Experimental Comparison of Steady and Sweeping-Oscillating Jets in Active Control of a Square-Cylinder Wake

Experimental Comparison of Steady and Sweeping-Oscillating Jets in Active Control of a Square-Cylinder Wake | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experimental Comparison of Steady and Sweeping-Oscillating Jets in Active Control of a Square-Cylinder Wake Xin Wen, Jiawei Lu, Zifeng Jing, Yingzheng Liu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7519291/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Based on time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV) experiments, this study systematically compares two active flow-control strategies—steady jet and oscillating sweeping-jet actuation applied at the rear stagnation point of a square cylinder—and quantifies their relative efficiencies over a broad range of momentum coefficients. The experiments were conducted at a Reynolds number of Re = 1.2×10 4 . We assess the flow from multiple perspectives, including mean-flow quantities, turbulence statistics, modal coherence, and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-based modal coherence and energy distributions, thereby elucidating the underlying control mechanisms of the two jets. Results show that both strategies suppress the Kármán vortex street, push the shear layers outward, and establish a high-momentum pathway along the centerline, thereby reorganizing the wake and enhancing symmetry; however, their mechanisms and efficiencies differ markedly. The steady jet primarily operates by continuously replenishing centerline momentum, shortening and ultimately eliminating the time-averaged recirculation region while confining large-scale turbulence to a near-wake mixing layer; at high \(\:{C}_{\mu\:}\) ​, it exhibits diminishing returns. By contrast, the oscillating sweeping jet, through unsteady modulation that directly targets the dominant instability mode, substantially weakens the energy of the first few POD modes and depresses far-wake turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and reynolds shear stress (RSS), thereby confining the dominant periodic transport and mixing to a narrow near-field band downstream of the nozzle. Consequently, at moderate \(\:{C}_{\mu\:}\) ​ it achieves suppression comparable to—or better than—that obtained by the steady jet at substantially higher momentum input. These findings provide experimental evidence and quantitative guidance for selecting control type and amplitude for bluff-body vibration/noise mitigation and wake symmetrization. square-cylinder wake active flow control steady jet oscillating sweeping jet Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7519291","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":519375704,"identity":"98d09276-c182-482d-a039-d3dcfee29eda","order_by":0,"name":"Xin Wen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xin","middleName":"","lastName":"Wen","suffix":""},{"id":519375705,"identity":"dfa10779-e6ef-4819-b7eb-ad6c06af7bd7","order_by":1,"name":"Jiawei Lu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong 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Wake","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"square-cylinder wake, active flow control, steady jet, oscillating sweeping jet","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7519291/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7519291/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBased on time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV) experiments, this study systematically compares two active flow-control strategies\u0026mdash;steady jet and oscillating sweeping-jet actuation applied at the rear stagnation point of a square cylinder\u0026mdash;and quantifies their relative efficiencies over a broad range of momentum coefficients. The experiments were conducted at a Reynolds number of Re\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.2\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e. We assess the flow from multiple perspectives, including mean-flow quantities, turbulence statistics, modal coherence, and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-based modal coherence and energy distributions, thereby elucidating the underlying control mechanisms of the two jets. Results show that both strategies suppress the K\u0026aacute;rm\u0026aacute;n vortex street, push the shear layers outward, and establish a high-momentum pathway along the centerline, thereby reorganizing the wake and enhancing symmetry; however, their mechanisms and efficiencies differ markedly. The steady jet primarily operates by continuously replenishing centerline momentum, shortening and ultimately eliminating the time-averaged recirculation region while confining large-scale turbulence to a near-wake mixing layer; at high \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{C}_{\\mu\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e​, it exhibits diminishing returns. By contrast, the oscillating sweeping jet, through unsteady modulation that directly targets the dominant instability mode, substantially weakens the energy of the first few POD modes and depresses far-wake turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and reynolds shear stress (RSS), thereby confining the dominant periodic transport and mixing to a narrow near-field band downstream of the nozzle. Consequently, at moderate \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{C}_{\\mu\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e​ it achieves suppression comparable to\u0026mdash;or better than\u0026mdash;that obtained by the steady jet at substantially higher momentum input. These findings provide experimental evidence and quantitative guidance for selecting control type and amplitude for bluff-body vibration/noise mitigation and wake symmetrization.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Experimental Comparison of Steady and Sweeping-Oscillating Jets in Active Control of a Square-Cylinder Wake","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-01 04:41:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7519291/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"58e5f5f8-ee21-4f9f-b06d-b4aece09ff52","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-20T10:53:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-01 04:41:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7519291","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7519291","identity":"rs-7519291","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}