RESONANT MATTER FEEDBACK (RMF): Collective Phase Locking as a Non-Baryonic Mechanism for Flat Galactic Rotation Curves

RESONANT MATTER FEEDBACK (RMF): Collective Phase Locking as a Non-Baryonic Mechanism for Flat Galactic Rotation Curves | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article RESONANT MATTER FEEDBACK (RMF): Collective Phase Locking as a Non-Baryonic Mechanism for Flat Galactic Rotation Curves Okky Aguero This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8268187/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The standard cosmological model (Lambda-CDM) relies heavily on the existence of Dark Matter to explain the anomaly of galactic rotation curves that violate Newtonian dynamics. However, the persistent absence of direct detection of Dark Matter particles (e.g., WIMPs) necessitates the exploration of alternative physical frameworks. This paper proposes Resonant Matter Feedback (RMF), a theoretical model postulating that matter interacts not only through fundamental forces but also through intrinsic phase resonance mediated by a universal scalar field (the Resonance Field). Using numerical N-body simulations, we demonstrate that macroscopic collective phase locking generates an additional effective attractive force that decays linearly with distance (1/r). This result accurately reproduces flat galactic rotation curves without requiring non-baryonic mass. We further propose an experimental validation method via a "Detuned Mass" test to detect gravitational weight variations as a function of internal oscillation frequency. High Energy and Particle Physics Resonant Matter Feedback Dark Matter Galactic Rotation Curves Phase Locking Modified Gravity Coupled Oscillators Figures Figure 1 1. INTRODUCTION One of the most significant unresolved problems in modern astrophysics is the discrepancy between the observed baryonic mass (stars, gas) and the gravitational dynamics of galaxies. First highlighted by Rubin and Ford in the 1970s, observations consistently show that the orbital velocities of stars at the galactic periphery remain constant (flat) out to large radii. According to standard Newtonian gravity, these velocities should decrease with distance (v is proportional to r^-1/2) given the visible mass distribution. The conventional solution assumes the existence of a massive, invisible "Dark Matter" halo surrounding galaxies. While the Dark Matter hypothesis has been successful in explaining large-scale structure formation, it faces significant challenges on smaller scales (such as the "cusp-core" problem) and lacks direct detection despite decades of sensitive experiments (e.g., LUX, XENON). This paper proposes a paradigm shift: Resonant Matter Feedback (RMF). We hypothesize that the "missing mass" is not a physical substance, but rather an energetic interaction arising from the collective harmonic resonance of matter. We propose that when matter aggregates into macroscopic structures, the microscopic vibrations of particles undergo spontaneous synchronization (Phase Locking), mediated by a universal background field. This paper aims to formalize the RMF hypothesis, derive its equations of motion, and validate it through computational simulation. 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Matter as Coupled Oscillators In the RMF framework, every material particle is treated not merely as a point mass, but as a quantum oscillator with a fundamental resonant frequency (omega). In isolated systems, these phases are random (decoherent). However, when matter aggregates into macroscopic structures (such as planets or stars), these microscopic random vibrations undergo coherence through a self-organization mechanism known as Phase Locking. This is analogous to the Kuramoto model of coupled oscillators, where weak coupling leads to global synchronization. 2.2 The Resonance Field (RF) We postulate that this interaction is mediated by the Resonance Field (RF), a background scalar field facilitating phase energy exchange between objects. Unlike electromagnetic waves, the RF does not carry standard linear momentum but transmits phase momentum, which influences the inertial and gravitational properties of the system. 3. MATHEMATICAL FORMALISM 3.1 The RMF Force Equation We modify the universal law of gravitation by introducing a resonance term. The total force (F_total) between a central mass M and an orbiting mass m is defined as: F_total = F_gravity + F_RMF Explicitly, this is written as: F(r) = G * (M m / r^2) + lambda * (M m / r^alpha) * S(delta_theta) Where: G: The Newtonian Gravitational Constant. lambda (Lambda): The Resonance Coupling Constant, representing the strength of the RF interaction. alpha: The distance decay exponent. To recover flat rotation curves, we empirically determine that alpha is approximately 1. S(delta_theta): The Synchronization Function, which maximizes (S approaches 1) when the phases of the two objects are aligned. 3.2 Effective Mass Derivation Due to this additional force, the "effective mass" of the galaxy perceived by an orbiting star (M_eff) appears larger than its actual baryonic mass (M_bary). By equating the centripetal force to the total RMF force (mv^2/r = F_total), we derive: M_eff = M_bary * (1 + (lambda/G) * r^(2-alpha)) For the specific case where alpha = 1, the effective mass increases linearly with distance (M_eff is proportional to r). This naturally yields a constant orbital velocity (v = constant), exactly mimicking the effect of a Dark Matter halo. 4. SIMULATION METHODOLOGY To validate the analytical predictions, we developed a numerical simulation using Python to model two distinct physical scenarios. Scenario A: Galactic Dynamics We simulated the orbit of a test star around a massive galactic core (M = 8000 units). We compared the orbital velocity profile generated by standard Newtonian physics against the RMF model. Newtonian Parameters: Standard Inverse-Square Law (1/r^2). RMF Parameters: Coupling constant lambda = 0.08, Decay exponent alpha = 1.0. Scenario B: The Detuned Mass Experiment We simulated a terrestrial laboratory experiment to test the falsifiability of the theory. A test mass (m = 100) was placed at a fixed distance from a field source. We varied the internal frequency difference (detuning) between the mass and the field from − 5 Hz to + 5 Hz to observe the variation in gravitational weight. 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the numerical simulations are presented in the figures below. Figure 1: Simulation results of the RMF Theory. Panel (A) compares the galactic rotation curves of Newtonian models versus RMF models. Panel (B) shows the predicted weight anomaly in a controlled frequency experiment. 5.1 Analysis of Galactic Rotation Curves As shown in Fig. 1(A), the Newtonian model (blue dashed line) predicts a rapid drop in orbital velocity as the distance from the galactic center increases. This contradicts astronomical observations. In contrast, the RMF model (red solid line) produces a flat rotation curve. This result is significant because it is achieved without adding invisible mass. The "extra" pull is provided by the resonance term (lambda/r), which acts as a long-range binding force. This suggests that the stability of galaxies is maintained by the resonant phase-locking of their constituent matter. 5.2 Analysis of the Detuned Mass Experiment Figure 1(B) illustrates the predicted behavior of a test mass in a controlled laboratory setting. The graph shows a Lorentzian peak profile. Baseline: When the frequency is detuned (far from 0 Hz difference), the measured weight corresponds to the standard Newtonian gravity (black dashed line). Resonance Peak: As the frequency difference approaches zero, the system achieves Phase Locking. This results in a sharp increase in the attractive force, manifested as an increase in weight (Green peak). This prediction provides a clear pathway for experimental verification. If a high-precision balance can detect weight variations in a super-cooled, vibration-isolated test mass subjected to specific frequency modulations, the RMF theory would be confirmed. 6. CONCLUSION This paper presents Resonant Matter Feedback (RMF) as a viable alternative to the Dark Matter hypothesis. By extending the physics of coupled oscillators to the cosmological scale, we have shown that gravity can be modified by a resonance-based scalar field. The key conclusions are: 1. Mathematical Consistency: The RMF equations naturally derive flat rotation curves for galaxies. 2. No New Particles: The theory solves the "missing mass" problem using energy interactions rather than hypothetical particles like WIMPs. 3. Testability: Unlike Dark Matter, which interacts only via gravity, RMF predicts measurable effects in terrestrial laboratories via frequency manipulation. Future work will focus on refining the constraints on the coupling constant lambda and designing the physical apparatus for the "Detuned Mass" experiment. References Rubin VC, Ford WKJ (1970) Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions. Astrophys J 159:379 Strogatz SH (2000) From Kuramoto to Crawford: exploring the onset of synchronization in populations of coupled oscillators. Nonlinear Phenomena, Physica D Milgrom M (1983) A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. Astrophys J 270:365–370 Okky Aguero (2025) Simulation Data and Python Implementation of Resonant Matter Feedback Models. Independent Research Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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Panel (A) compares the galactic rotation curves of Newtonian models versus RMF models. Panel (B) shows the predicted weight anomaly in a controlled frequency experiment.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8268187/v1/aef20062669aa67d0ee36ec6.png"},{"id":97677229,"identity":"42300979-04da-4358-a656-fe9433f09665","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-08 09:52:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":486109,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8268187/v1/ec045faf-b4e2-49c8-b8de-68d9ba2aa835.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eRESONANT MATTER FEEDBACK (RMF): Collective Phase Locking as a Non-Baryonic Mechanism for Flat Galactic Rotation Curves\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the most significant unresolved problems in modern astrophysics is the discrepancy between the observed baryonic mass (stars, gas) and the gravitational dynamics of galaxies. First highlighted by Rubin and Ford in the 1970s, observations consistently show that the orbital velocities of stars at the galactic periphery remain constant (flat) out to large radii. According to standard Newtonian gravity, these velocities should decrease with distance (v is proportional to r^-1/2) given the visible mass distribution.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe conventional solution assumes the existence of a massive, invisible \"Dark Matter\" halo surrounding galaxies. While the Dark Matter hypothesis has been successful in explaining large-scale structure formation, it faces significant challenges on smaller scales (such as the \"cusp-core\" problem) and lacks direct detection despite decades of sensitive experiments (e.g., LUX, XENON).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis paper proposes a paradigm shift: Resonant Matter Feedback (RMF). We hypothesize that the \"missing mass\" is not a physical substance, but rather an energetic interaction arising from the collective harmonic resonance of matter. We propose that when matter aggregates into macroscopic structures, the microscopic vibrations of particles undergo spontaneous synchronization (Phase Locking), mediated by a universal background field. This paper aims to formalize the RMF hypothesis, derive its equations of motion, and validate it through computational simulation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Matter as Coupled Oscillators\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the RMF framework, every material particle is treated not merely as a point mass, but as a quantum oscillator with a fundamental resonant frequency (omega). In isolated systems, these phases are random (decoherent). However, when matter aggregates into macroscopic structures (such as planets or stars), these microscopic random vibrations undergo coherence through a self-organization mechanism known as Phase Locking. This is analogous to the Kuramoto model of coupled oscillators, where weak coupling leads to global synchronization.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 The Resonance Field (RF)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe postulate that this interaction is mediated by the Resonance Field (RF), a background scalar field facilitating phase energy exchange between objects. Unlike electromagnetic waves, the RF does not carry standard linear momentum but transmits phase momentum, which influences the inertial and gravitational properties of the system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. MATHEMATICAL FORMALISM","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 The RMF Force Equation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe modify the universal law of gravitation by introducing a resonance term. The total force (F_total) between a central mass M and an orbiting mass m is defined as:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eF_total\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;F_gravity\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;F_RMF\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExplicitly, this is written as:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eF(r)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;G * (M\u003cem\u003em / r^2)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;lambda * (M\u003c/em\u003em / r^alpha) * S(delta_theta)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eG: The Newtonian Gravitational Constant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003elambda (Lambda): The Resonance Coupling Constant, representing the strength of the RF interaction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ealpha: The distance decay exponent. To recover flat rotation curves, we empirically determine that alpha is approximately 1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eS(delta_theta): The Synchronization Function, which maximizes (S approaches 1) when the phases of the two objects are aligned.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Effective Mass Derivation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDue to this additional force, the \"effective mass\" of the galaxy perceived by an orbiting star (M_eff) appears larger than its actual baryonic mass (M_bary). By equating the centripetal force to the total RMF force (mv^2/r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;F_total), we derive:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eM_eff\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;M_bary * (1 + (lambda/G) * r^(2-alpha))\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the specific case where alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, the effective mass increases linearly with distance (M_eff is proportional to r). This naturally yields a constant orbital velocity (v\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;constant), exactly mimicking the effect of a Dark Matter halo.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. SIMULATION METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo validate the analytical predictions, we developed a numerical simulation using Python to model two distinct physical scenarios.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScenario A: Galactic Dynamics\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe simulated the orbit of a test star around a massive galactic core (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8000 units). We compared the orbital velocity profile generated by standard Newtonian physics against the RMF model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eNewtonian Parameters: Standard Inverse-Square Law (1/r^2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eRMF Parameters: Coupling constant lambda\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08, Decay exponent alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.0.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScenario B: The Detuned Mass Experiment\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe simulated a terrestrial laboratory experiment to test the falsifiability of the theory. A test mass (m\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100) was placed at a fixed distance from a field source. We varied the internal frequency difference (detuning) between the mass and the field from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5 Hz to +\u0026thinsp;5 Hz to observe the variation in gravitational weight.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of the numerical simulations are presented in the figures below.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 1: Simulation results of the RMF Theory. Panel (A) compares the galactic rotation curves of Newtonian models versus RMF models. Panel (B) shows the predicted weight anomaly in a controlled frequency experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.1 Analysis of Galactic Rotation Curves\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1(A), the Newtonian model (blue dashed line) predicts a rapid drop in orbital velocity as the distance from the galactic center increases. This contradicts astronomical observations. In contrast, the RMF model (red solid line) produces a flat rotation curve.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis result is significant because it is achieved without adding invisible mass. The \"extra\" pull is provided by the resonance term (lambda/r), which acts as a long-range binding force. This suggests that the stability of galaxies is maintained by the resonant phase-locking of their constituent matter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.2 Analysis of the Detuned Mass Experiment\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 1(B) illustrates the predicted behavior of a test mass in a controlled laboratory setting. The graph shows a Lorentzian peak profile.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eBaseline: When the frequency is detuned (far from 0 Hz difference), the measured weight corresponds to the standard Newtonian gravity (black dashed line).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eResonance Peak: As the frequency difference approaches zero, the system achieves Phase Locking. This results in a sharp increase in the attractive force, manifested as an increase in weight (Green peak).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis prediction provides a clear pathway for experimental verification. If a high-precision balance can detect weight variations in a super-cooled, vibration-isolated test mass subjected to specific frequency modulations, the RMF theory would be confirmed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"6. CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper presents Resonant Matter Feedback (RMF) as a viable alternative to the Dark Matter hypothesis. By extending the physics of coupled oscillators to the cosmological scale, we have shown that gravity can be modified by a resonance-based scalar field.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe key conclusions are:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Mathematical Consistency: The RMF equations naturally derive flat rotation curves for galaxies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. No New Particles: The theory solves the \"missing mass\" problem using energy interactions rather than hypothetical particles like WIMPs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Testability: Unlike Dark Matter, which interacts only via gravity, RMF predicts measurable effects in terrestrial laboratories via frequency manipulation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFuture work will focus on refining the constraints on the coupling constant lambda and designing the physical apparatus for the \"Detuned Mass\" experiment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRubin VC, Ford WKJ (1970) Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions. Astrophys J 159:379\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStrogatz SH (2000) From Kuramoto to Crawford: exploring the onset of synchronization in populations of coupled oscillators. Nonlinear Phenomena, Physica D\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMilgrom M (1983) A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. Astrophys J 270:365\u0026ndash;370\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOkky Aguero (2025) Simulation Data and Python Implementation of Resonant Matter Feedback Models. Independent Research\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Independent Research","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Resonant Matter Feedback, Dark Matter, Galactic Rotation Curves, Phase Locking, Modified Gravity, Coupled Oscillators","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8268187/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8268187/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe standard cosmological model (Lambda-CDM) relies heavily on the existence of Dark Matter to explain the anomaly of galactic rotation curves that violate Newtonian dynamics. However, the persistent absence of direct detection of Dark Matter particles (e.g., WIMPs) necessitates the exploration of alternative physical frameworks. This paper proposes Resonant Matter Feedback (RMF), a theoretical model postulating that matter interacts not only through fundamental forces but also through intrinsic phase resonance mediated by a universal scalar field (the Resonance Field). Using numerical N-body simulations, we demonstrate that macroscopic collective phase locking generates an additional effective attractive force that decays linearly with distance (1/r). This result accurately reproduces flat galactic rotation curves without requiring non-baryonic mass. We further propose an experimental validation method via a \"Detuned Mass\" test to detect gravitational weight variations as a function of internal oscillation frequency.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"RESONANT MATTER FEEDBACK (RMF): Collective Phase Locking as a Non-Baryonic Mechanism for Flat Galactic Rotation Curves","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-04 03:38:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8268187/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"135b55a3-3afb-4084-8470-3e279d36d215","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 4th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":59062472,"name":"High Energy and Particle Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-04T03:38:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-04 03:38:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8268187","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8268187","identity":"rs-8268187","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}