High developmental temperature leads to low reproduction despite adult temperature

Phenotypic plasticity can be an important tool in helping organisms to cope with changing thermal conditions and it may show an interdependency between life-stages. For instance, exposure to stressful temperatures during development can trigger a positive plastic response in adults. In this study, we analyse the thermal plastic response of laboratory populations of Drosophila subobscura , derived from two contrasting latitudes of the European cline. We measured fecundity characters in the experimental populations after exposure to five thermal treatments, with different combinations of developmental and adult temperatures (14°C, 18°C or 26°C). We ask whether (1) adult performance is enhanced (or reduced) by exposing flies to higher (or lower) temperatures during development only; (2) flies raised at lower temperatures outperform those developed at higher ones, supporting the “colder is better” hypothesis; (3) there is a cumulative effect on adult performance of exposing both juveniles and adults to higher (or lower) temperatures; (4) there is any evidence for historical effects on adult performance. Our main findings show that (1) higher developmental temperatures led to low reproductive performance regardless of adult temperature, while at lower temperatures reduced performance only occurred when cold conditions were persistent across juvenile and adult stage; (2) flies raised at lower temperatures did not always outperform those developed at other temperatures; (3) there was no (negative) cumulative effect of exposing both juveniles and adults to higher temperatures; (4) both latitudinal populations showed similar thermal plasticity patterns. The negative effect of high developmental temperature on reproductive performance, regardless of adult temperature, highlights the developmental stage as a critical and most vulnerable stage to climate change and associated heat waves.