Magnitude of Surgical Site Infection and its Associated Factors among Patients who Underwent a Surgical Procedure at Debre Tabor General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and factors associated with surgical site infections at surgical ward of Debre Tabor General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Method: Institution based cross sectional study was conducted on patients who underwent a surgical procedure at Debre Tabor General Hospital in 2020. The sample size was determined using single population proportion formula. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21 software. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions analysis were employed. Odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval were taken to test the association between the dependent and independent variables. P-value of less than 0.05 will be considered as statistically significant. Result: In this study, a total of 191 patients have participated in the study yielding a response rate of 100%. The mean age of the respondents was 2.5 (SD ±0.68) years. The most age group 115(60.2%) resides at the age group greater than 40 years. More than one half(62.3) of the surgical clients were females. Most of the clients were farmers(32.5%) and un able to read and write(41.9) based on the occupation . The magnitude of surgical site infection in this study was found to be 11.5% (95% CI: 7.8%, 15.9%).The factors existance of comorbidity and antibiotic prophylaxis given were found to be significantly assoiated with magnitude of surgical site infection. Conclusion: The magnitude of surgical site infection in this study was high. Proper management of patients with co-morbidity especially those with diabetes mellitus, proper administration of anesthesia and delivering intravenous antimicrobial prophylaxis before surgery as ordered would significantly reduce the incidence of surgical site infection. Surgery General Surgery Surgical Infection Debre Tabor Background Surgical site infection (SSI) refers to infections that took place within 30 days of an operative procedure and may extend to more than 30 days according to the surgical procedure [1]. Surgical site infection is one of the common problems in a hospital setting. Reports from the World Health Organization in 2009 showed that 23% of surgical patients worldwide developed SSIs [2]. It is the 3rd commonly reported nosocomial infection accounting for 10% to 40% of all nosocomial infections[3, 4]. It account for 3.7 million excess hospital stay days, more than it costs $1.6 billion excess costs annually and 3.57 extra drug usage [5]. Globally, SSI rates have been found to be from 2.5% to 41.9% [6]. Approximately 2–5% of surgical patients worldwide have developed SSIs [7]. The incidence of SSIs is higher in developing countries relative to developed nations [8]. SSIs are preventable complications following surgery and imposes significant burden in terms of patient morbidity, mortality and increased cost of treatment. Patients who develop SSIs are up to 60% more likely to spend time in an intensive care unit, 5 times more likely to be readmitted to hospital, and 2 times more likely to die compared with patients without SSIs [9]. Surgical site infections are the most frequent type of HAI in low and middle income countries (LMICs) and affect up to one third of patients who have undergone a surgical procedure[10]. In LMICs, the pooled incidence of SSI was 11.8 per 100 surgical procedures [11]. In Africa, SSIs were the leading infections in hospitals and incidence ranged from 2.5%-30.9% [12]. A study conducted in southern part of Ethiopia showed that, SSI was found to be 13% [1]. The study done in Northern Tanzania showed that there were 20.0% of surgical site infection [5]. A prospective observational study done in India showed that, surgical site infection rate was 13.04% in patients receiving inappropriate chemoprophylaxis; this study revealed that there was no significant difference for SSI rate between gender, types of anesthesia and between open and laparoscopic surgery, while emergency surgery showed significantly higher SSI rate as compared to the elective surgery [13]. The study in Tanzania revealed that ,presence of pre-morbid, use of iodine alone in skin preparation, duration of operation ≥ 3 hours and cigarette smoking were factors for surgical site infection (SSI) [5]. The study done in Southern part of Ethiopia, Sodo hospital showed that, Patients younger than 40 years old, being illiterate, history of previous hospitalization prolonged preoperative hospital stay (> 7 days) and admitted on the wing side of the hospital were found to be significant factors for surgical site infection [1] Materials And Methods Study Area and period The study was conducted in Debre Tabor General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia to assess the magnitude and associated factor of postoperative surgical site infection among patients visiting Debre Tabor General Hospital from March 1-30/2020. Debre Tabor is the capital of South Gondar Zone which is 666kms far from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia and 100kms away from Bahir Dar, the capital city of Amhara regional state. Study Design Institution based cross-sectional study design was employed. Population Source Population All patients who were undergone surgery from Debre Tabor General Hospital. Study Population Selected patients who were undergone surgery from Debre Tabor General Hospital. Study Variables Dependent Variable ✔ Magnitude of post-surgery surgical site infection Independent Variables ✔ Age group (in a years) of care givers ✔ Sex of child ✔ Educational level ✔ Religion Sample size Determination The sample size is determined by using single population proportion calculation formula. In a study done in Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia, 13% developed surgical site infection (p) (27).By considering 95% confidence interval (CI) and 5% marginal error the, sample size is calculated as follows; Therefore, total sample size = 174 + non-respondent rate (10%) = 174+17 = 191 Sampling Technique Systematic random sampling technique and proportional allocation was applied. Data collection Instruments Data were collected by using structured self-administered questionnaire observational checklist by three trained nurses Data Quality Control Training was given for data collectors and supervisors. Pre- testing was done to keep data quality. Daily cleaning of the questionnaire and strict follow up by the supervisor was done. Ethical Consideration Ethical clearance was obtained from the Amhara Public Health Institute. All the study participants were informed about the objective of the study and their verbal informed consent was obtained. Additionally confidentiality and privacy of the information were be kept anonymously. Data Processing and Analysis The collected data were checked for completeness and cleanness and then entered into SPSS version 21 software for analysis. Descriptive statistics was done to describe the study variables. Bivariate analysis was performed to select candidate variables for multi variable logistic regression analysis. All independent variables with p-value less than 0.2 was taken as candidates for multivariable logistic regression analysis. Finally, p-value of less than 0.05 at 95% CI were used to declare statistical significance. The AOR from multi variable logistic regression was used to measure the strength of association. Results socio-demographic characteristics of clients undergoing surgery In this study, a total of 191 patients have participated in the study yielding a response rate of 100%. The mean age of the respondents was 2.5 (SD ± 0.68) years. The most age group 115(60.2%) resides at the age group greater than 40 years. More than one half(62.3) of the surgical clients were females. Most of the clients were farmers(32.5%) and un able to read and write(41.9) based on the occupation (Table 1 ). Table 1 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WHO UNDERGONE SURGICAL PROCEDURES AT DEBRE TABOR GENERAL HOSPITAL, NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA (N = 191) Variables Frequency(n = 191) Percent (%) Age in years 1–18 20 10.5 19–40 56 29.3 > 40 115 60.2 Sex Male 72 37.7 female 119 62.3 Educational status Unable to write and read 80 41.9 Able to write and read 44 23.0 Primary school 18 9.4 Secondary school 26 13.6 Certificate of and above 23 12.0 Occupation House wife 29 15.2 Merchant 20 10.5 Student 19 9.9 Daily laborer 47 24.6 Employed 7 3.7 Unemployed 7 3.7 Farmer 62 32.5 Residence Rural 51 26.7 Urban 140 73.3 SURGICAL PROCEDURE RELATED FACTORS ON PATIENTS WHO UNDERGONE SURGERY Majority of the clients176(92.1%) had no previus history of hospitalization and preoperative hospital stay.Nearly three quarter(70.7%) of the clients had undergone elective surgery.Most of them(95.3%) had no co-morbidity and were given prophylaxis antibiotics(88%). (Table:2) Table 2 SURGICAL PROCEDURE RELATED FACTORS ON PATIENTS WHO UNDERGONE SURGERY AT DEBRE TABOR GENERAL HOSPITAL, NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA (N = 191) Variables Response Frequency (n = 191) Percent History of previous hospitalization Yes 15 7.9 No 176 92.1 Pre-operative hospital stay No admission 176 92.1 < 7 days 8 4.2 7 days 7 3.7 Type of surgical procedure done Emergency 56 29.3 Elective 135 70.7 Site of surgery Abdominal 109 57.1 Extremity 24 12.6 Thorax 12 6.3 Neck 27 14.1 Others 19 9.9 Duration of surgery 4 hours 6 3.1 Presence of co-morbidity Yes 9 4.7 No 182 95.3 Type of co-morbidity Diabetes mellitus 5 2.6 Hypertension 2 1.0 HIV/AIDS 2 1.0 None 182 95.3 Wound care given as ordered Yes 189 99.0 No 2 1.0 Frequency of wound care given Once daily 39 20.4 2 times daily 128 67.0 3 and more times a day 22 11.5 No care given 2 1.0 Type of anesthesia given General 155 81.2 Regional 36 18.8 Duration of anesthesia given 90 minutes 16 8.4 Antibiotic prophylaxis given Yes 168 88.0 No 23 12.0 Medication given as ordered Yes 186 97.4 No 5 2.6 Magnitude of surgical site infection Despite improvements in operating room practices, instrument sterilization methods, better surgical technique, and the best efforts of infection prevention strategies, surgical site infections remain a major cause of hospital acquired infections in the study area. Of the clients who undergone surgery 11.5% (95% CI: 7.8%, 15.9%) had surgical site infection. Factors for surgical site infection The multi variate analysis showed that, presence of comorbidity and antibiotics prophylaxis given were the major predictors of magnitude of surgical site infection. On the other hand age, sex, type of comorbidity, medication given after surgery, duration of operation procedure and type anesthesia given were found to be insignificant factors for surgical site infection (Table : 3). Table 3 BIVARAIBLE AND MULTIVARIABLE ANALYSIS ON SURGICAL SITE INFECTION AMONG CLIENTS UNDERGOING SURGICAL INTERVENTION AT DEBRE TABOR GENERAL HOSPITAL NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA, 2020 (N = 191) Variables Surgical site infection (SSI) COR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI) Yes (%) No (%) sex Female 5(22.7%) 67(39.6%) 2.23 [0 .79, 6.34] 2.00[0 .58, 6.94] Male 17(77.3%) 102(60.4%) 1 1 Presence of comorbidity Yes 4(18.2%) 5(3%) 0.14 [0 .03, 0.56]* .09[0 .01, 0.61]** No 18(81.8%) 164(97%) 1 1 Type of anesthesia General 12(54.5%) 143(84.6%) 4.58 [1 .80, 11.70]** 1.42[0 .34, 6.04] Regional 10(45.5%) 26(15.4%) 1 1 Duration of anesthesia <30 minutes 12(54.5%) 29(17.2%) 0.56 [0 .13, 2.32] 4.167[0 .50, 35.10] 30–60 minutes 6(27.3%) 108(63.9%) 4.425[0 .93, 18.63] 3.267[0 .52, 20.65] 60–90 minutes 1(4.5%) 19(11.2%) 4.39 [0 .41, 46.93] 2.052[0 .16, 26.67] >90 minutes 3(13.6%) 13(7.7%) 1 1 Antibiotics prophylaxis given Yes 10(45.5%) 158(93.5%) 17.24 [6 .10, 48.68]** 25.16[4 .83, 131.04]** No 12(54.5%) 11(6.5%) 1 1 medication given after surgery yes 20(90.9%) 166(98.2%) 5.53 [0 .87, 35.13] 5.31[0 .50, 56.78] No 2(9.1%) 3(1.8%) 1 1 NB:1 = Reference, * =P value-<0.05, **=p-value < 0.01, Hosmier and Lemesho Goodness of fit test = 0.931 Discussion This study result showed that the magnitude of surgical site infection was high; we found that 11.5% (95% CI: 7.8%, 15.9%) of the clients who undergone surgery had surgical site infection ,which is in line with the report of the systematic review and meta-analysis in Ethiopia [ 12 ], the study done in Ethiopia like Jima University Hospital 11.4% [ 14 ], Wolita Sodo Teaching and referral hospital 13%[ 1 ] ,a systematic review and meta-analysis study 12.3% [ 6 ], in Ethiopia 9.9% [ 15 ], the study done in referral hospitals of Ethiopia [ 16 ], Suhul hospital Tigray of Ethiopia 11.1%[ 17 ], Southern hospitals of Ethiopia 11% [ 18 ]study in India 13.04% [ 13 ] in Mwanza Tanzania 10.9% [ 19 ] and in Pakistan 11% [ 20 ]. The study result was lower than the studies done in Ethiopia like Ayder hospital 75% [ 11 ], the study done in primary hospital 20.6% [ 21 ] a prospective cohort study 19.1% [ 22 ] ,the study done in Tanzania Bugando medical center 20% [ 5 ] and in a university hospital in Germany 22% [ 10 ]. The possible reason for this difference might be time difference, care of the patients and even antibiotic prophylaxis given. However, our study was higher than, the studies conducted in developing countries 6% [ 7 ], the study done in Italy 5.2% [ 23 ] and in university Missori Kansas city 0.6%[ 4 ] .The possible explanation for this might be care of the patient and time difference of the study. A statistically significant association was obtained between presence of comorbidity, prophylaxis given and surgical site infection. The absence of comorbidity and antibiotics prophylaxis given were the major predictors for magnitude of surgical site infection. Participants with no comorbidity (AOR = 0. 09 , 95% CI: 0 .01, 0.61 ) were by 91% less likely to have surgical site infection as compared to participants with comorbidity. The result is in consistent with the study done in Woliyta Zone hospital Ethiopia [ 1 ], in Tanzania[ 5 ], in Pakistan [ 20 ], in Buenos Aires Hospital [ 7 ] and in the university hospital of Germany[ 10 ]. The probable reason for this could be primary prevention by both the clients and the health personnel with health care and nutritional care. Another statistical significant association was also obtained between antibiotics prophylaxis given and surgical site infection. Respondents who were not used prophylaxis (AOR = 25.16 ,, 95% CI: 4 .83, 131.04] ) were twenty- five times more likely to have surgical site infection as compared to those patients who ever used antibiotic prophylaxis. The result is consistent with the study done in university hospitals of Ethiopia like Jimma [ 14 ],Woliyta Sodo [ 1 ], the systematic and meta-analysis study done in Ethiopia [ 6 ], in tertiary hospital of Ethiopia [ 21 ], the prospective cohort study done in Ethiopia [ 22 ]. The probable reason for this could be that antibiotics could bring resistance and immunity compromising that could decrease the resistance for infection. Finally, other factors like sex of respondents, age occupation, type of anesthesia given, duration of anesthesia, type of comorbidity, duration of surgery and type of surgery were found to have no association with surgical site infection. Conclusion The magnitude of surgical site infection in this study was high. Proper management of patients with co-morbidity especially those with diabetes mellitus, and cautious delivering antimicrobial prophylaxis before surgery before surgery would significantly reduce the incidence of surgical site infection. Recommendations Health care providers should care for surgical site. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be given selectively. This study will alarm health professionals with in the operation team for proper handling of surgical site and its prevention not being infected. Limitations As the study was cross-sectional egg- chicken dilemma is considered. As it is interviewed based and observation, observer bias was considered during data collection Abbreviations AOR -Adjusted odds ratio CI- Confidence interval COR -Crude odds ratio P- Proportion P V value - Probability value SPSS - Statistical package SSI- Surgical site infection Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical clearance was obtained from the Amhara Public Health Institute. The study participants were also informed about the objectives of the study, privacy, and data protection and gave informed consent before being enrolled in the study. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing Interests The authors declare that we have no competing interests. Funding Self-funding Authors’ contributions Mequanint Bezie (MB) designed the study, participated in the data quality control, analyzed the data, and drafted the paper, Tadesse Wuletaw (TW) assisted with the design, approved the proposal, and revised drafts of the paper. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Acknowledgment We sincerely acknowledge the Amhara Public Health Institute for giving permission letters to conduct this research. Our next appreciation goes to study participants, coordinators, data collection facilitators, and the staffs of the respective colleges. Authors’ information 1 Department of Medical Laboratory, Debre Tabor Health Science College, P.O Box 83, Ethiopia, Email: [email protected] Debre Tabor, Ethiopia 2 Departmnet of Nursing, Debre Tabor Health Science College, P.O Box 83, Email: [email protected] , Debre Tabor, Ethiopia. Availability of data The original data are available at hand and maybe delivered upon request via the corresponding author. References Awoke N, Arba A, Girma A. Magnitude of surgical site infection and its associated factors among patients who underwent a surgical procedure at Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia. Plos one. 2019;14(12):e0226140. Kilpatrick C, Allegranzi B, Pittet D. WHO First Global Patient Safety Challenge: Clean Care is Safer Care. Contributing to the training of health-care workers around the globe. Int J Infect Control. 2011;7(2):17. Singh R, Singla P, Chaudhary U. Surgical site infections: classification, risk factors, pathogenesis and preventive management. Int J Pharm Res Health Sci. 2014;2:203-14. Salkind AR, Rao KC. Antiobiotic prophylaxis to prevent surgical site infections. American family physician. 2011;83(5):585-90. Mawalla B, Mshana SE, Chalya PL, Imirzalioglu C, Mahalu W. 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Incidence and predictors of surgical site infection in Ethiopia: prospective cohort. BMC infectious diseases. 2017;17(1):119. Fiorio M, Marvaso A, Viganò F, Marchetti F. Incidence of surgical site infections in general surgery in Italy. Infection. 2006;34(6):310. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-136000","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":7170643,"identity":"85777e41-d6c7-4879-9108-863d646e24bd","order_by":0,"name":"Mequanint Bezie Walelign","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA00lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCA2CSvQFIGFiQooUHRBlIkGKXRAKYJKzQ4HjvwUM3KqwT+2c+v7rhR4EEA397dwJ+LWfOJRzOOZOeOON2TtnNHqDDJM6c3YBfy40cg8O5bYcTG27npN3gAWoxkMglRsu/w4nzb55Ju/mHeC0NhxM33GA/dpsoWyTPnDE4nHMs3XjjmRy22zIGEjwE/cJ3vMf4c06Ntey848ef3Xzzx0aOv70XvxaFA2CKGYh5DEAsHrzKQUC+Aa6F/QFB1aNgFIyCUTAyAQD/5FExFuh7pAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Debre Tabor Health science College","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mequanint","middleName":"Bezie","lastName":"Walelign","suffix":""},{"id":7170644,"identity":"0139a84c-43d2-4097-94a4-dc5d63dcc7bf","order_by":1,"name":"Tadesse Wuletaw Demissie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Debre Tabor Health Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tadesse","middleName":"Wuletaw","lastName":"Demissie","suffix":""},{"id":7170645,"identity":"3629dc67-0e0d-463e-82e2-b42250aa2d8d","order_by":2,"name":"Abaynew Honelign Dessalegn","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Debre Tabor Health Science College","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abaynew","middleName":"Honelign","lastName":"Dessalegn","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-12-25 10:46:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"coiExplicitlySet":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-136000/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-136000/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":13641012,"identity":"f0d0335b-e47c-4a3b-acf8-8269a06d9eef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 09:02:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":459030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-136000/v1/6cdaac73-c4a6-494e-9cb6-2cf3b749fa55.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eMagnitude of Surgical Site Infection and its Associated Factors among Patients who Underwent a Surgical Procedure at Debre Tabor General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eSurgical site infection (SSI) refers to infections that took place within 30 days of an operative\u0026nbsp;procedure and may extend to more than 30 days according to the surgical procedure [1]. Surgical site infection is one of the common problems in a hospital setting. Reports from the World Health Organization in 2009 showed that 23% of surgical patients worldwide developed SSIs [2]. It is the 3rd commonly reported nosocomial infection accounting for 10% to 40% of all nosocomial infections[3, 4]. It account for 3.7 million excess hospital stay days, more than it costs \u0026nbsp;$1.6 billion excess costs annually and 3.57 extra drug usage [5].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlobally, SSI rates have been found to be from 2.5% to 41.9% [6]. Approximately 2\u0026ndash;5% of surgical patients worldwide have developed SSIs [7]. The incidence of SSIs is higher in developing countries relative to developed nations [8]. SSIs are preventable complications following surgery and imposes significant burden in terms of patient morbidity, mortality and increased cost of treatment. Patients who develop SSIs are up to 60% more likely to spend time in an intensive care unit, 5 times more likely to be readmitted to hospital, and 2 times more likely to die compared with patients without SSIs [9].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurgical site infections are the most frequent type of HAI in low and middle income\u0026nbsp;countries (LMICs) and affect up to one third of patients who have undergone a surgical\u0026nbsp;procedure[10]. In LMICs, the pooled incidence of SSI was 11.8 per 100 surgical procedures\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;[11]. In Africa, SSIs were the leading infections in hospitals and incidence ranged from 2.5%-30.9% [12]. A study conducted in southern part of Ethiopia showed that, SSI was found to be 13% [1].\u0026nbsp; The study done in Northern Tanzania showed that there were 20.0% of surgical site infection [5].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA prospective observational study done in India showed that, surgical site infection rate was 13.04% in patients receiving inappropriate chemoprophylaxis; this \u0026nbsp;study revealed that there was no significant difference for SSI rate between gender, types of anesthesia and between open and laparoscopic surgery, while emergency surgery showed significantly higher SSI rate as compared to the elective surgery [13]. The study in Tanzania revealed that ,presence of pre-morbid, use of iodine alone in skin preparation,\u0026nbsp; duration of operation \u0026ge; 3 hours\u0026nbsp; and cigarette smoking\u0026nbsp; were factors for surgical site infection (SSI) [5]. The study done in Southern part of Ethiopia, Sodo hospital showed that, Patients younger than 40 years old, being illiterate, history of previous hospitalization prolonged preoperative hospital stay (\u0026gt; 7 days) and admitted on the wing side of the hospital were found to be significant factors for surgical site infection [1]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003eStudy Area and period\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in Debre Tabor General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia to assess the magnitude and associated factor of postoperative surgical site infection among patients visiting Debre Tabor General Hospital from March 1-30/2020. Debre Tabor is the capital of South Gondar Zone which is 666kms far from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia and 100kms away from Bahir Dar, the capital city of Amhara regional state.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInstitution based cross-sectional study design was employed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePopulation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSource Population\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll patients who were undergone surgery from Debre Tabor General Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStudy Population\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelected patients who were undergone surgery from Debre Tabor General Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStudy Variables\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDependent Variable\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e✔\u003c/strong\u003e Magnitude of post-surgery surgical site infection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e✔\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; Age group (in a years) of care givers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e✔\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; Sex of child\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e✔\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; Educational level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e✔\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; Religion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSample size Determination\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size is determined by using single population proportion calculation formula. In a study done in Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia, 13% developed surgical site infection (p) (27).By considering 95% confidence interval (CI) and 5% marginal error the, sample size is calculated as follows;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\" /\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, total sample size = 174 + non-respondent rate (10%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; = 174+17 = \u003cu\u003e191\u003c/u\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSampling Technique\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystematic random sampling technique and proportional allocation was applied.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData collection Instruments\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were collected by using structured self-administered questionnaire observational checklist by three trained nurses\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Quality Control\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTraining was given for data collectors and supervisors.\u0026nbsp; Pre- testing was done to keep data quality. Daily cleaning of the questionnaire and strict follow up by the supervisor was done.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEthical Consideration\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical clearance was obtained from the Amhara Public Health Institute. All the study participants were informed about the objective of the study and their verbal informed consent was obtained. Additionally confidentiality and privacy of the information were be kept anonymously.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Processing and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe collected data were checked for completeness and cleanness and then entered into SPSS version 21 software for analysis. Descriptive statistics was done to describe the study variables. Bivariate analysis was performed to select candidate variables for multi variable logistic regression analysis. All independent variables with p-value less than 0.2 was taken as candidates for multivariable logistic regression analysis. Finally, p-value of less than 0.05 at 95% CI were used to declare statistical significance. The AOR from multi variable logistic regression was used to measure the strength of association.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003esocio-demographic characteristics of clients undergoing surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, a total of 191 patients have participated in the study yielding a response rate of 100%. The mean age of the respondents was 2.5 (SD\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68) years. The most age group 115(60.2%) resides at the age group greater than 40\u0026nbsp;years. More than one half(62.3) of the surgical clients were females. Most of the clients were farmers(32.5%) and un able to read and write(41.9) based on the occupation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WHO UNDERGONE SURGICAL PROCEDURES AT DEBRE TABOR GENERAL HOSPITAL, NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;191)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequency(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;191)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge in years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003efemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEducational status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnable to write and read\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAble to write and read\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCertificate of and above\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHouse wife\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMerchant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDaily laborer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSURGICAL PROCEDURE RELATED FACTORS ON PATIENTS WHO UNDERGONE SURGERY\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMajority of the clients176(92.1%) had no previus history of hospitalization and preoperative hospital stay.Nearly three quarter(70.7%) of the clients had undergone elective surgery.Most of them(95.3%) had no co-morbidity and were given prophylaxis antibiotics(88%). (Table:2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSURGICAL PROCEDURE RELATED FACTORS ON PATIENTS WHO UNDERGONE SURGERY AT DEBRE TABOR GENERAL HOSPITAL, NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;191)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResponse\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequency (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;191)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistory of previous hospitalization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e92.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePre-operative hospital stay\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo admission\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e92.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7 days\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 days\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType of surgical procedure done\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmergency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElective\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSite of surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExtremity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThorax\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeck\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuration of surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 hour\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;4 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePresence of co-morbidity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType of co-morbidity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHIV/AIDS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWound care given as ordered\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e99.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequency of wound care given\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnce daily\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 times daily\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 and more times a day\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo care given\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType of anesthesia given\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeneral\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegional\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuration of anesthesia given\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30 minute\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;60 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;90 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;90 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntibiotic prophylaxis given\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedication given as ordered\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e97.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMagnitude of surgical site infection\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite improvements in operating room practices, instrument sterilization methods, better surgical technique, and the best efforts of infection prevention strategies, surgical site infections remain a major cause of hospital acquired infections in the study area. Of the clients who undergone surgery 11.5% (95% CI: 7.8%, 15.9%) had surgical site infection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFactors for surgical site infection\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe multi variate analysis showed that, presence of comorbidity and antibiotics prophylaxis given were the major predictors of magnitude of surgical site infection. On the other hand age, sex, type of comorbidity, medication given after surgery, duration of operation procedure and type anesthesia given were found to be insignificant factors for surgical site infection (Table : 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBIVARAIBLE AND MULTIVARIABLE ANALYSIS ON SURGICAL SITE INFECTION AMONG CLIENTS UNDERGOING SURGICAL INTERVENTION AT DEBRE TABOR GENERAL HOSPITAL NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA, 2020 (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;191)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003eVariables\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurgical site infection (SSI)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003eCOR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003eAOR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"BoldSmallCaps\"\u003eYes (%) No (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003esex\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5(22.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67(39.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.23 [0 .79, 6.34]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.00[0 .58, 6.94]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e17(77.3%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e102(60.4%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003ePresence of comorbidity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e4(18.2%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e5(3%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.14 [0 .03, 0.56]*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.09[0 .01, 0.61]**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e18(81.8%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e164(97%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003eType of anesthesia\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeneral\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e12(54.5%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e143(84.6%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.58 [1 .80, 11.70]**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.42[0 .34, 6.04]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegional\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e10(45.5%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e26(15.4%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003eDuration of anesthesia\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;30 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e12(54.5%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e29(17.2%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.56 [0 .13, 2.32]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.167[0 .50, 35.10]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;60 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e6(27.3%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e108(63.9%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.425[0 .93, 18.63]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.267[0 .52, 20.65]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;90 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e1(4.5%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e19(11.2%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.39 [0 .41, 46.93]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.052[0 .16, 26.67]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;90 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e3(13.6%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e13(7.7%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003eAntibiotics prophylaxis given\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e10(45.5%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003e158(93.5%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.24 [6 .10, 48.68]**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.16[4 .83, 131.04]**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12(54.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11(6.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SmallCaps\"\u003emedication given after surgery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20(90.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e166(98.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.53 [0 .87, 35.13]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.31[0 .50, 56.78]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2(9.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3(1.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNB:1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Reference, * =P value-\u0026lt;0.05, **=p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, Hosmier and Lemesho Goodness of fit test\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.931\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":" \u003cp\u003eThis study result showed that the magnitude of surgical site infection was high; we found that 11.5% (95% CI: 7.8%, 15.9%) of the clients who undergone surgery had surgical site infection ,which is in line with the report of the systematic review and meta-analysis in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], the study done in Ethiopia like Jima University Hospital 11.4% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], Wolita Sodo Teaching and referral hospital 13%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] ,a systematic review and meta-analysis study 12.3% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], in Ethiopia 9.9% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], the study done in referral hospitals of Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], Suhul hospital Tigray of Ethiopia 11.1%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], Southern hospitals of Ethiopia 11% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]study in India 13.04% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] in Mwanza Tanzania 10.9% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] and in Pakistan 11% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study result was lower than the studies done in Ethiopia like Ayder hospital 75% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], the study done in primary hospital 20.6% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] a prospective cohort study 19.1% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] ,the study done in Tanzania Bugando medical center 20% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] and in a university hospital in Germany 22% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The possible reason for this difference might be time difference, care of the patients and even antibiotic prophylaxis given.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, our study was higher than, the studies conducted in developing countries 6% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], the study done in Italy 5.2% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] and in university Missori Kansas city 0.6%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] .The possible explanation for this might be care of the patient and time difference of the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA statistically significant association was obtained between presence of comorbidity, prophylaxis given and surgical site infection. The absence of comorbidity and antibiotics prophylaxis given were the major predictors for magnitude of surgical site infection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants with no comorbidity (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0. 09\u003c/b\u003e, 95% CI: \u003cb\u003e0 .01, 0.61\u003c/b\u003e) were by 91% less likely to have surgical site infection as compared to participants with comorbidity. The result is in consistent with the study done in Woliyta Zone hospital Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], in Tanzania[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], in Pakistan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], in Buenos Aires Hospital [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] and in the university hospital of Germany[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe probable reason for this could be primary prevention by both the clients and the health personnel with health care and nutritional care.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother statistical significant association was also obtained between antibiotics prophylaxis given and surgical site infection. Respondents who were not used prophylaxis (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e25.16\u003c/b\u003e,, 95% CI: \u003cb\u003e4 .83, 131.04]\u003c/b\u003e) were twenty- five times more likely to have surgical site infection as compared to those patients who ever used antibiotic prophylaxis. The result is consistent with the study done in university hospitals of Ethiopia like Jimma [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e],Woliyta Sodo [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], the systematic and meta-analysis study done in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], in tertiary hospital of Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], the prospective cohort study done in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The probable reason for this could be that antibiotics could bring resistance and immunity compromising that could decrease the resistance for infection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, other factors like sex of respondents, age occupation, type of anesthesia given, duration of anesthesia, type of comorbidity, duration of surgery and type of surgery were found to have no association with surgical site infection.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":" \u003cp\u003eThe magnitude of surgical site infection in this study was high. Proper management of patients with co-morbidity especially those with diabetes mellitus, and cautious delivering antimicrobial prophylaxis before surgery before surgery would significantly reduce the incidence of surgical site infection.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eHealth care providers should care for surgical site. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be given selectively. This study will alarm health professionals with in the operation team for proper handling of surgical site and its prevention not being infected.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Limitations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs the study was cross-sectional egg- chicken dilemma is considered. As it is interviewed based and observation, observer bias was considered during data collection\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR\u003c/strong\u003e -Adjusted odds ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCI-\u003c/strong\u003e Confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOR\u003c/strong\u003e-Crude odds ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-\u003c/strong\u003e Proportion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP V value \u003c/strong\u003e- Probability value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSPSS\u003c/strong\u003e - Statistical package\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSSI-\u003c/strong\u003e Surgical site infection\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical clearance was obtained from the Amhara Public Health Institute. The study participants were also informed about the objectives of the study, privacy, and data protection and gave informed consent before being enrolled in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that we have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelf-funding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMequanint Bezie (MB) designed the study, participated in the data quality control, analyzed the data, and drafted the paper, Tadesse Wuletaw (TW) assisted with the design, approved the proposal, and revised drafts of the paper. All authors read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe sincerely acknowledge the Amhara Public Health Institute for giving permission letters to conduct this research. Our next appreciation goes to study participants, coordinators, data collection facilitators, and the staffs of the respective colleges.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; information\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e Department of Medical Laboratory, Debre Tabor Health Science College, P.O Box 83, Ethiopia, Email: \u003ca href=\"mailto:[email protected]\"\[email protected]\u003c/a\u003e Debre Tabor, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eDepartmnet of Nursing, Debre Tabor Health Science College, P.O Box 83, Email: \u003ca href=\"mailto:[email protected]\"\[email protected]\u003c/a\u003e, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAvailability of data\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe original data are available at hand and maybe delivered upon request via the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAwoke N, Arba A, Girma A. Magnitude of surgical site infection and its associated factors among patients who underwent a surgical procedure at Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia. Plos one. 2019;14(12):e0226140.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKilpatrick C, Allegranzi B, Pittet D. WHO First Global Patient Safety Challenge: Clean Care is Safer Care. Contributing to the training of health-care workers around the globe. Int J Infect Control. 2011;7(2):17.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh R, Singla P, Chaudhary U. Surgical site infections: classification, risk factors, pathogenesis and preventive management. Int J Pharm Res Health Sci. 2014;2:203-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalkind AR, Rao KC. Antiobiotic prophylaxis to prevent surgical site infections. American family physician. 2011;83(5):585-90.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMawalla B, Mshana SE, Chalya PL, Imirzalioglu C, Mahalu W. 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Patient safety in surgery. 2017;11(1):24.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeldu MG, Berhane H, Berhe N, Haile K, Sibhatu Y, Gidey T, et al. Magnitude and determinant factors of surgical site infection in Suhul hospital Tigrai, northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Surgical infections. 2018;19(7):684-90.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWodajo S, Belayneh M, Gebremedhin S. Magnitude and factors associated with post-cesarean surgical site infection at Hawassa University teaching and referral hospital, southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Ethiopian journal of health sciences. 2017;27(3):283-90.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMpogoro FJ, Mshana SE, Mirambo MM, Kidenya BR, Gumodoka B, Imirzalioglu C. Incidence and predictors of surgical site infections following caesarean sections at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control. 2014;3(1):25.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTariq A, Ali H, Zafar F, Sial A, Hameed K, Naveed S. A systemic review on surgical site infections: classification, risk factors, treatment complexities, economical and clinical scenarios. J Bioequiv Availab. 2017;9(1):336-40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHalawi E, Assefa T, Hussen S. Pattern of antibiotics use, incidence and predictors of surgical site infections in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. BMC research notes. 2018;11(1):538.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLaloto TL, Gemeda DH, Abdella SH. Incidence and predictors of surgical site infection in Ethiopia: prospective cohort. BMC infectious diseases. 2017;17(1):119.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFiorio M, Marvaso A, Vigan\u0026ograve; F, Marchetti F. Incidence of surgical site infections in general surgery in Italy. Infection. 2006;34(6):310.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Surgical, Infection, Debre Tabor","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-136000/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-136000/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Surgical site infections are commonest nosocomial infections and responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality as well as increased hospitalizations and treatment cost related to surgical operations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective: \u003c/strong\u003eThe aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and factors associated with surgical site infections at surgical ward of Debre Tabor General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod:\u003c/strong\u003e Institution based cross sectional study was conducted on patients who underwent a surgical procedure at Debre Tabor General Hospital in 2020. The sample size was determined using single population proportion formula. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21 software. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions analysis were employed. Odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval were taken to test the association between the dependent and independent variables. P-value of less than 0.05 will be considered as statistically significant.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResult: \u003c/strong\u003eIn this study, a total of 191 patients\u0026nbsp;have participated in the study yielding a response rate of 100%. The mean age of the respondents was 2.5 (SD ±0.68) years. The most age group 115(60.2%) resides at the\u0026nbsp;age group greater than 40 years. More than one\u0026nbsp;half(62.3) of the surgical clients were females. Most of the clients were farmers(32.5%)\u0026nbsp;and un able to read and write(41.9) based on the occupation\u003cstrong\u003e. \u003c/strong\u003eThe magnitude of surgical site infection in this study was found to be 11.5% (95% CI: 7.8%, 15.9%).The factors existance of comorbidity and antibiotic prophylaxis given\u0026nbsp;were found to be significantly assoiated with magnitude of surgical site infection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eThe magnitude of surgical site infection in this study was high. Proper management of patients with co-morbidity especially those with diabetes mellitus, proper administration of anesthesia and delivering intravenous antimicrobial prophylaxis before surgery as ordered would significantly reduce the incidence of surgical site infection.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Magnitude of Surgical Site Infection and its Associated Factors among Patients who Underwent a Surgical Procedure at Debre Tabor General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-12-30 23:32:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-136000/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c71e9796-1b53-4adc-a28c-d8e3e4ecea3f","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 30th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":1667537,"name":"Surgery"},{"id":1667538,"name":"General Surgery"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-01-28T04:03:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-12-30 23:32:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-136000","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-136000","identity":"rs-136000","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}