Stocking density and its effects on the sanity and zootechnical development of young Colossoma macropomum in an aquaponics system using constructed semi-dry wetland

Stocking density and its effects on the sanity and zootechnical development of young Colossoma macropomum in an aquaponics system using constructed semi-dry wetland | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Stocking density and its effects on the sanity and zootechnical development of young Colossoma macropomum in an aquaponics system using constructed semi-dry wetland Jô Farias Lima, Argemiro Midonês Bastos, Sting Silva Duarte, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2485022/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigated the growth performance parameters and parasites of Colossoma macropomum farmed in an aquaponic system constructed semi-dry wetland. Fingerling of C. macropomum (8.3 ± 0.9 g) were stocked in three experimental densities: 334, 668 and 1,002 g m − 3 g using four replicates by each treatment. The initial weight of C. macropomum was similar between fish densities tested. Electrical conductivity, nitrite, nitrate, potassium, and magnesium, turbidity, phosphate, total ammonia, and alkalinity increased with fish density. Dissolved oxygen concentrations showed a reduction, reflecting on fish growth. The final weight was different and that it was negatively impacted with increased density. The specific growth rate was similar between treatments with 334 and 668 g m − 3 , but it differed significantly from treatment with and 1,002 g m − 3 of fish. The mean weight gain decreased with increased of fish density, while feed conversion ratio increased. Relative condition factor and survival of fish were not affected by the densities of fish. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis , Anacanthorus spathulatus , Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri were parasites found on C. macropomum gills in low abundance, which was not influenced by different densities of fish. Our results showed that fish yield was negatively impacted with increased density and differed between the by different density of fish, while the sanity was not affected. Freshwater fish Production Sustainability Tambaqui Water. Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction Aquaponic systems have emerged as important technology for food production using cultivation of aquatic organisms, for example, fish combined with hydroponic plants in recirculating aquaculture system (Zou et al., 2016 ; Pinho et al., 2021 ). Residues of fish feed provides most of the nutrients required for plant growth, and the hydroponic component serves as a biofilter, and therefore a separate biofilter is not needed as in other recirculating aquaculture systems (Pinho et al., 2017 ; Sace et al., 2013). In general, tilapias and catfish have been the fish most used in aquaponics systems (Geisenhoff et al., 2016 ; Pinho et al., 2021 ) because other fish species have been little tested (Sikawa and Yakupitiyage, 2010 ; Pinho et al., 2021 ). However, only in the last decade this technology has been investigated in Brazil, and the results indicates the aquaponic systems as an alternative for food production in small scale to meet the requirements by proteins in family fish farming in many Brazilian cities, as well as in the Amazon region (Carneiro et al., 2015 ; Castellani et al., 2009 ; Hundley and Navarro 2013 ; Emerenciano, 2015; Lima et al., 2019 ; Pinho et al., 2021 ). In many around world regions, including the Brazil, aquaponic systems with small private installations have been used due to social interests for subsistence of communities. However, as much the small private installations as enterprises of aquaponics worldwide yet have great challenges and economic issues to solve (Junge et al., 2017 ; Bosma et al., 2017 ). For fish producers to successfully adopt and an aquaponic system, they need to consider the fish species farmed, and sanitary management easiness, in addition get to master the system administration. Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818 (tambaqui) is larger Serrasalmidae from the Amazon basin, and is one of the most important fish species in the Amazon region, including Brazil. In addition, this fish species has been introduced in Panamá and Taiwan in the eighties and lately, to Cuba, Dominican Republic, United States, Honduras, Jamaica, Philippines, Guatemala, Hungary, Costa Rica, Porto Rico, and China, where they are being cultured or live in free populations in nature (Liao et al., 2001 ). Thus, this Amazonian fish has aroused interest of researchers, fish farmers and aquaculture industry due to its good adaptation to intensive production systems, fast growth, tolerates high stocking densities, excellent commercial price, rusticity and resistance to handling, and high value of its meat (Mendonça et al,. 2012; Pinho et al., 2021 ). The aim of this study was to investigate the growth performance parameters of C. macropomum farmed in different densities in an aquaponics system using semi-dry wetland with lettuces in treating wastewater of cultivation. A semi-dry wetland is structurally like artificial treatment wetlands, but its filter media are more oxygenated those traditional wetlands, serving as an excellent biofilter for an aquaponic system (Lima et al., 2019 ). Integrated wetland technology (such as hydroponic, constructed treatment wetland or floating island) with food production processes, coupled with a polyculture of different fish species or other organisms including shrimps, can promote ecosystem health and achieve sustainability, mainly via its wastewater purification (Chen and Wong, 2016 ). As semi-dry wetland has demonstrated efficacy in production of shrimps and in treatment of culture effluents in an aquaponic system (Lima et al., 2019 ), we questioned if a similar aquaponic system using lettuces has the same efficiency in production of C. macropomum and on water treatment of fish culture. 2. Materials And Methods 2.1. Aquaponic and recirculating aquaculture system These trials were carried out at the Laboratory of Aquaculture and Fishing from Embrapa Amapá (Amapá State, Brazil), in three identical aquaponic experimental units consisted of four culture tanks (1 m³ tank − 1 ), a conical sedimentation tank (0.1 m³), a circular holding tank (0.2 m³) and a constructed semi-dry wetland (0.2 m x 1.0 m x 4.0 m) containing 32 lettuce seedlings in each wetland (Fig. 1 ). Two submersible pumps being a water flow of 5,000 Lh − 1 in a continuous flow for the fish tanks and other with 1,200 Lh − 1 actuated by a timer every 15 minutes inflow for semi-dry wetlands, controlled the water flux in each aquaponic group. The fish tanks bottom was daily siphoned, while the decanter tanks bottom was cleaned every two days. The pH buffering was accomplished by daily adding 50 g hydrated lime. The system oxygenation was performed using a radial compressor with air stones (3 air stone m − 2 ) connected to the fish tank and at the entrance of constructed semi-dry wetland. The fingerlings of C. macropomum were acclimatized in this system for one week and then subjected to the treatments. A commercial ration (Guabi™, Brazil) was used ad libitum twice per day (9 am and 16 pm). 2.2. Fish and experimental design In aquaponic system, 960 C. macropomum fingerling (8.35 ± 0.91 g) were stocked in three experimental densities: 40 fish (334 g m − 3 ), 80 fish (668 g m − 3 ) and 120 fish (1,002 g m − 3 ) using four replicates by each density treatment. To fish feed was used commercial extruded ration contend 36.3% protein, 6.8% lipid, 4.6% fiber, 10.6% ash, and 18.6 kJg − 1 gross energy (Guabi™, Brazil). During trials, fingerlings were fed at 9 am and 4 pm daily at a rate of 3% body weight per day for fish. Fed was according to the fish intake rate adjusted (Lin et al., 2005 ). Extruded pellets with 2.4 mm for the first 60 days and 4 mm were to end the culture used, totaling 90 days. 2.3. Fish growth parameters and analysis of parasites Growth performance parameters of fish included the specific growth rate (SGR), mean weight gain (MWG), survival rate (SR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were calculated in each density over the experimental period as described below: a) Relative condition factor (Kn) according to Le Cren ( 1951 ); b) Specific growth rate (SGR); The SGR for each treatment group of the study was estimated as: \(SGR= \frac{Ln W2-LnW1}{T} x 100\) Where W1 is the weight (g) of fish at stocking; W2 is the weight (g) of fish at each sampling time; InW2 – InW1 is the difference between the natural logarithms of W1 and W2; T is the time interval (in days) between stocking of fish and each sampling period. c) Mean weight gain (MWG); The MWG was estimated as: MWG = FMW – IMW (Effong et al. 2009), where, FMW is the final mean weight (g) of fish, while IMW is the initial mean weight (g) of fish. d)Feed conversion ratio (FCR) FCR was estimated as suggested by Effong et al. (2009): \(FCR= \frac{Total\: feed\: given}{Total\: weight\: gain\: by\: fish }\) e) Protein efficiency ratio (PER); PER was computed as suggested by Effiong et al. ( 2009 ): $$PER= \frac{Total \text{w}eight\: gained\: by\: fish}{Total\: protein\: fed\: to\: fish}$$ Where protein intake of each fingerling was estimated as the total feed given multiplied by the percentage crude protein in feed. Study of parasitological analyses was performed. The mouth, gills, opercula, fins, viscera and tract digestive were examined for the presence of parasites. The collection, fixation, conservation, and preparation of the parasites for identification followed the recommendations of Eiras et al. ( 2006 ). The ecological terms (prevalence and mean abundance) used were those described by Bush et al. ( 1997 ). 2.4. Water quality physicochemical parameters and analytical methods Water samples were obtained twice by weeks from each holding tank and fish tanks, done approximately one hour after feeding at about 10 am. Using a multiparameter photometer for water analysis (Hanna™. Model HI83200) were sampled total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite nitrogen (NO 2 –N), nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 –N), and alkalinity (CaCO 3 ). The temperature, hydrogen ionic potential (pH), dissolved oxygen (DO), electric conductivity, turbidity (NTU), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were checked using a Multiparameter Water Quality Checker (Horiba™. Model U-50). 2.5 . Statistical analysis All data were initially assuming a normal distribution and homoscedasticity using the Shapiro-Wilk and Bartlett tests, respectively. As data of growth parameters had Gaussian distribution, ANOVA was applied, followed by Tukey’s test. Parasite data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis followed by the Dunn test for comparison between medians (p < 0.05) (Zar, 2010). The statistical analysis of the data was performed with the aid of the BioEstat 5.0® software (Ayres et al., 2007 ). 3. Results 3.1. Water quality physicochemical parameters The temperature varied within a narrow range, reached a minimum of 25 ºC and a maximum of 30 ºC, accompanying the daily fluctuations of higher and lower insolation, but did not differ among the treatments. The pH showed little variation, remained relatively stable until the 20th day of cultivation, after which this parameter presented acidifying tendencies altering among the treatments. Same after the correction with hydrated lime, the pH was slightly alkaline in 40 fish density and almost neutral in 80 and 120 fish densities. Electrical conductivity, nitrite, nitrate, potassium, and magnesium increased with fish density, and differences were observed between 40 and 120 fish densities. Conductivity and TDS parameters presented values relatively low and stable until the 36th day; then, these parameters increased until the 56th day of cultivation, where they started a little downward trend in all treatments. Dissolved oxygen (DO) values, and water turbidity showed an antagonistic behavior in all treatments. While DO concentrations showed an apparent reduction, turbidity values continued to rise, probably reflecting fish growth, and total solids and oxygen dissolved reduced with density increase and showed lower level in density with 80 and 120 fish. Turbidity, phosphate, total ammonia, and alkalinity value increased with fish density and differences among treatments (Table 1 ). Table 1 Water physicochemical parameters from Colossoma macropomum reared for 110 days at different stocking densities in an aquaponic system. Treatments Parameters Unit 40 fish m − 3 80 fish m − 3 120 fish m − 3 F P Temperature ºC 27.16 ± 0.93 a 27.12 ± 0.94 a 27.10 ± 0.94 a 0.09 0.915 pH 7.48 ± 0.23 a 7.09 ± 0.26 b 7.04 ± 0.35 b 20.79 < 0.001 Conductivity µS cm − 1 694.01 ± 148.3 a 809.40 ± 130.5 ab 848 ± 125.3 b 4.87 0.008 Turbidity NTU 4.35 ± 1.51 a 5.94 ± 1.46 b 8.24 ± 1.82 c 37.55 < 0.001 DO mg/L 6.82 ± 0.58 a 6.08 ± 0.55 b 5.91 ± 0.90 b 5.26 0.005 TDS mg/L 0.51 ± 0.13 a 0.68 ± 0.14 b 0.73 ± 0.17 b 6.23 0.001 TAN mg/L 0.65 ± 0.41 a 1.11 ± 0.55 b 1.89 ± 0.74 c 22.90 < 0.001 NO2- N mg/L 0.40 ± 0.26 a 0.58 ± 0.25 ab 0.74 ± 0.23 b 10.17 < 0.001 NO3- N mg/L 28.04 ± 14.11 a 42.30 ± 20.96 ab 50.80 ± 22.18 b 7.37 0.001 Alkalinity CaCO 3 mg/L 14.58 ± 5.34 a 22.19 ± 6.40 b 27.57 ± 7.38 c 21.63 < 0.001 Values express mean ± SD. Means followed by equal letters on the same line do not indicate any difference between treatments by the Tukey test. Total ammonia levels in 40 and 80 fish densities showed an increase until the seventh day of cultivation, followed by a decrease. In the treatment with 120 fish density, this parameter only showed a reduction around the 16th day. Nitrite concentration was detected only on the sixth day of cultivation and showed different values between each treatment and similar oscillation pattern. From this period, it is possible to observe in all treatments an apparent elevation of nitrate concentration up to the 41st day of farming, followed by a slight decrease until the 56th day. Nitrate concentrations in the treatments with 80 and 120 fish densities increased again up to the 72nd day of cultivation and reached peaks close to 100 mg/L. In the treatment with 40 fingerlings, nitrate concentrations follow a stable oscillation between 16 and 30 mg/L. The alkalinity values also increased in all fish densities and showed a similar variation pattern (Table 1 ). 3.2. Fish growth parameters and parasitological analysis The initial weight of C. macropomum was similar (p > 0.05) between fish densities tested. However, the final weight was different and it was negatively impacted with increased density. The SGR was similar between treatments with 40 and 80 fish, but it differed significantly (p < 0.05) from treatment with 120 fish. The MWG and FCR were different between treatments. The MWG decreasing with increased fish density, while FCR increased with increased fish density. These factors did not affect the relative condition factor and survival of fish, which remained similar among treatments. Fish yield was negatively impacted with increased density and differed between the treatments, being 3.52, 6.16, and 7.99 kg m − 3 in 40, 80, and 120 fish, respectively (Table 2 ). Table 2 Growth parameters of Colossoma macropomum reared for 110 days at different stocking densities in an aquaponic system using constructed semi-dry wetlands. Treatments Parameters 40 fish m − 3 80 fish m − 3 120 fish m − 3 F P Initial mass (g) 8.85 ± 1.07 a 8.13 ± 0.65 a 8.08 ± 0.98 a 0.18 0.918 Final mass (g) 90.89 ± 5.05 a 80.29 ± 2.16 b 68.59 ± 1.73 c 44.72 < 0.001 SGR (g) 2.59 ± 0.12 a 2.55 ± 0.06 a 2.38 ± 0.12 b 4.28 0.049 MWG (g) 83.36 ± 2.15 a 72.16 ± 1.58 b 60.51 ± 1.22 c 181.06 < 0.001 Kn 1.00 ± 0.13 a 1.00 ± 0.13 a 1.00 ± 0.12 a 0.008 0.992 FCR 1.14 ± 0.08 a 1.32 ± 0.01 b 1.39 ± 0.08 c 13.06 0.002 SR (%) 96.88 ± 2.39 a 95.94 ± 2.77 a 97.08 ± 4.33 a 0.14 0.872 PER (%) 2.23 ± 0.10 a 2.03 ± 0.04 b 1.75 ± 0.10 c 31.46 < 0.001 Fish yield (kg m − ³) 3.52 ± 0,23 a 6.16 ± 0.59 b 7.99 ± 0.53 c 24.34 < 0.001 Values express mean ± SD. Means followed by equal letters on the same line do not indicate any difference between treatments by the Tukey test’s: Specific growth rate, MWG: Mean weight gain, K: condition factor, SR: Survival rate, FCR: Feed conversion ratio, PER: Protein efficiency ratio. Four species of ectoparasites were found on C. macropomum gills and low abundance, which did not differ among the treatments (Table 3 ). Table 3 Prevalence (P%) and mean abundance (MA) of ectoparasites in the gills of Colossoma macropomum cultivated, for 110 days, in an aquaponics system and three stocking densities. Treatments 40 fish m 3 80 fish m 3 120 fish m 3 Parasite species P (%) MA ± SD P (%) MA ± SD P (%) MA ± SD Anacanthorus spathulatus 70.0 3.0 ± 3.9 a 80.0 10.3 ± 12.1 a 60.0 3.4 ± 5.8 a Notozothecium janauachensis 15.0 0.3 ± 0.9 a 10.0 0.3 ± 1.1 a 0 0 a Mymarothecium boegeri 25.0 1.3 ± 3.7 a 55.0 10.3 ± 24.9 a 45.0 0.9 ± 1.7 a Ichthyophthirius multifiliis 10.0 3.6 ± 11.2 a 25.0 12.7 ± 24.9 a 20.0 17.0 ± 37.2 a Values express mean ± SD. Means followed by equal letters on the same line do not indicate any difference between treatments by the Dunn test (p < 0.05). 4. Discussion In present study, the water treatment filters were efficient and at the densities tested are within the appropriate range for the cultivation of C. macropomum . The temperature and pH remained within the range recorded for farmed C. macropomum in other cultivation systems (Silva et al., 2013 ; Santos et al., 2014 ; Silva and Fujimoto, 2015 ; Sousa et al., 2016 ; Saint-Paul, 2017 ; Costa et al., 2019 ). However, the lettuces have optimal growth with temperatures around 24 ºC (Rakocy et al., 2006 ; Rakocy, 2007 ), suggesting that the temperatures here observed (25–30 ºC) did not remain within values recommended for cultivation of this vegetable. The increase in the water flow rate is a factor that might favor lower temperatures and higher DO concentrations in nutritive solution, due to less exposure of the nutrient solution during the time of increased incidence of solar radiation (Genuncio et al., 2012 ). It is essential that the water flow rate between fish tank and wetland increased, reducing the timer control the interval of every water pump activation. Another suggestion is the choice of lettuce cultivars adapted to higher temperatures, as observed by Rodrigues et al. ( 2008 ) who studied the performance of lettuce cultivars in Manaus, in Brazilian Amazon region. Moreover, mean temperature, TDS, DO, pH, nitrogen compounds, and alkalinity values found in this study were similar to reported for other aquaponics systems (Sikawa and Yakupitiyage, 2010 ; Roosta, 2014 ; Zou et al., 2016 ; Cerozi and Fitzsimmons, 2016 ; Costa et al., 2019 ). It has been reported that constraints to the use of aquaculture water for lettuce production are due to a low macronutrients’ concentrations, low dissolved oxygen levels and high suspended solids concentrations (Sikawa and Yakupitiyage, 2010 ; Sace and Fitzsimmons, 2013 ). In present study, the organic waste volume generated trial seems that has not provided adequate nutrition for lettuce. However, in hydroponic systems, the growth of lettuces suffers significant influence of with ionic concentration and water flow rate of the nutrient solution, which are relevant variables at the nutrient availability and water retention (Genuncio et al., 2012 ; Guimarães et al., 2016 ). Leaves number, total fresh mass, and yield of the lettuce varieties studied were relatively superior that the values reported by Sikawa andYakupitiyage (2010); however, were lower than the values reported for aquaponics systems using effluent enriched with a nutrient solution (Seawright et al., 1998 ; Rakocy et al., 2006 ). In addition, interactions between fish stocking density and leaf number, total fresh mass, and yield of lettuces were found here. Both varieties of lettuces had an increase in biomass, possibly due to the increased availability of nutrients in aquaponic system. Although no additional nutrient solution was added in our aquaponic system, except hydrated lime, the lettuce biomass obtained was like values reported for grew lettuces hydroponically using saline wastewater from fish farming (Guimarães et al., 2016 ). On the other hand, number of leaves, total fresh mass, and yield of lettuces, in present study, were relatively lower than the values reported for grew lettuces hydroponically with uses of nutrient solutions (Genuncio et al., 2012 ) and in an aquaponics system of lettuces with the addition of biofertilizers in different substrates (Jordan et al., 2018 ). Therefore, our results showed the potential use of C. macropomum cultivation tank water for supplying a family hydroponic production of lettuces, because for the commercial production of lettuces is necessary add nutrients to aquaponics systems. Stocking density is critical for successful of C. macropomum production because it influences numerous growth performance parameters (Silva et al., 2013 ; Santos et al., 2014 ; Silva and Fujimoto, 2015 ; Sousa et al., 2016 ; Costa et al., 2019 ), as well as the sanity. With the increasing of C. macropomum cultivation there is also an increase in the load of ectoparasites such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis , Anacanthorus spathulatus , Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri , due to a poor environmental quality (Dias et al., 2015 ; Baia et al., 2019 ), which may lead to economic losses due to epizooties in fish farming. However, we found not difference in the infection levels by I. multifiliis and monogeneans A. spathulatus , N. janauachensis and M. boegeri between the different densities of C. macropomum used in aquaponic system. In addition, mean abundance of these parasites was lower that for C. macropomum farmed in ponds (Dias et al., 2015 ) and in net-cages (Baia et al., 2019 ). An inverse relationship between stocking density of fish and growth has been reported for C. macropomum in different farming systems, suggesting that high stocking densities can negatively influence their final yield (Santos et al., 2014 ; Silva and Fujimoto, 2015 ; Sousa et al., 2016 ; Costa et al., 2019 ), and this fact was also observed in present study. The results showed that C. macropomum did not present apparent stress in the three stocking densities used. Still, a worsened in the growth parameters values was noticed in the final of the study with increasing stocking density. The effects observed include the final weight decreased, FCR, and consumed food increased, suggesting that C. macropomum farmed in small tanks can be sensible to the intraspecific competition. Nevertheless, survival was not affected, and productivity has increased with increasing stocking density, which are therefore positive parameters. Survival of C. macropomum in aquaponic system were similar to reported for this fish farmed in other systems of production (Santos et al., 2014 ; Silva and Fujimoto, 2015 ; Sousa et al., 2016 ), suggesting therefore that the cultivation conditions were suitable for development of this Amazonian fish. Thus, hypothesis of a higher survival and productivity in handling with low stocking density of C. macropomum was not confirmed in this study, corroborating that this fish species tolerates intensification during fingerlings phase and can be raised in both semi-intensive and intensive farming systems with high survival and productivity; in addition, in aquaponic systems may be used densities beyond 80 and 120 fish m 3 . High fish stocking densities in a reduced space can be led to the occurrence of problems related to stress, and it could interfere negatively in the growth and development of individuals. In general, in small volume tanks, the feeding area is reduced, causing the food dispute to be great, hence, there is an energetic expense that leads to an increase in feed consumption to maintain vital functions and continue to grow (Gomes et al., 2004 ). Although the growth performance parameters of C. macropomum fingerlings in aquaponic system has been negatively affected by the increasing stocking density, the parameters were compatible, and even superior to those reported for this same fish in others farming intensive systems (Silva et al., 2013 ; Santos et al., 2014 ; Silva and Fujimoto, 2015 ; Sousa et al., 2016 ). Therefore, results indicated that C. macropomum has a good performance in aquaponic system using constructed semi-dry wetlands, and the fish yield observed suggests that this Amazonian fish is a species suitable for the aquaponics systems. As 80 and 120 fish densities were the most productive, it is recommended for the rearing of C. macropomum fingerlings at a cycle of up to 110 days. In conclusion, survival and productivity of C. macropomum in aquaponic system were high, in contrast to other growth parameters observed in traditional amazon fish farming system. The parasitic infection levels in gills were low, despite the high density of fish, demonstrating that aquaponics is isolated system that can be efficiency on reduce the occurrence of numerous parasite species being good option for intensive farming C. macropomum and other fish species. The water treatment using semi-dry wetland were efficient and at the densities tested are within the appropriate range for the cultivation of C. macropomum . Aquaponics system using semi-dry wetland is a potential system for intensive C. macropomum production with small environmental impacts. Declarations Conflict of Interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest. Ethical Approval This study was developed following the principles recommended by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA) and with the authorization from Ethics Committee in the Use of Animals of Embrapa Amapá (# 008 - CEUA/CPAFAP). Data Availabity Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/CNPq (Grant 444367/2014-4). 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Acta Amaz 34(1):111–113 Guimarães IP, Oliveira FA, Torres SB, Pereira FECB, França FD, Oliveira MKT (2016) Use of fish-farming wastewater in lettuce cultivation. Rev Brasil Eng Agr 20(8):728–733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-929/agriambi. v20n8p728-733 Hundley GMC, Navarro RD (2013) Aquaponia: a integração entre piscicultura e a hidroponia. Rev Brasil Agrop Susten 3:52–61. https://doi.org/10.21206/rbas.v3i2.218 Jordan RA, Geisenhoff LO, Oliveira FC, Santos RC, Martins EAS (2018) Yield of lettuce grown in aquaponic system using different substrates. Rev Brasil Eng Agr Amb 22(1):27–31. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/ agriambi.v22n1p27-31 Junge R, König B, Villarroel M, Komives T, Jijakli MH (2017) Strategic points in aquaponics. Water 9:182. https://doi:10.3390/w9030182 Le Cren ED (1951) The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch ( Perca fluviatilis ). J Anim Ecol 20:201–219. doi: 10.2307/1540 Lima JF, Duarte SS, Bastos AM, Carvalho T (2019) Performance of an aquaponics system using constructed semi-dry wetland with lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) on treating wastewater of culture of Amazon River shrimp ( Macrobrachium amazonicum ). Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:13476–13488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04496-5 Liao IC, Su HM, Chang EY (2001) Techniques in finfish larviculture in Taiwan. Aquaculture 200:1–31 Lin YF, Jing SR, Lee DY, Chang YF, Chen YM, Shih KC (2005) Performance of a constructed wetlands treating intensive shrimp aquaculture wastewater under high hydraulic loading rate. Environ Poll 134:411–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. envpol.2004.09.015 Mendonça PP, Vidal-Junior MV, Polese MF, Santos MVBS, Rezende FP, Andrade DR (2012) Morphometrical development of tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum , Cuvier, 1818) under different photoperiods. Rev Brasil Zoot 41(6):1337–1341 Pinho SM, Molinari D, Mello GL, Fitzsimmons KM, Emerenciano MGC (2017) Effluent from a biofloc technology (BFT) tilapia culture on the aquaponics production of different lettuce varieties. Ecol Eng 103:146–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng. 2017.03.009 Pinho SM, David LH, Garcia F, Keesman KJ, Portella MC, Goddek S (2021) South American fish species suitable for aquaponics: a review. Aquac Inter 29:1427–1449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00674-w Rakocy JE, Masser MP, Losordo TM (2006) Aquaponics - integrating fish and plant. Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems, SRAC Publication No. 454 (Obtained from http://www2.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/454fs.PDF on January 2019 Rakocy JE (2007) Ten guidelines for aquaponic systems. Aquap J 46:14–17 Rodrigues IN, Lopes MTG, Lopes R, Gama AS, Milagres CP (2008) Performance of lettuce cultivars in the region of Manaus. Horticul Brasil 26:524–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362008000400020 Roosta HR (2014) Effects of foliar spray of K on mint, radish, parsley and coriander plants in aquaponic system. J Plant Nutr 37:2236–2254. https://doi.org/10.1080/019041 67.2014.920385 Sace CF, Fitzsimmons KM (2013) Recirculating aquaponic systems using Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) and freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) polyculture and the productivity of selected leafy vegetables. MRJBM 1:11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15413/ajar.2013.0138 Saint-Paul U (2017) Native fish species boosting Brazilian’s aquaculture development. Acta Fish Aqua Res 5(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.2312/ActaFish.2017.5.1.1-9 Santos BLT, Andrade JE, Garcez RCS (2014) Densidade de estocagem utilizada no desenvolvimento do tambaqui em fase de pré-engorda. Sci Amaz 3(3):41–50 Seawright DE, Stickney RR, Walker RB (1998) Nutrient dynamics in integrated aquaculture-hydroponics systems. Aquaculture 160(97):215–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486 Sikawa DC, Yakupitiyage A (2010) The hydroponic production of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) by using hybrid catfish ( Clarias macrocephalus x C. gariepinus ) pond water: potentials and constraints. Agric Water Manag 97(9):1317–1325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat. 2010.03.013 Silva ADR, Santos RB, Bruno AMSS, Soares EC (2013) Cultivo de tambaqui em canais de abastecimento sob diferentes densidades de peixes. Acta Amaz 43(4):517–524. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0044-59672013000400014 Silva CA, Fujimoto RY (2015) Crescimento de tambaqui em resposta a densidade de estocagem em tanques-rede. Acta Amazonica 45(3):323–332 Sousa RGC, Piñeyro JIG, Cardoso NA, Andrade JE, Silva JG, Barbosa HTB (2016) Stocking density and its effects to the zootechnical development of young tambaqui in an intensive production system. Acta Fish Aqua Res 4(1):80–92. doi 10.2312/ActaFish.2016.4.1.80–92 Zar JH (201) Biostatistical analysis. 5th ed. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey Zou Y, Hu Z, Zhang J, Xie H, Guimbaud C, Fang Y (2016) Effects of pH on nitrogen transformations in media-based aquaponic. Bioresour Technol 210:81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.079 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2485022","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":168465171,"identity":"9ca2d5fc-c40a-4fa8-90b4-b9d16aba71c6","order_by":0,"name":"Jô Farias Lima","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Embrapa Amapá","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jô","middleName":"Farias","lastName":"Lima","suffix":""},{"id":168465172,"identity":"57af7ae6-ef0f-42cf-bda6-2aaab7aa70b3","order_by":1,"name":"Argemiro Midonês Bastos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Embrapa Amapá","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Argemiro","middleName":"Midonês","lastName":"Bastos","suffix":""},{"id":168465173,"identity":"75c411a8-eb0d-451d-8da8-3676bac7f89b","order_by":2,"name":"Sting Silva Duarte","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Embrapa Amapá","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sting","middleName":"Silva","lastName":"Duarte","suffix":""},{"id":168465174,"identity":"cc160cc4-2891-4b84-9c81-881a025da941","order_by":3,"name":"Marcos Tavares-Dias","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYAgAGwYGCQgrgZBSqDqGNNK1HCasRbf97MMPH/4w1PHPSH4GZJyX053d+/BzQQ1DnnkDdi1mZ9KNJWe2MUhI3Egznjmz7bax2Z3jxtIzjjEUyxzAoeVAGhszbwPQNWcOGAMZtxO33UhjkOZhY0icgcNhZuefsTHz/GGQkD9z/DPznz/n6oFamH/z/MOj5QbQFqCZEgbHe4yZGdgOJIBEpHnb8Gl5xgz0i4TkxuM9xYy9bcmG2+4cY7Oe2SdRLIFLy/k0RmBA2fDLHWbfzPDjj5282e025tsF32zycGmBAjRpZgwRgoCZRPWjYBSMglEwvAEAkJxXPLFTRdkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Embrapa Amapá","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marcos","middleName":"","lastName":"Tavares-Dias","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-01-16 18:29:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2485022/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2485022/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":31813462,"identity":"43d4139d-7e00-438f-895c-6bb24e813dec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-01-19 16:07:55","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38989,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA sketch depicting the components of the experimental aquaponic units using constructed semi-dry wetlands (Adapted from Lima et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2485022/v1/7d2ed7650f8f2322ec21c4d4.png"},{"id":32056041,"identity":"54f02a23-d26a-4c00-bd72-0ca033591885","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-01-25 18:59:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":539476,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2485022/v1/8ee32754-c278-4d50-9f95-7f73921b4852.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Stocking density and its effects on the sanity and zootechnical development of young Colossoma macropomum in an aquaponics system using constructed semi-dry wetland","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAquaponic systems have emerged as important technology for food production using cultivation of aquatic organisms, for example, fish combined with hydroponic plants in recirculating aquaculture system (Zou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Pinho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Residues of fish feed provides most of the nutrients required for plant growth, and the hydroponic component serves as a biofilter, and therefore a separate biofilter is not needed as in other recirculating aquaculture systems (Pinho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Sace et al., 2013). In general, tilapias and catfish have been the fish most used in aquaponics systems (Geisenhoff et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Pinho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) because other fish species have been little tested (Sikawa and Yakupitiyage, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Pinho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, only in the last decade this technology has been investigated in Brazil, and the results indicates the aquaponic systems as an alternative for food production in small scale to meet the requirements by proteins in family fish farming in many Brazilian cities, as well as in the Amazon region (Carneiro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Castellani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Hundley and Navarro \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Emerenciano, 2015; Lima et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Pinho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn many around world regions, including the Brazil, aquaponic systems with small private installations have been used due to social interests for subsistence of communities. However, as much the small private installations as enterprises of aquaponics worldwide yet have great challenges and economic issues to solve (Junge et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Bosma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). For fish producers to successfully adopt and an aquaponic system, they need to consider the fish species farmed, and sanitary management easiness, in addition get to master the system administration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eColossoma macropomum\u003c/em\u003e Cuvier, 1818 (tambaqui) is larger Serrasalmidae from the Amazon basin, and is one of the most important fish species in the Amazon region, including Brazil. In addition, this fish species has been introduced in Panam\u0026aacute; and Taiwan in the eighties and lately, to Cuba, Dominican Republic, United States, Honduras, Jamaica, Philippines, Guatemala, Hungary, Costa Rica, Porto Rico, and China, where they are being cultured or live in free populations in nature (Liao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, this Amazonian fish has aroused interest of researchers, fish farmers and aquaculture industry due to its good adaptation to intensive production systems, fast growth, tolerates high stocking densities, excellent commercial price, rusticity and resistance to handling, and high value of its meat (Mendon\u0026ccedil;a et al,. 2012; Pinho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The aim of this study was to investigate the growth performance parameters of C. \u003cem\u003emacropomum\u003c/em\u003e farmed in different densities in an aquaponics system using semi-dry wetland with lettuces in treating wastewater of cultivation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA semi-dry wetland is structurally like artificial treatment wetlands, but its filter media are more oxygenated those traditional wetlands, serving as an excellent biofilter for an aquaponic system (Lima et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Integrated wetland technology (such as hydroponic, constructed treatment wetland or floating island) with food production processes, coupled with a polyculture of different fish species or other organisms including shrimps, can promote ecosystem health and achieve sustainability, mainly via its wastewater purification (Chen and Wong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). As semi-dry wetland has demonstrated efficacy in production of shrimps and in treatment of culture effluents in an aquaponic system (Lima et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), we questioned if a similar aquaponic system using lettuces has the same efficiency in production of \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e and on water treatment of fish culture.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Aquaponic and recirculating aquaculture system\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese trials were carried out at the Laboratory of Aquaculture and Fishing from Embrapa Amap\u0026aacute; (Amap\u0026aacute; State, Brazil), in three identical aquaponic experimental units consisted of four culture tanks (1 m\u0026sup3; tank\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), a conical sedimentation tank (0.1 m\u0026sup3;), a circular holding tank (0.2 m\u0026sup3;) and a constructed semi-dry wetland (0.2 m x 1.0 m x 4.0 m) containing 32 lettuce seedlings in each wetland (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Two submersible pumps being a water flow of 5,000 Lh\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in a continuous flow for the fish tanks and other with 1,200 Lh\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e actuated by a timer every 15 minutes inflow for semi-dry wetlands, controlled the water flux in each aquaponic group. The fish tanks bottom was daily siphoned, while the decanter tanks bottom was cleaned every two days. The pH buffering was accomplished by daily adding 50 g hydrated lime. The system oxygenation was performed using a radial compressor with air stones (3 air stone m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) connected to the fish tank and at the entrance of constructed semi-dry wetland. The fingerlings of \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e were acclimatized in this system for one week and then subjected to the treatments. A commercial ration (Guabi\u0026trade;, Brazil) was used \u003cem\u003ead libitum\u003c/em\u003e twice per day (9 am and 16 pm).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.2. Fish and experimental design\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn aquaponic system, 960 \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e fingerling (8.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91 g) were stocked in three experimental densities: 40 fish (334 g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e), 80 fish (668 g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e) and 120 fish (1,002 g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e) using four replicates by each density treatment. To fish feed was used commercial extruded ration contend 36.3% protein, 6.8% lipid, 4.6% fiber, 10.6% ash, and 18.6 kJg \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e gross energy (Guabi\u0026trade;, Brazil). During trials, fingerlings were fed at 9 am and 4 pm daily at a rate of 3% body weight per day for fish. Fed was according to the fish intake rate adjusted (Lin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Extruded pellets with 2.4 mm for the first 60 days and 4 mm were to end the culture used, totaling 90 days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Fish growth parameters and analysis of parasites\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth performance parameters of fish included the specific growth rate (SGR), mean weight gain (MWG), survival rate (SR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were calculated in each density over the experimental period as described below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ea) Relative condition factor (Kn) according to Le Cren (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1951\u003c/span\u003e);\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eb) Specific growth rate (SGR);\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SGR for each treatment group of the study was estimated as:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(SGR= \\frac{Ln W2-LnW1}{T} x 100\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e Where W1 is the weight (g) of fish at stocking; W2 is the weight (g) of fish at each sampling time; InW2 \u0026ndash; InW1 is the difference between the natural logarithms of W1 and W2; T is the time interval (in days) between stocking of fish and each sampling period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec) Mean weight gain (MWG);\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe MWG was estimated as:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMWG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;FMW \u0026ndash; IMW (Effong et al. 2009), where, FMW is the final mean weight (g) of fish, while IMW is the initial mean weight (g) of fish.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ed)Feed conversion ratio (FCR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFCR was estimated as suggested by Effong et al. (2009):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(FCR= \\frac{Total\\: feed\\: given}{Total\\: weight\\: gain\\: by\\: fish }\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003ee) Protein efficiency ratio (PER);\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePER was computed as suggested by Effiong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e):\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$PER= \\frac{Total \\text{w}eight\\: gained\\: by\\: fish}{Total\\: protein\\: fed\\: to\\: fish}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere protein intake of each fingerling was estimated as the total feed given multiplied by the percentage crude protein in feed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy of parasitological analyses was performed. The mouth, gills, opercula, fins, viscera and tract digestive were examined for the presence of parasites. The collection, fixation, conservation, and preparation of the parasites for identification followed the recommendations of Eiras et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). The ecological terms (prevalence and mean abundance) used were those described by Bush et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.4. Water quality physicochemical parameters and analytical methods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater samples were obtained twice by weeks from each holding tank and fish tanks, done approximately one hour after feeding at about 10 am. Using a multiparameter photometer for water analysis (Hanna\u0026trade;. Model HI83200) were sampled total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite nitrogen (NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash;N), nitrate nitrogen (NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash;N), and alkalinity (CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e). The temperature, hydrogen ionic potential (pH), dissolved oxygen (DO), electric conductivity, turbidity (NTU), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were checked using a Multiparameter Water Quality Checker (Horiba\u0026trade;. Model U-50).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.5\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll data were initially assuming a normal distribution and homoscedasticity using the Shapiro-Wilk and Bartlett tests, respectively. As data of growth parameters had Gaussian distribution, ANOVA was applied, followed by Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test. Parasite data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis followed by the Dunn test for comparison between medians (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Zar, 2010). The statistical analysis of the data was performed with the aid of the BioEstat 5.0\u0026reg; software (Ayres et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Water quality physicochemical parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe temperature varied within a narrow range, reached a minimum of 25 \u0026ordm;C and a maximum of 30 \u0026ordm;C, accompanying the daily fluctuations of higher and lower insolation, but did not differ among the treatments. The pH showed little variation, remained relatively stable until the 20th day of cultivation, after which this parameter presented acidifying tendencies altering among the treatments. Same after the correction with hydrated lime, the pH was slightly alkaline in 40 fish density and almost neutral in 80 and 120 fish densities. Electrical conductivity, nitrite, nitrate, potassium, and magnesium increased with fish density, and differences were observed between 40 and 120 fish densities. Conductivity and TDS parameters presented values relatively low and stable until the 36th day; then, these parameters increased until the 56th day of cultivation, where they started a little downward trend in all treatments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDissolved oxygen (DO) values, and water turbidity showed an antagonistic behavior in all treatments. While DO concentrations showed an apparent reduction, turbidity values continued to rise, probably reflecting fish growth, and total solids and oxygen dissolved reduced with density increase and showed lower level in density with 80 and 120 fish. Turbidity, phosphate, total ammonia, and alkalinity value increased with fish density and differences among treatments (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater physicochemical parameters from \u003cem\u003eColossoma macropomum\u003c/em\u003e reared for 110 days at different stocking densities in an aquaponic system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 fish m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80 fish m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 fish m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ordm;C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.915\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConductivity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;S cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e694.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;148.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e809.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;130.5\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e848\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;125.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurbidity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNTU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.46\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.82\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTDS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTAN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO2- N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO3- N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.96\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.18\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkalinity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e mg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.34\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.40\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.38\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eValues express mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. Means followed by equal letters on the same line do not indicate any difference between treatments by the Tukey test.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal ammonia levels in 40 and 80 fish densities showed an increase until the seventh day of cultivation, followed by a decrease. In the treatment with 120 fish density, this parameter only showed a reduction around the 16th day. Nitrite concentration was detected only on the sixth day of cultivation and showed different values between each treatment and similar oscillation pattern. From this period, it is possible to observe in all treatments an apparent elevation of nitrate concentration up to the 41st day of farming, followed by a slight decrease until the 56th day. Nitrate concentrations in the treatments with 80 and 120 fish densities increased again up to the 72nd day of cultivation and reached peaks close to 100 mg/L. In the treatment with 40 fingerlings, nitrate concentrations follow a stable oscillation between 16 and 30 mg/L. The alkalinity values also increased in all fish densities and showed a similar variation pattern (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Fish growth parameters and parasitological analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe initial weight of \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e was similar (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) between fish densities tested. However, the final weight was different and it was negatively impacted with increased density. The SGR was similar between treatments with 40 and 80 fish, but it differed significantly (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) from treatment with 120 fish. The MWG and FCR were different between treatments. The MWG decreasing with increased fish density, while FCR increased with increased fish density. These factors did not affect the relative condition factor and survival of fish, which remained similar among treatments. Fish yield was negatively impacted with increased density and differed between the treatments, being 3.52, 6.16, and 7.99 kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e in 40, 80, and 120 fish, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth parameters of \u003cem\u003eColossoma macropomum\u003c/em\u003e reared for 110 days at different stocking densities in an aquaponic system using constructed semi-dry wetlands.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 fish m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80 fish m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 fish m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial mass (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal mass (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGR (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMWG (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.58\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.22\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFCR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.39\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.77\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePER (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish yield (kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,23\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eValues express mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. Means followed by equal letters on the same line do not indicate any difference between treatments by the Tukey test\u0026rsquo;s: Specific growth rate, MWG: Mean weight gain, K: condition factor, SR: Survival rate, FCR: Feed conversion ratio, PER: Protein efficiency ratio.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour species of ectoparasites were found on \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e gills and low abundance, which did not differ among the treatments (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence (P%) and mean abundance (MA) of ectoparasites in the gills of \u003cem\u003eColossoma macropomum\u003c/em\u003e cultivated, for 110 days, in an aquaponics system and three stocking densities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 fish m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80 fish m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 fish m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParasite species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMA\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMA\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMA\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnacanthorus spathulatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotozothecium janauachensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMymarothecium boegeri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIchthyophthirius multifiliis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eValues express mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. Means followed by equal letters on the same line do not indicate any difference between treatments by the Dunn test (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn present study, the water treatment filters were efficient and at the densities tested are within the appropriate range for the cultivation of \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e. The temperature and pH remained within the range recorded for farmed \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e in other cultivation systems (Silva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Santos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Silva and Fujimoto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Sousa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Saint-Paul, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Costa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). However, the lettuces have optimal growth with temperatures around 24 \u0026ordm;C (Rakocy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Rakocy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), suggesting that the temperatures here observed (25\u0026ndash;30 \u0026ordm;C) did not remain within values recommended for cultivation of this vegetable. The increase in the water flow rate is a factor that might favor lower temperatures and higher DO concentrations in nutritive solution, due to less exposure of the nutrient solution during the time of increased incidence of solar radiation (Genuncio et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). It is essential that the water flow rate between fish tank and wetland increased, reducing the timer control the interval of every water pump activation. Another suggestion is the choice of lettuce cultivars adapted to higher temperatures, as observed by Rodrigues et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) who studied the performance of lettuce cultivars in Manaus, in Brazilian Amazon region. Moreover, mean temperature, TDS, DO, pH, nitrogen compounds, and alkalinity values found in this study were similar to reported for other aquaponics systems (Sikawa and Yakupitiyage, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Roosta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Zou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Cerozi and Fitzsimmons, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Costa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has been reported that constraints to the use of aquaculture water for lettuce production are due to a low macronutrients\u0026rsquo; concentrations, low dissolved oxygen levels and high suspended solids concentrations (Sikawa and Yakupitiyage, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Sace and Fitzsimmons, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). In present study, the organic waste volume generated trial seems that has not provided adequate nutrition for lettuce. However, in hydroponic systems, the growth of lettuces suffers significant influence of with ionic concentration and water flow rate of the nutrient solution, which are relevant variables at the nutrient availability and water retention (Genuncio et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Guimar\u0026atilde;es et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves number, total fresh mass, and yield of the lettuce varieties studied were relatively superior that the values reported by Sikawa andYakupitiyage (2010); however, were lower than the values reported for aquaponics systems using effluent enriched with a nutrient solution (Seawright et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Rakocy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, interactions between fish stocking density and leaf number, total fresh mass, and yield of lettuces were found here. Both varieties of lettuces had an increase in biomass, possibly due to the increased availability of nutrients in aquaponic system. Although no additional nutrient solution was added in our aquaponic system, except hydrated lime, the lettuce biomass obtained was like values reported for grew lettuces hydroponically using saline wastewater from fish farming (Guimar\u0026atilde;es et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, number of leaves, total fresh mass, and yield of lettuces, in present study, were relatively lower than the values reported for grew lettuces hydroponically with uses of nutrient solutions (Genuncio et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) and in an aquaponics system of lettuces with the addition of biofertilizers in different substrates (Jordan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, our results showed the potential use of \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e cultivation tank water for supplying a family hydroponic production of lettuces, because for the commercial production of lettuces is necessary add nutrients to aquaponics systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStocking density is critical for successful of \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e production because it influences numerous growth performance parameters (Silva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Santos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Silva and Fujimoto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Sousa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Costa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), as well as the sanity. With the increasing of \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e cultivation there is also an increase in the load of ectoparasites such as \u003cem\u003eIchthyophthirius multifiliis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAnacanthorus spathulatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNotozothecium janauachensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMymarothecium boegeri\u003c/em\u003e, due to a poor environmental quality (Dias et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Baia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), which may lead to economic losses due to epizooties in fish farming. However, we found not difference in the infection levels by \u003cem\u003eI. multifiliis\u003c/em\u003e and monogeneans \u003cem\u003eA. spathulatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eN. janauachensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. boegeri\u003c/em\u003e between the different densities of \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e used in aquaponic system. In addition, mean abundance of these parasites was lower that for \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e farmed in ponds (Dias et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) and in net-cages (Baia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn inverse relationship between stocking density of fish and growth has been reported for \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e in different farming systems, suggesting that high stocking densities can negatively influence their final yield (Santos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Silva and Fujimoto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Sousa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Costa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), and this fact was also observed in present study. The results showed that \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e did not present apparent stress in the three stocking densities used. Still, a worsened in the growth parameters values was noticed in the final of the study with increasing stocking density. The effects observed include the final weight decreased, FCR, and consumed food increased, suggesting that \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e farmed in small tanks can be sensible to the intraspecific competition. Nevertheless, survival was not affected, and productivity has increased with increasing stocking density, which are therefore positive parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurvival of C. \u003cem\u003emacropomum\u003c/em\u003e in aquaponic system were similar to reported for this fish farmed in other systems of production (Santos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Silva and Fujimoto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Sousa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), suggesting therefore that the cultivation conditions were suitable for development of this Amazonian fish. Thus, hypothesis of a higher survival and productivity in handling with low stocking density of C. \u003cem\u003emacropomum\u003c/em\u003e was not confirmed in this study, corroborating that this fish species tolerates intensification during fingerlings phase and can be raised in both semi-intensive and intensive farming systems with high survival and productivity; in addition, in aquaponic systems may be used densities beyond 80 and 120 fish m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh fish stocking densities in a reduced space can be led to the occurrence of problems related to stress, and it could interfere negatively in the growth and development of individuals. In general, in small volume tanks, the feeding area is reduced, causing the food dispute to be great, hence, there is an energetic expense that leads to an increase in feed consumption to maintain vital functions and continue to grow (Gomes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Although the growth performance parameters of \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e fingerlings in aquaponic system has been negatively affected by the increasing stocking density, the parameters were compatible, and even superior to those reported for this same fish in others farming intensive systems (Silva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Santos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Silva and Fujimoto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Sousa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, results indicated that \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e has a good performance in aquaponic system using constructed semi-dry wetlands, and the fish yield observed suggests that this Amazonian fish is a species suitable for the aquaponics systems. As 80 and 120 fish densities were the most productive, it is recommended for the rearing of \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e fingerlings at a cycle of up to 110 days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, survival and productivity of \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e in aquaponic system were high, in contrast to other growth parameters observed in traditional amazon fish farming system. The parasitic infection levels in gills were low, despite the high density of fish, demonstrating that aquaponics is isolated system that can be efficiency on reduce the occurrence of numerous parasite species being good option for intensive farming \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e and other fish species. The water treatment using semi-dry wetland were efficient and at the densities tested are within the appropriate range for the cultivation of \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e. Aquaponics system using semi-dry wetland is a potential system for intensive \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e production with small environmental impacts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was developed following the principles recommended by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA) and with the authorization from Ethics Committee in the Use of Animals of Embrapa Amap\u0026aacute; (# 008 - CEUA/CPAFAP).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availabity Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u0026iacute;fico e Tecnol\u0026oacute;gico/CNPq (Grant 444367/2014-4). Marcos Tavares-Dias was supported by a research fellowship from the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u0026oacute;gico (CNPq, Brazil) (Grant 303013/2015-0).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAyres M, Ayres JRM, Ayres DL, Santos AAS (2007) Bioestat: aplica\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es estat\u0026iacute;sticas nas \u0026aacute;reas das ci\u0026ecirc;ncias bio-m\u0026eacute;dicas. Bel\u0026eacute;m, Sociedade Civil Mamirau\u0026aacute;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaia RRJ, Santos GG, Silva AS, Sousa BO, Tavares-Dias M (2019) Parasite fauna of tambaqui reared in net-cages at two stocking densities. 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Bioresour Technol 210:81\u0026ndash;87. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.079\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.079\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Freshwater fish, Production, Sustainability, Tambaqui, Water. ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2485022/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2485022/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the growth performance parameters and parasites of \u003cem\u003eColossoma macropomum\u003c/em\u003e farmed in an aquaponic system constructed semi-dry wetland. Fingerling of \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e (8.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9 g) were stocked in three experimental densities: 334, 668 and 1,002 g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e g using four replicates by each treatment. The initial weight of \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e was similar between fish densities tested. Electrical conductivity, nitrite, nitrate, potassium, and magnesium, turbidity, phosphate, total ammonia, and alkalinity increased with fish density. Dissolved oxygen concentrations showed a reduction, reflecting on fish growth. The final weight was different and that it was negatively impacted with increased density. The specific growth rate was similar between treatments with 334 and 668 g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, but it differed significantly from treatment with and 1,002 g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e of fish. The mean weight gain decreased with increased of fish density, while feed conversion ratio increased. Relative condition factor and survival of fish were not affected by the densities of fish. \u003cem\u003eIchthyophthirius multifiliis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAnacanthorus spathulatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNotozothecium janauachensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMymarothecium boegeri\u003c/em\u003e were parasites found on \u003cem\u003eC. macropomum\u003c/em\u003e gills in low abundance, which was not influenced by different densities of fish. Our results showed that fish yield was negatively impacted with increased density and differed between the by different density of fish, while the sanity was not affected.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Stocking density and its effects on the sanity and zootechnical development of young Colossoma macropomum in an aquaponics system using constructed semi-dry wetland","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-01-19 16:07:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2485022/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1f812445-af75-48d6-8d03-9cef41ba923a","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 19th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-01-25T18:59:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-01-19 16:07:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2485022","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2485022","identity":"rs-2485022","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"-HB7Z8yhvgn0wM9Nzuekk","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}