Post-Disaster Rehabilitation and Conservation of Aquatic Resources in Sumatera: A Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis

Post-Disaster Rehabilitation and Conservation of Aquatic Resources in Sumatera: A Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Post-Disaster Rehabilitation and Conservation of Aquatic Resources in Sumatera: A Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis Suprianto Suprianto, Sitti Hardiyanti Arhas, Muhammad Luthfi Siraj This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9011253/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The island of Sumatra is one of the regions in Indonesia that has a high level of vulnerability to hydrometeorological disasters that have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems and the sustainability of aquatic resources. Although studies on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation continue to develop, systematic mapping of knowledge structures, thematic dynamics, and research development directions in the Sumatra context is still relatively limited. This study aims to analyze the significance of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation studies, identify the structure and distribution of research as reflected in the main thematic clusters of the literature, and examine its theoretical and practical implications for the development of aquatic resource management policies and practices in Sumatra. The method used is a bibliometric-based Systematic Literature Review with reference to the PRISMA framework. Research data were obtained from 110 Scopus indexed articles that were analyzed using VOSviewer software to visualize the network of keyword co-occurrences and thematic clusters. The results of the study show that this study has sustainable scientific significance with the dominance of the themes of flooding, water management, natural resource conservation, watersheds, and biodiversity, which confirms the strength of the ecological and hydrological approach. However, the dimensions of environmental governance and socio-ecological resilience are still relatively peripheral in the literature. This study concludes that post-disaster aquatic resource management requires a more integrative and multidisciplinary analytical framework, as well as encouraging a policy shift towards ecosystem-based rehabilitation that is integrated with regional planning and disaster risk reduction in Sumatra. Aquatic resources Conservation Post-Disaster Rehabilitation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 INTRODUCTION The Sumatra region is one of the regions in Indonesia that has a high level of vulnerability to natural disasters, especially hydrometeorological disasters such as floods, landslides, and watershed degradation. This vulnerability was again confirmed by a series of severe hydrometeorological disasters that occurred at the end of November 2025 in the northern and central regions of Sumatra Island, in the form of flash floods, river overflows, and landslides that hit several provinces, including Aceh, North Sumatra, and West Sumatra. This incident has a wide impact on settlements, infrastructure, and aquatic ecosystems in the upstream and downstream areas of the river, and shows that disaster risk in Sumatra is actual, repetitive, and large-scale. The disaster cannot be understood simply because of extreme rainfall, but also as a manifestation of ecological vulnerability that has built up in the long term due to forest degradation, land-use change, and development pressures in the upstream areas of the watershed. The literature shows that the high intensity of rainfall in the tropics, combined with the physiographic characteristics and dynamics of river systems and floodplains, significantly increases the sensitivity of regions to extreme events, (Hoitink & Jay, 2016 ; Yamamoto et al., 2021 ). In addition, massive land-use change due to deforestation, agricultural expansion, and urbanization has accelerated watershed degradation, increased surface runoff and sedimentation, and increased the scale and impact of hydrometeorological disasters, as shown in studies in Sumatra and similar regions, (Farid et al., 2022 ; Kusumandari & Supriyatno, 2019 ; Rustiadi et al., 2018 ; Vollmer et al., 2016 ). This condition confirms that the recovery and protection of aquatic resources after disasters is an urgent, strategic, and sustainable need in the context of environmental management and disaster risk reduction in Sumatra. Studies have shown that changes in land cover and degradation of upstream ecosystems contribute significantly to increased surface runoff, sedimentation, and instability of hydrological systems, which ultimately exacerbates the catastrophic impact on aquatic ecosystems, (Hoitink & Jay, 2016 ; Yamamoto et al., 2021 ). These conditions cause serious damage to aquatic resources, including rivers, wetlands, and coastal ecosystems, thus threatening the sustainability of the ecological, economic, and social functions of the communities that depend on these aquatic systems. The theme of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation is a strategic issue in the environmental recovery and disaster risk reduction agenda. The scientific literature shows that post-disaster rehabilitation plays an important role in restoring hydrological function, improving the quality and connectivity of aquatic habitats, and strengthening the ecological resilience of ecosystems to recurrent disturbances, especially in river areas and watersheds that are vulnerable to hydrometeorological disasters, (Beck et al., 2018 ; Hoitink & Jay, 2016 ; Vollmer et al., 2016 ; Withaningsih et al., 2022 ; Yamamoto et al., 2021 ). An effective rehabilitation approach focuses not only on the physical restoration of the environment, but also emphasizes the integration of biodiversity conservation, watershed management, and the protection and restoration of ecosystem services, (Beck et al., 2018 ; Vollmer et al., 2016 ). However, various studies confirm that the success of post-disaster rehabilitation is strongly influenced by the institutional context and environmental governance, including the effectiveness of cross-sectoral coordination, the consistency of ecosystem-based policies, and the level of involvement of local stakeholders in natural resource management, (Nugroho et al., 2021 ; Nurpasari & Febriamansyah, 2020 ; Vollmer et al., 2016 ). Without an adaptive and inclusive governance framework, rehabilitation efforts tend to be partial, short-term-oriented, and less sustainable in the face of complex disaster risk dynamics in the tropics, (Rustiadi et al., 2018 ; Wibowo et al., 2021 ). Although studies on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation have developed in recent years, research that systematically maps the knowledge structure, thematic dynamics, and direction of development of the field of study is still relatively limited, especially in the context of the Sumatra Island region (Fig. 1 ). Most of the existing studies tend to be local case studies or focus on specific technical aspects, such as flood control, river restoration, or wetland management, so they do not provide a comprehensive picture of the linkages between ecosystem restoration, natural disasters, ecological resilience, and environmental governance in a single, integrated analytical framework, (Kusumandari & Supriyatno, 2019 ; Withaningsih et al., 2022 ). This condition shows a research gap, especially in understanding how the structure and distribution of research develops conceptually and geographically, and how these findings can be used as a basis for the formulation of more adaptive and sustainable post-disaster aquatic resource management policies and practices in disaster-prone areas such as Sumatra. Figure 1 . Bibliometric Analysis Source: VOSviewer software output, 2026 The results of bibliometric mapping using VOSviewer show that studies on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation develop in a few intersecting thematic clusters but are not yet fully integrated. The visualization of the keyword network shows the dominance of nodes such as water management , biodiversity , flood control , and conservation , each of which forms a study group with a strong ecological and hydrological focus. On the other hand, the dimensions of governance and decision-making, represented by terms such as policy , decision making , and sustainability , tend to be in peripheral positions and function as a link between clusters, rather than as a center of analysis. This pattern indicates that the literature is still developing partially, with a tendency to disconnect between technical-ecological approaches and institutional perspectives in post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation. Based on these findings, although the issue of post-disaster aquatic ecosystem restoration has been widely studied, the integration between ecological, hydrological, and environmental governance dimensions is still a conceptual challenge in the literature. The interconnectedness between clusters does not fully reflect a holistic approach that comprehensively explains the dynamics of ecosystem recovery, especially in the context of disaster-prone areas such as Sumatra. In line with the limitations of studies that are able to integrate ecological, hydrological, and governance dimensions in post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation, a bibliometrics-based Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach is seen as relevant to answer the need for comprehensive and evidence-based knowledge mapping . Based on this background, this study aims to systematically analyze the development of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation studies with a contextual focus on the Sumatra region. This study analyzes the significance of research themes over time, the structure and distribution of evolving research as reflected in the literature's main thematic clusters, and the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for the development of post-disaster aquatic resource management policies and practices. By utilizing bibliometrics-based SLR and VOSviewer visualization, this study is expected to provide a comprehensive knowledge mapping as well as a conceptual basis for the formulation of adaptive and sustainable rehabilitation strategies in disaster-prone areas such as Sumatra. METHODOLOGY This study uses a bibliometrics-based Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach to map and synthesize research developments on the rehabilitation and conservation of aquatic resources on lands affected by natural disasters, with a contextual focus on the Sumatra region. The SLR approach was chosen because it is theoretically understood as a systematic, transparent, and replicable method in integrating previous research findings to build a comprehensive understanding of a field of study, (Moher et al., 2009 ; Page et al., 2021 ), and has been recommended in recent studies that use bibliometric techniques to unravel complex research patterns in disaster management and risk mitigation, (Aktas Potur et al., 2025 ; Geng et al., 2024 ; Rotimi et al., 2025 ). These studies confirm that the combination of SLR and bibliometric analysis allows the identification of publication trends, conceptual structures, as well as thematic clusters that develop over time quantitatively, as well as being the basis for formulating future research and policy directions. In the context of science mapping, bibliometric analysis serves as a quantitative tool to identify publication trends, intellectual structures, and thematic dynamics through the analysis of citation networks and keyword linkages, thus allowing the tracing of conceptual evolution and the direction of research development in an objective and measurable manner, (Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017 ; Donthu et al., 2021 ). The integration of Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis has proven successful in global studies to map knowledge structures, identify key thematic clusters, and systematically trace conceptual relationships and directions of research development, (Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017 ; Donthu et al., 2021 ; Page et al., 2021 ). This approach is effective in synthesizing empirical evidence across disciplines and provides a conceptual basis for the formulation of research and policy agendas in the field of environment and natural resource management. This research utilizes the success of this methodology to expand its application to the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation in the context of disaster-prone areas such as Sumatra. The literature search and selection process refer to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework to ensure transparency and repeatability of the literature selection stages, from identification to determination of the articles being analyzed, (Moher et al., 2009 ; Page et al., 2021 ). The Scopus database is used as a primary data source due to its broad scope, consistent metadata quality, and relevance in cross-disciplinary bibliometric studies, including environmental and disaster studies, (Donthu et al., 2021 ). The search strategy is focused on the core keywords that represent the rehabilitation and conservation of aquatic resources as well as the context of natural disasters and research areas, namely ecosystem restoration , aquatic resources , conservation , natural disaster , flood , as well as Indonesia and Sumatra . The search restriction on this core concept is intended to obtain a sufficiently broad and representative dataset, while avoiding excessive narrowing of the literature at the early stages of selection. Bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer to visualize the network of keyword co-occurrences and identify thematic clusters that formed naturally from conceptual linkages in the selected literature, (Van Eck & Waltman, 2010 ). Through this process, four main thematic clusters were identified, namely ecosystem restoration, natural disasters, ecological resilience, and environmental governance, which represent the ecological, disaster, sustainability, and institutional dimensions in post-disaster aquatic resource management. The concepts of ecological resilience and environmental governance are not used as a limitation of the initial search, but are identified as the result of bibliometric analysis, so as to reflect the intellectual structure and thematic dynamics of the field of study in a more natural way. The Sumatra region is positioned as an analytical context, rather than as a location for empirical research, with the aim of interpreting global research patterns and clusters through the lens of tropical ecosystem characteristics and vulnerability to comparable hydrometeorological disasters. This approach is in line with the view that bibliometrics-based SLRs not only serve as quantitative mapping, but also as the basis for thematic interpretations that are relevant to the development of natural resource management policies and practices in specific regions, (Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017 ; Donthu et al., 2021 ). Source: Scopus database, 2026 (dup: abstract ?) Based on the results of a literature search conducted on January 24, 2026, using the Scopus database, searches were conducted on article titles, abstracts, and keywords ( TITLE–ABS–KEY) with a combination of the terms ecosystem restoration , aquatic resources , conservation , natural disaster , flood , and the context of Indonesia and Sumatra consists of 110 articles. Keyword exploration began its progressive development over the last decade, specifically from 2025, which is 20 articles. The results of the initial identification (Fig. 1 ) keyword search yielded 194 documents (see Fig. 1 ). Furthermore, at the screening stage, screening was carried out based on conceptual relevance to the theme of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation, so that only 27 documents met the specific topic criteria. At the eligibility stage, documents are further selected based on the type of publication by excluding conference papers (5), book Chaps. (1 ), review articles (8), conference reviews (6), and letters (1), so that there are 110 journal articles that meet the eligibility criteria. The final screening was conducted based on the language of the publication by excluding one non-English (Chinese) article. Thus, 109 English-language articles were included as the final dataset and used in bibliometric analysis to map the thematic structure of research related to post-disaster rehabilitation and conservation of aquatic resources in Sumatra. The selected documents were then further analyzed in this study to answer several key research questions, namely: 1) RQI : whether the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation in Sumatra is a theme that continues to have significance in scientific investigation; (2) RQ2 : how the structure and distribution of research develops, as reflected in the main thematic clusters of the literature; and (3) RQ3: what are the theoretical and practical implications of the findings for the development of post-disaster aquatic resource management policies and practices in the Sumatra region. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of this study focused on the findings of 110 articles identified in the Scopus database on the rehabilitation and conservation of aquatic resources after disasters in the Sumatra region. The analysis was carried out based on publication characteristics, including the number of articles published, publication trends from time to time, and the distribution of journal sources which are the main references in this field of study. In addition, the study also highlights the most influential elements in the development of related research, including the authors' contributions, institutional affiliations, as well as countries involved in the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation. RQI: is the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation in Sumatra a theme that continues to have significance in scientific research Based on data obtained from the Scopus database, it can be ascertained that over the past almost three decades, scientific studies on the rehabilitation and conservation of aquatic resources in the context of environmental disturbances and disasters consist of 110 articles. This shows that the theme with the keywords in this study is still relatively limited (Fig. 1 ) when compared to other environmental fields. Preliminary studies related to population displacement and landscape changes in the Sumatra region, such as research conducted by Gondowarsito ( 1990 ) in the study "Transmigration of village bedol: Inter-Island village resettlement from Wonogiri to Bengkulu?" , can be seen as one of the first steps in understanding the linkages between social change, land use, and pressures on natural resources, including aquatic systems. Although it has not explicitly used the terms rehabilitation or conservation of aquatic resources, the study marks increasing academic attention to the impact of human intervention and post-disaster dynamics on local ecosystems. Over time, the evolution of research on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation has increasingly attracted the attention of researchers, especially in the context of ecosystem function recovery, environmental sustainability, and regional resilience. Studies have shown that post-disaster rehabilitation plays a crucial role in restoring the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, particularly through the restoration of hydrological quality, habitat stability, and biodiversity in rivers, wetlands, and coastal ecosystems. The literature in the dataset shows that planned rehabilitation interventions can accelerate the ecological recovery process and reduce the risk of further degradation due to recurrent disasters, especially in tropical regions with high environmental stress such as Sumatra, (Gondowarsito, 1990 ; A. Kumar et al., 2025 ; R. Kumar et al., 2025 ). A number of studies also confirm that the success of aquatic ecosystem restoration is not only determined by the technical aspects of restoration, but is highly dependent on ecological resilience, which is reflected in the adaptive capacity of ecosystems to climate disturbances, land-use change, and anthropogenic pressures, (Arifin & Nakagoshi, 2011 ; Moore et al., 2019 ; Sodhi et al., 2006 ) . Furthermore, the cutting-edge literature in the published collections analyzed emphasizes that post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation requires a strong integration between ecological approaches and adaptive environmental governance. These studies show that cross-sectoral coordination, integrated watershed management, and ecosystem-based policies are determinants of long-term rehabilitation sustainability, (Giri et al., 2008 ; A. Kumar et al., 2025 ; R. Kumar et al., 2025 ). Sumatra, development challenges and post-disaster social dynamics reinforce the urgency of an inclusive and responsive governance approach to environmental risks, so that aquatic resource rehabilitation not only serves as a passive recovery, but also as a strategic instrument to reduce regional vulnerability and improve the sustainability of natural resource management. Source: Scopus database, 2026 Since the late 1990s, the literature on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation has remained relatively limited, particularly in publications in internationally reputable journals, indicating a significant research gap. This condition opens up opportunities for further research to enrich scientific understanding of the dynamics of aquatic ecosystem recovery in the context of natural disasters, especially in vulnerable tropical regions such as Sumatra. This study is important because the rehabilitation of aquatic resources is not only related to ecological recovery, but also has implications for the sustainability of environmental management, the reduction of future disaster risks, and the improvement of socio-ecological system resilience. By deepening the understanding of post-disaster rehabilitation and conservation approaches, this research is expected to make a conceptual and practical contribution in formulating adaptive and sustainable aquatic resource management strategies in various regional contexts. RQ2: how the structure and distribution of research evolved, as reflected in the literature's main thematic clusters Analysis of the distribution of research on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation was carried out on selected articles by grouping publications based on several main classifications, namely countries and geographical regions, institutional affiliations, journal sources, and authors, with restrictions on the top ten entities in each category. This approach aims to obtain an overview of the distribution and concentration of research that is developing in the field of study. Understanding the distribution pattern of this research provides important benefits for researchers and practitioners in formulating future research agendas, especially in identifying scientific centers, dominant actors, and the direction of sustainable development of aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation research. Furthermore, this distribution analysis is the basis for examining the structure and allocation of developing research, as reflected in the main thematic clusters of the literature, which show the linkages between ecosystem restoration focus, natural disaster contexts, strengthening ecological resilience, and the role of environmental governance in shaping the post-disaster research landscape as can be seen in Fig. 4 below: Source: Scopus Database, 2026 (dup: abstract ?) The allocation of scientific investigations related to the rehabilitation and conservation of post-disaster aquatic resources, as categorized by country or region, shows that Indonesia occupies the most dominant position in the number of publications, with 85 articles. Indonesia's dominance reflects the strong focus of domestic research on the issue of aquatic ecosystem recovery, especially in the context of disaster-prone areas such as Sumatra. After Indonesia, research contributions also came from several other countries, including the United States (13), Japan (9), the Netherlands (7), Australia (6), and the United Kingdom (6), which shows the active involvement of the international scientific community in the study of the rehabilitation and conservation of aquatic ecosystems in tropical and post-disaster areas. In addition, countries in the Southeast Asian and European regions, such as Malaysia (5), Germany (4), and Singapore (4), also make contributions that, although more limited in quantity, are still significant in enriching comparative and cross-regional perspectives. These findings indicate that post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation research is not only of national concern, but also has global relevance that encourages cross-border collaboration. In this study, the inter-country linkages in the development of the study were further analyzed using VOSviewer software to map patterns of collaboration and international research networks. This analysis is important to understand how the structure of global collaboration contributes to the formation of key thematic clusters in the literature and to formulate a more integrated and sustainable direction of prospective research as shown in the bibliometric analysis figure below: Source: VOSviewer software output, 2026 The visual analysis of Fig. 5 shows the pattern of interconnectedness of themes, regions, and research approaches in the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation, namely First, the visualization of the keyword network and research collaboration on the VOSviewer map shows that the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation has developed as an issue that has cross-regional and global relevance. The dominance of nodes such as Indonesia and Sumatra , which are closely linked to the term’s disasters , biodiversity , water management , and restoration , confirms that this region is not only an object of local study, but also an important part of the international discourse on post-disaster tropical ecosystem recovery. The interconnectedness with other terms and regions, such as Asia , Eurasia , and the tropics, indicates that Indonesia's experience, especially Sumatra, is positioned as a relevant empirical reference in global studies on aquatic ecosystem resilience and disaster risk management. The cluster structure formed in the visualization shows a close relationship between ecological, hydrological, and managerial approaches in the literature. The cluster centered on water management , flood control , river flow , and sediment transport reflect the research focus on technical and hydrological aspects in post-disaster rehabilitation. Meanwhile, clusters linking biodiversity , peatland , tropics , and sustainability show that the conservation of biodiversity and tropical ecosystems is an important dimension in strengthening long-term ecological resilience. The presence of the terms policy , decision making , and sustainability as a connecting node confirms that environmental governance and science-based decision-making are key elements that bridge the gap between ecological recovery and sustainability of aquatic resource management. The results of this VOSviewer analysis confirm that research on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation is developing as an interdisciplinary and integrated field of study, with Sumatra and Indonesia in the central position in the knowledge network. The interconnectedness pattern between themes shows that the challenges of aquatic ecosystem restoration cannot be partially understood, but rather require synergy between ecosystem restoration, disaster management, strengthening ecological resilience, and adaptive environmental governance. These findings strengthen the argument that the development of post-disaster rehabilitation strategies in Sumatra has relevance not only at the local and national levels, but also contributes to the formation of a global conceptual framework in sustainable aquatic resource management. Source: Scopus Database, 2026 The distribution of institutional affiliations in this scientific publication shows that the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation is developing as a research field involving various academic institutions and research institutions, both at the national and international levels. Based on the data in Fig. 5 sourced from the Scopus database, Gadjah Mada University and the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) occupy the top position in the number of publications of 10 each, which reflects the central role of national institutions in the development of knowledge related to aquatic ecosystem restoration and disaster management in Indonesia. Significant contributions were also shown by the Bandung Institute of Technology, namely 7 publications, the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), which is 6 publications, as well as several other universities, such as IPB University, Diponegoro University, Tadulako University, and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, which each have 4 publications which indicate the strong involvement of higher education and research institutions in post-disaster environmental conservation and rehabilitation issues. The presence of international institutions such as Ehime University and The University of Tokyo in publishing 3 articles each shows that this study is not only local, but also attracts the attention of the global scientific community, especially in the context of tropical ecosystems and disaster-prone regions. Publication contributions based on journal sources indicate that the theme of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation has been an important concern in reputable and cross-disciplinary journals (Fig. 7 ): Source: Scopus Database, 2026 The distribution of publications based on journal sources shows that studies on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation develop through diverse and cross-disciplinary publication channels, without being concentrated in one dominant journal. Journals such as Forests , Biodiversity , Journal of Water and Land Development , International Journal of GEOMATE , and Indonesian Journal of Geography consistently contain research that highlights aquatic ecosystem recovery, watershed management, and dynamics of disaster-prone areas in tropical regions, including Indonesia and Sumatra. This pattern shows that the issue of aquatic rehabilitation is understood as an ecological issue that is closely related to hydrology, biodiversity, and regional spatial planning, as reflected in the study of wetland and river restoration, (Kusumandari & Supriyatno, 2019 ; Sirait et al., 2021 ; Withaningsih et al., 2022 ). The involvement of these journals confirms that the literature places more emphasis on ecosystem-based approaches and natural resource management in response to the impacts of hydrometeorological disasters. Furthermore, the distribution pattern of publications that tend to be sporadic but sustainable indicates that post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation research is developing gradually through various scientific perspectives. A few studies emphasize the importance of integrating technical and ecological approaches in post-disaster mitigation and recovery, such as ecosystem-based flood control, peatland conservation, and strengthening natural hydrological functions, (Beck et al., 2018 ; Hoitink & Jay, 2016 ; Yamamoto et al., 2021 ). On the other hand, the literature also shows that the success of long-term rehabilitation is strongly influenced by regional governance and policy frameworks, especially in the context of disaster-prone areas and development pressures, (Nurpasari & Febriamansyah, 2020 ; Vollmer et al., 2016 ). Therefore, the structure and distribution of research reflected in the main thematic clusters of the literature confirm that post-disaster aquatic ecosystem restoration is understood as a complex issue that requires the integration of ecological, technical, and policy perspectives, and has strategic relevance for sustainable natural resource management in regions such as Sumatra. RQ3: what are the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for the development of post-disaster aquatic resource management policies and practices in the Sumatra region An examination in this study was conducted on 110 articles collected from the Scopus database (Fig. 2 ) and visualized using VOSviewer to identify conceptual structures and thematic linkages in the literature on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation, particularly in the context of Sumatra. The visualization of the keyword network shows the formation of several thematic clusters that intersect with each other, with the main nodes such as floods , natural disasters , water management , conservation , watershed , and biodiversity acting as the center of connectivity. The dominance of the terms floods and natural disasters confirms that floods are the most central disaster context in the study of aquatic resource restoration, while their relationship with land use , deforestation , and land-use change suggests that anthropogenic pressures on landscapes are important factors that affect the level of damage and post-disaster rehabilitation needs. The results of this VOSviewer show that research on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation is developing as an interdisciplinary and integrated field of study and confirms that post-disaster management in vulnerable areas such as Sumatra requires a holistic approach that combines ecosystem restoration, water management, disaster risk reduction, and adaptive environmental governance. Source: Output VOSviewer software, 2026 Based on Fig. 8 and Table 1 (Co-occurrence Framework and Keyword Representation), keyword co-occurrence analysis in the literature on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation shows that the term "flood" has the highest total link strength (191), indicating its role as a key conceptual node in the research network. This term's high association with other keywords indicates that flooding is the most dominant disaster context in aquatic ecosystem restoration studies. Next are "environmental protection" (177) and "flood" (143), indicating that environmental protection efforts and hydrometeorological disaster issues are interconnected primary focuses in the literature. This finding confirms that post-disaster rehabilitation is understood not only as a response to extreme events but also as part of a broader environmental protection strategy. Furthermore, the high occurrence of keywords "land use" (136), "conservation" (128), and "natural resource conservation" (124) confirms that land use change and management are crucial factors in the success of aquatic resource rehabilitation. The strong interconnections between these terms reflect the literature's attention to the impacts of land conversion on water systems and disaster risk. The keywords "watershed" (107) and "ecosystem services" (105) broaden the analytical framework by positioning watersheds and ecosystem services as key conceptual units in post-disaster recovery, while emphasizing an ecosystem-based approach to water resources management. Furthermore, the presence of the terms "government" (99) and "environment" (77) indicates that governance and public policy dimensions play a significant role in the literature, albeit with a lower level of interconnection compared to ecological and hydrological aspects. This suggests that while institutional and policy issues have received attention, their integration with technical and ecological aspects still has potential for further development. Overall, the structure of this keyword network suggests that research on post-disaster water resources rehabilitation and conservation is evolving through interconnected themes of flood disasters, environmental protection, land use management, and watershed-based approaches. These findings strengthen the argument that post-disaster water resources management in regions like Sumatra requires an integrated approach that simultaneously incorporates ecological, hydrological, and environmental governance aspects. Table 1 Co-occurrence framework and representation of key terms Rank Keyword Total link strenght 1 Floods 191 2 Environmental protection 177 3 Floads 143 4 Land use 136 5 Conservation 128 6 Conservation of natural resources 124 7 watershed 107 8 Ecosystem service 105 9 Goverment 99 10 Enviroment 77 Source: Output VOSviewer software, 2026 The results of the keyword co-occurrence analysis show that the dominance of the terms floods , environmental protection , and land use reflects the main theoretical framework in the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation, which departs from the understanding of disasters as an ecological and anthropogenic phenomenon. The strong link between flooding and land-use change confirms that landscape degradation, deforestation, and non-adaptive land use play a significant role in increasing the vulnerability of water systems, especially in tropical regions such as Sumatra, (Farid et al., 2022 ; Kusumandari & Supriyatno, 2018 ; Rustiadi et al., 2018 ). Theoretically, these findings reinforce the watershed-based approach and ecosystem services as a key conceptual cornerstone in post-disaster rehabilitation, where aquatic ecosystem restoration is understood not only as an emergency response, but as part of a long-term strategy to maintain the ecological function and sustainability of landscapes, (Gunnell et al., 2019 ; Vollmer et al., 2016 ). From the practical and policy side, the emergence of the keywords conservation , conservation of natural resources , and government shows that the literature is beginning to lead to the need for integration between technical rehabilitation efforts and environmental governance frameworks. However, the lower level of linkages to the institutional dimension indicates that policy aspects and cross-sectoral coordination are still not fully internalized in post-disaster rehabilitation practices. A few studies confirm that the effectiveness of aquatic resource restoration is highly dependent on strengthening adaptive governance, risk-based spatial planning, and the involvement of local actors in watershed management and natural resource conservation, (Nugroho et al., 2021 ; Nurpasari & Febriamansyah, 2020 ; Wibowo et al., 2021 ). Thus, the main implication for the Sumatra region is the need for a policy shift from a sectoral approach to an integrated rehabilitation strategy that combines ecosystem restoration, land use management, and disaster risk reduction simultaneously, so that post-disaster aquatic resource management can take place more adaptively, sustainably, and contextually. CONCLUSION This study, through a bibliometrics-based Systematic Literature Review of 110 Scopus indexed articles, shows that the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation in Sumatra has strong and sustainable scientific significance. This is reflected in the increasing intensity of publications, the close thematic linkage with the issue of hydrometeorological disasters, and the position of Sumatra and Indonesia as important nodes in the global research network (RQ1). The thematic cluster analysis revealed that the structure and distribution of the research were dominated by ecological and hydrological approaches, with a primary focus on flooding, water management, natural resource conservation, watersheds, and biodiversity, while the dimensions of environmental governance and socio-ecological resilience were still relatively at the peripheral position in the literature (RQ2). These findings indicate a conceptual gap in the integration between the dimensions of the study. The results of this study confirm that post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation cannot be understood partially, but rather as a complex process that requires a multidisciplinary and integrated approach between ecological, hydrological, and institutional aspects, especially in the context of disaster-prone areas such as Sumatra. Based on the findings of the study, there is an urgent need to direct the research and policy agenda forward on a more integrative and contextual approach to post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation on the island of Sumatra. From a theoretical aspect, further research needs to strengthen the integration between ecosystem restoration, ecological resilience, and environmental governance frameworks in a comprehensive analysis model, in order to bridge the fragmentation of approaches that are still dominant in the literature. Meanwhile, on the practical aspect, the results of this study recommend a policy shift from short-term physical recovery strategies to ecosystem-based rehabilitation that is integrated with spatial planning, watershed management, and disaster risk reduction. The Sumatra Island area, which empirically continues to experience hydrometeorological disasters, strengthening adaptive governance, cross-sector coordination, and the involvement of local actors are the main prerequisites for post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation to be sustainable and effective. This research provides a scientific basis for the formulation of post-disaster aquatic resource management policies and practices that are more responsive to environmental dynamics and disaster risk in the Sumatra region. Declarations CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors state that there is no conflict of interest regarding the writing and publication of this manuscript. This manuscript has been approved by all authors for publication and is not being submitted to any other journal. Author Contribution SS and MLS conceived the research idea; SS, MLS, and SH developed it and designed the methods and analysis; MLS, SS, and SHA collected the data and handled most of the technical work. All authors contributed significantly to this publication, including data processing, data analysis, and text preparation Acknowledgement The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Balikpapan Institute of Maritime Technology and Business and Makassar State University for their institutional support and facilities during the preparation of this manuscript. They also acknowledge the valuable input and academic discussions from colleagues that contributed to the improvement of this study. This research received no external funding Data Availability This study is based on a systematic literature review using bibliographic records retrieved from the Scopus database. The data consist of published articles indexed in Scopus and are publicly available subject to Scopus subscription access. No primary data were collected or generated for this study. The search strategy and inclusion criteria are described in the Methods section to enable replication References Aktas Potur E, Aktas A, Kabak M (2025) A Bibliometric Analysis of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques in Disaster Management and Transportation in Emergencies: Towards Sustainable Solutions. Sustainability , 17 (6), 2644. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/6/2644 Aria M, Cuccurullo C (2017) bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. J Informetrics 11(4):959–975. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1751157717300500 Arifin HS, Nakagoshi N (2011) Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities. Landscape Ecol Eng 7(1):33–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-010-0145-9 Beck MW, Losada IJ, Menéndez P, Reguero BG, Díaz-Simal P, Fernandez F (2018) The global flood protection savings provided by coral reefs. 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Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5927-8_15 Sirait ND, Hadiani R, Ikhsan C (2021) The best synthetic unit hydrograph for peak discharge analysis Case: The Bengawan Solo River, section Dengkeng-Pusur. J Water Land Dev 50:56–63. https://doi.org/10.24425/jwld.2021.138160 Sodhi NS, Brooks TM, Koh LP, Acciaioli G, Erb M, Tan AK-J, Curran LM, Brosius P, Lee TM, Patlis JM, Gumal M, Lee RJ (2006) Biodiversity and human livelihood crises in the Malay Archipelago. Conserv Biol 20(6):1811–1813. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00541.x Van Eck N, Waltman L (2010) Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics 84(2):523–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3 Vollmer D, Pribadi DO, Remondi F, Rustiadi E, Grêt-Regamey A (2016) Prioritizing ecosystem services in rapidly urbanizing river basins: A spatial multi-criteria analytic approach. Sustainable Cities Soc 20:237–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2015.10.004 Wibowo A, Karsidi R, Sudardi B, Wijaya M (2021) Strategy for reducing environmental disaster based on social capital (A case study in Indonesia). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , 637 (1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/637/1/012001 Withaningsih S, Parikesit P, Malik AD, Rahmi MA (2022) Analysis of the Structure and Ecological Function of an Extreme Landscape in a Tropical Region of West Java. Indonesia Forests 13(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/f13010115 Yamamoto K, Sayama T, Apip A (2021) Impact of climate change on flood inundation in a tropical river basin in Indonesia. Progress Earth Planet Sci 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-020-00386-4 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9011253","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":604373820,"identity":"67a5e75f-52c3-460f-8e54-66025280bbc5","order_by":0,"name":"Suprianto 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4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59459,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNumber Articles by Country or Region (Top 10 Countries)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSource: Scopus Database, 2026\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9011253/v1/542b116b4a876cf3f9e4731a.jpg"},{"id":104781700,"identity":"e6a63c7e-1c12-473d-b967-2db19180bffe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-17 07:56:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":112171,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBibliometric Map Visualization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSource: VOSviewer software output, 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7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":90060,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNumber of Articles by Source (top 10 source)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSource: \u003cem\u003eScopus Database, 2026\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9011253/v1/446d95a81971f0e9ca403c93.jpg"},{"id":104598527,"identity":"f47afdd4-2ce4-4dff-b128-c4712a16f34f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-13 19:22:45","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":234602,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCo-occurrence framework and representation of key terms\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSource: \u003cem\u003eOutput VOSviewer software, 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hydrometeorological disasters such as floods, landslides, and watershed degradation. This vulnerability was again confirmed by a series of severe hydrometeorological disasters that occurred at the end of November 2025 in the northern and central regions of Sumatra Island, in the form of flash floods, river overflows, and landslides that hit several provinces, including Aceh, North Sumatra, and West Sumatra. This incident has a wide impact on settlements, infrastructure, and aquatic ecosystems in the upstream and downstream areas of the river, and shows that disaster risk in Sumatra is actual, repetitive, and large-scale. The disaster cannot be understood simply because of extreme rainfall, but also as a manifestation of ecological vulnerability that has built up in the long term due to forest degradation, land-use change, and development pressures in the upstream areas of the watershed. The literature shows that the high intensity of rainfall in the tropics, combined with the physiographic characteristics and dynamics of river systems and floodplains, significantly increases the sensitivity of regions to extreme events, (Hoitink \u0026amp; Jay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Yamamoto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, massive land-use change due to deforestation, agricultural expansion, and urbanization has accelerated watershed degradation, increased surface runoff and sedimentation, and increased the scale and impact of hydrometeorological disasters, as shown in studies in Sumatra and similar regions, (Farid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kusumandari \u0026amp; Supriyatno, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Rustiadi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Vollmer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). This condition confirms that the recovery and protection of aquatic resources after disasters is an urgent, strategic, and sustainable need in the context of environmental management and disaster risk reduction in Sumatra.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that changes in land cover and degradation of upstream ecosystems contribute significantly to increased surface runoff, sedimentation, and instability of hydrological systems, which ultimately exacerbates the catastrophic impact on aquatic ecosystems, (Hoitink \u0026amp; Jay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Yamamoto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). These conditions cause serious damage to aquatic resources, including rivers, wetlands, and coastal ecosystems, thus threatening the sustainability of the ecological, economic, and social functions of the communities that depend on these aquatic systems. The theme of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation is a strategic issue in the environmental recovery and disaster risk reduction agenda. The scientific literature shows that post-disaster rehabilitation plays an important role in restoring hydrological function, improving the quality and connectivity of aquatic habitats, and strengthening the ecological resilience of ecosystems to recurrent disturbances, especially in river areas and watersheds that are vulnerable to hydrometeorological disasters, (Beck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Hoitink \u0026amp; Jay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Vollmer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Withaningsih et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Yamamoto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). An effective rehabilitation approach focuses not only on the physical restoration of the environment, but also emphasizes the integration of biodiversity conservation, watershed management, and the protection and restoration of ecosystem services, (Beck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Vollmer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). However, various studies confirm that the success of post-disaster rehabilitation is strongly influenced by the institutional context and environmental governance, including the effectiveness of cross-sectoral coordination, the consistency of ecosystem-based policies, and the level of involvement of local stakeholders in natural resource management, (Nugroho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Nurpasari \u0026amp; Febriamansyah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Vollmer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Without an adaptive and inclusive governance framework, rehabilitation efforts tend to be partial, short-term-oriented, and less sustainable in the face of complex disaster risk dynamics in the tropics, (Rustiadi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Wibowo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough studies on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation have developed in recent years, research that systematically maps the knowledge structure, thematic dynamics, and direction of development of the field of study is still relatively limited, especially in the context of the Sumatra Island region (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Most of the existing studies tend to be local case studies or focus on specific technical aspects, such as flood control, river restoration, or wetland management, so they do not provide a comprehensive picture of the linkages between ecosystem restoration, natural disasters, ecological resilience, and environmental governance in a single, integrated analytical framework, (Kusumandari \u0026amp; Supriyatno, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Withaningsih et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This condition shows a research gap, especially in understanding how the structure and distribution of research develops conceptually and geographically, and how these findings can be used as a basis for the formulation of more adaptive and sustainable post-disaster aquatic resource management policies and practices in disaster-prone areas such as Sumatra.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Bibliometric Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSource: VOSviewer software output, 2026\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of bibliometric mapping using VOSviewer show that studies on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation develop in a few intersecting thematic clusters but are not yet fully integrated. The visualization of the keyword network shows the dominance of nodes such as \u003cem\u003ewater management\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ebiodiversity\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eflood control\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003econservation\u003c/em\u003e, each of which forms a study group with a strong ecological and hydrological focus. On the other hand, the dimensions of governance and decision-making, represented by terms such as \u003cem\u003epolicy\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003edecision making\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003esustainability\u003c/em\u003e, tend to be in peripheral positions and function as a link between clusters, rather than as a center of analysis. This pattern indicates that the literature is still developing partially, with a tendency to disconnect between technical-ecological approaches and institutional perspectives in post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on these findings, although the issue of post-disaster aquatic ecosystem restoration has been widely studied, the integration between ecological, hydrological, and environmental governance dimensions is still a conceptual challenge in the literature. The interconnectedness between clusters does not fully reflect a holistic approach that comprehensively explains the dynamics of ecosystem recovery, especially in the context of disaster-prone areas such as Sumatra. In line with the limitations of studies that are able to integrate ecological, hydrological, and governance dimensions in post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation, \u003cem\u003ea bibliometrics-based Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach is seen as relevant to answer the need for comprehensive and evidence-based knowledge mapping\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on this background, this study aims to systematically analyze the development of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation studies with a contextual focus on the Sumatra region. This study analyzes the significance of research themes over time, the structure and distribution of evolving research as reflected in the literature's main thematic clusters, and the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for the development of post-disaster aquatic resource management policies and practices. By utilizing bibliometrics-based SLR and VOSviewer visualization, this study is expected to provide a comprehensive knowledge mapping as well as a conceptual basis for the formulation of adaptive and sustainable rehabilitation strategies in disaster-prone areas such as Sumatra.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":" \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study uses a bibliometrics-based Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach to map and synthesize research developments on the rehabilitation and conservation of aquatic resources on lands affected by natural disasters, with a contextual focus on the Sumatra region. The SLR approach was chosen because it is theoretically understood as a systematic, transparent, and replicable method in integrating previous research findings to build a comprehensive understanding of a field of study, (Moher et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Page et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), and has been recommended in recent studies that use bibliometric techniques to unravel complex research patterns in disaster management and risk mitigation, (Aktas Potur et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Geng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Rotimi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). These studies confirm that the combination of SLR and bibliometric analysis allows the identification of publication trends, conceptual structures, as well as thematic clusters that develop over time quantitatively, as well as being the basis for formulating future research and policy directions. In the context of science mapping, bibliometric analysis serves as a quantitative tool to identify publication trends, intellectual structures, and thematic dynamics through the analysis of citation networks and keyword linkages, thus allowing the tracing of conceptual evolution and the direction of research development in an objective and measurable manner, (Aria \u0026amp; Cuccurullo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Donthu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The integration \u003cem\u003eof Systematic Literature Review\u003c/em\u003e (SLR) and bibliometric analysis has proven successful in global studies to map knowledge structures, identify key thematic clusters, and systematically trace conceptual relationships and directions of research development, (Aria \u0026amp; Cuccurullo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Donthu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Page et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This approach is effective in synthesizing empirical evidence across disciplines and provides a conceptual basis for the formulation of research and policy agendas in the field of environment and natural resource management. This research utilizes the success of this methodology to expand its application to the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation in the context of disaster-prone areas such as Sumatra.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe literature search and selection process refer to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework to ensure transparency and repeatability of the literature selection stages, from identification to determination of the articles being analyzed, (Moher et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Page et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The Scopus database is used as a primary data source due to its broad scope, consistent metadata quality, and relevance in cross-disciplinary bibliometric studies, including environmental and disaster studies, (Donthu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The search strategy is focused on the core keywords that represent the rehabilitation and conservation of aquatic resources as well as the context of natural disasters and research areas, namely \u003cem\u003eecosystem restoration\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eaquatic resources\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003econservation\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003enatural disaster\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eflood\u003c/em\u003e, as well as \u003cem\u003eIndonesia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSumatra\u003c/em\u003e. The search restriction on this core concept is intended to obtain a sufficiently broad and representative dataset, while avoiding excessive narrowing of the literature at the early stages of selection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer to visualize the network of keyword \u003cem\u003eco-occurrences\u003c/em\u003e and identify thematic clusters that formed naturally from conceptual linkages in the selected literature, (Van Eck \u0026amp; Waltman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Through this process, four main thematic clusters were identified, namely ecosystem restoration, natural disasters, ecological resilience, and environmental governance, which represent the ecological, disaster, sustainability, and institutional dimensions in post-disaster aquatic resource management. The concepts of ecological resilience and environmental governance are not used as a limitation of the initial search, but are identified as the result of bibliometric analysis, so as to reflect the intellectual structure and thematic dynamics of the field of study in a more natural way. The Sumatra region is positioned as an analytical context, rather than as a location for empirical research, with the aim of interpreting global research patterns and clusters through the lens of tropical ecosystem characteristics and vulnerability to comparable hydrometeorological disasters. This approach is in line with the view that bibliometrics-based SLRs not only serve as quantitative mapping, but also as the basis for thematic interpretations that are relevant to the development of natural resource management policies and practices in specific regions, (Aria \u0026amp; Cuccurullo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Donthu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSource: Scopus database, 2026 (dup: abstract ?)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of a literature search conducted on January 24, 2026, using the Scopus database, searches were conducted on article titles, abstracts, and keywords (\u003cem\u003eTITLE\u0026ndash;ABS\u0026ndash;KEY)\u003c/em\u003e with a combination of the terms \u003cem\u003eecosystem restoration\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eaquatic resources\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003econservation\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003enatural disaster\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eflood\u003c/em\u003e, and the context of \u003cem\u003eIndonesia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSumatra\u003c/em\u003e consists of 110 articles. Keyword exploration began its progressive development over the last decade, specifically from 2025, which is 20 articles. The results of the initial identification (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) keyword search yielded 194 documents (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, at the \u003cem\u003escreening\u003c/em\u003e stage, screening was carried out based on conceptual relevance to the theme of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation, so that only 27 documents met the specific topic criteria. At the \u003cem\u003eeligibility\u003c/em\u003e stage, documents are further selected based on the type of publication by excluding \u003cem\u003econference papers\u003c/em\u003e (5), \u003cem\u003ebook Chaps.\u0026nbsp;(1\u003c/em\u003e), \u003cem\u003ereview articles\u003c/em\u003e (8), \u003cem\u003econference reviews\u003c/em\u003e (6), and \u003cem\u003eletters\u003c/em\u003e (1), so that there are 110 journal articles that meet the eligibility criteria. The final screening was conducted based on the language of the publication by excluding one non-English (Chinese) article. Thus, 109 English-language articles were included as the final dataset and used in bibliometric analysis to map the thematic structure of research related to post-disaster rehabilitation and conservation of aquatic resources in Sumatra.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe selected documents were then further analyzed in this study to answer several key research questions, namely: 1) \u003cem\u003eRQI\u003c/em\u003e: whether the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation in Sumatra is a theme that continues to have significance in scientific investigation; (2) \u003cem\u003eRQ2\u003c/em\u003e: how the structure and distribution of research develops, as reflected in the main thematic clusters of the literature; and (3) \u003cem\u003eRQ3: what are the\u003c/em\u003e theoretical and practical implications of the findings for the development of post-disaster aquatic resource management policies and practices in the Sumatra region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study focused on the findings of 110 articles identified in the Scopus database on the rehabilitation and conservation of aquatic resources after disasters in the Sumatra region. The analysis was carried out based on publication characteristics, including the number of articles published, publication trends from time to time, and the distribution of journal sources which are the main references in this field of study. In addition, the study also highlights the most influential elements in the development of related research, including the authors' contributions, institutional affiliations, as well as countries involved in the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRQI: is the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation in Sumatra a theme that continues to have significance in scientific research\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on data obtained from the Scopus database, it can be ascertained that over the past almost three decades, scientific studies on the rehabilitation and conservation of aquatic resources in the context of environmental disturbances and disasters consist of 110 articles. This shows that the theme with the keywords in this study is still relatively limited (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) when compared to other environmental fields. Preliminary studies related to population displacement and landscape changes in the Sumatra region, such as research conducted by Gondowarsito (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e) in the study \u003cem\u003e\"Transmigration of village bedol: Inter-Island village resettlement from Wonogiri to Bengkulu?\"\u003c/em\u003e, can be seen as one of the first steps in understanding the linkages between social change, land use, and pressures on natural resources, including aquatic systems. Although it has not explicitly used the terms rehabilitation or conservation of aquatic resources, the study marks increasing academic attention to the impact of human intervention and post-disaster dynamics on local ecosystems. Over time, the evolution of research on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation has increasingly attracted the attention of researchers, especially in the context of ecosystem function recovery, environmental sustainability, and regional resilience.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that post-disaster rehabilitation plays a crucial role in restoring the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, particularly through the restoration of hydrological quality, habitat stability, and biodiversity in rivers, wetlands, and coastal ecosystems. The literature in the dataset shows that planned rehabilitation interventions can accelerate the ecological recovery process and reduce the risk of further degradation due to recurrent disasters, especially in tropical regions with high environmental stress such as Sumatra, (Gondowarsito, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; A. Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; R. Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). A number of studies also confirm that the success of aquatic ecosystem restoration is not only determined by the technical aspects of restoration, but is highly dependent on ecological resilience, which is reflected in the adaptive capacity of ecosystems to climate disturbances, land-use change, and anthropogenic pressures, (Arifin \u0026amp; Nakagoshi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Moore et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Sodhi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the cutting-edge literature in the published collections analyzed emphasizes that post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation requires a strong integration between ecological approaches and adaptive environmental governance. These studies show that cross-sectoral coordination, integrated watershed management, and ecosystem-based policies are determinants of long-term rehabilitation sustainability, (Giri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; A. Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; R. Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Sumatra, development challenges and post-disaster social dynamics reinforce the urgency of an inclusive and responsive governance approach to environmental risks, so that aquatic resource rehabilitation not only serves as a passive recovery, but also as a strategic instrument to reduce regional vulnerability and improve the sustainability of natural resource management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSource: Scopus database, 2026\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince the late 1990s, the literature on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation has remained relatively limited, particularly in publications in internationally reputable journals, indicating a significant research gap. This condition opens up opportunities for further research to enrich scientific understanding of the dynamics of aquatic ecosystem recovery in the context of natural disasters, especially in vulnerable tropical regions such as Sumatra. This study is important because the rehabilitation of aquatic resources is not only related to ecological recovery, but also has implications for the sustainability of environmental management, the reduction of future disaster risks, and the improvement of socio-ecological system resilience. By deepening the understanding of post-disaster rehabilitation and conservation approaches, this research is expected to make a conceptual and practical contribution in formulating adaptive and sustainable aquatic resource management strategies in various regional contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRQ2: how the structure and distribution of research evolved, as reflected in the literature's main thematic clusters\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the distribution of research on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation was carried out on selected articles by grouping publications based on several main classifications, namely countries and geographical regions, institutional affiliations, journal sources, and authors, with restrictions on the top ten entities in each category. This approach aims to obtain an overview of the distribution and concentration of research that is developing in the field of study. Understanding the distribution pattern of this research provides important benefits for researchers and practitioners in formulating future research agendas, especially in identifying scientific centers, dominant actors, and the direction of sustainable development of aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation research. Furthermore, this distribution analysis is the basis for examining the structure and allocation of developing research, as reflected in the main thematic clusters of the literature, which show the linkages between ecosystem restoration focus, natural disaster contexts, strengthening ecological resilience, and the role of environmental governance in shaping the post-disaster research landscape as can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSource: Scopus Database, 2026 (dup: abstract ?)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe allocation of scientific investigations related to the rehabilitation and conservation of post-disaster aquatic resources, as categorized by country or region, shows that Indonesia occupies the most dominant position in the number of publications, with 85 articles. Indonesia's dominance reflects the strong focus of domestic research on the issue of aquatic ecosystem recovery, especially in the context of disaster-prone areas such as Sumatra. After Indonesia, research contributions also came from several other countries, including the United States (13), Japan (9), the Netherlands (7), Australia (6), and the United Kingdom (6), which shows the active involvement of the international scientific community in the study of the rehabilitation and conservation of aquatic ecosystems in tropical and post-disaster areas. In addition, countries in the Southeast Asian and European regions, such as Malaysia (5), Germany (4), and Singapore (4), also make contributions that, although more limited in quantity, are still significant in enriching comparative and cross-regional perspectives. These findings indicate that post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation research is not only of national concern, but also has global relevance that encourages cross-border collaboration. In this study, the inter-country linkages in the development of the study were further analyzed using VOSviewer software to map patterns of collaboration and international research networks. This analysis is important to understand how the structure of global collaboration contributes to the formation of key thematic clusters in the literature and to formulate a more integrated and sustainable direction of prospective research as shown in the bibliometric analysis figure below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSource: VOSviewer software output, 2026\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe visual analysis of Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the pattern of interconnectedness of themes, regions, and research approaches in the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation, namely \u003cem\u003eFirst, the\u003c/em\u003e visualization of the keyword network and research collaboration on the \u003cem\u003eVOSviewer\u003c/em\u003e map shows that the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation has developed as an issue that has cross-regional and global relevance. The dominance of nodes such as \u003cem\u003eIndonesia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSumatra\u003c/em\u003e, which are closely linked to the term\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003edisasters\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ebiodiversity\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ewater management\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003erestoration\u003c/em\u003e, confirms that this region is not only an object of local study, but also an important part of the international discourse on post-disaster tropical ecosystem recovery. The interconnectedness with other terms and regions, such as \u003cem\u003eAsia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEurasia\u003c/em\u003e, and the tropics, indicates that Indonesia's experience, especially Sumatra, is positioned as a relevant empirical reference in global studies on aquatic ecosystem resilience and disaster risk management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eThe cluster structure formed in the visualization shows a close relationship between ecological, hydrological, and managerial approaches in the literature. The cluster centered on water management\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eflood control\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eriver flow\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003esediment transport\u003c/em\u003e reflect the research focus on technical and hydrological aspects in post-disaster rehabilitation. Meanwhile, clusters linking \u003cem\u003ebiodiversity\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003epeatland\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003etropics\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003esustainability\u003c/em\u003e show that the conservation of biodiversity and tropical ecosystems is an important dimension in strengthening long-term ecological resilience. The presence of \u003cem\u003ethe terms policy\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003edecision making\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003esustainability\u003c/em\u003e as a connecting node confirms that environmental governance and science-based decision-making are key elements that bridge the gap between ecological recovery and sustainability of aquatic resource management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this \u003cem\u003eVOSviewer\u003c/em\u003e analysis confirm that research on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation is developing as an interdisciplinary and integrated field of study, with Sumatra and Indonesia in the central position in the knowledge network. The interconnectedness pattern between themes shows that the challenges of aquatic ecosystem restoration cannot be partially understood, but rather require synergy between ecosystem restoration, disaster management, strengthening ecological resilience, and adaptive environmental governance. These findings strengthen the argument that the development of post-disaster rehabilitation strategies in Sumatra has relevance not only at the local and national levels, but also contributes to the formation of a global conceptual framework in sustainable aquatic resource management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSource: Scopus Database, 2026\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of institutional affiliations in this scientific publication shows that the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation is developing as a research field involving various academic institutions and research institutions, both at the national and international levels. Based on the data in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e sourced from the Scopus database, Gadjah Mada University and the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) occupy the top position in the number of publications of 10 each, which reflects the central role of national institutions in the development of knowledge related to aquatic ecosystem restoration and disaster management in Indonesia. Significant contributions were also shown by the Bandung Institute of Technology, namely 7 publications, the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), which is 6 publications, as well as several other universities, such as IPB University, Diponegoro University, Tadulako University, and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, which each have 4 publications which indicate the strong involvement of higher education and research institutions in post-disaster environmental conservation and rehabilitation issues. The presence of international institutions such as Ehime University and The University of Tokyo in publishing 3 articles each shows that this study is not only local, but also attracts the attention of the global scientific community, especially in the context of tropical ecosystems and disaster-prone regions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublication contributions based on journal sources indicate that the theme of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation has been an important concern in reputable and cross-disciplinary journals (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource: \u003cem\u003eScopus Database, 2026\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distribution of publications based on journal sources shows that studies on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation develop through diverse and cross-disciplinary publication channels, without being concentrated in one dominant journal. Journals such as \u003cem\u003eForests\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBiodiversity\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eJournal of Water and Land Development\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of GEOMATE\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eIndonesian Journal of Geography\u003c/em\u003e consistently contain research that highlights aquatic ecosystem recovery, watershed management, and dynamics of disaster-prone areas in tropical regions, including Indonesia and Sumatra. This pattern shows that the issue of aquatic rehabilitation is understood as an ecological issue that is closely related to hydrology, biodiversity, and regional spatial planning, as reflected in the study of wetland and river restoration, (Kusumandari \u0026amp; Supriyatno, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Sirait et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Withaningsih et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The involvement of these journals confirms that the literature places more emphasis on ecosystem-based approaches and natural resource management in response to the impacts of hydrometeorological disasters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the distribution pattern of publications that tend to be sporadic but sustainable indicates that post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation research is developing gradually through various scientific perspectives. A few studies emphasize the importance of integrating technical and ecological approaches in post-disaster mitigation and recovery, such as ecosystem-based flood control, peatland conservation, and strengthening natural hydrological functions, (Beck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Hoitink \u0026amp; Jay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Yamamoto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, the literature also shows that the success of long-term rehabilitation is strongly influenced by regional governance and policy frameworks, especially in the context of disaster-prone areas and development pressures, (Nurpasari \u0026amp; Febriamansyah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Vollmer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the structure and distribution of research reflected in the main thematic clusters of the literature confirm that post-disaster aquatic ecosystem restoration is understood as a complex issue that requires the integration of ecological, technical, and policy perspectives, and has strategic relevance for sustainable natural resource management in regions such as Sumatra.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRQ3: what are the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for the development of post-disaster aquatic resource management policies and practices in the Sumatra region\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn examination in this study was conducted on 110 articles collected from the Scopus database (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) and visualized using VOSviewer to identify conceptual structures and thematic linkages in the literature on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation, particularly in the context of Sumatra. The visualization of the keyword network shows the formation of several thematic clusters that intersect with each other, with the main nodes such as \u003cem\u003efloods\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003enatural disasters\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ewater management\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003econservation\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ewatershed\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ebiodiversity\u003c/em\u003e acting as the center of connectivity. The dominance of the terms \u003cem\u003efloods\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003enatural disasters\u003c/em\u003e confirms that floods are the most central disaster context in the study of aquatic resource restoration, while their relationship with \u003cem\u003eland use\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003edeforestation\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eland-use change\u003c/em\u003e suggests that anthropogenic pressures on landscapes are important factors that affect the level of damage and post-disaster rehabilitation needs. The results of this VOSviewer show that research on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation is developing as an interdisciplinary and integrated field of study and confirms that post-disaster management in vulnerable areas such as Sumatra requires a holistic approach that combines ecosystem restoration, water management, disaster risk reduction, and adaptive environmental governance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource: \u003cem\u003eOutput VOSviewer software, 2026\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e (Co-occurrence Framework and Keyword Representation), keyword co-occurrence analysis in the literature on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation shows that the term \"flood\" has the highest total link strength (191), indicating its role as a key conceptual node in the research network. This term's high association with other keywords indicates that flooding is the most dominant disaster context in aquatic ecosystem restoration studies. Next are \"environmental protection\" (177) and \"flood\" (143), indicating that environmental protection efforts and hydrometeorological disaster issues are interconnected primary focuses in the literature. This finding confirms that post-disaster rehabilitation is understood not only as a response to extreme events but also as part of a broader environmental protection strategy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the high occurrence of keywords \"land use\" (136), \"conservation\" (128), and \"natural resource conservation\" (124) confirms that land use change and management are crucial factors in the success of aquatic resource rehabilitation. The strong interconnections between these terms reflect the literature's attention to the impacts of land conversion on water systems and disaster risk. The keywords \"watershed\" (107) and \"ecosystem services\" (105) broaden the analytical framework by positioning watersheds and ecosystem services as key conceptual units in post-disaster recovery, while emphasizing an ecosystem-based approach to water resources management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the presence of the terms \"government\" (99) and \"environment\" (77) indicates that governance and public policy dimensions play a significant role in the literature, albeit with a lower level of interconnection compared to ecological and hydrological aspects. This suggests that while institutional and policy issues have received attention, their integration with technical and ecological aspects still has potential for further development. Overall, the structure of this keyword network suggests that research on post-disaster water resources rehabilitation and conservation is evolving through interconnected themes of flood disasters, environmental protection, land use management, and watershed-based approaches. These findings strengthen the argument that post-disaster water resources management in regions like Sumatra requires an integrated approach that simultaneously incorporates ecological, hydrological, and environmental governance aspects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCo-occurrence framework and representation of key terms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeyword\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal link strenght\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFloods\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental protection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFloads\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConservation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConservation of natural resources\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewatershed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcosystem service\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoverment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnviroment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSource: Output VOSviewer software, 2026\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the keyword \u003cem\u003eco-occurrence\u003c/em\u003e analysis show that the dominance of the terms \u003cem\u003efloods\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eenvironmental protection\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eland use\u003c/em\u003e reflects the main theoretical framework in the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation, which departs from the understanding of disasters as an ecological and anthropogenic phenomenon. The strong link between flooding and land-use change confirms that landscape degradation, deforestation, and non-adaptive land use play a significant role in increasing the vulnerability of water systems, especially in tropical regions such as Sumatra, (Farid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kusumandari \u0026amp; Supriyatno, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Rustiadi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Theoretically, these findings reinforce the \u003cem\u003ewatershed-based approach\u003c/em\u003e and ecosystem services as a key conceptual cornerstone in post-disaster rehabilitation, where aquatic ecosystem restoration is understood not only as an emergency response, but as part of a long-term strategy to maintain the ecological function and sustainability of landscapes, (Gunnell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Vollmer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the practical and policy side, the emergence of the keywords \u003cem\u003econservation\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003econservation of natural resources\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003egovernment\u003c/em\u003e shows that the literature is beginning to lead to the need for integration between technical rehabilitation efforts and environmental governance frameworks. However, the lower level of linkages to the institutional dimension indicates that policy aspects and cross-sectoral coordination are still not fully internalized in post-disaster rehabilitation practices. A few studies confirm that the effectiveness of aquatic resource restoration is highly dependent on strengthening adaptive governance, risk-based spatial planning, and the involvement of local actors in watershed management and natural resource conservation, (Nugroho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Nurpasari \u0026amp; Febriamansyah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Wibowo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, the main implication for the Sumatra region is the need for a policy shift from a sectoral approach to an integrated rehabilitation strategy that combines ecosystem restoration, land use management, and disaster risk reduction simultaneously, so that post-disaster aquatic resource management can take place more adaptively, sustainably, and contextually.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study, through a bibliometrics-based Systematic Literature Review of 110 Scopus indexed articles, shows that the study of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation in Sumatra has strong and sustainable scientific significance. This is reflected in the increasing intensity of publications, the close thematic linkage with the issue of hydrometeorological disasters, and the position of Sumatra and Indonesia as important nodes in the global research network (RQ1). The thematic cluster analysis revealed that the structure and distribution of the research were dominated by ecological and hydrological approaches, with a primary focus on flooding, water management, natural resource conservation, watersheds, and biodiversity, while the dimensions of environmental governance and socio-ecological resilience were still relatively at the peripheral position in the literature (RQ2). These findings indicate a conceptual gap in the integration between the dimensions of the study. The results of this study confirm that post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation cannot be understood partially, but rather as a complex process that requires a multidisciplinary and integrated approach between ecological, hydrological, and institutional aspects, especially in the context of disaster-prone areas such as Sumatra.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the findings of the study, there is an urgent need to direct the research and policy agenda forward on a more integrative and contextual approach to post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation on the island of Sumatra. From a theoretical aspect, further research needs to strengthen the integration between ecosystem restoration, ecological resilience, and environmental governance frameworks in a comprehensive analysis model, in order to bridge the fragmentation of approaches that are still dominant in the literature. Meanwhile, on the practical aspect, the results of this study recommend a policy shift from short-term physical recovery strategies to ecosystem-based rehabilitation that is integrated with spatial planning, watershed management, and disaster risk reduction. The Sumatra Island area, which empirically continues to experience hydrometeorological disasters, strengthening adaptive governance, cross-sector coordination, and the involvement of local actors are the main prerequisites for post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation to be sustainable and effective. This research provides a scientific basis for the formulation of post-disaster aquatic resource management policies and practices that are more responsive to environmental dynamics and disaster risk in the Sumatra region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eCONFLICT OF INTEREST\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors state that there is no conflict of interest regarding the writing and publication of this manuscript. This manuscript has been approved by all authors for publication and is not being submitted to any other journal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSS and MLS conceived the research idea; SS, MLS, and SH developed it and designed the methods and analysis; MLS, SS, and SHA collected the data and handled most of the technical work. All authors contributed significantly to this publication, including data processing, data analysis, and text preparation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express their gratitude to the Balikpapan Institute of Maritime Technology and Business and Makassar State University for their institutional support and facilities during the preparation of this manuscript. They also acknowledge the valuable input and academic discussions from colleagues that contributed to the improvement of this study. This research received no external funding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is based on a systematic literature review using bibliographic records retrieved from the Scopus database. The data consist of published articles indexed in Scopus and are publicly available subject to Scopus subscription access. No primary data were collected or generated for this study. 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Progress Earth Planet Sci 8(1). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-020-00386-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s40645-020-00386-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Aquatic resources, Conservation, Post-Disaster, Rehabilitation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9011253/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9011253/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe island of Sumatra is one of the regions in Indonesia that has a high level of vulnerability to hydrometeorological disasters that have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems and the sustainability of aquatic resources. Although studies on post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation continue to develop, systematic mapping of knowledge structures, thematic dynamics, and research development directions in the Sumatra context is still relatively limited. This study aims to analyze the significance of post-disaster aquatic resource rehabilitation and conservation studies, identify the structure and distribution of research as reflected in the main thematic clusters of the literature, and examine its theoretical and practical implications for the development of aquatic resource management policies and practices in Sumatra. The method used is \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e bibliometric-based Systematic Literature Review with reference to the PRISMA framework. Research data were obtained from 110 Scopus indexed articles that were analyzed using VOSviewer software to visualize the \u003cem\u003enetwork of keyword co-occurrences\u003c/em\u003e and thematic clusters. The results of the study show that this study has sustainable scientific significance with the dominance of the themes of flooding, water management, natural resource conservation, watersheds, and biodiversity, which confirms the strength of the ecological and hydrological approach. However, the dimensions of environmental governance and socio-ecological resilience are still relatively peripheral in the literature. This study concludes that post-disaster aquatic resource management requires a more integrative and multidisciplinary analytical framework, as well as encouraging a policy shift towards ecosystem-based rehabilitation that is integrated with regional planning and disaster risk reduction in Sumatra.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Post-Disaster Rehabilitation and Conservation of Aquatic Resources in Sumatera: A Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-13 19:22:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9011253/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1fcdb609-9c06-4a46-8708-187e2cc4f4e2","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 13th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-13T19:22:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-13 19:22:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9011253","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9011253","identity":"rs-9011253","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}