. More than 100 pieces of slag with a size range of 5-20cm were collected and stored in the Andros Archaeological Museum for filling and further research and examinations. In February 2016, the scientific team obtained the license from the local Ephorate of Antiquities to select and characterize the mineralogy and chemistry of 22 slag samples. The selection was based mainly on the shape, color (black-heavy to brownish black-porous/lightweight), and weight, as the heaviest/densest ones were assumed to be richer in metallic elements. Lighter in weight and color slags were also selected in order to obtain a more representative sample for comparison and statistical analysis. The shape of the slags is angular and vesicular, having a dull brownish color, contrary to the Cu slags of the neighboring island of Kea that have more massive shape and smaller size and metallic black-gray black color (Pelton et al. 1988). Otherwise, their small fragmented appearance renders them void of firm macroscopic indicators of metallurgical process. Cross-sections of two of the specimens (M32 and M60A) are uncharacteristic for metallurgical slag and may belong to other material categories. Five representative samples of iron ores were extracted from the ancient mines located in Agios Petros, some 10Km northwest of the archaeological area studied in order to compare major and trace elements distribution. The samples were 15-20cm in size, composed of either spongy brownish groundmass, or massive radiated assemblages of lustrous gray black color. Frequently, transparent massive quartz form vug fillings or veinlets of <2cm in diameter that cross cut the ore. Portions of the external surfaces of the samples have botryoidal texture. Analytical techniques The samples and raw material were characterized mineralogically, texturally and chemically, using SEM, E-SEM, stereoscopic, XRD and XRF techniques. SEM: AScanning Electron Microscope, JEOL JSM-6510LA employs a tungsten filament and is equipped with a high and low vacuum mode (10-270 Pa), backscattered and secondary electron detector and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (dry SD hyper detector, JED-2300 EDS) for elemental analysis, was used for the observation of the non-conductive specimens without coating application. E-SEM: Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopeequipped with an Everhart-Thornley and Solid state Backscattered detector, a gaseous secondary electron detector and a solid state X-ray detector with integrated EDAX Phoenix XEDS system. It employs a tungsten filament and unlike a conventional SEM which requires high vacuum in the specimen chamber, the microscope is capable of functioning in a “high-pressure” environmental mode which allows for the examination of hydrated or insulating samples. XRF: An X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF, Bruker SRS300) equipped with WDS was used for the determination of the chemical composition by determining the percentage of the main element oxides present in a sample. Analysis was performed for all measurement at 40kV and 60mA. XRD: An X-ray Driffractometer (Siemens Diffraktometer D5000) equipped with an X-ray tube with a Cu target was used for the determination of the mineralogical composition of the samples. Analysis was performed for all measurement in the 5-65° 2θ range with a 0.04° step size at 40kV and 35mA. The evaluation of the results was performed by means of EVA and TOPAS software programs. Stereoscopic analysis: The stereoscopic determination of the samples was performed using the stereoscope Zeiss Stemi 2000-C and the camera Zeiss AxioCam ERc 5s [NTUA]. RESULTS Mineralogy Table 1 a: XRD Mineralogy of the samples from Palaeopolis Sample Wüstite Quartz Feldspar Fayalite Bustamite Tephroite Kirschsteinite Barite Akermanite GLASS M7 MJ TR MD M26 MJ MD MD MD MD M28 MJ TR MD TR TR TR M30 MJ MD MN TR M31 MJ TR MD TR M32 TR MJ MD M33 TR MJ MJ TR M39 MJ TR MD TR + magnesioferrite MJ M41 MJ TR TR MD M43 TR TR MJ MN TR MD MD M44 MJ TR MJ M45 MJ TR MD M51 MD MD TR MD M57 MJ MD M58 MJ TR MD MD M60a TR TR MJ TR MD M60b MJ TR MD TR M61 MJ TR MD M62 MJ MD TR MD M64 MJ MD M84 MJ TR MD M84b MJ TR MJ MJ = major constituent, MD = medium constituent, TR = minor or trace constituent Slags associated with bloomery iron making processes, both smelting and smithing, are typically dominated by fayalite (and related olivines) and wüstite (FeO), with minor to moderate quantities of glass and sometimes hercynite, and trace amounts of other phases. XRD results of the studied samples indicated that wüstite is the predominant phase in 18 out of 23 samples studied. The other major mineral phases detected were minerals of the olivine group such as fayalite, mostly Mn-rich (Fe, Mn)SiO 4 , (16/23 samples), bustamite, mostly ferroan, rarely calcian (Mn,Ca, Fe) 3 Si 3 O 9 (9/23 samples), whereas less common phases are tephroite Mn 2 SiO 4 5/23, kirschtenite (Fe, Ca)SiO 4 magnesiogerrite MgFe + 3 2 O 4 and akermanite Ca 2 MgSi 2 O 7 (2/23). Other non-containing Fe and/or Mn mineral phases were quartz (13/23) and feldspars (5/23). A glassy phase was clearly determined at least in 13/23 samples, due to the clear hump of the XRD diagram at 20-30 O . Metallic Fe was detected by naked eye in prills up to 1 cm in sample M33. Traces of native Fe prills were also detected in a few more samples (M64, M60b, and M7) by SEM. The XRD patterns suggest that there are slight variations in the d-spacing of neoformed minerals, especially fayalite, tephroite and bustamite. This can be attributed to variances in the metallic element content. Hurlbut ( 1961 ) studying the naturally occurring Mn member of the olivine group tephroite has found that the indices of refraction and the d spacing of d 130 vary, due to the significant variation of the MgO, FeO and CaO content in Mn 2 SiO 4 . Variations in Fe and Mn content also include knebelite, considered either a member of the fayalite-tephroite series or an isomorphic mixture of fayalite and tephroite. Knebelite can contain some other metals like Mg (Dević and Marčeta 2007 ). Similar variations in iron content were detected in natural bustamite (Mn,Ca) 3 Si 3 O 9 (iron-rich bustamite) in the Broken Hill Mine in Australia (Harada et al. 1974 ). This variation in the CaO, MgO, MnO and FeO content in our samples is clearly detected by SEM-EDS analysis (see below), whereas Fe-rich bustamite and Mn-rich fayalite were detected even with the XRD analysis. Most of the five ironstone ore samples studied are Fe-rich, mainly composed of goethite and hematite with minor quartz and traces of calcite. As the XRD analysis did not reveal the presence of any Mn-containing mineral, Mn is probably fixed in manganoan goethite, as it has been described from sediment-hosted iron deposits, along with Ca, Zn and Pb (Parnell et al. 2009 ). The only Mn-rich sample, namely AND-5, additionally contains the Mn-minerals todorokite and cryptomelane, as well as the Mn/Pb- and Mn/Zn-rich mineral oxides coronadite Pb(Mn 4+ ,Mn 2+ ) 8 O 16 and chalcophanite (Zn,Fe 2+ ,Mn 2+ )Mn 4 + 3 O 7 •3(H 2 O). Stereoscopic determinations Under the stereoscope, the slag samples appeared highly porous with variable pore size. The native Fe prills and neoformed minerals were detectable, some of them even below XRD’s detection limit [Fig. 4 ]. Figure 4 Sample M28 [upper left]: vesicular texture of the slag. Sample 45 [upper right]: yellowish blade crystals of limonite, hosted in a wüstite groundmass. Sample 58 [lower left]: Fe prills grown in a gas bubble. Sample 60a [lower right]: Large crystals of bluish akermanite. Slag samples major and trace element chemistry The slags Major and trace element analysis of the slags revealed the presence of high amounts of iron, silica and subordinate manganese as presented in Table 2 . Table 2 XRF elemental analysis of the slag samples M32 M7 M62 M45 M44 M30 M26 M60 M43 M64 P 2 O 5 % 0.31 0.74 2.03 1.45 1.72 1.02 0.56 0.77 0.09 1.35 SO 3 % 0.24 0.59 0.11 0.16 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.21 0.23 0.13 FeO % 0.47 61.660 56.02 53.92 54.47 52.46 51.59 3.55 1.20 51.58 K 2 O % 1.26 0.50 0.63 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.66 2.26 2.33 1.34 CaO % 25.59 2.90 5.34 4.90 4.18 4.45 6.68 12.66 13.57 12.12 Al 2 O 3 % 5.43 2.68 2.05 3.73 4.02 3.28 4.24 3.16 1.71 2.53 TiO 2 % 0.27 0.33 0.11 0.17 0.15 0.17 0.20 0.25 0.24 0.14 SiO 2 % 48.30 27.85 29.45 30.80 29.32 33.84 32.90 53.25 55.29 27.06 MnO % 6.63 0.91 2.42 1.93 2.16 1.94 2.39 19.96 19.70 0.33 MgO % 11.15 1.22 1.31 1.96 1.07 1.47 0.83 3.91 4.68 3.24 Na 2 O % 0.11 0.76 0.12 0.11 2.24 0.77 0.08 0.12 0.66 0.12 Total % 99.76 100.08 99.59 99.85 100.16 100.25 100.30 100.10 99.70 99.94 Trace Elements Ag ppm 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 6 11 1 As ppm 0 0 3 4 15 3 5 1 0 108 Ba ppm 2253 296 536 1553 363 494 1776 4054 9402 146 Bi ppm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Br ppm 4 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 10 Cd ppm 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 Ce ppm 81 22 21 27 20 24 10 87 77 16 Cl ppm 19 207 270 340 460 102 215 23 91 25 Co ppm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Cr ppm 86 47 55 61 62 66 95 235 265 38 Cs ppm 2 5 4 4 6 4 2 2 3 5 Cu ppm 19 144 298 220 225 254 160 45 49 1058 Ga ppm 4 5 5 3 6 7 3 6 8 4 Ge ppm 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hf ppm 7 1 0 0 1 0 0 5 2 0 Hg ppm 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.1 I ppm 0 2 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 La ppm 65 14 11 12 10 12 56 72 11 Mo ppm 0 1 3 1 3 2 4 0 0 6 Nb ppm 1 2 2 1 2 1 4 2 2 3 Nd ppm 79 17 23 43 21 19 48 107 191 9 Ni ppm 1 11 12 12 14 12 19 15 17 59 Pb ppm 6 23 36 32 48 26 23 0 31 142 Rb ppm 10 2 2 2 1 2 1 18 10 24 Sb ppm 2 3 5 5 3 4 3 3 3 24 Sc ppm 0 10 16 11 11 10 23 1 14 14 Se ppm 7 10 12 12 8 14 13 7 10 9 Sm ppm 11 6 10 7 8 8 17 13 15 7 Sn ppm 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 1 1 14 Sr ppm 847 63 80 79 66 65 75 843 950 122 Te ppm 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 9 9 1 Th ppm 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Tl ppm 18 528 899 817 839 792 820 291 221 129 V ppm 7 11 14 22 28 15 42 44 33 13 Y ppm 80 7 10 10 5 9 11 92 118 2 Yb ppm 0 25 26 17 20 0 17 0 0 0 Zn ppm 15 2 13 25 24 24 34 7 29 2 Zr ppm 48 13 13 18 17 18 20 47 33 16 The predominant metallic element detected in the slags studied is Fe, with the FeO content ranging from 56% to less than 4% in 3 of the samples. The Fe poor samples are rich in Si and, either CaO + MgO, or MnO + CaO. Al is less than 5.50% in all samples, whereas all samples are poor in TiO 2 , Na 2 O and K 2 O. The maximum value of P 2 O 5 is ~ 2% and corresponds to the sample with the highest FeO content. MgO ranges from low to moderately high values. SO 3 values are low and only one sample reaches 0.6%. The samples can be classified in two groups, Si-rich and Fe-rich. Most of the Si-rich samples are also relatively rich in Ca, K, Mg, and Mn. This is easily observed on a biplot derived from a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The PCA was carried out in the R statistical computing environment (R Core Team, 2017)⁠ using sub-compositional ratios for a series of major and minor oxides (P 2 O 5 , FeO, K 2 O, CaO, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SiO 2 , MnO, MgO, Na 2 O). According to trace element analysis barium reaches values up to ~ 1% and i is not related with the highest SO 3 value detected in the slags. Cu is enriched up to 0.1% in one sample that is also rich in Pb(142ppm), and in As(108ppm). Selenium reaches values up to 14ppm, while Rare Earth Elements are low and only neodymium shows elevated values (107-191ppm) in the two samples that are also rich in MnO, SrO, CaO and Ba. Zn, Mb, Sb, Ag, Sn, Cr, V and Ni have very low values; Hg is less than 0.6ppm, whereas Cl occurs at a range of 19-460ppm. Among all trace elements studied the most interesting result involves Thallium (Tl) content that reaches up to 899ppm also related with high FeO and low CaO + MgO + MnO. The statistical method Sperman’s Rho Test that is ideal for sample numbers of less than 33, was applied to identify correlations between elements in the slags studied (Fig. 4 ). The main results are as it follows: Thallium is strongly related with Fe [0.86] and Cl [0.80], whereas copper shows strong relationship with As [0.78], Sn [0.85], Sb [0.88], Mo [0.75] and Pb [0.80]. Mn shows strong relationship with Ba [0.80], Cr [0.93], and Ag [0.70], whereas potassium shows strongly positive association with Ca [0.76], Mg [0.80] and Sr [0.77]. Ba has been reported in association with manganese in a Ba-rich cryptomelane member, Ba-rich manganomelane that is associated with Fe/Mn ores in western Crete (Seidel 2003 ). The ores Table 3 XRF elemental analysis of the Fe- and/or Mn-ore samples studied AND-1 AND-2 AND-3 AND-4 AND-5 P 2 O 5 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 SO 3 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.76 SiO 2 8.39 7.98 2.15 5.37 3.1 K 2 O 0.25 0.17 0.03 0.16 0.21 Fe 2 O 3 81.2 81.9 87.84 82.05 74.10 TiO 2 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 CaO 0.29 0.20 0.11 0.9 0.83 MgO 0.03 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.46 Al 2 O 3 0.38 0.16 0.01 0.18 0.61 Na 2 O 0.16 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.42 MnO 0.45 0.44 0.16 0.26 5.50 TiO 2 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 LOI 8.80 8.95 9.78 10.90 8.52 TOTAL 100.06 99.92 100.2 99.8 94.60 Trace Elements Ag 16 8 7 3 29 As 28 126 49 16 1758 Ba 52 233 45 68 5202 [0.52%] Bi 0 0 0 0 8 Br 1 1 0 0 8 Cd 1 2 1 0 90 Ce 13 16 9 15 83 Cl 90 130 100 80 72 Cr 60 36 26 25 166 Cs 5 4 5 6 0 Cu 53 185 0 3 60 Ga 48 17 20 7 770 Ge 1 1 1 1 1 Hg 3 1 1 1 0 I 3 2 3 2 0 La 7 39 6 6 68 Mo 2 4 3 3 8 Nb 1 2 1 1 0 Nd 10 44 11 9 116 Ni 136 178 168 133 96 Pb 1377 775 634 315 12282 [1.23%] Rb 11 16 20 20 0 Sb 31 89 21 14 287 Sc 6 5 7 6 2 Se 6 6 7 8 23 Sm 7 10 9 8 7 Sn 1 0 1 3 2 Sr 38 32 3 23 481 Te 1 0 0 3 1 Tl 348 415 291 284 2514 V 6 12 2 2 59 W 39 41 43 37 66 Y 0 35 11 11 20 Zn 39 96 52 32 28915 [2.89%] Zr 12 9 7 10 11 As it is shown in Table 3 , the ironstone ore samples are rich in Fe and partially in Mn, as the major phases detected are Fe- and Mn-minerals, whereas the small amounts of SiO 2 and CaO correspond to quartz and calcite. The most Mn-rich, Mg-bearing sample is also enriched in a series of trace elements, such as Pb, Zn, Ag, Sb, cadmium (Cd), Tl, Ba, rare earth elements, As and Se. Similar enrichments have been reported from epithermal Pb-Zn and gossan deposits (ferromanganese formation) located in the neighboring areas of Tinos Island, Laurium and south Evia Island (Tombros et al. 2007 ; Skarpelis and Argyraki 2009 ; Melfos and Voudouris 2012 ). The Pb and Zn content of the Mn-rich sample AND-5 is most likely due to the presence of lead and zinc-manganese oxides, coronadite Pb(Mn 4+ ,Mn 2+ ) 8 O 16 and chalcophanite (Zn, Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ )Mn 4 + 3 O 7 •3(H 2 O) respectively and not to sulfides, as the total SO 3 is pretty low (Table 3 ). In the same sample, the increased amount of barium follows the increase of SO 3 and it can be attributed to the presence of barite. Gallium is also enriched in the Zn-rich AND-5 sample and it is in agreement with the genetic relationship of Ga and some zinc deposits as those described by Huston and Bastrakov (2024). SEM-EDS analysis SEM-EDS analysis revealed the presence of glassy porous, highly vesicular phase, Fe prills, dendritic form of minerals, mainly fayalite, nodular concretions, and well-formed crystals forming radiated and cauliflower aggregates. In almost all samples, fayalite occurs with dendrite crystals, indicating rapid cooling conditions (Pelton et al. 2015). Wüstite forms egg-shaped nodules which are characteristic microstructure for typical bloomery iron smelting (Mathoho et al. 2023 ). Out of native Fe, metallic inclusions are rare and have complex chemistry The results are given in Figs. 5 – 9 and Table 4 . SEM-EDS analysis of the slags Table 4 EDS spot analysis of the slags Μ43 Bustamite ferroan crystal [in addition Al replaces Si] Al-rich tephroite [Al replaces Si] SiO 2 48.41 24.34 MnO 17.20 38.92 CaO 14.44 9.82 Al 2 O 3 8.46 16.10 Fe 2 O 3 t 5.44 6.23 MgO 2.99 1.96 K 2 O 2.03 2.36 Na 2 O 0.38 0.19 SO 3 0.65 M64 wüstite M32 Fe M32 wüstite M60 bustamite [FeO inclusions] SiO 2 7.03 6.24 0.99 14.57 12.14 8.28 18.8 38.95 MnO 0.19 0.22 2.34 3.13 3.15 3.45 8.52 CaO 4.18 3.56 0.2 6.39 5.77 3.94 6.16 15.3 Al 2 O 3 1.86 1.95 0.84 3.05 1.88 1.6 2.56 25.97 Fe 2 O 3 t 84.98 86.12 97.33 71.56 75.33 81.49 66.8 9.05 MgO 1.12 1.34 0.21 1.38 1.13 0.89 1.57 1.3 K 2 O 0.53 0.45 0.02 0.03 0.88 Na 2 O 0.14 0.13 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 SO 3 0.15 0.5 0.41 0.29 0.05 0.04 BaO 0.01 P 2 O 5 0.24 0.03 0.32 0.04 0.05 M33 wüstite-kirchstenite-fayalite [minor] or eutectic mellilite/kirshtenite [Photos 1987] SiO 2 14.50 14.24` 11.78 18.14 8.22 18.71 MnO 1.96 1.51 1.81 2.60 2.84 7.70 CaO 13.59 10.04 7.49 13.60 63.53 20.74 Al 2 O 3 46.50 53.45 63.58 36.16 3.29 3.93 Fe 2 O 3 t 20.40 17.23 12.97 23.74 18.26 43.69 MgO 1.12 1.86 1.12 2.34 1.11 2.23 K 2 O 0.91 0.70 0.35 1.15 0.29 0.55 Na 2 O 0.05 0.04 0.06 SO 3 0.53 0.19 BaO P 2 O 5 1.00 0.97 0.84 2.24 1.89 2.20 M45 wüstite – fayalite [Mn-fayalite] Iron prills -wüstite Iron prills -wüstite Resid. pyrite? SiO 2 18.09 14.66 25.35 19.74 3.36 3.85 3.61 4.30 3.80 MnO 2.44 2.54 3.32 4.00 0.19 2.23 2.02 1.97 0.31 CaO 6.30 4.56 6.18 6.34 1.49 1.09 1.02 1.13 13.27 Al 2 O 3 4.42 3.30 4.24 2.27 2.67 2.46 2.25 2.11 2.47 Fe 2 O 3t 62.17 71.11 55.39 64.96 89.63 89.02 89.76 89.15 55.53 MgO 0.90 0.73 1.32 1.54 0.34 0.58 0.52 0.66 0.07 K 2 O 0.71 0.48 0.69 0.30 0.07 0.03 0.19 0.15 0.09 Na 2 O 0.14 0.10 0.17 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.07 SO 3 3.66 1.51 1.81 0.37 1.65 0.28 0.05 0.03 23.85 BaO P 2 O 5 1.16 1.02 1.31 0.40 0.53 0.32 0.04 0.28 0.38 CuO 0.22 0.15 Iron-Nichromite solid solution Iron-chromite solid solution Iron Celsian solid solution [ about 1/1] Fe 2 O 3tt 71.44 74.81 50.37 BaO 20.99 Cr 2 O 3 14.58 15.01 NiO 5.51 0.12 SiO 2 3.08 2.88 8.90 MnO 1.64 1.76 0.56 Al 2 O 3 1.84 3.26 15.23 CaO 0.99 1.32 1.58 MgO 0.23 0.28 0,96 P 2 O 5 0.31 0.23 0.48 SO 3 0.22 0.23 0.47 K 2 O 0.06 0.11 0.26 Na 2 O 0.09 0.07 0.08 M84 wuestite bustamite – Mn-fayalite [?] solid solution [?] SiO 2 7,54 3,77 24,32 27,32 28,45 30,59 23,6 20,7 27,1 MnO 4,66 4,47 6,27 3,18 3,16 7,44 8,69 9,34 2,58 CaO 2,14 1,03 8,67 3,98 4,3 9,84 9,43 9,68 4,11 Al 2 O 3 2,79 1,89 5,62 6 5,45 2,32 1,53 1,82 6,07 Fe 2 O 3 81,31 87,91 49,54 54,3 54,04 45,6 52,9 55,18 56,2 MgO 0,79 0,64 1,19 0,51 0,67 2,05 2 1,32 1 K 2 O 0,18 0,1 1,94 0,22 0,22 0,34 0,31 0,66 0,43 Na 2 O 0,09 0,05 0,36 0,06 0,03 0,2 0,1 0,12 0,04 SO 3 0,03 0,37 1,08 0,45 0,23 0,18 0,16 0,39 BaO P 2 O 5 0,47 0,16 1,73 3,35 3,24 1,4 1,25 1,03 1,82 CuO The increase in apparent Fe content measured in some ideally Fe-poor or Fe-free minerals is most likely due to substitutions in expense of Mn, Ca and Mg, as this Fe high content is constantly measured in several SEM-EDS analyses. In addition, the large Fe-prills of Andros slags have a maximum Fe content of 97%, the rest being trace amounts of Al, Si, Mg and Ca, but not Mn. Similarly, Karbowniczek ( 2008 ) has reported that Fe in the prills is ranging between 96–99%, the rest mainly being unburned charcoal residues, Mn, Si, P and S. It was avoided to run EDS analysis in micro-crystals as it is possible to have analytical eerrors in which some of the oxide phases surrounding the measured mineral were inadvertently included in the analysis. Georgakopoulou et al. ( 2011 ) and Pelton et al (2015) came to the same conclusion regarding the analysis of the Fe content of the Cu prills in slag samples. EDS analysis has shown that most of the crystalline mineral phases are impure, containing variable amounts mainly of alkaline earth elements, Fe and/or Mn. It also revealed the presence of Ni-, Ba- and Cr-rich neoformed phases. In addition, P enrichment was identified in both crystalline minerals, especially the Mn-rich phases and also in the glassy phase. However, its best correlation is with iron (0.60). Bielenin and Suliga ( 2008 ) have reported that wüstite has a microcrystalline form near the surface of the slag block and the form of macrocrystalline dendrites in eutectic nests inside the block. In Andros slag samples, most of wüstite appears with a chain of oriented drops forming a pseudo-dendritic texture. While the morphology of Fe-prills and wüstite is egg-shaped droplets, the fayalite group minerals show skeletal crystal forms. Dević and Marčeta ( 2007 ) studied natural and neoformed minerals in slags of the fayalite group and found that they form rounded crystals in the natural rocks and skeletoidal crystals in slags. SEM-EDS analysis of the ore The ore is mostly composed of iron oxide-hydroxide, rich in Mn, whereas stalactitic chalcophanite (ZnO 21.27%] and fibrous coronadite PbO 26.3% were detected in the sample AND-5. DISCUSSION Metal extracted Even though the EBA is characterized by the ubiquitous use of Cu-alloys, several small Fe objects of daily use have been found in Egypt, dated since the 4th Millennium BC, whereas primitive Fe-smelting installations have been located in Israel, dated since the 12th Century BC and Fe slags in Anatolia, Turkey dated since the 14th Century BC (Leek 2014). In the Aegean region, several occurrences and ore deposits of Au, Cu, Pb/Ag and Fe have been located (Anonymous 1973). In Greek territories, metal mining centres of antiquity are mostly in Macedonia and Thrace to the north, in Laurium Attica, and also in the Cyclades and Euboea islands in the Aegean. Some metal extraction is also reported from Crete (Photos 1987). Most of the metallurgical remains correspond to the findings of slags generated by the processing of sulfides, oxides and carbonates of Cu, Pb/Ag and/or Fe. The common method used was pyrometallurgy and the slags produced are either Cu, Pb or Fe-rich, according to the metal extracted and the nature of the raw materials. However, some slags are rich in more than one metal, i.e. Pb-Cu [+ Zn], as in the cases of Kea and Keros, and these slags needed special examination to identify the metal extracted (Georgakopoulou 2007) ( Pelton et al. 2015). The bulk mineralogy and chemistry, as well as the microanalysis of the Palaeopolis slags is similar to those characterized as iron-making slags found in several places across Europe from the 5th century BC through Medieval times (Dimou et al. 2001; Nerantzis 2006; Caterina et al. 2008; Duka et al. 2012; Sharp and Mittwede 2012; Kramar et al. 2015; Biernacka et al. 2023)(Photos 1987; Dimou et al. 1997. Despite the fact that fayalite and other minerals of the fayalite group, as well as the silicate glassy phase of diverse composition, occur in both Cu and Fe metallurgical slags, the critical parameter to distinguish if Fe was the metal extracted is the presence of both wüstite and almost pure Fe prills that define a highly reducing environment. Even though Fe-rich copper prills have been detected in Cu-slags, the pure Fe prills are absent from this slag category (Rademakers 2015). Other metal and/or metalloid contents of the slag, such as Ni, cobalt (Co), Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, As, or Ag are not indicative of the kind of metal extracted, as these elements occur in a range of different metallurgical slags. Craddock and Meeks (1987) pointed out that in Cu metallurgy, the addition of Fe 2 O 3 , sometimes with MnO, along with SiO 2 was introduced in small amounts as fluxing agents, resulting in a melt of about 1200°C. Poor reducing conditions, however, prevented the formation of metallic iron. According to Prokop and Suliga (2013), the presence of wüstite, fayalite, glass and metallic Fe are indicative of the acid product of a bloomery ironmaking process. Duka et al. (2012) have found Fe metallurgy workshops dating since 385 BC. The phases identified are the simplest detected in Fe slags, composed of Fe and/or SiO 2 . These include iron prills, wüstite, fayalite, hematite and magnetite which have been formed in the upper part of the bloom by reduction of hematite. The findings of specific importance to characterize the Palaeopolis slags as products of ferrous metallurgy are the following: frequent presence of native Fe prills, predominance of Fe 2+ in the form of wüstite, majority of Fe- and Mn-silicates, presence of Cu, Pb, Ag [+ Zn] in trace amounts, absence of Cu prills and/or Pb- and Zn-silicates like those reported from ancient and medieval Cu-slags (Manasse and Mellini 2002)( Pelton et al. 2015). Though a single slag sample contains a Cu content ~ 0.1%, that is still low for slags derived from copper extraction. Stage of production Ferrous metallurgy involves a minimum of two production stages, smelting and smithing, both of which create slag. Bloomery smelting involves the solid state production of Fe metal and a liquid slag born of non-reduced compounds in the ore, furnace lining, and fuel ash. The bloom comprises a network of sintered Fe particles entangled with slag. Smithing, the second major production stage, involves consolidating the metal and cleaning it of slag through multiple cycles of heating and hammering (Biernacka et al. 2023). The parent materials of the smithing slag include the smelting slag, hearth lining, fuel ash, hammerscale (Fe 3 O 4 ), and metal fragments. Depending on the temperature and chemistry of the hearth, the hammerscale may transform into wüstite as it mixes with the slag. Most bloomery Fe smelting took place in woodlands where charcoal fuel was more readily available. Smithing, however, took place in a variety of settings biased by the socioeconomic and population structures of the consumer base it served. This could include, amongst other contexts, urban markets where smiths repaired, created, and customized products on-demand. The archaeological frequency of Fe-refining facilities can thus be much higher than those of primary production facilities. Smithing slag can be discriminated from smelting slag via morphology in those instances where it forms easily recognized plano-convex hearth cakes (Serneels and Perret 2003). Otherwise, smithing slag tends to resemble fragmented pieces of furnace slag, sometimes exhibiting strong magnetism because of its higher metallic Fe and hammerscale contents. The microstructure of smithing slag contains the same phases as smelting slag with higher concentrations of wüstite and sometimes magnetite. The chemistry of smithing slag also deviates from that of smelting slag because of the influence from its parent materials. Identification, however, requires the presence of both kinds of slags as well as some assurance that they derive from the same smelting system. Further, slag produced during primary bloom smithing deviates less from its primary parent than does the residuum of more extensive Fe processing. Given the factors involved in discriminating slag derived from different stages of Fe production, evaluation of such hypotheses is limited to the preponderance of the evidence. The slags excavated from Palaeopolis were found in an urban context, are small and fragmented, and contain high levels of wüstite. Without additional samples and information, the best hypothesis is that these represent smithing slags. The origin of the raw materials The archaeometallurgy of Cu, Pb/Ag and Fe in the Cyclades and Crete islands from the EBA has been described by several authors (Georgakopoulou 2004; Georgakopoulou 2005; Bassiakos and Philaniotou 2007; Georgakopoulou et al. 2011) (Photos 1987; Pelton et al. 2014). Traces of metallurgical activities and workshops have been found in Tinos (Cu), Keros (Cu), Kea (Cu, Pb/Ag, and new Fe-findings in Karthaia Theater) (Broodbank 2002; Georgakopoulou 2007; Georgakopoulou 2007; Zianni 2012; De Tournefort 2018), and also confirmed by the archaeologist Dr. T. Panagou in 2015 ( personal communication). On Serifos Island, there exist Fe ores in the form of magnetite and minor hematite but not Mn-rich deposits. These deposits were mined mainly in the early 20th Century AD. By contrast, the metallurgy of Cu has been described at Tinos, as well as Sifnos (including Au and Pb/Ag), and Kythnos. Both Cu and Fe metallurgy have been described on Crete, mainly in the EBA (Higgins and Higgins 1996; Georgakopoulou 2004; Georgakopoulou 2005; Liritzis et al. 2006; Bassiakos and Philaniotou 2007; Catapotis 2007; Dill et al. 2010; Zianni 2012; O’Brien 2014). Interestingly, EBA Cu-slags and Classical to Late Roman Fe-slags have been located on the islands of Aegina and Cythera, respectively, which have no reported mining activity or ore deposits. It is suggested, therefore, that the raw materials have been transported to these areas(Georgakopoulou 2014; O’Brien 2014). Recent research has pointed out that besides the in situ extraction, processing, and use of Fe ores, raw and/or processed Fe metal was traded in antiquity as lumps across the Mediterranean Region and in Western Europe (Tylecote 2002; Georgakopoulou 2014; Charlton 2015; Benvenuti et al. 2016). Ironstones vary considerably in their major, minor and trace element content, due to genetic differences, degree of alteration and reworking. Differences arose in the nature of the Fe-rich/bearing minerals, but also the accessory minerals that accompany a specific ore. Hence, the Fe/Mn ores are rich in Co, Ba, and P, beach deposits of magnetite are rich in Ti, lateritic ironstones are rich in Ni and Cr, whereas the oxidized mixed sulfide ores that yield Fe-oxy/hydroxides are rich in Cu, Pb, Zn, Sb and other trace metals, plus As. Charlton (2015) presented a review of the methods that various authors used to identify the provenance of the iron ores that was used for metallurgy. They can be summarized as comparisons of: trace element chemistry of the metal to that of the ore isotopic ratios in the metal to those of the ores bulk and trace elemental chemistry of small inclusions of slag in the metal to that in the ore bulk and trace elemental chemistry of small inclusions of slag in the metal to that of the smelting slag The trace element content of the primary ore is sometimes a critical factor for recognizing the origin of the raw materials used in metallurgy. However, recent studies have demonstrated that from a Sn-WW-rich iron ore, tungsten preferentially associates with slag inclusions and tin becomes enriched in the metallic phase (Benvenuti et al. 2016). Besides Andros Island itself, other Fe-rich mineral deposits exploited in the Aegean since antiquity are described from south Euboea Island, Kea, Kythnos and Crete (Photos 1987; (Treister 2018). It is a matter of question why ferrous metallurgy was absent from the Cycladic island of Serifos during antiquity, even though there exist significant ironstone deposits in the form of magnetite or hematite with low (< 2 wt %) Mn content (Anonymous 1973). The deposits on Andros, as well as those on Kythnos and Kea, are composed of mainly hematite-goethite and minor siderite. Contrary to the Serifos Fe-ores, Mn occurs in almost all mining sites on Andros. The variable percentages of Mn lead to the characterization of the rocks as Fe-, Fe/Mn-, or Mn-deposits. Detailed mineralogical research on Andros Island revealed the presence of Fe-Mn-rich quartzites, Manganoan garnets, Ni-rich magnetite and the barium silicates cymrite and celsian in the Mn-rich metamorphic rocks of Andros (Reinecke and Braunschweig 1983; Reinecke 1987). The high concentrations of Mn in the slags, combined with the presence of Ba-silicates and Ni-spinels in the studied materials support a local origin of the Fe ores. Thallium has a relatively low melting point (304 o C) and commonly occurs in pyrite, hematite, and manganese ores in which it is firmly fixed in the lattice of Mn-oxides, replacing K, Ba and Pb (Crittenden et al. 1962; Xiao et al. 2004); Martin 2005). Reinecke et al. (1985) study on deep-sea ferromanganoan sediments describes, in addition to Cu, Ba, Pb, Sr, and As enrichments, metasediments containing high concentrations of Tl, Mo, Zn, and Co. In 2011, the Brazilian mining company ITAOESTE SA, announced the discovery of a unique Tl ore deposit in Bahia, associated with Mn and Co in continental geological environment (IBRAM 2011). In the Aegean region, high Tl contents have been measured in active submarine hydrothermal vents offshore SE Milos Island, where hydrous ferric oxides have Tl concentrations of up to 5000 ppm (Kati et al. 2015; Voudouris et al. 2021), and also in the volcano of Kolumbo, offshore NE Santorini (Thera) island where > 1000 ppm Tl has been measured (Kilias et al. 2013). High concentrations of Tl characterize the Andros slags. Fe slags derived from western Crete Island and Kea Island contain < 200 ppm Tl (unpublished, personal measurements). There are no measurements available from Kythnos and Serifos Island for any comparison. Crittenden et al. (1962) have measured Tl in botryoidal and massive Mn ore deposits that are composed of hollandite-cryptomelane from the States of Arizona and New Mexico, finding values ranging from 700–3700 ppm. Riley and Sinhaseni (1958) have also measured up to 1100ppm TI 2 O in Mn nodules extracted from the Pacific Ocean. Crittenden et al. (1962) suggested that Tl is firmly fixed in the lattice of naturally occurring manganese oxide. In addition, several volcanogenic massive sulfides, As-Au, and Pb–Zn deposits display significant enrichments in Tl (Xiao et al. 2004). Chlorine’s strong association with iron is attributed to the partial conversion of native Fe to FeCl 3 , as the slags have been deposited close to the seashore and hence, the sea spray alters native iron prills to FeCl 3 . It is plausible to consider the import of raw Fe ores from another area of the NE Mediterranean, as it is well known that trading was flourishing throughout the Mediterranean region and Europe since prehistoric times for Cu, Sn, Fe and other metals (Knapp 2000; Broodbank 2007; Jones 2007; Watson 2009; Serneels 2014; Bresson and Rendall 2016). However, the working hypothesis that ancient traders supplied Palaeopolis furnaces with raw materials from several sources around the eastern Mediterranean is weak given both the proximity of significant ore deposits appropriate for ferrous metallurgy and the specific mineral and chemical characteristics of the slag. A selection of ore-related elements and oxides can be used in combination with multivariate analysis to assess the possibility that local ironstones were used to produce iron on Andros (Charlton et al. 2012; Leroy et al. 2012). A series of measured concentrations for the lithophilic elements and oxides (MnO, V, Nb, Cs, La, Ce, Nd, Sm) plus the chalcophile elements (Ba and Tl) were selected based on their likely association with ore and the transference of their ratios into the slag (smelting or smithing). Missing values and zeros were imputed using functions from the robCompositions package in R (Templ et al. 2011). These were transformed to centered-log ratios and analyzed with PCA. XRF chemical analysis results (Fig. 10) show that there are some strong similarities in the chemical ratios between the ore and slag, but also an important difference. The analysis suggests that the true ore possesses richer MnO and Ba contents or that some other high-Mn material was added to the charge. Removing MnO and Ba from the XRF analysis (Fig. 11) results in an increased similarity between ore and slag. In both analyses, the ore sample (AND-5) shows up as a clear outlier. The high-Mn content of AND-5 marks it and other similar ironstones as potential candidates for the smelting additive in question. Metallurgy Temperature of metallurgical works The synthetic crystalline minerals identified in Andros slag, as well as mellilite which represented by the chemistry of the amorphous phase have diverse melting points. In addition, the presence of fluxing agents such as Ba minerals, P and Mn-oxides make the identification of the working temperature of the metallurgical hearths in Andros Island quite complicated. Hauptmann (2007) reached a similar conclusion in his research, as specific elements and oxides decrease the melting temperature. Jak and Hayes (2004) pointed out that it is difficult to make experimentally accurate phase equilibrium and composition measurements at high temperature. According to several experimental measurements and simulations, the estimated temperature of iron extraction in antiquity was ~ 1200 o C (Charlton 2007; Karbowniczek 2008). Sheikh et al. (2010) studied iron slags of the 4th Century AD located in India, assumed a smelting furnace operated at 1250-1300 o C, as fayalite has melting point 1205 o C and the euthectic wüstite-fayalite melting point 1177 o C. Studying the phase relations in the joint kirschsteinite-fayalite synthesis, Mukhopadhyay and Lindsley (1983) found that Ca-rich olivines (Kirschtenites) were synthesized at 1165-1170 o C, whereas fayalite was synthesized in an Fe-saturated platinum crucible at about 1100 o C in a CO-CO 2 atmosphere and the intermediate compositions were reacted at 1168 o C. Similarly, Sharp and Mittwede (2012) studying fayalite-kirshtenite-rich slags found that the interstitial glass was formed at temperatures in the range of 1100–1200°C. The estimated temperatures referred to the melting phases and not to the hot gases inside the furnace. To understand the real situation within a furnace, the kilns that produce clinker of cement have melting temperatures of about 1500 o C but require hot gases up to 2000 o C (Personal Communication with Mr. John Monahos, former Director of TITAN Cement Plant at Kamari, Greece). If Fe contains 4% C its melting point drops from 1550 to 1147°C (Craddock and Meeks 1987). In an experimental blast furnace, in the cohesive zone of 1100-1200 o C, Fe 2+ is unstable, turning to metallic iron expelled from olivine with the form of blebs, the residual forming a melt composed of alkalis, alumina, silica and magnesia (Ryösä 2008). 1088 o C is the theoretical melting temperature of the slag, though it is necessary for the melt to be superheated to ensure fluidity. The other complicating factor is that, assuming no ceramic contribution to the slag from the furnace wall, the reducing conditions necessary to prevent the chemical bonding of FeO to SiO 2 have to be very strong. In that situation, a steel or cast iron might be the expected end product and there should be no free iron oxides left in the slag. Because Andros slags contain wustite, it is suspected that there was a significant reaction of the ore or initial slag with the furnace lining/wall that give them the chemistry that approaches optimum 1 (Charlton 2007). Perhaps the melilites derive from the furnace and are fluxed by the ore as suggested below. MnO cannot be reduced in a bloomery furnace, hence it reacts with SiO 2 forming the Mn, Fe/Mn, Ca/Mn silicates found in the Andros slag. As SEM studies demonstrate, Al 2 O 3 was incorporated in the melilite mineral group, not forming crystalline phases, but only glass. In other Fe or Cu slags, melilites form crystalline phases, so the case of Andros slag, is different. The melting point of melilites is around 1400 o C(Esfahani and Barati 2016). It is suggested, therefore, that fluxes were used to depreciate the heating temperature below 1200 o C. Such fluxes assumed silicate rocks of the basement rock, Ba-rich minerals and the manganese oxides of the Andros ore deposits. As the Fe, Mn and Mn/Ca neoformed dendritic silicate minerals, along with Fe prills and wüstite, are crystalline; the crystallization was started with metallic Fe, followed by wüstite, (fayalite-bustamite-tephroite-kirschteinite) and finally glass of melilite composition. Brey and Green (1977) pointed out that the presence of soluble volatiles such as H 2 O, CO 2 and CO in a silicate melt lower the liquidus temperature of the melt, the H 2 O being more effective, as it is more soluble than CO 2 in the olivine melilite melt, lowering the liquidus temperature more rapidly than CO 2 . The same authors found that at given pressure the presence of H 2 O in saturated conditions lowers the liquidus temperature from 1550 o C to 1110 o C. Even though in Andros Si-rich slags melilite represents the last formed component as glassy phase, in Lavrion Ca-rich slags, melilite in an intermediate precipitation between spinel and fayalite (Tsaimou et al. 2015). Melilite-type phases crystallize only in Ca-rich melts and form in both slowly cooled and quenched slag (Tsaimou et al. 2015). The role of Phosphorus Phosphorus had an important role in the archaeometallurgy of iron, forming a eutectic phase Fe/Fe3P between the molten slag and the solid iron at 1048°C (Thiele and Hošek 2015). Even though P is a toxic element in the modern ferrous metallurgy, phosphorus was used in different parts of the world at least till the medieval times (Fluzin et al. 2011; Thiele and Hošek 2015; Thiele et al. 2015). Indeed, some evidence suggests that harder P-rich iron was preferential in Iron Age Britain and Scandinavia (Buchwald 2005; Ehrenreich 1986) Fluxes used It is generally accepted that the presence of Ba minerals and Mn-oxides acted as fluxes, lowering the melting point of the silicate and oxides present in the kiln. Mn-rich slags have been reported since Late Bronze Age till the Byzantine period (Steinberg and Koucky 1974; Bachmann 1982; Hauptmann 2007; Kassianidou and Papasavvas 2009). Iron metallurgy dated from 2nd century BC to 1st Century AD has been reported in Erna area, Lombardy Italy, related with Ba-rich gossan hematitic type of mineralization has been reported (Cucini and Tizzoni 2014). According to these authors, the metallurgical furnaces are located some 500m from the ancient mines and the slags resulted are rich in barium minerals such as celsian BaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 and andremeyerite BaFe (Fe 2+ , Mn, Mg)Si 2 O 7 . In Andros Island, the presence of Ba-rich and Mn-rich minerals has been demonstrated, having relation with silica and ferromanganese deposits (Reinecke 1982; Reinecke et al. 1985; Reinecke 1987; Dasgupta et al. 1990). The enrichment of Ba and Mn in Andros slags can be related with Ba- and Mn-rich ores used on purpose, as barite and Mn-minerals were used as flux agent in antiquity (Tsaimou et al. 2015) (Photos 1987). The presence of Mn is significant as a flux agent and it does not tend to influence the properties of iron as this element passes into the slag (Rapp 2002; Iles 2014). Bachmann and Rothenberg (1980) consider that Mn silicate slag is liquefied at lower temperatures than Fe silicate slag. Hauptmann (2007) pointed out that MnO had a strong effect on decreasing the melting point and was thus an excellent fluxing agent. In archaeological slags, the decrease in melting temperature is achieved by the combination of low content of Al 2 O 3 and the presence of MnO and possibly K 2 O (Petrí­k and Burdzová 2013). The iron-rich slags of Palea Kavalla (Nerantzis 2006) (Photos 1987) are also Mn-rich, with manganese to be introduced in wüstite, but also in kirschstenite and a groundmass that is composed of either melilite or eutectics mellilite-kirschtenite. Similar eutectic mixtures have been detected in Andros slags. The glassy phase The glass phase of Andros slags typically contains complex silicate mineral phases formed mostly by silicon, manganese, calcium, iron, aluminum and magnesium. Aluminum is almost totally fixed in the glassy phase that has a melilite composition, described as a mineralogically complex solid solution with the general formula (Ca, Na, K) 2 (Mg, Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Al)(Si, Al) 2 O 7 (Nurse and Midgley 1953). Hauptmann (2007) has noted that melilite crystallizes in slags in long prisms or in planar slabs, whereas its abundance varies from high amounts in Ca-Mg slags to poor amounts in Fe-rich silicate slags (Hauptmann 2007) (Keesmann et al. 1985). The amorphous state of melilite in Andros slags judges for a fast cooling of the melt. By contrast, the slow cooled Pb-slags of Lavrion dated since 1st -2nd century BC, contain crystalline melilites (Tsaimou et al. 2015). Esfahani et al. (2016) have found that the critical cooling rate is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the melt. CONCLUSIONS The results of this analysis indicate that the slags excavated at Palaeopolis on Andros are the product of refining, or smithing, locally produced iron. The synthetic mineral phases of the slag are largely a product of the ore chemistry and Mn-Ba rich fluxes that were used to make this iron. Phase forms and abundance are the result of complex thermochemical dynamics that existed both in the smelting furnace and later in the blacksmith’s hearth. The urban context of the slag allows us to infer that this slag was formed during the manufacture and repair of artefacts rather than the primary smithing of raw blooms. Whether or not these artefacts and the processes that created them were connected in some direct way with military or political actions cannot be determined without an additional understanding of the entire technological system (including relationships between primary iron producers, the exchange of iron semi-products, the artefact producers, and the implements that were made). The presence of towers near the mines hints at this possibility and highlights the need for more focused research on the iron production system(s) of Andros. Declarations The authors declare of no competing Interests Author Contribution M.S. was responsible for materials' characterization and also wrote the main manuscriptG.S. was responsible for the chemical analysesL.P-K. was responsible for archaeological research Acknowledgement The authors would like to express their gratitude to Prof. Michael Charlton , University College London, Institute of Archaeology, UK, for his substantial contribution in the clarification of the archaeo-metallurgical processes applied in Andros Island. Thanks are also expressed to MSc. Katerina Xinou, TITAN Cement Company and Mr. Vasilios Skounakis, NKUA, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment for their assistance in XRF and SEM-EDS analysis respectively. References Anonymous (1973) Interpretive Bulletin of the Metallogenetic Map of Greece 1:1.000.000. National Institute of Geological & Mining Research of Greece: 254 Bachmann HG (1982) The Identification of Slags from Archaeological Sites. New York, Routledge Bachmann HG, Rothenberg B (1980) Die Verhüttungsverfahren von Site 30; Procédé de traitement de minerai au Site 30.In: Conrad HG, Rothenberg B (ed) Antikes Kupfer im Timna Tal: 4000 Jahre Bergbau und Verhüttung in der Arabah (Israel), pp 215-236 Bassiakos Y, Philaniotou O (2007) Early Copper Production on Kythnos: Archaeological Evidence and Analytical Approaches to the Reconstruction of Metallurgical Process.In: Day PM, Doonan RCP (ed) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean, Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp 19-56 Beaumont LA, Miller MC, Paspalas SA (2016) The Zagora Archaeological Project.In: Polemis DI (ed) The history of Andros, Kaireios Library, Andros, Greece, pp 253-256 Beaumont LA, McLoughlin B, Miller MC, Paspalas SA (2014) Zagora archaelogical project: The 2013 field season. Mediterranean Archaeology 27: 115-121 Benvenuti M, Orlando A, Borrini D, Chiarantini L, Costagliola P, Mazzotta C, Rimondi V (2016) Experimental smelting of iron ores from Elba Island (Tuscany, Italy): Results and implications for the reconstruction of ancient metallurgical processes and iron provenance. Journal of Archaeological Science 70: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.04.008 Betancourt PP (2006) The Chrysokamino Metallurgy Workshop and Its Territory, American School of Classical Studies at Athens Bielenin K, Suliga I (2008) The ancient slag-pit furnace and the reduction process in the light of new archaelogical concept and metallurgical research. Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering 34(1): 53. https://doi.org/10.7494/mafe.2008.34.1.53 Biernacka P, De Clercq W, Dewaele S, Vanhaecke F, De Grave J (2023) Archaeometallurgical research into the ironworking activities of the Medieval Harbour at Hoeke (Belgium). STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research 9(1): 2257067. https://doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2023.2257067 Bonazzi P, Menchetti S, Reinecke T (1996) Solid solution between piemontite and androsite-(La), a new mineral of the epidote group from Andros Island, Greece. American Mineralogist 81(5-6): 735-742. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1996-5-620 Bresson A, Rendall S (2016) The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy Institutions, Markets, and Growth in the City-States. Princeton, Princeton University Press Brey G, Green DH (1977) Systematic study of liquidas phase relations in olivine melilitite +H 2 O +CO 2 at high pressures and petrogenesis of an olivine melilitite magma. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 61: 141-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00374364 Bröcker M, Huyskens M, Berndt J (2016) U–Pb dating of detrital zircons from Andros, Greece: constraints for the time of sediment accumulation in the northern part of the Cycladic blueschist belt. Geological Journal 51(3): 354-367. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.2634 Broodbank C (2002) An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Broodbank C (2007) The Origins and Early Development of Mediterranean Maritime Activity. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 19(2): 199-230. https://doi.org/10.1558/jmea.2006.v19i2.199 Cambitoglou A (1988) Zagora 2 : excavation of a geometric town on the island of Andros ; excavation season 1969 ; study season 1969-1970. Athens, Athens Archaeological Society Cambitoglou A (1988) Zagora 1: Excavation of a Geometric Town on the Island of Andros : Excavation Season 1967, Study Season 1968-1969. Athens, Archaeological Society at Athens Catapotis M (2007) On the Spatial Organisation of Copper Smelting Activities in the Southern Aegean during the Early Bronze Age.In: Day PM, Doonan RCP (ed) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean, Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp Caterina I, Maurizio T, Giuseppe S (2008) Archaeometallurgy in Messina: Iron Slug From A Dig at Blog P, Laboratory Analyses and Interpretation. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 8: 49-60 Charlton M (2007) Ironworking in Northwest Wales: an evolutionary analysis. Ph.D., Ph.D. Thesis, University of London Charlton MF (2015) The last frontier in ‘sourcing’: the hopes, constraints and future for iron provenance research. Journal of Archaeological Science 56: 210-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.017 Charlton MF, Blakelock E, Martinón-Torres M, Young T (2012) Investigating the production provenance of iron artifacts with multivariate methods. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(7): 2280-2293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.037 Craddock PT, Meeks ND (1987) Iron in ancient copper. Archaeometry 29(2): 187-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1987.tb00411.x Crittenden MD, Cuttitta F, Rose HJ, Jr., Fleischer M (1962) Studies on manganese oxide minerals vi. thallium in some manganese oxides1. American Mineralogist 47(11-12): 1461-1467 Cucini C, Tizzoni M (2014) Iron production in Lombardy from the 2nd Century BC until the 6th Century AD.In: Cech B, Rehren T (ed) Early iron in Europe, Mergoil Editions, Dremil-Lafage, pp 173-180 Dasgupta S, Banerjee H, Fukuoka M, Bhattacharya PK, Roy S (1990) Petrogenesis of metemorphosed manganese deposits and the nature of the precursor sediments. Ore Geology Reviews 5(4): 359-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(90)90039-P De Tournefort JP (2018) Relation D'un Voyage Du Levant: Fait Par Ordre Du Roy, Volume 1, Creative Media Partners, LLC Dević S, Marčeta L (2007) Differences in morphological properties between the olivine group minerals formed in natural and industrial processes. Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 43(1): 99-105. https://doi.org/10.2298/JMMB0701099D Dill HG, Melcher F, Kaufhold S, Techmer A, Weber B, Baumler W (2010) Post-Miocene and Bronze-Age Supergene Cu-Pb Arsenate - - Oxalate - Carbonate Mineralization at MEGA Livadi, Serifos, Greece. The Canadian Mineralogist 48: 163-181. https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.48.1.163 Dimou E, Peridatsis V, Economou G, Televadou C (2001) Mineralogical study of the ancient slags of Andros Island, Cyclades.In: Bassiakos Y, Aloupi E, Facorellis Y (ed) Archaeometry Issues in Greek Prehistory and Antiquity, Hellenic Society of Archaeometry and Society of Messenian Archaeological Studies, Athens, pp Duka E, Çakaj O, Tafilica Z, Gjepali I, Stamati F, Civici, N., Dilo T (2012). Preliminary study of some iron slags from northern and central Albania. 3rd Balkan Symposium on Archaeometry, Bucharest, Romania, Integra Natura et Omnia Economopoulos J (1992) Mining activities in contemporary and ancient Greece. Mineral Wealth(82): 53-60 Esfahani S, Barati M (2016) Effect of slag composition on the crystallization of synthetic CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO slags: Part I—Crystallization behavior. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 436: 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2015.12.011 Esfahani S, Mostaghel S, Barati M (2016) Effect of slag composition on the crystallization of synthetic CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slags: Part II- Measurement and prediction of critical cooling rate. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 436: 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2015.12.013 Fluzin P, Bauvais S, Berranger M, Pagès G, Dillmann P (2011) The multidisciplinary approach (archaeology and archaeometry) to bloomsmithing activities in France: examples of results from the last twenty years.In: HoŠEk J, Cleere H, Mihok L (ed) The archaeometallurgy of iron - Recent Developments in Archaeological and Scientific Research - Dedicated to Professor Rodomir Pleiner, Institute of Archaeology of the ASCR, Prague, pp p. 223-236, 311-312 Georgakopoulou M (2004) Examination of copper slags from the early Bronze Age site of Daskaleio-Kavos on the island of Keros (Cyclades, Greece). Institute of Archaeometallurgical Studies(24): 3-12 Georgakopoulou M (2005) Technology and organisation of early Cycladic metallurgy : copper on Seriphos and Keros, Greece, University College London Georgakopoulou M (2007) The metallurgical remains.In: Renfrew AC, Doumas C, Marangou L, Gavalas G (ed) Keros, Daskalio, Kavos: The Investigations of 1987-88, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge, Oxford, pp Georgakopoulou M (2007) Metallurgical Activities within Early Cycladic Settlements : The Case of Daskaleio-Kavos. Oxford, Oxbow Books Georgakopoulou M (2014) Metallurgical remains from regional surveys of “non-industrial” landscapes: The case of the Kythera Island Project. Journal of Field Archaeology 39(1): 67-83. https://doi.org/10.1179/0093469013Z.00000000071 Georgakopoulou M, Bassiakos Y, Philaniotou O (2011) Early Bronze Age copper smelting on Seriphos (Cyclades, Greece).In: Betancourt P, Ferrence SC (ed) Metallurgy: Understanding How, Learning Why, Studies in Honour of James D. Muhly, pp 157-164 Harada K, Sekino H, Nagashima K, Watanabe T, Momoi H (1974) High-iron bustamite and fluorapatite from the Broken Hill mine, New South Wales, Australia. Mineralogical Magazine 39(305): 601-604. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1974.039.305.15 Hauptmann A (2007) The Archaeometallurgy of Copper: Evidence from Faynan, Jordan, Springer Berlin Heidelberg Higgins MD, Higgins RA (1996) A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean, Cornell University Press Hurlbut CS, Jr. (1961) Tephroite from franklin, New Jersey*. American Mineralogist 46(5-6): 549-559 Huyskens MH, Brocker M (2014) The status of the Makrotantalon Unit (Andros, Greece) within the structural framework of the Attic-Cycladic Crystalline Belt. Geological Magazine 151(3): 430-446. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756813000307 Iles L (2014) The exploitation of manganese-rich ‘ore’ to smelt iron in Mwenge, western Uganda, from the mid second millennium AD. Journal of Archaeological Science 49: 423-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.029 Jak E, Hayes PC (2004). Phase equilibria determination in complex slag systems. VII International Conference on Molten slags, fluxes & salts, Johannesburg Jones MR (2007) Oxhide ingots, copper production, and the mediterranean trade in copper and other metals in the bronze age. Master of arts, Texas A&M University Karbowniczek M (2008) Metallurgical process in ancient shaft furnace -Theoretical considerations. Association of Metallurgical Engineers of Serbia: 145-154 Kassianidou V, Papasavvas G (2009). Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy and Metalwork in the Second Millennium BC. A Conference in Honour of James D. Muhly, Nicosia, Oxbow Books Kati M, Voudouris P, Valsami-Jones E, Magganas A, Baltatzis E, Kanellopoulos C, Mavrogonatos C (2015). Cinnabar, arsenian pyrite and thallium-enrichment in active shallow submarine hydrothermal vents at Paleochori Bay, Milos Island, Greece. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts . Vienna, Austria : 13046. Kilias SP, Nomikou P, Papanikolaou D, Polymenakou PN, Godelitsas A, Argyraki A, Carey S, Gamaletsos P, Mertzimekis TJ, Stathopoulou E, Goettlicher J, Steininger R, Betzelou K, Livanos I, Christakis C, Bell KC, Scoullos M (2013) New insights into hydrothermal vent processes in the unique shallow-submarine arc-volcano, Kolumbo (Santorini), Greece. Scientific Reports 3(1): 2421. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02421 Knapp AB (2000) Archaeology, science-based archaeology and the Mediterranean Bronze Age metals trade. European Journal of Archaeology 3(1): 31-56. https://doi.org/10.1179/eja.2000.3.1.31 Kramar S, Lux J, Pristacz H, Mirtič B, Rogan-Smuc N (2015) Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of Roman slag from the archaeological site near Mošnje (Slovenia). Materiali in Tehnologije/Materials and Technology 49(343-348) Leek RT (2014) The Development of Iron Technology in the Mediterranean Bronze Age. Master Thesis, University of Oslo Leroy S, Cohen SX, Verna C, Gratuze B, Téreygeol F, Fluzin P, Bertrand L, Dillmann P (2012) The medieval iron market in Ariège (France). Multidisciplinary analytical approach and multivariate analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(4): 1080-1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.11.025 Liritzis I, Arfara I, Sideris C (2006) U and Th variation in ancient slags, metals and metal ores: contribution to dating of metals. Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry 6: 93-98 Manasse A, Mellini M (2002) Chemical and textural characterisation of medieval slags from the Massa Marittima smelting sites (Tuscany, Italy). Journal of Cultural Heritage 3(3): 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01176-7 Marinos G, Petrascheck WE (1956) Geology and ore deposits of Laurium. Geological and Geophysical Research, Institute for Geology and Subsurface Research 4: 223-236 Mathoho EN, Nyamushosho RT, Chirikure S (2023) Archaeometallurgical Explorations of Bloomery Iron Smelting at Mutoti 2, an Early Iron Age Site in Venda, Northern South Africa. Metals 13(2): 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020269 Mehl C, Jolivet L, Lacombe O, Labrousse L, Rimmele G (2007) Structural evolution of Andros (Cyclades, Greece): a key to the behaviour of a (flat) detachment within an extending continental crust. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 291(1): 41-73. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP291.3 Melfos V, Voudouris PC (2012) Geological, Mineralogical and Geochemical Aspects for Critical and Rare Metals in Greece. Minerals 2(4): 300-317. https://doi.org/10.3390/min2040300 Mukhopadhyay DK, Lindsley DH (1983) Phase relations in the join kirschsteinite (CaFeSiO 4 )-fayalite (Fe 2 SiO 4 ). American Mineralogist 68(11-12): 1089-1094 Mylonas N, Siafla D (2005) Fortifications and defense projects in Naxos, Technological University of Piraeus, Greece Nerantzis N (2006) Metal production towards the end of Byzantine rule in eastern Macedonia. Mediterranean Archeology and Archaeometry 6: 57-63 O’Brien W (2014) Prehistoric Copper Mining in Europe: 5500-500 BC, Oxford University Press Oikonomou A (2006) Castles and towers in Andros Island, Technological University of Piraeus, Greece Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa L (2009) The Archaeological Evidence from the Agora of Ancient Andros (Cyclades).In: Chankowski V, Karvonis P (ed) Tout vendre, tout acheter. Structures et équipements des marchés antiques, Ausonius Éditions, Bordeaux, pp Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa L (2018) The agora, the site in antiquity.In: Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa L (ed) Palaiopolis, Andros: Thirty Years of Excavation Research, Exhibition Catalogue, Kaireios Library, Andros, pp Papanikolaou D (1978) Contribution to the geology of the Aegean Sea: the island of Andros. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques 29: 477–553 Papastamataki A, Orphanos V, Dimitriou D, Triantafyllos D, Karadima X (2001) An unknown mine in Maroneia, Komotini.In: Bassiakos Y, Aloupi E, Facorellis Y (ed) Archaeometry Issues in Greek Prehistory and Antiquity, Hellenic Society of Archaeometry and Society of Messenian Archaeological Studies, pp 617-631 Parnell J, Lianjun Y, Changming C (2009) Sediment-Hosted Mineral Deposits: Special Publication 11 of the IAS, Wiley Pelton AD, Thompson WT, Bale CW, Eriksson NG (1988) Phase Equilibrium Calculations in Multicomponent Systems.In: Embury JD, Purdy GR (ed) Advances in Phase Transitions, Pergamon, Oxford, pp 52-67 Petrí­k J, Burdzová ču (2013) Melting temperature of archaeometallurgical slag. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 19(4): 319-328. https://doi.org/10.63278/10.63278/mme.v31.1 Prokop P, Suliga I (2013) Two thousand years of iron smelting in the Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, North East India. Current Science 104(6): 761-768 Rademakers F (2015) Into the Crucible. Methodological approaches to reconstructing crucible metallurgy, from New Kingdom Egypt to Late Roman Thrace, Ph.D. Thesis, University College London Rapp GR (2002) Archaeomineralogy, Springer Berlin Heidelberg Reinecke T (1982) Cymrite and celsian in manganese-rich metamorphic rocks from Andros Island/Greece. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 79(3): 333-336. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371525 Reinecke T (1987) Manganoan deerite and calderitic garnet from high-pressure metamorphic Fe-Mn-rich quartzites on Andros Island, Greece. Mineralogical Magazine 51(360): 247-251. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1987.051.360.06 Reinecke T, Braunschweig (1983) Mineralogie und Petrologie der mangan- und eisenreichen Metasedimente von Andros/Kykladen/Griechenland; Minéralogie et pétrologie des roches métasédimentaires riches en manganèse et fer, de Andros, Cyclades, Grèce, Reinecke T, Okrusch M, Richter P (1985) Geochemistry of ferromanganoan metasediments from the Island of Andros, Cycladic Blueschist Belt, Greece. Chemical Geology 53(3): 249-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(85)90074-9 Riley JP, Sinhaseni P (1958) Chemical composition of three manganese nodules from the Pacific Ocean. Journal of Marine Research 17(1): 466-482 Ryösä E (2008) Mineral Reactions and Slag Formation During Reduction of Olivine Blast Furnace Pellets, Doctoral thesis, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Seidel M (2003) Tectono-sedimentary evolution of middle Miocene supra-detachment basins (western Crete, Greece), PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln Serneels V (2014) Ironworking in Roman Switzerland: An interpretation of the archaeological evidence.In: Cech B, Rehren T (ed) Early iron in Europe, Mergoil Editions, Dremil-Lafage, pp 161-173 Serneels V, Perret S (2003). Quantification of smithing activities based on the investigation of slag and other material remains. Archaeometallurgy in Europe, Milan, Associazione Italina di Metallurgia Sharp WE, Mittwede SK (2012). Medieval Kirschsteinite-Bearing Iron Slags of the Develi-Yahyali Area (Kayseri), Turkey, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer Berlin Heidelberg Sheikh MR, Acharya BS, Gartia R (2010) Characterization of iron slag of Kakching, Manipur by X-ray and optical spectroscopy. Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics 48: 632-634 Skarpelis N, Argyraki A (2009) Geology and Origin of Supergene Ore at the Lavrion Pb-Ag-Zn Deposit, Attica, Greece. Resource Geology 59(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2008.00076.x Steinberg A, Koucky FL (1974) Preliminary metallurgical research on the ancient Cypriot industry.In: Stager LE, Walker AM, Wright GE (ed) American Expedition to Idalion, Cyprus: First Preliminary Report, Seasons of 1971 and 1972, American Schools of Oriental Research, Cambridge, MA, pp Templ M, Hron K, Filzmoser P (2011) robCompositions: An R-package for Robust Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data.In: (ed) Compositional Data Analysis, pp 341-355 Thiele A, Hošek J (2015) Estimation of Phosphorus Content in Archaeological Iron Objects by Means of Optical Metallography and Hardness Measurements. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica 12: 113-126 Thiele Á, Török B, Költő L (2015). Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS) on slag samples from medieval bloomery workshops – the role of phosphorus in the archaeometallurgy of iron in Somogy County, Hungary. 39th International Symposium for Archaeometry, Leuven Tombros S, St. Seymour K, Williams-Jones AE, Spry PG (2007) The Genesis of Epithermal Au-Ag-Te Mineralization, Panormos Bay, Tinos Island, Cyclades, Greece. Economic Geology 102(7): 1269-1294. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.102.7.1269 Treister MY (2018) The Role of Metals in Ancient Greek History, Brill Tsaimou C, Tsakiridis P, Oustadakis P (2015) Analytical and Technological Evaluation of Ancient Lead Slags from Lavrion, Attica Greece. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 15: 113-117. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16605 Tylecote RF (2002) A History Of Metallurgy, Maney Publishing for Institute of Materials Vavelidis M, Christofidis G, Melfos V (1997). Ancient mining activity in the broader area of Kavala-Filipoi. 1st International Conference on Ancient Greek Technology, Thessaloniki, Greecce Voudouris P, Kati M, Magganas A, Keith M, Valsami-Jones E, Haase KK, R., Nestmeyer M (2021) Arsenian Pyrite and Cinnabar from Active Submarine Nearshore Vents, Paleochori Bay, Milos Island, Greece. Minerals 11(1): 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11010014 Watson P (2009) Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud, HarperCollins Xiao T, Guha J, Boyle DR, Liu C-Q, Zheng B-s, Wilson GC, Rouleau A, Chen J-a (2004) Naturally occurring thallium: a hidden geoenvironmental health hazard? Environment international 30 4: 501-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2003.10.004 Young T (2012). Investigation of a bloom fragment from Cannop, Forest of Dean (Glos HER 37920). GeoArch Report 2012/21 : 5. Young T (2014) Roman military control on iron-making in South Wales.In: Cech B, Rehren T (ed) Early iron in Europe, Éditions Monique Mergoil, Montagnac, pp 215–226 Zianni AM (2012) The processing of Cu and Fe and the metallic objects of Late Bronze Age and Iron in south Greece. PhD Thesis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 20 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 25 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 25 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7437539","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":505725843,"identity":"58f228fb-ae48-4e26-acd5-214b871a3264","order_by":0,"name":"Giorgos Stamatakis","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Giorgos","middleName":"","lastName":"Stamatakis","suffix":""},{"id":505725844,"identity":"609064f3-24aa-4eaa-ae50-c8e86d426227","order_by":1,"name":"Lydia Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lydia","middleName":"","lastName":"Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa","suffix":""},{"id":505725845,"identity":"3e735440-3eef-4bb9-b85b-1e683b3a62f9","order_by":2,"name":"Michael Stamatakis","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADAzYG5gNA2oIItWwgIgGkhS0ByJIgQQsDA48BcVrk5zc/3fDzh50xH/+Zzy8+VEgwGBxvfsD4dQ9uLQbH2Mxu9iQkm7FJ5G6znHEGqOXMMQNmmWd4tLAxmN3gSWC2YZPg3WbM2wbUciPBgFniAB6HtbF/u/knod6Gjf/MM+O/YC3pH/BqYTjGY3abJ+GwGRtDDvNjRrCWHAPGD3i0GBzLKbstk3bcmE0izYyx54wEj+SZMwWHGfA5rPn4tptvbKoN5/cffvzhR4WNHN/x9o0Pf+BzGBJgA0UKD4h1mIc4HQzMH2Asxh9EahkFo2AUjIIRAQApcFBAnq3UugAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michael","middleName":"","lastName":"Stamatakis","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-22 22:08:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7437539/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7437539/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-026-02463-z","type":"published","date":"2026-04-23T15:59:15+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90414418,"identity":"d4a11da0-b846-4570-8f78-835de12e67f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 12:55:28","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":875564,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTopographical plan of Palaeopolis showing the ruins of the ancient city, based on the finds from the surface survey (1985-1986, 1989-1991)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437539/v1/0a9fd33a5afdd110b014517f.png"},{"id":90414714,"identity":"dda3e744-ba4c-43a3-9823-6f9e5d0d7c1f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 13:03:29","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":906096,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRemnants of the main furnace found inside Agora of ancient Andros (Palaeopolis)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437539/v1/697c22949606530ab05f79b7.png"},{"id":90414422,"identity":"f577a26f-eecb-4c33-890b-cc73b7451640","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 12:55:29","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":479039,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe sampling sites of the slags inside the Agora of Palaeopolis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSamples collected from sampling site 1: M28, M30, M31, M64, M84, M84b\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSamples collected from sampling site 2: M7, M32, M33\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSamples collected from sampling site 3: M41, M43, M44, M45, M57, Μ58, Μ60a, Μ60b, M61, M62,\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSamples collected from sampling site 4: M26, M39, M51\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437539/v1/9dfbd92c2038881d7c0bde53.png"},{"id":90414424,"identity":"58821f95-6135-4e50-aeda-88a98c32c270","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 12:55:29","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1155158,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSample M28 [upper left]: vesicular texture of the slag. Sample 45 [upper right]: yellowish blade crystals of limonite, hosted in a wüstite groundmass. Sample 58 [lower left]: Fe prills grown in a gas bubble. Sample 60a [lower right]: Large crystals of bluish akermanite.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437539/v1/1b09cd3e538d88d73674acf8.png"},{"id":90414421,"identity":"a8d30c5f-2633-46cd-abb6-bad0cece921d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 12:55:29","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33116,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4\u003c/strong\u003e PCA biplot of Palaeopolis slag specimens characterized by the subcompositional values for select major and minor oxides\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437539/v1/64807fe6da57f67cc775b165.png"},{"id":90415830,"identity":"027890b3-82b0-4e81-a9b4-ea521bc406c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 13:11:29","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":481656,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 5\u003c/strong\u003e Sample M43. The porous fused phase [gas escapes] that represents the groundmass of the sample [half left]. Tephroite is the lighter in color patches of the image; whereas dark fragments of the original gangue mineral assemblages are also shown. Authigenic bustamite lepispheres grown on ropy glassy groundmass [lower half]. Euhedral Ba-Fe-Mn-Si neoformed twinned crystals [ericssonite?] sunk in a bustamite groundmass [white crystals close to the center].\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437539/v1/5d176e8b123534abefdd525f.png"},{"id":90414426,"identity":"1ba3fe23-123a-42e9-9110-6a191dafe2ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 12:55:29","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":535167,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 6\u003c/strong\u003e Sample M60b Perfectly spherical spaces most likely formed by removing of metallic iron during crushing of the sample in a glassy-cryptocrystalline groundmass Smaller Fe prills are still preserved [left photo]. Cracks formed by rapid cooling and vugs resulted from gas escapes are partially covered by bustamite micro-lepispheres [right photo].\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437539/v1/6dae9a9fd907c1cf65ffdbf2.png"},{"id":90414430,"identity":"5d0f3833-163c-4f84-b533-4e27f490d318","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 12:55:29","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":737148,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 7\u003c/strong\u003e Sample M64 Bortyoidal wüstite nodules hosted in dendritic kirschsteinite and a dark glassy groundmass [upper left photo]. Dendritic kirschstenite hosting white wüstite nodules [upper right photo]. Gray dendritic euhedral-anhedral crystal assemblages of Kirschtenite and dark glassy phase hosting rare [white] iron prills [lowermost photo].\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437539/v1/dcdb6a09f933c753b86d7af5.png"},{"id":90414718,"identity":"d7455753-1b93-4351-b031-3065d05ca260","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 13:03:29","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":514688,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 8\u003c/strong\u003e Sample M7 Abundant wüstite, partially oriented white egg-shaped nodules hosted in a gray fayalite groundmass [left photo]. Closely packed white wüstite nodules and euhedral fayalite crystals [right photo].\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437539/v1/a0756b52256da68e0bbb22a4.png"},{"id":90414435,"identity":"9e3e6fd3-399f-4737-94a2-77d582ae0a2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 12:55:29","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":553294,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 9\u003c/strong\u003e Sample M45 Cr-Ni-Fe-rich alloy trapped in between fayalite laths [left photo]. \u0026nbsp;Ba-Al-Fe-Si-rich neoformed mineral phase in between fayalite paths - eutectic celsian-andremeyerite? [right photo]. Sample M84 egg-shaped wüstite drops hosted into fayalite groundmass [lowermost photo]\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437539/v1/91b2d49640d3d49cb41b8a46.png"},{"id":90414451,"identity":"8b040729-f72d-48ca-a70e-da841747f713","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 12:55:29","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38775,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 10\u003c/strong\u003eLeft: PCA biplot of Palaeopolis ore and slag specimens characterized by centered log ratio transformations of select ore-related elements and oxides; Right: Dendrogram arising from an average linkage cluster analysis of the raw PC scores\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437539/v1/918c7e309ec6e35182bdc64b.png"},{"id":90414431,"identity":"768dc610-d5f9-4daf-b8b2-c93d439861d1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 12:55:29","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37340,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 11 \u003c/strong\u003eLeft: PCA biplot of Palaeopolis ore and slag specimens characterized by centered log ratio transformations of select ore-related elements and oxides excluding MnO and Ba; Right: Dendrogram arising from an average linkage cluster analysis of the raw PC scores\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437539/v1/08612bcda43aa4488787db28.png"},{"id":107927961,"identity":"2657a3e6-8600-4def-b556-42afa313c189","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 16:06:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":8587495,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7437539/v1/aabefc2e-697d-44c5-aec8-e8bb0f970328.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The ancient slags of Palaeopolis, Andros Island, Greece. Geochemical and mineralogical characterization, archaeometallurgical and archaeoeconomic implications","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eGeology and mineral deposits of Andros\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe island of Andros is situated in Cyclades, Aegean Sea, Greece, mainly composed of blueschists and marbles of the Attico-Cycladic Massif with subsidiary basic-ultrabasic igneous rocks that are divided in the Upper and Lower Tectonic Unit which are separated by a low-angle normal fault (Marinos and Petrascheck 1956; Papanikolaou 1978; Mehl et al. 2007). The age of the structurally Lower Unit was calculated as Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, whereas the so-called Makrotantalon, structurally Upper Unit has Permian age (Papanikolaou 1978; Huyskens and Brocker 2014; Bröcker et al. 2016). Iron ores have been located close to Palaeopolis and in the villages of Agios Petros and Mpatsi to the north. Iron-rich minerals found in the area include limonite, goethite, hematite, and siderite in the form of veins in marbles or on the contact of marbles with the schists (Marinos and Petrascheck 1956). \u0026nbsp;Rarely, thin veins of mixed sulfides containing Cu, Pb and Zn crosscut the ironstone formations (Marinos and Petrascheck 1956). These rocks have been sporadically exploited as ore from ancient times till the early 20\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e century. Reinecke et al. (1985) discovered Ba, Pb, Cu, As, and Sr enrichments in metasediments and they attributed mobilization and fixation of these trace elements in neoformed minerals during metamorphosis. Detailed mineralogical research of the basement rocks revealed the presence of several Fe-, Mn-, Ni- and/or Ba-rich mineral such as Fe smectites, mainly nontronite and also Mn-rich minerals such as braunite, rhodochrosite, rhoronite, spessartine, ardennite, La-androsite, Mn-rich garnets, Ni-rich magnetite, barite and the Ba-silicates cymrite and celsian in the Mn-rich quartzites, ferro-manganoan \u0026nbsp;metasediments and other metamorphic rocks of Andros (Reinecke and Braunschweig 1983; Reinecke et al. 1985; Reinecke 1987; Bonazzi et al. 1996).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eArchaeological findings\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAndros Island is located close to the Attica Peninsula. The earliest archaeological findings are related to the Late Neolithic Age (Televantou 2005). In the Early Iron Age (1150-700 BC), two main settlements existed on the island and probably at the end of 8\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e century BC the Andros town, present Palaeopolis, was founded on the west coast of the island. Since 1956, systematic archaeological excavations started on the island at several locations (Cambitoglou 1988; Cambitoglou 1988; Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa 2009; Beaumont et al. 2014; Beaumont et al. 2016; Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa 2018). During these excavations metallurgical slags were discovered. East of Palaeopolis, the geomorphological ridge is named Skouria [scoriae=slag], due to the presence of large amount of stockpiled slags. According to the findings of recent excavations performed by the Department of Archaeology of the University of Athens since 1987, metallurgical slags have been discovered in several archaeo-stratigraphic layers. At the same time, metallurgical hearths of the 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e-3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e century BC have been located to furnaces in the vicinity of the city’s agora (Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa 2009; Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa 2018) (Figs 1-3). Metallurgical activity extended over a wide area of the agora and could be due to the wars between the Successors to Alexander the Great, from 337 BC onward, when Andros Island came under the domination of the Macedonians. Its cessation is probably related to the reorganization of the space of the agora in the 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e century BC (Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa 2018). Early characterizations of the ancient slags were performed by Dimou et al. (2001) on slag samples extracted from Ypsili and Palaeopolis in 1992-1994. The authors suggested a pyrometallurgical extraction of iron, similar to those described from south Euboea Island, Greece (Dimou et al. 1997).\u0026nbsp;Despite poor information on the presence of copper (Cu)-rich deposits on the island, Cu production slags of Bronze-age date are referenced by O’Brien (2014), while Betancourt (2006) mentions Cu implements on the island dating to the 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Millennium BC. Notably, close to the ancient mines of the Mn-bearing iron ores of Agios Petros there are several Hellenistic towers, but one stands relatively well preserved built in the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ecentury BC. Similar towers exist in other islands of the Cyclades, such as \u0026nbsp; Naxos, Kythnos, Serifos, Sifnos, always close to mining areas, for protection [emery, iron ores] (Mylonas and Siafla 2005; Oikonomou 2006). Andros Island was under Macedonian rule at this time, so the new rulers probably transplanted the technology they had developed on similar Fe/Mn-rich deposits of Macedonia and Thrace, some of them exploited between the 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e and the 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e century BC (Vavelidis et al. 1997; Papastamataki et al. 2001) (Photos 1987; Papadopoulos and Nerantzis 2014).\u0026nbsp;The King of Macedonia, Phillippos, by the middle of the 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Century BC, started the exploitation of the gold (Au) and silver (Ag) deposits located in Paggaion Mountain, Macedonia (Economopoulos 1992). It is therefore assumed that during the period of the 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e to 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e Century BC, the mining activity in Greece was promoted. \u0026nbsp;Ferrous metallurgy related to military activities has been described by (Young 2012; Young 2014) from Roman south Wales.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aim of the present paper is to characterize the newly discovered slags through identification of synthetic mineral phases formed during the metallurgical processes and measurement of their trace element content in order to consider the metal extracted, the origin of the source ore used, the metallurgical process followed, and the political/military status at the time of mining/metallurgical operations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFieldwork – sampling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study is based on the discovery of metallurgical slags that occur in vast quantities in the archaeological site of Palaeopolis, Andros Island, shown in Figures 1-3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMore than 100 pieces of slag with a size range of 5-20cm were collected and stored in the Andros Archaeological Museum for filling and further research and examinations. In February 2016, the scientific team obtained the license from the local Ephorate of Antiquities to select and characterize the mineralogy and chemistry of 22 slag samples. The selection was based mainly on the shape, color (black-heavy to brownish black-porous/lightweight), and weight, as the heaviest/densest ones were assumed to be richer in metallic elements. Lighter in weight and color slags were also selected in order to obtain a more representative sample for comparison and statistical analysis. The shape of the slags is angular and vesicular, having a dull brownish color, contrary to the Cu slags of the neighboring island of Kea that have more massive shape and smaller size and metallic black-gray black color (Pelton et al. 1988). \u0026nbsp;Otherwise, their small fragmented appearance renders them void of firm macroscopic indicators of metallurgical process. \u0026nbsp; Cross-sections of two of the specimens (M32 and M60A) are uncharacteristic for metallurgical slag and may belong to other material categories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFive representative samples of iron ores were extracted from the ancient mines located in Agios Petros, some 10Km northwest of the archaeological area studied in order to compare major and trace elements distribution. The samples were 15-20cm in size, composed of either spongy brownish groundmass, or massive radiated assemblages of lustrous gray black color. Frequently, transparent massive quartz form vug fillings or veinlets of \u0026lt;2cm in diameter that cross cut the ore. Portions of the external surfaces of the samples have botryoidal texture.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalytical techniques\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe samples and raw material were characterized mineralogically, texturally and chemically, using SEM, E-SEM, stereoscopic, XRD and XRF techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSEM:\u003c/em\u003eAScanning Electron Microscope, JEOL JSM-6510LA employs a tungsten filament and is equipped with a high and low vacuum mode (10-270 Pa), backscattered and secondary electron detector and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (dry SD hyper detector, JED-2300 EDS) for elemental analysis, was used for the observation of the non-conductive specimens without coating application.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE-SEM:\u003c/em\u003eEnvironmental Scanning Electron Microscopeequipped with an Everhart-Thornley and Solid state Backscattered detector, a gaseous secondary electron detector and a solid state X-ray detector with integrated EDAX Phoenix XEDS system. \u0026nbsp;It employs a tungsten filament and\u0026nbsp;unlike a conventional SEM which requires high vacuum in the specimen chamber, the microscope is capable of functioning in a “high-pressure” environmental mode which allows for the examination of hydrated or insulating samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eXRF:\u003c/em\u003e An X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF, Bruker SRS300) equipped with WDS was used for the determination of the chemical composition by determining the percentage of the main element oxides present in a sample. Analysis was performed for all measurement at 40kV and 60mA.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eXRD:\u003c/em\u003e An X-ray Driffractometer (Siemens Diffraktometer D5000) equipped with an X-ray tube with a Cu target was used for the determination of the mineralogical composition of the samples. Analysis was performed for all measurement in the 5-65° 2θ range with a 0.04° step size at 40kV and 35mA. The evaluation of the results was performed by means of EVA and TOPAS software programs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStereoscopic analysis:\u003c/em\u003e The stereoscopic determination of the samples was performed using the stereoscope Zeiss Stemi 2000-C and the camera Zeiss AxioCam ERc 5s [NTUA].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMineralogy\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea: XRD Mineralogy of the samples from Palaeopolis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eW\u0026uuml;stite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuartz\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeldspar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFayalite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBustamite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTephroite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKirschsteinite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBarite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAkermanite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGLASS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;magnesioferrite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMJ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM60a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM60b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM84b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMJ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMJ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMJ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;major constituent, MD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;medium constituent, TR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;minor or trace constituent\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlags associated with bloomery iron making processes, both smelting and smithing, are typically dominated by fayalite (and related olivines) and w\u0026uuml;stite (FeO), with minor to moderate quantities of glass and sometimes hercynite, and trace amounts of other phases. XRD results of the studied samples indicated that w\u0026uuml;stite is the predominant phase in 18 out of 23 samples studied. The other major mineral phases detected were minerals of the olivine group such as fayalite, mostly Mn-rich (Fe, Mn)SiO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, (16/23 samples), bustamite, mostly ferroan, rarely calcian (Mn,Ca, Fe)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (9/23 samples), whereas less common phases are tephroite Mn\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e 5/23, kirschtenite (Fe, Ca)SiO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e magnesiogerrite MgFe\u003csup\u003e+\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and akermanite Ca\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eMgSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e (2/23). Other non-containing Fe and/or Mn mineral phases were quartz (13/23) and feldspars (5/23). A glassy phase was clearly determined at least in 13/23 samples, due to the clear hump of the XRD diagram at 20-30\u003csup\u003eO\u003c/sup\u003e. Metallic Fe was detected by naked eye in prills up to 1 cm in sample M33. Traces of native Fe prills were also detected in a few more samples (M64, M60b, and M7) by SEM. The XRD patterns suggest that there are slight variations in the d-spacing of neoformed minerals, especially fayalite, tephroite and bustamite. This can be attributed to variances in the metallic element content. Hurlbut (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1961\u003c/span\u003e) studying the naturally occurring Mn member of the olivine group tephroite has found that the indices of refraction and the d spacing of d\u003csub\u003e130\u003c/sub\u003e vary, due to the significant variation of the MgO, FeO and CaO content in Mn\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. Variations in Fe and Mn content also include knebelite, considered either a member of the fayalite-tephroite series or an isomorphic mixture of fayalite and tephroite. Knebelite can contain some other metals like Mg (Dević and Marčeta \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Similar variations in iron content were detected in natural bustamite (Mn,Ca)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (iron-rich bustamite) in the Broken Hill Mine in Australia (Harada et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e). This variation in the CaO, MgO, MnO and FeO content in our samples is clearly detected by SEM-EDS analysis (see below), whereas Fe-rich bustamite and Mn-rich fayalite were detected even with the XRD analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost of the five ironstone ore samples studied are Fe-rich, mainly composed of goethite and hematite with minor quartz and traces of calcite. As the XRD analysis did not reveal the presence of any Mn-containing mineral, Mn is probably fixed in manganoan goethite, as it has been described from sediment-hosted iron deposits, along with Ca, Zn and Pb (Parnell et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). The only Mn-rich sample, namely AND-5, additionally contains the Mn-minerals todorokite and cryptomelane, as well as the Mn/Pb- and Mn/Zn-rich mineral oxides coronadite Pb(Mn\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e,Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e and chalcophanite (Zn,Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e,Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e)Mn\u003csup\u003e4\u0026thinsp;+\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026bull;3(H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStereoscopic determinations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnder the stereoscope, the slag samples appeared highly porous with variable pore size. The native Fe prills and neoformed minerals were detectable, some of them even below XRD\u0026rsquo;s detection limit [Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e Sample M28 [upper left]: vesicular texture of the slag. Sample 45 [upper right]: yellowish blade crystals of limonite, hosted in a w\u0026uuml;stite groundmass. Sample 58 [lower left]: Fe prills grown in a gas bubble. Sample 60a [lower right]: Large crystals of bluish akermanite.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSlag samples major and trace element chemistry\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe slags\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMajor and trace element analysis of the slags revealed the presence of high amounts of iron, silica and subordinate manganese as presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eXRF elemental analysis of the slag samples\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.660\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrace Elements\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2253\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e296\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e536\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1553\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e363\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e494\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1776\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4054\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e265\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e298\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e254\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1058\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e847\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e843\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e950\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e528\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e899\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e817\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e839\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e792\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e820\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eppm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe predominant metallic element detected in the slags studied is Fe, with the FeO content ranging from 56% to less than 4% in 3 of the samples. The Fe poor samples are rich in Si and, either CaO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;MgO, or MnO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;CaO. Al is less than 5.50% in all samples, whereas all samples are poor in TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO. The maximum value of P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e is ~\u0026thinsp;2% and corresponds to the sample with the highest FeO content. MgO ranges from low to moderately high values. SO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e values are low and only one sample reaches 0.6%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe samples can be classified in two groups, Si-rich and Fe-rich. Most of the Si-rich samples are also relatively rich in Ca, K, Mg, and Mn. This is easily observed on a biplot derived from a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The PCA was carried out in the R statistical computing environment (R Core Team, 2017)⁠ using sub-compositional ratios for a series of major and minor oxides (P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e, FeO, K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, CaO, Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, MnO, MgO, Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to trace element analysis barium reaches values up to ~\u0026thinsp;1% and i is not related with the highest SO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e value detected in the slags. Cu is enriched up to 0.1% in one sample that is also rich in Pb(142ppm), and in As(108ppm). Selenium reaches values up to 14ppm, while Rare Earth Elements are low and only neodymium shows elevated values (107-191ppm) in the two samples that are also rich in MnO, SrO, CaO and Ba. Zn, Mb, Sb, Ag, Sn, Cr, V and Ni have very low values; Hg is less than 0.6ppm, whereas Cl occurs at a range of 19-460ppm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong all trace elements studied the most interesting result involves Thallium (Tl) content that reaches up to 899ppm also related with high FeO and low CaO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;MgO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;MnO. The statistical method Sperman\u0026rsquo;s Rho Test that is ideal for sample numbers of less than 33, was applied to identify correlations between elements in the slags studied (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe main results are as it follows:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThallium is strongly related with Fe [0.86] and Cl [0.80], whereas copper shows strong relationship with As [0.78], Sn [0.85], Sb [0.88], Mo [0.75] and Pb [0.80]. Mn shows strong relationship with Ba [0.80], Cr [0.93], and Ag [0.70], whereas potassium shows strongly positive association with Ca [0.76], Mg [0.80] and Sr [0.77]. Ba has been reported in association with manganese in a Ba-rich cryptomelane member, Ba-rich manganomelane that is associated with Fe/Mn ores in western Crete (Seidel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe ores\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eXRF elemental analysis of the Fe- and/or Mn-ore samples studied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAND-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAND-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAND-3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAND-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAND-5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTOTAL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrace Elements\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1758\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e233\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5202 [0.52%]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e770\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1377\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e775\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e634\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12282 [1.23%]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e287\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e481\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e348\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e415\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2514\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28915 [2.89%]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs it is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the ironstone ore samples are rich in Fe and partially in Mn, as the major phases detected are Fe- and Mn-minerals, whereas the small amounts of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and CaO correspond to quartz and calcite. The most Mn-rich, Mg-bearing sample is also enriched in a series of trace elements, such as Pb, Zn, Ag, Sb, cadmium (Cd), Tl, Ba, rare earth elements, As and Se. Similar enrichments have been reported from epithermal Pb-Zn and gossan deposits (ferromanganese formation) located in the neighboring areas of Tinos Island, Laurium and south Evia Island (Tombros et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Skarpelis and Argyraki \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Melfos and Voudouris \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The Pb and Zn content of the Mn-rich sample AND-5 is most likely due to the presence of lead and zinc-manganese oxides, coronadite Pb(Mn\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e,Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e and chalcophanite (Zn, Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Mn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e)Mn\u003csup\u003e4\u0026thinsp;+\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026bull;3(H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO) respectively and not to sulfides, as the total SO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is pretty low (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In the same sample, the increased amount of barium follows the increase of SO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and it can be attributed to the presence of barite. Gallium is also enriched in the Zn-rich AND-5 sample and it is in agreement with the genetic relationship of Ga and some zinc deposits as those described by Huston and Bastrakov (2024).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSEM-EDS analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEM-EDS analysis revealed the presence of glassy porous, highly vesicular phase, Fe prills, dendritic form of minerals, mainly fayalite, nodular concretions, and well-formed crystals forming radiated and cauliflower aggregates. In almost all samples, fayalite occurs with dendrite crystals, indicating rapid cooling conditions (Pelton et al. 2015). W\u0026uuml;stite forms egg-shaped nodules which are characteristic microstructure for typical bloomery iron smelting (Mathoho et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Out of native Fe, metallic inclusions are rare and have complex chemistry The results are given in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSEM-EDS analysis of the slags\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEDS spot analysis of the slags\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eΜ43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBustamite ferroan crystal [in addition Al replaces Si]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl-rich tephroite [Al replaces Si]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e t\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM64 w\u0026uuml;stite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM32 Fe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM32 w\u0026uuml;stite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM60 bustamite\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[FeO inclusions]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3 t\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e97.33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM33 w\u0026uuml;stite-kirchstenite-fayalite [minor] or eutectic mellilite/kirshtenite [Photos 1987]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.24`\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e t\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM45 w\u0026uuml;stite \u0026ndash; fayalite [Mn-fayalite]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIron prills -w\u0026uuml;stite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIron prills -w\u0026uuml;stite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResid. pyrite?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3t\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e89.63\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e89.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e89.76\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e89.15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e55.53\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.51\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.81\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.65\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23.85\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCuO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIron-Nichromite\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003esolid solution\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIron-chromite\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003esolid solution Iron\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCelsian solid solution [ about 1/1]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3tt\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNiO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabe\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ewuestite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ebustamite \u0026ndash; Mn-fayalite [?] solid solution [?]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7,54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24,32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27,32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28,45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30,59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23,6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20,7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7,44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8,69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8,67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81,31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87,91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49,54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54,3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54,04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45,6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52,9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56,2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,37\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1,08\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe increase in apparent Fe content measured in some ideally Fe-poor or Fe-free minerals is most likely due to substitutions in expense of Mn, Ca and Mg, as this Fe high content is constantly measured in several SEM-EDS analyses. In addition, the large Fe-prills of Andros slags have a maximum Fe content of 97%, the rest being trace amounts of Al, Si, Mg and Ca, but not Mn. Similarly, Karbowniczek (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) has reported that Fe in the prills is ranging between 96\u0026ndash;99%, the rest mainly being unburned charcoal residues, Mn, Si, P and S. It was avoided to run EDS analysis in micro-crystals as it is possible to have analytical eerrors in which some of the oxide phases surrounding the measured mineral were inadvertently included in the analysis. Georgakopoulou et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) and Pelton et al (2015) came to the same conclusion regarding the analysis of the Fe content of the Cu prills in slag samples.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEDS analysis has shown that most of the crystalline mineral phases are impure, containing variable amounts mainly of alkaline earth elements, Fe and/or Mn. It also revealed the presence of Ni-, Ba- and Cr-rich neoformed phases. In addition, P enrichment was identified in both crystalline minerals, especially the Mn-rich phases and also in the glassy phase. However, its best correlation is with iron (0.60). Bielenin and Suliga (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) have reported that w\u0026uuml;stite has a microcrystalline form near the surface of the slag block and the form of macrocrystalline dendrites in eutectic nests inside the block. In Andros slag samples, most of w\u0026uuml;stite appears with a chain of oriented drops forming a pseudo-dendritic texture.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile the morphology of Fe-prills and w\u0026uuml;stite is egg-shaped droplets, the fayalite group minerals show skeletal crystal forms. Dević and Marčeta (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) studied natural and neoformed minerals in slags of the fayalite group and found that they form rounded crystals in the natural rocks and skeletoidal crystals in slags.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSEM-EDS analysis of the ore\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ore is mostly composed of iron oxide-hydroxide, rich in Mn, whereas stalactitic chalcophanite (ZnO 21.27%] and fibrous coronadite PbO 26.3% were detected in the sample AND-5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMetal extracted\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEven though the EBA is characterized by the ubiquitous use of Cu-alloys, several small Fe objects of daily use have been found in Egypt, dated since the 4th Millennium BC, whereas primitive Fe-smelting installations have been located in Israel, dated since the 12th Century BC and Fe slags in Anatolia, Turkey dated since the 14th Century BC (Leek 2014). In the Aegean region, several occurrences and ore deposits of Au, Cu, Pb/Ag and Fe have been located (Anonymous 1973). In Greek territories, metal mining centres of antiquity are mostly in Macedonia and Thrace to the north, in Laurium Attica, and also in the Cyclades and Euboea islands in the Aegean. Some metal extraction is also reported from Crete (Photos 1987). Most of the metallurgical remains correspond to the findings of slags generated by the processing of sulfides, oxides and carbonates of Cu, Pb/Ag and/or Fe. The common method used was pyrometallurgy and the slags produced are either Cu, Pb or Fe-rich, according to the metal extracted and the nature of the raw materials. However, some slags are rich in more than one metal, i.e. Pb-Cu [+\u0026thinsp;Zn], as in the cases of Kea and Keros, and these slags needed special examination to identify the metal extracted (Georgakopoulou 2007) ( Pelton et al. 2015). The bulk mineralogy and chemistry, as well as the microanalysis of the Palaeopolis slags is similar to those characterized as iron-making slags found in several places across Europe from the 5th century BC through Medieval times (Dimou et al. 2001; Nerantzis 2006; Caterina et al. 2008; Duka et al. 2012; Sharp and Mittwede 2012; Kramar et al. 2015; Biernacka et al. 2023)(Photos 1987; Dimou et al. 1997. Despite the fact that fayalite and other minerals of the fayalite group, as well as the silicate glassy phase of diverse composition, occur in both Cu and Fe metallurgical slags, the critical parameter to distinguish if Fe was the metal extracted is the presence of both w\u0026uuml;stite and almost pure Fe prills that define a highly reducing environment. Even though Fe-rich copper prills have been detected in Cu-slags, the pure Fe prills are absent from this slag category (Rademakers 2015). Other metal and/or metalloid contents of the slag, such as Ni, cobalt (Co), Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, As, or Ag are not indicative of the kind of metal extracted, as these elements occur in a range of different metallurgical slags. Craddock and Meeks (1987) pointed out that in Cu metallurgy, the addition of Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, sometimes with MnO, along with SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was introduced in small amounts as fluxing agents, resulting in a melt of about 1200\u0026deg;C. Poor reducing conditions, however, prevented the formation of metallic iron. According to Prokop and Suliga (2013), the presence of w\u0026uuml;stite, fayalite, glass and metallic Fe are indicative of the acid product of a bloomery ironmaking process. Duka et al. (2012) have found Fe metallurgy workshops dating since 385 BC. The phases identified are the simplest detected in Fe slags, composed of Fe and/or SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. These include iron prills, w\u0026uuml;stite, fayalite, hematite and magnetite which have been formed in the upper part of the bloom by reduction of hematite.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe findings of specific importance to characterize the Palaeopolis slags as products of ferrous metallurgy are the following: frequent presence of native Fe prills, predominance of Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e in the form of w\u0026uuml;stite, majority of Fe- and Mn-silicates, presence of Cu, Pb, Ag [+\u0026thinsp;Zn] in trace amounts, absence of Cu prills and/or Pb- and Zn-silicates like those reported from ancient and medieval Cu-slags (Manasse and Mellini 2002)( Pelton et al. 2015). Though a single slag sample contains a Cu content\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.1%, that is still low for slags derived from copper extraction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStage of production\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFerrous metallurgy involves a minimum of two production stages, smelting and smithing, both of which create slag. Bloomery smelting involves the solid state production of Fe metal and a liquid slag born of non-reduced compounds in the ore, furnace lining, and fuel ash. The bloom comprises a network of sintered Fe particles entangled with slag. Smithing, the second major production stage, involves consolidating the metal and cleaning it of slag through multiple cycles of heating and hammering (Biernacka et al. 2023). The parent materials of the smithing slag include the smelting slag, hearth lining, fuel ash, hammerscale (Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), and metal fragments. Depending on the temperature and chemistry of the hearth, the hammerscale may transform into w\u0026uuml;stite as it mixes with the slag.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMost bloomery Fe smelting took place in woodlands where charcoal fuel was more readily available. Smithing, however, took place in a variety of settings biased by the socioeconomic and population structures of the consumer base it served. This could include, amongst other contexts, urban markets where smiths repaired, created, and customized products on-demand. The archaeological frequency of Fe-refining facilities can thus be much higher than those of primary production facilities. Smithing slag can be discriminated from smelting slag via morphology in those instances where it forms easily recognized plano-convex hearth cakes (Serneels and Perret 2003). Otherwise, smithing slag tends to resemble fragmented pieces of furnace slag, sometimes exhibiting strong magnetism because of its higher metallic Fe and hammerscale contents. The microstructure of smithing slag contains the same phases as smelting slag with higher concentrations of w\u0026uuml;stite and sometimes magnetite. The chemistry of smithing slag also deviates from that of smelting slag because of the influence from its parent materials. Identification, however, requires the presence of both kinds of slags as well as some assurance that they derive from the same smelting system. Further, slag produced during primary bloom smithing deviates less from its primary parent than does the residuum of more extensive Fe processing. Given the factors involved in discriminating slag derived from different stages of Fe production, evaluation of such hypotheses is limited to the preponderance of the evidence. The slags excavated from Palaeopolis were found in an urban context, are small and fragmented, and contain high levels of w\u0026uuml;stite. Without additional samples and information, the best hypothesis is that these represent smithing slags.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eThe origin of the raw materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe archaeometallurgy of Cu, Pb/Ag and Fe in the Cyclades and Crete islands from the EBA has been described by several authors (Georgakopoulou 2004; Georgakopoulou 2005; Bassiakos and Philaniotou 2007; Georgakopoulou et al. 2011) (Photos 1987; Pelton et al. 2014). Traces of metallurgical activities and workshops have been found in Tinos (Cu), Keros (Cu), Kea (Cu, Pb/Ag, and new Fe-findings in Karthaia Theater) (Broodbank 2002; Georgakopoulou 2007; Georgakopoulou 2007; Zianni 2012; De Tournefort 2018), and also confirmed by the archaeologist Dr. T. Panagou in 2015 ( personal communication). On Serifos Island, there exist Fe ores in the form of magnetite and minor hematite but not Mn-rich deposits. These deposits were mined mainly in the early 20th Century AD. By contrast, the metallurgy of Cu has been described at Tinos, as well as Sifnos (including Au and Pb/Ag), and Kythnos. Both Cu and Fe metallurgy have been described on Crete, mainly in the EBA (Higgins and Higgins 1996; Georgakopoulou 2004; Georgakopoulou 2005; Liritzis et al. 2006; Bassiakos and Philaniotou 2007; Catapotis 2007; Dill et al. 2010; Zianni 2012; O\u0026rsquo;Brien 2014). Interestingly, EBA Cu-slags and Classical to Late Roman Fe-slags have been located on the islands of Aegina and Cythera, respectively, which have no reported mining activity or ore deposits. It is suggested, therefore, that the raw materials have been transported to these areas(Georgakopoulou 2014; O\u0026rsquo;Brien 2014). Recent research has pointed out that besides the \u003cem\u003ein situ\u003c/em\u003e extraction, processing, and use of Fe ores, raw and/or processed Fe metal was traded in antiquity as lumps across the Mediterranean Region and in Western Europe (Tylecote 2002; Georgakopoulou 2014; Charlton 2015; Benvenuti et al. 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIronstones vary considerably in their major, minor and trace element content, due to genetic differences, degree of alteration and reworking. Differences arose in the nature of the Fe-rich/bearing minerals, but also the accessory minerals that accompany a specific ore. Hence, the Fe/Mn ores are rich in Co, Ba, and P, beach deposits of magnetite are rich in Ti, lateritic ironstones are rich in Ni and Cr, whereas the oxidized mixed sulfide ores that yield Fe-oxy/hydroxides are rich in Cu, Pb, Zn, Sb and other trace metals, plus As. Charlton (2015) presented a review of the methods that various authors used to identify the provenance of the iron ores that was used for metallurgy. They can be summarized as comparisons of:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etrace element chemistry of the metal to that of the ore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eisotopic ratios in the metal to those of the ores\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebulk and trace elemental chemistry of small inclusions of slag in the metal to that in the ore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebulk and trace elemental chemistry of small inclusions of slag in the metal to that of the smelting slag\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe trace element content of the primary ore is sometimes a critical factor for recognizing the origin of the raw materials used in metallurgy. However, recent studies have demonstrated that from a Sn-WW-rich iron ore, tungsten preferentially associates with slag inclusions and tin becomes enriched in the metallic phase (Benvenuti et al. 2016). Besides Andros Island itself, other Fe-rich mineral deposits exploited in the Aegean since antiquity are described from south Euboea Island, Kea, Kythnos and Crete (Photos 1987; (Treister 2018). It is a matter of question why ferrous metallurgy was absent from the Cycladic island of Serifos during antiquity, even though there exist significant ironstone deposits in the form of magnetite or hematite with low (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2 wt %) Mn content (Anonymous 1973). The deposits on Andros, as well as those on Kythnos and Kea, are composed of mainly hematite-goethite and minor siderite. Contrary to the Serifos Fe-ores, Mn occurs in almost all mining sites on Andros. The variable percentages of Mn lead to the characterization of the rocks as Fe-, Fe/Mn-, or Mn-deposits. Detailed mineralogical research on Andros Island revealed the presence of Fe-Mn-rich quartzites, Manganoan garnets, Ni-rich magnetite and the barium silicates cymrite and celsian in the Mn-rich metamorphic rocks of Andros (Reinecke and Braunschweig 1983; Reinecke 1987). The high concentrations of Mn in the slags, combined with the presence of Ba-silicates and Ni-spinels in the studied materials support a local origin of the Fe ores.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThallium has a relatively low melting point (304\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC) and commonly occurs in pyrite, hematite, and manganese ores in which it is firmly fixed in the lattice of Mn-oxides, replacing K, Ba and Pb (Crittenden et al. 1962; Xiao et al. 2004); Martin 2005). Reinecke et al. (1985) study on deep-sea ferromanganoan sediments describes, in addition to Cu, Ba, Pb, Sr, and As enrichments, metasediments containing high concentrations of Tl, Mo, Zn, and Co. In 2011, the Brazilian mining company ITAOESTE SA, announced the discovery of a unique Tl ore deposit in Bahia, associated with Mn and Co in continental geological environment (IBRAM 2011). In the Aegean region, high Tl contents have been measured in active submarine hydrothermal vents offshore SE Milos Island, where hydrous ferric oxides have Tl concentrations of up to 5000 ppm (Kati et al. 2015; Voudouris et al. 2021), and also in the volcano of Kolumbo, offshore NE Santorini (Thera) island where \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1000 ppm Tl has been measured (Kilias et al. 2013). High concentrations of Tl characterize the Andros slags. Fe slags derived from western Crete Island and Kea Island contain\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;200 ppm Tl (unpublished, personal measurements). There are no measurements available from Kythnos and Serifos Island for any comparison. Crittenden et al. (1962) have measured Tl in botryoidal and massive Mn ore deposits that are composed of hollandite-cryptomelane from the States of Arizona and New Mexico, finding values ranging from 700\u0026ndash;3700 ppm. Riley and Sinhaseni (1958) have also measured up to 1100ppm TI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO in Mn nodules extracted from the Pacific Ocean. Crittenden et al. (1962) suggested that Tl is firmly fixed in the lattice of naturally occurring manganese oxide. In addition, several volcanogenic massive sulfides, As-Au, and Pb\u0026ndash;Zn deposits display significant enrichments in Tl (Xiao et al. 2004). Chlorine\u0026rsquo;s strong association with iron is attributed to the partial conversion of native Fe to FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, as the slags have been deposited close to the seashore and hence, the sea spray alters native iron prills to FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is plausible to consider the import of raw Fe ores from another area of the NE Mediterranean, as it is well known that trading was flourishing throughout the Mediterranean region and Europe since prehistoric times for Cu, Sn, Fe and other metals (Knapp 2000; Broodbank 2007; Jones 2007; Watson 2009; Serneels 2014; Bresson and Rendall 2016). However, the working hypothesis that ancient traders supplied Palaeopolis furnaces with raw materials from several sources around the eastern Mediterranean is weak given both the proximity of significant ore deposits appropriate for ferrous metallurgy and the specific mineral and chemical characteristics of the slag.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA selection of ore-related elements and oxides can be used in combination with multivariate analysis to assess the possibility that local ironstones were used to produce iron on Andros (Charlton et al. 2012; Leroy et al. 2012). A series of measured concentrations for the lithophilic elements and oxides (MnO, V, Nb, Cs, La, Ce, Nd, Sm) plus the chalcophile elements (Ba and Tl) were selected based on their likely association with ore and the transference of their ratios into the slag (smelting or smithing). Missing values and zeros were imputed using functions from the \u003cem\u003erobCompositions\u003c/em\u003e package in R (Templ et al. 2011). These were transformed to centered-log ratios and analyzed with PCA. XRF chemical analysis results (Fig.\u0026nbsp;10) show that there are some strong similarities in the chemical ratios between the ore and slag, but also an important difference. The analysis suggests that the true ore possesses richer MnO and Ba contents or that some other high-Mn material was added to the charge. Removing MnO and Ba from the XRF analysis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;11) results in an increased similarity between ore and slag. In both analyses, the ore sample (AND-5) shows up as a clear outlier. The high-Mn content of AND-5 marks it and other similar ironstones as potential candidates for the smelting additive in question.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMetallurgy\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eTemperature of metallurgical works\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe synthetic crystalline minerals identified in Andros slag, as well as mellilite which represented by the chemistry of the amorphous phase have diverse melting points. In addition, the presence of fluxing agents such as Ba minerals, P and Mn-oxides make the identification of the working temperature of the metallurgical hearths in Andros Island quite complicated. Hauptmann (2007) reached a similar conclusion in his research, as specific elements and oxides decrease the melting temperature. Jak and Hayes (2004) pointed out that it is difficult to make experimentally accurate phase equilibrium and composition measurements at high temperature. According to several experimental measurements and simulations, the estimated temperature of iron extraction in antiquity was ~\u0026thinsp;1200\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC (Charlton 2007; Karbowniczek 2008). Sheikh et al. (2010) studied iron slags of the 4th Century AD located in India, assumed a smelting furnace operated at 1250-1300\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, as fayalite has melting point 1205\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and the euthectic w\u0026uuml;stite-fayalite melting point 1177\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. Studying the phase relations in the joint kirschsteinite-fayalite synthesis, Mukhopadhyay and Lindsley (1983) found that Ca-rich olivines (Kirschtenites) were synthesized at 1165-1170\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, whereas fayalite was synthesized in an Fe-saturated platinum crucible at about 1100\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC in a CO-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e atmosphere and the intermediate compositions were reacted at 1168\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. Similarly, Sharp and Mittwede (2012) studying fayalite-kirshtenite-rich slags found that the interstitial glass was formed at temperatures in the range of 1100\u0026ndash;1200\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe estimated temperatures referred to the melting phases and not to the hot gases inside the furnace. To understand the real situation within a furnace, the kilns that produce clinker of cement have melting temperatures of about 1500\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC but require hot gases up to 2000\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC (Personal Communication with Mr. John Monahos, former Director of TITAN Cement Plant at Kamari, Greece). If Fe contains 4% C its melting point drops from 1550 to 1147\u0026deg;C (Craddock and Meeks 1987). In an experimental blast furnace, in the cohesive zone of 1100-1200\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e is unstable, turning to metallic iron expelled from olivine with the form of blebs, the residual forming a melt composed of alkalis, alumina, silica and magnesia (Ry\u0026ouml;s\u0026auml; 2008). 1088\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC is the theoretical melting temperature of the slag, though it is necessary for the melt to be superheated to ensure fluidity. The other complicating factor is that, assuming no ceramic contribution to the slag from the furnace wall, the reducing conditions necessary to prevent the chemical bonding of FeO to SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e have to be very strong. In that situation, a steel or cast iron might be the expected end product and there should be no free iron oxides left in the slag. Because Andros slags contain wustite, it is suspected that there was a significant reaction of the ore or initial slag with the furnace lining/wall that give them the chemistry that approaches optimum 1 (Charlton 2007). Perhaps the melilites derive from the furnace and are fluxed by the ore as suggested below.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMnO cannot be reduced in a bloomery furnace, hence it reacts with SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e forming the Mn, Fe/Mn, Ca/Mn silicates found in the Andros slag. As SEM studies demonstrate, Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e was incorporated in the melilite mineral group, not forming crystalline phases, but only glass. In other Fe or Cu slags, melilites form crystalline phases, so the case of Andros slag, is different. The melting point of melilites is around 1400\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC(Esfahani and Barati 2016). It is suggested, therefore, that fluxes were used to depreciate the heating temperature below 1200\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. Such fluxes assumed silicate rocks of the basement rock, Ba-rich minerals and the manganese oxides of the Andros ore deposits. As the Fe, Mn and Mn/Ca neoformed dendritic silicate minerals, along with Fe prills and w\u0026uuml;stite, are crystalline; the crystallization was started with metallic Fe, followed by w\u0026uuml;stite, (fayalite-bustamite-tephroite-kirschteinite) and finally glass of melilite composition. Brey and Green (1977) pointed out that the presence of soluble volatiles such as H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and CO in a silicate melt lower the liquidus temperature of the melt, the H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO being more effective, as it is more soluble than CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in the olivine melilite melt, lowering the liquidus temperature more rapidly than CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The same authors found that at given pressure the presence of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO in saturated conditions lowers the liquidus temperature from 1550\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC to 1110\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. Even though in Andros Si-rich slags melilite represents the last formed component as glassy phase, in Lavrion Ca-rich slags, melilite in an intermediate precipitation between spinel and fayalite (Tsaimou et al. 2015). Melilite-type phases crystallize only in Ca-rich melts and form in both slowly cooled and quenched slag (Tsaimou et al. 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eThe role of Phosphorus\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphorus had an important role in the archaeometallurgy of iron, forming a eutectic phase Fe/Fe3P between the molten slag and the solid iron at 1048\u0026deg;C (Thiele and Ho\u0026scaron;ek 2015). Even though P is a toxic element in the modern ferrous metallurgy, phosphorus was used in different parts of the world at least till the medieval times (Fluzin et al. 2011; Thiele and Ho\u0026scaron;ek 2015; Thiele et al. 2015). Indeed, some evidence suggests that harder P-rich iron was preferential in Iron Age Britain and Scandinavia (Buchwald 2005; Ehrenreich 1986)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eFluxes used\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is generally accepted that the presence of Ba minerals and Mn-oxides acted as fluxes, lowering the melting point of the silicate and oxides present in the kiln. Mn-rich slags have been reported since Late Bronze Age till the Byzantine period (Steinberg and Koucky 1974; Bachmann 1982; Hauptmann 2007; Kassianidou and Papasavvas 2009). Iron metallurgy dated from 2nd century BC to 1st Century AD has been reported in Erna area, Lombardy Italy, related with Ba-rich gossan hematitic type of mineralization has been reported (Cucini and Tizzoni 2014). According to these authors, the metallurgical furnaces are located some 500m from the ancient mines and the slags resulted are rich in barium minerals such as celsian BaAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e and andremeyerite BaFe (Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Mn, Mg)Si\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e. In Andros Island, the presence of Ba-rich and Mn-rich minerals has been demonstrated, having relation with silica and ferromanganese deposits (Reinecke 1982; Reinecke et al. 1985; Reinecke 1987; Dasgupta et al. 1990). The enrichment of Ba and Mn in Andros slags can be related with Ba- and Mn-rich ores used on purpose, as barite and Mn-minerals were used as flux agent in antiquity (Tsaimou et al. 2015) (Photos 1987). The presence of Mn is significant as a flux agent and it does not tend to influence the properties of iron as this element passes into the slag (Rapp 2002; Iles 2014). Bachmann and Rothenberg (1980) consider that Mn silicate slag is liquefied at lower temperatures than Fe silicate slag. Hauptmann (2007) pointed out that MnO had a strong effect on decreasing the melting point and was thus an excellent fluxing agent. In archaeological slags, the decrease in melting temperature is achieved by the combination of low content of Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and the presence of MnO and possibly K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (Petr\u0026iacute;\u0026shy;k and Burdzov\u0026aacute; 2013). The iron-rich slags of Palea Kavalla (Nerantzis 2006) (Photos 1987) are also Mn-rich, with manganese to be introduced in w\u0026uuml;stite, but also in kirschstenite and a groundmass that is composed of either melilite or eutectics mellilite-kirschtenite. Similar eutectic mixtures have been detected in Andros slags.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eThe glassy phase\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe glass phase of Andros slags typically contains complex silicate mineral phases formed mostly by silicon, manganese, calcium, iron, aluminum and magnesium. Aluminum is almost totally fixed in the glassy phase that has a melilite composition, described as a mineralogically complex solid solution with the general formula (Ca, Na, K)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e(Mg, Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Al)(Si, Al)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e (Nurse and Midgley 1953). Hauptmann (2007) has noted that melilite crystallizes in slags in long prisms or in planar slabs, whereas its abundance varies from high amounts in Ca-Mg slags to poor amounts in Fe-rich silicate slags (Hauptmann 2007) (Keesmann et al. 1985). The amorphous state of melilite in Andros slags judges for a fast cooling of the melt. By contrast, the slow cooled Pb-slags of Lavrion dated since 1st -2nd century BC, contain crystalline melilites (Tsaimou et al. 2015). Esfahani et al. (2016) have found that the critical cooling rate is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the melt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this analysis indicate that the slags excavated at Palaeopolis on Andros are the product of refining, or smithing, locally produced iron. The synthetic mineral phases of the slag are largely a product of the ore chemistry and Mn-Ba rich fluxes that were used to make this iron. Phase forms and abundance are the result of complex thermochemical dynamics that existed both in the smelting furnace and later in the blacksmith\u0026rsquo;s hearth. The urban context of the slag allows us to infer that this slag was formed during the manufacture and repair of artefacts rather than the primary smithing of raw blooms. Whether or not these artefacts and the processes that created them were connected in some direct way with military or political actions cannot be determined without an additional understanding of the entire technological system (including relationships between primary iron producers, the exchange of iron semi-products, the artefact producers, and the implements that were made). The presence of towers near the mines hints at this possibility and highlights the need for more focused research on the iron production system(s) of Andros.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe authors declare of no competing Interests\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eM.S. was responsible for materials' characterization and also wrote the main manuscriptG.S. was responsible for the chemical analysesL.P-K. was responsible for archaeological research\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express their gratitude to Prof. Michael Charlton , University College London, Institute of Archaeology, UK, for his substantial contribution in the clarification of the archaeo-metallurgical processes applied in Andros Island. Thanks are also expressed to MSc. Katerina Xinou, TITAN Cement Company and Mr. Vasilios Skounakis, NKUA, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment for their assistance in XRF and SEM-EDS analysis respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnonymous (1973) Interpretive Bulletin of the Metallogenetic Map of Greece 1:1.000.000. National Institute of Geological \u0026amp; Mining Research of Greece: 254\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBachmann HG (1982) The Identification of Slags from Archaeological Sites. New York, Routledge\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBachmann HG, Rothenberg B (1980) Die Verh\u0026uuml;ttungsverfahren von Site 30; Proc\u0026eacute;d\u0026eacute; de traitement de minerai au Site 30.In: Conrad HG, Rothenberg B (ed) Antikes Kupfer im Timna Tal: 4000 Jahre Bergbau und Verh\u0026uuml;ttung in der Arabah (Israel), pp 215-236\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBassiakos Y, Philaniotou O (2007) Early Copper Production on Kythnos: Archaeological Evidence and Analytical Approaches to the Reconstruction of Metallurgical Process.In: Day PM, Doonan RCP (ed) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean, Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp 19-56\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeaumont LA, Miller MC, Paspalas SA (2016) The Zagora Archaeological Project.In: Polemis DI (ed) The history of Andros, Kaireios Library, Andros, Greece, pp 253-256\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeaumont LA, McLoughlin B, Miller MC, Paspalas SA (2014) Zagora archaelogical project: The 2013 field season. Mediterranean Archaeology 27: 115-121\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBenvenuti M, Orlando A, Borrini D, Chiarantini L, Costagliola P, Mazzotta C, Rimondi V (2016) Experimental smelting of iron ores from Elba Island (Tuscany, Italy): Results and implications for the reconstruction of ancient metallurgical processes and iron provenance. Journal of Archaeological Science 70: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.04.008\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBetancourt PP (2006) The Chrysokamino Metallurgy Workshop and Its Territory, American School of Classical Studies at Athens\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBielenin K, Suliga I (2008) The ancient slag-pit furnace and the reduction process in the light of new archaelogical concept and metallurgical research. Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering 34(1): 53. https://doi.org/10.7494/mafe.2008.34.1.53\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiernacka P, De Clercq W, Dewaele S, Vanhaecke F, De Grave J (2023) Archaeometallurgical research into the ironworking activities of the Medieval Harbour at Hoeke (Belgium). STAR: Science \u0026amp; Technology of Archaeological Research 9(1): 2257067. https://doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2023.2257067\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBonazzi P, Menchetti S, Reinecke T (1996) Solid solution between piemontite and androsite-(La), a new mineral of the epidote group from Andros Island, Greece. American Mineralogist 81(5-6): 735-742. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1996-5-620\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBresson A, Rendall S (2016) The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy Institutions, Markets, and Growth in the City-States. Princeton, Princeton University Press\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrey G, Green DH (1977) Systematic study of liquidas phase relations in olivine melilitite +H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO +CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at high pressures and petrogenesis of an olivine melilitite magma. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 61: 141-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00374364\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBr\u0026ouml;cker M, Huyskens M, Berndt J (2016) U\u0026ndash;Pb dating of detrital zircons from Andros, Greece: constraints for the time of sediment accumulation in the northern part of the Cycladic blueschist belt. Geological Journal 51(3): 354-367. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.2634\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBroodbank C (2002) An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBroodbank C (2007) The Origins and Early Development of Mediterranean Maritime Activity. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 19(2): 199-230. https://doi.org/10.1558/jmea.2006.v19i2.199\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCambitoglou A (1988) Zagora 2 : excavation of a geometric town on the island of Andros ; excavation season 1969 ; study season 1969-1970. Athens, Athens Archaeological Society\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCambitoglou A (1988) Zagora 1: Excavation of a Geometric Town on the Island of Andros : Excavation Season 1967, Study Season 1968-1969. Athens, Archaeological Society at Athens\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCatapotis M (2007) On the Spatial Organisation of Copper Smelting Activities in the Southern Aegean during the Early Bronze Age.In: Day PM, Doonan RCP (ed) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean, Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCaterina I, Maurizio T, Giuseppe S (2008) Archaeometallurgy in Messina: Iron Slug From A Dig at Blog P, Laboratory Analyses and Interpretation. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 8: 49-60\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCharlton M (2007) Ironworking in Northwest Wales: an evolutionary analysis. Ph.D., Ph.D. Thesis, University of London\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCharlton MF (2015) The last frontier in \u0026lsquo;sourcing\u0026rsquo;: the hopes, constraints and future for iron provenance research. Journal of Archaeological Science 56: 210-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.017\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCharlton MF, Blakelock E, Martin\u0026oacute;n-Torres M, Young T (2012) Investigating the production provenance of iron artifacts with multivariate methods. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(7): 2280-2293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.037\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCraddock PT, Meeks ND (1987) Iron in ancient copper. Archaeometry 29(2): 187-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1987.tb00411.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCrittenden MD, Cuttitta F, Rose HJ, Jr., Fleischer M (1962) Studies on manganese oxide minerals vi. thallium in some manganese oxides1. American Mineralogist 47(11-12): 1461-1467\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCucini C, Tizzoni M (2014) Iron production in Lombardy from the 2nd Century BC until the 6th Century AD.In: Cech B, Rehren T (ed) Early iron in Europe, Mergoil Editions, Dremil-Lafage, pp 173-180\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDasgupta S, Banerjee H, Fukuoka M, Bhattacharya PK, Roy S (1990) Petrogenesis of metemorphosed manganese deposits and the nature of the precursor sediments. Ore Geology Reviews 5(4): 359-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(90)90039-P\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Tournefort JP (2018) Relation D\u0026apos;un Voyage Du Levant: Fait Par Ordre Du Roy, Volume 1, Creative Media Partners, LLC\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDević S, Marčeta L (2007) Differences in morphological properties between the olivine group minerals formed in natural and industrial processes. Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 43(1): 99-105. https://doi.org/10.2298/JMMB0701099D\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDill HG, Melcher F, Kaufhold S, Techmer A, Weber B, Baumler W (2010) Post-Miocene and Bronze-Age Supergene Cu-Pb Arsenate - - Oxalate - Carbonate Mineralization at MEGA Livadi, Serifos, Greece. The Canadian Mineralogist 48: 163-181. https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.48.1.163\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimou E, Peridatsis V, Economou G, Televadou C (2001) Mineralogical study of the ancient slags of Andros Island, Cyclades.In: Bassiakos Y, Aloupi E, Facorellis Y (ed) Archaeometry Issues in Greek Prehistory and Antiquity, Hellenic Society of Archaeometry and Society of Messenian Archaeological Studies, Athens, pp \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuka E, \u0026Ccedil;akaj O, Tafilica Z, Gjepali I, Stamati F, Civici, N., Dilo T (2012). Preliminary study of some iron slags from northern and central Albania. 3rd Balkan Symposium on Archaeometry, Bucharest, Romania, Integra Natura et Omnia \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEconomopoulos J (1992) Mining activities in contemporary and ancient Greece. Mineral Wealth(82): 53-60\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEsfahani S, Barati M (2016) Effect of slag composition on the crystallization of synthetic CaO\u0026ndash;SiO2\u0026ndash;Al2O3\u0026ndash;MgO slags: Part I\u0026mdash;Crystallization behavior. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 436: 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2015.12.011\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEsfahani S, Mostaghel S, Barati M (2016) Effect of slag composition on the crystallization of synthetic CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slags: Part II- Measurement and prediction of critical cooling rate. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 436: 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2015.12.013\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFluzin P, Bauvais S, Berranger M, Pag\u0026egrave;s G, Dillmann P (2011) The multidisciplinary approach (archaeology and archaeometry) to bloomsmithing activities in France: examples of results from the last twenty years.In: Ho\u0026Scaron;Ek J, Cleere H, Mihok L (ed) The archaeometallurgy of iron - Recent Developments in Archaeological and Scientific Research - Dedicated to Professor Rodomir Pleiner, Institute of Archaeology of the ASCR, Prague, pp p. 223-236, 311-312\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeorgakopoulou M (2004) Examination of copper slags from the early Bronze Age site of Daskaleio-Kavos on the island of Keros (Cyclades, Greece). Institute of Archaeometallurgical Studies(24): 3-12\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeorgakopoulou M (2005) Technology and organisation of early Cycladic metallurgy : copper on Seriphos and Keros, Greece, University College London\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeorgakopoulou M (2007) The metallurgical remains.In: Renfrew AC, Doumas C, Marangou L, Gavalas G (ed) Keros, Daskalio, Kavos: The Investigations of 1987-88, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge, Oxford, pp \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeorgakopoulou M (2007) Metallurgical Activities within Early Cycladic Settlements : The Case of Daskaleio-Kavos. Oxford, Oxbow Books\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeorgakopoulou M (2014) Metallurgical remains from regional surveys of \u0026ldquo;non-industrial\u0026rdquo; landscapes: The case of the Kythera Island Project. Journal of Field Archaeology 39(1): 67-83. https://doi.org/10.1179/0093469013Z.00000000071\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeorgakopoulou M, Bassiakos Y, Philaniotou O (2011) Early Bronze Age copper smelting on Seriphos (Cyclades, Greece).In: Betancourt P, Ferrence SC (ed) Metallurgy: Understanding How, Learning Why, Studies in Honour of James D. Muhly, pp 157-164\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarada K, Sekino H, Nagashima K, Watanabe T, Momoi H (1974) High-iron bustamite and fluorapatite from the Broken Hill mine, New South Wales, Australia. Mineralogical Magazine 39(305): 601-604. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1974.039.305.15\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHauptmann A (2007) The Archaeometallurgy of Copper: Evidence from Faynan, Jordan, Springer Berlin Heidelberg\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHiggins MD, Higgins RA (1996) A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean, Cornell University Press\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHurlbut CS, Jr. (1961) Tephroite from franklin, New Jersey*. American Mineralogist 46(5-6): 549-559\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuyskens MH, Brocker M (2014) The status of the Makrotantalon Unit (Andros, Greece) within the structural framework of the Attic-Cycladic Crystalline Belt. Geological Magazine 151(3): 430-446. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756813000307\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIles L (2014) The exploitation of manganese-rich \u0026lsquo;ore\u0026rsquo; to smelt iron in Mwenge, western Uganda, from the mid second millennium AD. Journal of Archaeological Science 49: 423-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.029\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJak E, Hayes PC (2004). Phase equilibria determination in complex slag systems. VII International Conference on Molten slags, fluxes \u0026amp; salts, Johannesburg\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJones MR (2007) Oxhide ingots, copper production, and the mediterranean trade in copper and other metals in the bronze age. Master of arts, Texas A\u0026amp;M University\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKarbowniczek M (2008) Metallurgical process in ancient shaft furnace -Theoretical considerations. Association of Metallurgical Engineers of Serbia: 145-154\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKassianidou V, Papasavvas G (2009). Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy and Metalwork in the Second Millennium BC. A Conference in Honour of James D. Muhly, Nicosia, Oxbow Books\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKati M, Voudouris P, Valsami-Jones E, Magganas A, Baltatzis E, Kanellopoulos C, Mavrogonatos C (2015). Cinnabar, arsenian pyrite and thallium-enrichment in active shallow submarine hydrothermal vents at Paleochori Bay, Milos Island, Greece. \u003cu\u003eEGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts\u003c/u\u003e. Vienna, Austria\u003cstrong\u003e: \u003c/strong\u003e13046.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKilias SP, Nomikou P, Papanikolaou D, Polymenakou PN, Godelitsas A, Argyraki A, Carey S, Gamaletsos P, Mertzimekis TJ, Stathopoulou E, Goettlicher J, Steininger R, Betzelou K, Livanos I, Christakis C, Bell KC, Scoullos M (2013) New insights into hydrothermal vent processes in the unique shallow-submarine arc-volcano, Kolumbo (Santorini), Greece. Scientific Reports 3(1): 2421. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02421\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKnapp AB (2000) Archaeology, science-based archaeology and the Mediterranean Bronze Age metals trade. European Journal of Archaeology 3(1): 31-56. https://doi.org/10.1179/eja.2000.3.1.31\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKramar S, Lux J, Pristacz H, Mirtič B, Rogan-Smuc N (2015) Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of Roman slag from the archaeological site near Mo\u0026scaron;nje (Slovenia). Materiali in Tehnologije/Materials and Technology 49(343-348)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeek RT (2014) The Development of Iron Technology in the Mediterranean Bronze Age. Master Thesis, University of Oslo\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeroy S, Cohen SX, Verna C, Gratuze B, T\u0026eacute;reygeol F, Fluzin P, Bertrand L, Dillmann P (2012) The medieval iron market in Ari\u0026egrave;ge (France). Multidisciplinary analytical approach and multivariate analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(4): 1080-1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.11.025\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiritzis I, Arfara I, Sideris C (2006) U and Th variation in ancient slags, metals and metal ores: contribution to dating of metals. Mediterranean Archaeology \u0026amp; Archaeometry 6: 93-98\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManasse A, Mellini M (2002) Chemical and textural characterisation of medieval slags from the Massa Marittima smelting sites (Tuscany, Italy). Journal of Cultural Heritage 3(3): 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01176-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarinos G, Petrascheck WE (1956) Geology and ore deposits of Laurium. Geological and Geophysical Research, Institute for Geology and Subsurface Research 4: 223-236\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMathoho EN, Nyamushosho RT, Chirikure S (2023) Archaeometallurgical Explorations of Bloomery Iron Smelting at Mutoti 2, an Early Iron Age Site in Venda, Northern South Africa. Metals 13(2): 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020269\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMehl C, Jolivet L, Lacombe O, Labrousse L, Rimmele G (2007) Structural evolution of Andros (Cyclades, Greece): a key to the behaviour of a (flat) detachment within an extending continental crust. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 291(1): 41-73. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP291.3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMelfos V, Voudouris PC (2012) Geological, Mineralogical and Geochemical Aspects for Critical and Rare Metals in Greece. Minerals 2(4): 300-317. https://doi.org/10.3390/min2040300\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMukhopadhyay DK, Lindsley DH (1983) Phase relations in the join kirschsteinite (CaFeSiO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)-fayalite (Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e). American Mineralogist 68(11-12): 1089-1094\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMylonas N, Siafla D (2005) Fortifications and defense projects in Naxos, Technological University of Piraeus, Greece\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNerantzis N (2006) Metal production towards the end of Byzantine rule in eastern Macedonia. Mediterranean Archeology and Archaeometry 6: 57-63\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eO\u0026rsquo;Brien W (2014) Prehistoric Copper Mining in Europe: 5500-500 BC, Oxford University Press\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOikonomou A (2006) Castles and towers in Andros Island, Technological University of Piraeus, Greece\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePalaiokrassa-Kopitsa L (2009) The Archaeological Evidence from the Agora of Ancient Andros (Cyclades).In: Chankowski V, Karvonis P (ed) Tout vendre, tout acheter. Structures et \u0026eacute;quipements des march\u0026eacute;s antiques, Ausonius \u0026Eacute;ditions, Bordeaux, pp \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePalaiokrassa-Kopitsa L (2018) The agora, the site in antiquity.In: Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa L (ed) Palaiopolis, Andros: Thirty Years of Excavation Research, Exhibition Catalogue, Kaireios Library, Andros, pp \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePapanikolaou D (1978) Contribution to the geology of the Aegean Sea: the island of Andros. Annales G\u0026eacute;ologiques des Pays Hell\u0026eacute;niques 29: 477\u0026ndash;553\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePapastamataki A, Orphanos V, Dimitriou D, Triantafyllos D, Karadima X (2001) An unknown mine in Maroneia, Komotini.In: Bassiakos Y, Aloupi E, Facorellis Y (ed) Archaeometry Issues in Greek Prehistory and Antiquity, Hellenic Society of Archaeometry and Society of Messenian Archaeological Studies, pp 617-631\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eParnell J, Lianjun Y, Changming C (2009) Sediment-Hosted Mineral Deposits: Special Publication 11 of the IAS, Wiley\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePelton AD, Thompson WT, Bale CW, Eriksson NG (1988) Phase Equilibrium Calculations in Multicomponent Systems.In: Embury JD, Purdy GR (ed) Advances in Phase Transitions, Pergamon, Oxford, pp 52-67\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePetr\u0026iacute;\u0026shy;k J, Burdzov\u0026aacute; ču (2013) Melting temperature of archaeometallurgical slag. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 19(4): 319-328. https://doi.org/10.63278/10.63278/mme.v31.1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProkop P, Suliga I (2013) Two thousand years of iron smelting in the Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, North East India. Current Science 104(6): 761-768\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRademakers F (2015) Into the Crucible. Methodological approaches to reconstructing crucible metallurgy, from New Kingdom Egypt to Late Roman Thrace, Ph.D. Thesis, University College London\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRapp GR (2002) Archaeomineralogy, Springer Berlin Heidelberg\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReinecke T (1982) Cymrite and celsian in manganese-rich metamorphic rocks from Andros Island/Greece. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 79(3): 333-336. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371525\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReinecke T (1987) Manganoan deerite and calderitic garnet from high-pressure metamorphic Fe-Mn-rich quartzites on Andros Island, Greece. Mineralogical Magazine 51(360): 247-251. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1987.051.360.06\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReinecke T, Braunschweig (1983) Mineralogie und Petrologie der mangan- und eisenreichen Metasedimente von Andros/Kykladen/Griechenland; Min\u0026eacute;ralogie et p\u0026eacute;trologie des roches m\u0026eacute;tas\u0026eacute;dimentaires riches en mangan\u0026egrave;se et fer, de Andros, Cyclades, Gr\u0026egrave;ce, \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReinecke T, Okrusch M, Richter P (1985) Geochemistry of ferromanganoan metasediments from the Island of Andros, Cycladic Blueschist Belt, Greece. Chemical Geology 53(3): 249-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(85)90074-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRiley JP, Sinhaseni P (1958) Chemical composition of three manganese nodules from the Pacific Ocean. Journal of Marine Research 17(1): 466-482\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRy\u0026ouml;s\u0026auml; E (2008) Mineral Reactions and Slag Formation During Reduction of Olivine Blast Furnace Pellets, Doctoral thesis, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeidel M (2003) Tectono-sedimentary evolution of middle Miocene supra-detachment basins (western Crete, Greece), PhD thesis, Universit\u0026auml;t zu K\u0026ouml;ln\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSerneels V (2014) Ironworking in Roman Switzerland: An interpretation of the archaeological evidence.In: Cech B, Rehren T (ed) Early iron in Europe, Mergoil Editions, Dremil-Lafage, pp 161-173\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSerneels V, Perret S (2003). Quantification of smithing activities based on the investigation of slag and other material remains. Archaeometallurgy in Europe, Milan, Associazione Italina di Metallurgia\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharp WE, Mittwede SK (2012). Medieval Kirschsteinite-Bearing Iron Slags of the Develi-Yahyali Area (Kayseri), Turkey, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer Berlin Heidelberg\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSheikh MR, Acharya BS, Gartia R (2010) Characterization of iron slag of Kakching, Manipur by X-ray and optical spectroscopy. Indian Journal of Pure \u0026amp; Applied Physics 48: 632-634\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSkarpelis N, Argyraki A (2009) Geology and Origin of Supergene Ore at the Lavrion Pb-Ag-Zn Deposit, Attica, Greece. Resource Geology 59(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2008.00076.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSteinberg A, Koucky FL (1974) Preliminary metallurgical research on the ancient Cypriot industry.In: Stager LE, Walker AM, Wright GE (ed) American Expedition to Idalion, Cyprus: First Preliminary Report, Seasons of 1971 and 1972, American Schools of Oriental Research, Cambridge, MA, pp \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTempl M, Hron K, Filzmoser P (2011) robCompositions: An R-package for Robust Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data.In: (ed) Compositional Data Analysis, pp 341-355\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiele A, Ho\u0026scaron;ek J (2015) Estimation of Phosphorus Content in Archaeological Iron Objects by Means of Optical Metallography and Hardness Measurements. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica 12: 113-126\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiele \u0026Aacute;, T\u0026ouml;r\u0026ouml;k B, K\u0026ouml;ltő L (2015). Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS) on slag samples from medieval bloomery workshops \u0026ndash; the role of phosphorus in the archaeometallurgy of iron in Somogy County, Hungary. 39th International Symposium for Archaeometry, Leuven\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTombros S, St. Seymour K, Williams-Jones AE, Spry PG (2007) The Genesis of Epithermal Au-Ag-Te Mineralization, Panormos Bay, Tinos Island, Cyclades, Greece. Economic Geology 102(7): 1269-1294. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.102.7.1269\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTreister MY (2018) The Role of Metals in Ancient Greek History, Brill\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTsaimou C, Tsakiridis P, Oustadakis P (2015) Analytical and Technological Evaluation of Ancient Lead Slags from Lavrion, Attica Greece. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 15: 113-117. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16605\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTylecote RF (2002) A History Of Metallurgy, Maney Publishing for Institute of Materials\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVavelidis M, Christofidis G, Melfos V (1997). Ancient mining activity in the broader area of Kavala-Filipoi. 1st International Conference on Ancient Greek Technology, Thessaloniki, Greecce\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVoudouris P, Kati M, Magganas A, Keith M, Valsami-Jones E, Haase KK, R., Nestmeyer M (2021) Arsenian Pyrite and Cinnabar from Active Submarine Nearshore Vents, Paleochori Bay, Milos Island, Greece. Minerals 11(1): 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11010014\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWatson P (2009) Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud, HarperCollins\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXiao T, Guha J, Boyle DR, Liu C-Q, Zheng B-s, Wilson GC, Rouleau A, Chen J-a (2004) Naturally occurring thallium: a hidden geoenvironmental health hazard? Environment international 30 4: 501-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2003.10.004\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoung T (2012). Investigation of a bloom fragment from Cannop, Forest of Dean (Glos HER 37920). \u003cu\u003eGeoArch Report 2012/21\u003c/u\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: \u003c/strong\u003e5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoung T (2014) Roman military control on iron-making in South Wales.In: Cech B, Rehren T (ed) Early iron in Europe, \u0026Eacute;ditions Monique Mergoil, Montagnac, pp 215\u0026ndash;226\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZianni AM (2012) The processing of Cu and Fe and the metallic objects of Late Bronze Age and Iron in south Greece. PhD Thesis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archaeological-and-anthropological-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"aasc","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences](http://link.springer.com/journal/12517)","snPcode":"12520","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12520/3","title":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Andros, iron slags, wüstite, bustamite, archaeometallurgy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7437539/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7437539/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAndros Island is situated in Cyclades, Aegean Sea, Greece and is mainly composed of blueschists and marbles of the Attico-Cycladic Massif with subsidiary basic-ultrabasic igneous rocks. Iron ores have been located close to Palaeopolis and in the villages of Agios Petros and Mpatsi to the north. Iron-rich minerals found in the area include limonite, goethite, hematite, and siderite in the form of veins in marbles or on the contact of marbles with the schists. According to the findings of recent excavations metallurgical slags have been discovered in several archaeo-stratigraphic layers. The aim of the present paper is to characterize the newly discovered slags through identification of synthetic mineral phases formed during the metallurgical processes and measurement of their trace element content in order to consider the metal extracted, the origin of the source ore used, the metallurgical process followed, and the political/military status at the time of mining/metallurgical operations. The synthetic mineral phases of the slag such as w\u0026uuml;stite, bustamite, thephroite and fayalite are largely a product of the ore chemistry and Mn-Ba rich fluxes that were used to make this iron. Phase forms and abundance are the result of complex thermochemical dynamics that existed both in the smelting furnace and later in the blacksmith\u0026rsquo;s hearth. Whether or not artifacts and the processes that created them were connected in some direct way with military or political actions cannot be determined without an additional understanding of the entire technological system, including relationships between primary iron producers, the exchange of iron semi-products, the artefact producers, and the implements that were made.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The ancient slags of Palaeopolis, Andros Island, Greece. Geochemical and mineralogical characterization, archaeometallurgical and archaeoeconomic implications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-02 12:55:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7437539/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-15T22:00:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-20T08:55:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-11T14:04:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"236506011335179299038938422601515760653","date":"2025-08-26T09:25:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"60883718797421347415096347723149480725","date":"2025-08-26T08:03:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T17:40:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T11:09:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T07:29:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","date":"2025-08-22T22:00:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archaeological-and-anthropological-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"aasc","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences](http://link.springer.com/journal/12517)","snPcode":"12520","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12520/3","title":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"82434109-761a-4983-8c8c-14cbd52eadff","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 2nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-27T16:03:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7437539","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-026-02463-z","journal":{"identity":"archaeological-and-anthropological-sciences","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-23 15:59:15","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 23rd, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-02 12:55:24","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s12520-026-02463-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-026-02463-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7437539","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7437539","identity":"rs-7437539","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}