Structural Characterization and Biogenic Chitosan-ZnO Nanocomposites via Bauhinia purpurea Leaf Extract: and its their Therapeutic Evaluation

Structural Characterization and Biogenic Chitosan-ZnO Nanocomposites via Bauhinia purpurea Leaf Extract: and its their Therapeutic Evaluation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Structural Characterization and Biogenic Chitosan-ZnO Nanocomposites via Bauhinia purpurea Leaf Extract: and its their Therapeutic Evaluation Saranya Balasubramaniyam, Thirumalaikumaran Rathinam, Mohanakrishnan Srinivasan, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7036243/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The growing demand for eco-friendly nanomaterials in biomedical applications has created interest in plant-assisted nanoparticle synthesis. Here, a new green synthesis of chitosan-ZnO nanocomposites using Bauhinia purpurea leaf extract is presented, combining the plant's phytochemical richness with the structural advantage of chitosan and the functional diversity of zinc oxide. The synthesized nanocomposites were exhaustively characterized by UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and zeta potential analysis, validating stable, well-dispersed nanoparticles with high surface charge and semi-crystalline morphology. The nanocomposites exhibited remarkable antidiabetic activity through dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, broad antioxidant activity reflected in five radical scavenging assays, and outstanding anti-inflammatory activity established through protein denaturation and membrane stabilization methods. Interestingly, the cytotoxicity evaluation carried out through brine shrimp lethality assay revealed the least toxicity, highlighting the biocompatibility of the materials. This study for the very first time offers a synergistic nanocomposite system consisting of a medicinal plant extract and a natural polymer combined with a metal oxide to provide a safe, sustainable, and multifunctional platform for therapeutic use. The results identify this nanocomposite as a promising candidate for future development towards antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory nanomedicine. Bauhinia purpurea chitosan-ZnO nanocomposites antioxidant antidiabetic anti-inflammatory biocompatibility Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Table 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files TABLE.docx GA.png Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7036243","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":483052034,"identity":"3ccf3346-f298-4f3c-bd7f-4d7ba289aa7f","order_by":0,"name":"Saranya Balasubramaniyam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Saranya","middleName":"","lastName":"Balasubramaniyam","suffix":""},{"id":483052035,"identity":"15eb272c-aa87-4ea5-937b-280f59072103","order_by":1,"name":"Thirumalaikumaran 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Abdulaziz Alfaiz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Science- Al Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majma-ah:11952","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Faiz","middleName":"Abdulaziz","lastName":"Alfaiz","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-03 09:23:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7036243/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7036243/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86396770,"identity":"cfc66c3e-9e88-4080-bc55-e681d0c51f7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 08:04:05","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":226595,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStepwise process of green synthesis of nanoparticles using \u003cem\u003eB. purpurea\u003c/em\u003eextract, from leaf preparation to nanoparticle 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5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72827,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD pattern confirming the semi-crystalline nature of ZnO–chitosan nanocomposite with distinct ZnO peaks and dominant amorphous phase.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7036243/v1/d210fd53c9edeefac4ae422b.png"},{"id":86396780,"identity":"29ae868d-c660-4f8e-a132-88e654056c57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 08:04:05","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":360119,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM images of \u003cem\u003eB. purpurea\u003c/em\u003e leaf extract-based chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite at various magnifications showing surface morphology and particle 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8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":384472,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEDX spectrum showing elemental composition of C, O, Zn, and trace elements in the \u003cem\u003eB. purpurea\u003c/em\u003e leaf extract-based chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7036243/v1/0e5f8ae13468b4e09ef2db14.png"},{"id":86396797,"identity":"b82230ca-75b8-4a5d-8075-756634d08054","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 08:04:06","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":139645,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eZeta potential distribution showing high surface charge (+42.76 mV) and excellent colloidal stability of the \u003cem\u003eB. purpurea\u003c/em\u003e leaf extract-based chitosan-ZnO 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11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17620,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eβ-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of ZnO-Chitosan nanocomposites from \u003cem\u003eB. purpurea\u003c/em\u003e leaf extract showing concentration-dependent inhibition comparable to the standard.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7036243/v1/e23e98ab6a13153e2e35bd35.png"},{"id":86396784,"identity":"15675e32-78b7-466f-a7a8-9996d54f106c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 08:04:06","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17724,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDPPH radical scavenging activity of ZnO-Chitosan nanocomposites from B. purpurea showing strong, concentration-dependent antioxidant 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14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17583,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFRAP assay showing strong, dose-dependent antioxidant potential of ZnO-Chitosan nanocomposites from \u003cem\u003eB. purpurea\u003c/em\u003e compared to the standard.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7036243/v1/f7029cee467b1687644f52d0.png"},{"id":86396756,"identity":"59da691f-ccb2-47f4-8ef1-27c174a74731","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 08:04:04","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16334,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eABTS radical scavenging activity of ZnO-Chitosan nanocomposites synthesized from \u003cem\u003eB. purpurea\u003c/em\u003e leaf extract, showing effective and dose-responsive antioxidant 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17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16604,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBSA assay showing dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity of BP NCs compared with the standard drug.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7036243/v1/62510d846515631e28663a84.png"},{"id":86396788,"identity":"945ae860-825f-4a5c-8d75-f77ba065aba2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 08:04:06","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"Figure 18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17028,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEA assay demonstrating dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity of BP NCs compared to standard drug.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7036243/v1/551a565f9a0709895376e2b2.png"},{"id":86398010,"identity":"c481cd3d-43a5-4db2-b5ec-06bb2cd1a2f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 08:12:05","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"Figure 19","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17547,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMembrane stabilization assay showing dose-dependent inhibition of hemolysis by BP NCs compared to standard.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7036243/v1/eaea557acc8fe687ebce8273.png"},{"id":86398019,"identity":"ee9ee2bc-565f-4ec4-8be6-7a4c1be49827","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 08:12:07","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"Figure 20","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17377,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCytotoxic effect of BP NCs at various concentrations against Artemia salina nauplii over 48 hours, indicating minimal toxicity.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7036243/v1/3ecf55f880f6f8e408f569ac.png"},{"id":87589015,"identity":"d9741e21-e3cf-41b0-bd07-313c65bca384","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 14:23:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1094383,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"MANUSCRIPTCLEANED.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7036243/v1_covered_1991d890-1a7d-4846-bdfb-65c0dc984fc2.pdf"},{"id":86396754,"identity":"b6b182d5-1629-4193-a9a1-3ab6d508b7a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 08:04:04","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16048,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TABLE.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7036243/v1/e1a7d61c336eaa4104526a3b.docx"},{"id":86396836,"identity":"a169ef19-3b22-4895-bad2-acadc3d7946a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 08:04:14","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":129350,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GA.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7036243/v1/c1fd8fa475f1a71098cc19a3.png"}],"financialInterests":"\u003cp\u003eNo competing interests reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e","formattedTitle":"Structural Characterization and Biogenic Chitosan-ZnO Nanocomposites via Bauhinia purpurea Leaf Extract: and its their Therapeutic Evaluation","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bauhinia purpurea, chitosan-ZnO nanocomposites, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, biocompatibility","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7036243/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7036243/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe growing demand for eco-friendly nanomaterials in biomedical applications has created interest in plant-assisted nanoparticle synthesis. Here, a new green synthesis of chitosan-ZnO nanocomposites using Bauhinia purpurea leaf extract is presented, combining the plant's phytochemical richness with the structural advantage of chitosan and the functional diversity of zinc oxide. The synthesized nanocomposites were exhaustively characterized by UV\u0026ndash;Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and zeta potential analysis, validating stable, well-dispersed nanoparticles with high surface charge and semi-crystalline morphology. The nanocomposites exhibited remarkable antidiabetic activity through dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, broad antioxidant activity reflected in five radical scavenging assays, and outstanding anti-inflammatory activity established through protein denaturation and membrane stabilization methods. Interestingly, the cytotoxicity evaluation carried out through brine shrimp lethality assay revealed the least toxicity, highlighting the biocompatibility of the materials. This study for the very first time offers a synergistic nanocomposite system consisting of a medicinal plant extract and a natural polymer combined with a metal oxide to provide a safe, sustainable, and multifunctional platform for therapeutic use. The results identify this nanocomposite as a promising candidate for future development towards antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory nanomedicine.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Structural Characterization and Biogenic Chitosan-ZnO Nanocomposites via Bauhinia purpurea Leaf Extract: and its their Therapeutic Evaluation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-10 08:03:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7036243/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cf5668bb-7325-4935-bf13-0da3a7d362b1","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-25T14:23:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-10 08:03:57","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7036243","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7036243","identity":"rs-7036243","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}