Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth, yield of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. Detroit Dark Red

Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth, yield of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. 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Detroit Dark Red Anup Pratap Singh Singh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8909826/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Present investigation entitled, "Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth, yield of beetroot ( Beta vulgaris L.) cv. Detroit Dark Red" was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm of Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra during rabi season of the year 2022-23. The treatments involved in this study were 100% RDF (T 0 ), 75% RDF + 25% Vermicompost (T 1 ), 75% RDF + 25% Poultry manure (T 2 ), 75% RDF + 12.5% Vermicompost + 12.5% Poultry manure (T 3 ), 50% RDF + 50% Vermicompost (T 4 ), 50% RDF + 50% Poultry manure (T 5 ), 50% RDF + 25% Vermicompost + 25% Poultry manure (T 6 ), 25% RDF + 75% Vermicompost (T 7 ), 25% RDF + 75% Poultry manure (T 8 ), 25%RDF + 37.5% Vermicompost + 37.5% Poultry manure(T 9 ) and 50% Vermicompost + 50% Poultry manure (T 10 ). From the above treatment combinations T 1 proved to be best on all growth and yield parameters with maximum germination percentage and least no of days taken to germination, highest plant height (35.83 cm), number of leaves per plant (19.55 ), length of longest leaf (37.96cm) ,width of longest leaf (09.27 cm),diameter of root at shoulder point(04.87 cm) ,volume of roots (225.60 ml), fresh weight of leaves (189.10 g) ,Fresh weight of roots(271.77 g) ,average yield per plot(11.82 kg), average yield (394.00 quintals ha − 1),Dry weight of root (18.84%), Dry weight of leaves (12.17%) and benefit cost ratio (5.249) among all the treatments tested .On the basis of results obtained it was concluded that application of 75% RDF through inorganic fertilizer in combination with 25% of the RDF through vermicompost is best for beetroot cultivation. Horticulture vermicompost poultry manure beetroot Introduction Beetroot, scientifically known as Beta vulgaris L., belongs to the Chenopodiaceae family and is recognized for it’s vibrant crimson color. It goes by various names such as beet, chard, spinach beet, sea beet, garden beet, white beet, and ‘Chukander’ in Hindi. This versatile vegetable offers numerous medicinal properties that can positively impact human health. It is a widely cultivated root vegetable enjoyed globally, primarily in salads, though its leaves can also serve as a spinach substitute but gives slightly bitter taste. As per Campbell, 1976 , beetroot can be traced back to its parent plant, the wild sea beet ( Beta vulgaris sub sp. maritima), which originally grew along the coastlines of Europe, Africa, and India. The earliest form of cultivated beet was primarily focused on its leaves, which were consumed as a food source, while the roots were primarily used for medicinal purposes.The Genus Beta is mainly distributed across Asia and Europe. The modern table beet, a common root vegetable, is one of the ancestors of the sugar-beet. The growth, development, and yield of beetroot are strongly influenced by the quality of the soil it's planted in. Soil conditions can be improved by adding nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) through both organic and inorganic fertilizers, which play a crucial role in supporting beetroot crops(Deshika and karunarathna,2019). Organic manure is particularly valuable for root crops like beetroot as it enhances the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the soil, creating conditions favorable for robust root development(Subedi et. Al.,2018). Common sources of organic manure include farmyard manure, which supplies essential plant nutrients like N, P, and K, as well as other macronutrients and micronutrients. Poultry manure is another nutrient-rich organic option(Duncan,2005).However, relying solely on organic manure may not meet the crop's nutrient requirements, as it can be bulky and slow to decompose, making it challenging to apply during the growing season and potentially leading to reduced yields(Deshika and karunarathna,2019). To address this, a combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers has proven to be an effective approach for promoting healthy root growth and optimizing beetroot production (Ahmed et. al.,2014). Numerous studies have shown that appropriate fertilizer management strategies, whether involving inorganic or organic options, can yield significant economic benefits for growers(Escalante et. al.,2019). Hence,Keeping the above mentioned facts in view a study entitled “Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of beetroot ( Beta vulgaris L . ) cv detroit dark red” was carried out..In essence, this study aimed to understand how different fertilizers affect the growth and productivity of beetroot, determine the best combination of treatments, and evaluate the economic implications of these approaches. Methods and materials The research trial was conducted during the rabi season of 2022–2023 at the Agricultural Research Farm of R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra( 27°2’ N and 77°9’ E and 163.4 m amsl) to investigate how both organic and inorganic fertilizers impact the growth, yield, and quality of beetroot ( Beta vulgaris L.) cv. Detroit Dark Red.The soil of experimental field was Gangetic alluvial with calcareous layer at the depth of about 1.5 m to 2.0 meter. It was slightly alkaline in reaction (pH 7.9) and was well drained. To ensure the purity in variety seeds of Detroit Dark Red variety of Beetroot were procured from National seed Corporation,Agra for the experimental trial.The seeds were sown in plots of 2.00 m x 1.50m with spacing 15cm x 40.0 cm .The treatments involved in this study have been given in Table-1. Number of seeds germinated in each plot was taken on daily basis from 22nd November to 4th December and growth parameters i.e plant height (cm), number of leaves plant, length(cm),width of longest leaf (cm), Diameter of root at shoulder point (cm) were recorded on every 30 days from sowing with last data recorded on 13th Mar’23 which included study of yield attributes and yield too. The roots of tag plants were dipped in a beaker full of water and the the amount of water replaced was measured to get the volume of the root.At final observation 100 g sample each of leaves and root was taken from each tag plant and dried in open sun for few days and then in the electric oven at 60 C- 80°C and 100°C till their weight became constant. Then it was weighed on electrical weighing machine and the weight so obtained was converted in percentage. The data obtained from different observation on growth, yield, gross income and net income were subjected to statistical analysis as per "Randomize Block Design" by standard method suggested by Fisher and Yates ( 1957 ). The significant of treatments effect were tested with the help of F-test and significant f difference of treatments mean was tested by C.D. All these calculations were carried out with the degree of freedom (d.f.). The SE difference between two treatments mean was calculated with the following formulae: Standard error of deviation for factor V: SE (d) Standard error of mean (SEm ±) = \(\:\sqrt{\frac{VE}{r}}\) Results and Discussion Growth and development was highly affected by various treatments(Table − 2).An application of 75°% RDF through inorganic fertilizers in combination with 25% of the nutrient requirement through vermicompost(T 1 ) resulted in increased germination count and least number of days taken to germination followed by application of 75% RDF through inorganic fertilizers in combination with 25% of the nutrient requirement through poultry manure (T 2 ) over all other treatment combinations. Plant height was found to be influenced by different treatments under study at all the stages of crop growth, in particular with total requirement fulfilled, 75% through inorganic fertilizers and rest 25% through Vermicompost i.e Plant height was found to be best with treatment T 1 (75% RDF + 25% VC).Number of leaves,length and width of longest leaf and diameter of root at shoulder point in T 1 (75% RDF + 25% VC) was found to be higher followed by treatment T 2 at all stages of crop growth. This may be attributed to proper utilization of supplied nutrients in balanced form through inorganic fertilizers and organic manure in the form of poultry manure and vermicompost. The favourable effect of 75 per cent RDF of NPK ,poultry manure and vermicompost on plant growth and development might be due to the fact that the integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers is more effective through correction of deficiencies of primary, secondary and micronutrients. The present findings are supported with findings of (Vijaya kumari et al. (2012) and Khede, et al.(2019)) in Radish and(Kumar et al. ( 2014 )) in Carrot who have recommended application of inorganic fertilizers in combination with vermicompost for better results. As the yield and yield contributory characters of beet root are concerned,in the present study,significantly higher values of volume of roots (225.60 ml), fresh weight of leaves (189.10 g) ,Fresh weight of roots(271.77 g) ,average yield per plot(11.82 kg), average yield (394.00 quintals ha − 1),Dry weight of root(18.84%), Dry weight of leaves (12.17%) and benefit cost ratio (5.249) were obtained (Table − 3) with the application of 75 per cent RDF through inorganic fertilizers and rest 25% through vermicompost. Beet root yields often face the lack of nitrogen supply instead of deficiencies of other essential nutrients. This is because beet root has a high nitrogen requirement and depletion of nitrogen supplied can occur during the growing season by leaching, de-nitrification or other Processes.Nitrogen forms a major source for cell division and cell enlargement as nitrogen is the main component of chlorophyll, proteins and nucleic acid. Hence, adequate amount of it can stimulate the growth of stems and leaves. The organic manure in the form of poultry manure improved nutrient uptake and could have explained the improvement of plant growth and yields of beet root in this study. The mechanism of this beneficial effect could be due to the fact that poultry manure is a suitable carrier for bio-organism. Such combination provides the plant with more balanced nutrition. It also improves the absorption of NPK as well as other mineral nutrients that are essential for beet root plants to grow and achieve optimum yield. It was also concluded by (Subedi,et al.(2018) and Kiran et. al.(2019)),(Sapkota,et al. (2021)) and (Singh,et. al. (2022)).that Application of inorganic fertilizer in combination with poultry manure is best and beneficial in Radish, Beetroot and Turnip respectively. Conclusion From the results obtained from this investigation it may be concluded that application of 75% RDF through inorganic fertilizer in combination with 25% of the RDF through Poultry manure is best for beetroot cultivation in respect of yield. However, due to it was only one year experimentation results are indicative and require further research to arrive on a more consistent result. Declarations Conflict of Interest There have been no conflict of interest. Acknowledgement The authors are deeply thankful to college administration ,Associate professor Dr. Brijesh kumar (Head of Department), Associate professor Dr. Vishwanath mishra and Assistant professor Dr. Yatendra singh of Department of Horticulture for providing all the necessities and students of Raja Balwant Singh College, Agra Aditya Chaudhary, Abhishek Chaudhary, Abhi Paliwal, Sumit Sharma, Kushagra Gulpadiya ,Tanmay Sagar, Nishant Tripathi ,Vikas Rajawat and Raj Pratap Singh for their on field support during the course of experiment. References Ahmed A, Sambo BE, Arunah UL, Odion EC (2014) Response of farm yard manure and inorganic fertilizers for sustainable growth of carrot ( Daucus carota L .) in northern Nigeria. J Agric Vet Sci 7:18–25 Campbell GKG ((1976)) Sugarbeet,) Sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris L .(chenopodiaceae). In: Evolution of crop plants,Simmonds n.w. (ed) longman,London and New York,25–28 Deshika V, Karunarathna B (2019) Effect of integrated plant nutrient management on growth and yield of radish ( Raphanus sativas L .) in sandy regosol. Res J Agric Sci 7:10–14 Duncan (2005) , J . Composting chicken manure. Wsu cooperative extension. King county master gardner and cooperative extension livestock advisor, Washington State University, Pullman. Available online: Http://www.scirp.org (accessed on 28 august 2023) Escalante HJ, Delacalleja A, Vazquez J (2019), R. Barley yield and fertilization analysis from uav imagery: A deep learning approach. Int. J. Remote sens. 40 , 2493–2516 Fisher RA, Yates F ((1957)). Statistical tables for biological, agricultural and medical research. Edinb Lond, 44 Khede, Kumawat, Tembare D ((2019)) Effect of organic manures, fertilizers and their combinations on growth, yield and quality of radish () Effect of organic manures, fertilizers and their combinations on growth, yield and quality of radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) cv. Japanese white. Int.j.curr.microbiol.app.sci . 8(03): 400–405 Kiran M, Jilani MS, Waseem K, Khan MS, Haq F, Nadim MA, G. Ullah And S. Shaheen. 2019 . Integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of radish. Sarhad J Agric, 35(3): 933–941 Kumar P, Meghwal P, Painuli DK ((2014)). Effects of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on soil health and yield and quality of carrot ( Daucus carota L). Indian J Hortic. 71 Sapkota A, Sharma MD & Giri, Hom & Shrestha, Bishal & Panday, Dinesh. (2021). Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen on growth, yield, and quality of beetroot varieties in Nepal. 2. 10.3390/nitrogen2030026 Singh G & Prasad, Vipin & Bahadur, Vijay & Singh, Nikhil & Yadav, Netra. ( (2022)). Influence of different organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on vegetative growth of turnip (). Influence of different organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on vegetative growth of turnip ( Brassica rapa L .) cv purple top white globe. International journal of environment and climate change. 718–725 Subedi S, Srivastava A, Sharma MD, Shah SC (2018) Effect of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on growth, yield and quality of radish ( Raphanus sativus L .) varieties in Chitwan, Nepal. Saarc j Agric 16:61–69 Vijayakumari B, Sasikala VA, Poornima CP ((2012)). Effect of organic and inorganic manures on biometric and yield parameters of radish ( Raphanus savitus L.) cv. Pusaphepki Int J Plant sci. 7(1): 130–134 Tables Tables are available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files Tables.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8909826","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":593343568,"identity":"4632e30b-6f43-4c4f-b13f-2b42eab445b2","order_by":0,"name":"Anup Pratap Singh Singh","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6142-714X","institution":"Raja Balwant Singh College,Bichpuri, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 283 105, India","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anup","middleName":"Pratap Singh","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-18 13:25:59","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8909826/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8909826/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102982062,"identity":"1582ed69-42af-4abd-ba2e-4101e6d27077","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-19 09:12:10","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":31024,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8909826/v1/ffe28a350d8f8bc475f75dd8.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth, yield of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. Detroit Dark Red\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBeetroot, scientifically known as \u003cem\u003eBeta vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e L., belongs to the Chenopodiaceae family and is recognized for it\u0026rsquo;s vibrant crimson color. It goes by various names such as beet, chard, spinach beet, sea beet, garden beet, white beet, and \u0026lsquo;Chukander\u0026rsquo; in Hindi. This versatile vegetable offers numerous medicinal properties that can positively impact human health. It is a widely cultivated root vegetable enjoyed globally, primarily in salads, though its leaves can also serve as a spinach substitute but gives slightly bitter taste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per Campbell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e, beetroot can be traced back to its parent plant, the wild sea beet (\u003cem\u003eBeta vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e sub sp. maritima), which originally grew along the coastlines of Europe, Africa, and India. The earliest form of cultivated beet was primarily focused on its leaves, which were consumed as a food source, while the roots were primarily used for medicinal purposes.The Genus Beta is mainly distributed across Asia and Europe. The modern table beet, a common root vegetable, is one of the ancestors of the sugar-beet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe growth, development, and yield of beetroot are strongly influenced by the quality of the soil it's planted in. Soil conditions can be improved by adding nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) through both organic and inorganic fertilizers, which play a crucial role in supporting beetroot crops(Deshika and karunarathna,2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic manure is particularly valuable for root crops like beetroot as it enhances the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the soil, creating conditions favorable for robust root development(Subedi et. Al.,2018). Common sources of organic manure include farmyard manure, which supplies essential plant nutrients like N, P, and K, as well as other macronutrients and micronutrients. Poultry manure is another nutrient-rich organic option(Duncan,2005).However, relying solely on organic manure may not meet the crop's nutrient requirements, as it can be bulky and slow to decompose, making it challenging to apply during the growing season and potentially leading to reduced yields(Deshika and karunarathna,2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address this, a combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers has proven to be an effective approach for promoting healthy root growth and optimizing beetroot production (Ahmed et. al.,2014). Numerous studies have shown that appropriate fertilizer management strategies, whether involving inorganic or organic options, can yield significant economic benefits for growers(Escalante et. al.,2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHence,Keeping the above mentioned facts in view a study entitled \u003cb\u003e\u0026ldquo;Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of beetroot (\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eBeta vulgaris L\u003c/b\u003e.\u003cb\u003e) cv detroit dark red\u0026rdquo;\u003c/b\u003e was carried out..In essence, this study aimed to understand how different fertilizers affect the growth and productivity of beetroot, determine the best combination of treatments, and evaluate the economic implications of these approaches.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods and materials","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research trial was conducted during the rabi season of 2022\u0026ndash;2023 at the Agricultural Research Farm of R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra( 27\u0026deg;2\u0026rsquo; N and 77\u0026deg;9\u0026rsquo; E and 163.4 m amsl) to investigate how both organic and inorganic fertilizers impact the growth, yield, and quality of beetroot (\u003cem\u003eBeta vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e L.) cv. Detroit Dark Red.The soil of experimental field was Gangetic alluvial with calcareous layer at the depth of about 1.5 m to 2.0 meter. It was slightly alkaline in reaction (pH 7.9) and was well drained. To ensure the purity in variety seeds of Detroit Dark Red variety of Beetroot were procured from National seed Corporation,Agra for the experimental trial.The seeds were sown in plots of 2.00 m x 1.50m with spacing 15cm x 40.0 cm .The treatments involved in this study have been given in Table-1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of seeds germinated in each plot was taken on daily basis from 22nd November to 4th December and growth parameters i.e plant height (cm), number of leaves plant, length(cm),width of longest leaf (cm), Diameter of root at shoulder point (cm) were recorded on every 30 days from sowing with last data recorded on 13th Mar\u0026rsquo;23 which included study of yield attributes and yield too.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe roots of tag plants were dipped in a beaker full of water and the the amount of water replaced was measured to get the volume of the root.At final observation 100 g sample each of leaves and root was taken from each tag plant and dried in open sun for few days and then in the electric oven at 60 C- 80\u0026deg;C and 100\u0026deg;C till their weight became constant. Then it was weighed on electrical weighing machine and the weight so obtained was converted in percentage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data obtained from different observation on growth, yield, gross income and net income were subjected to statistical analysis as per \"Randomize Block Design\" by standard method suggested by Fisher and Yates (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e). The significant of treatments effect were tested with the help of F-test and significant f difference of treatments mean was tested by C.D. All these calculations were carried out with the degree of freedom (d.f.). The SE difference between two treatments mean was calculated with the following formulae:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard error of deviation for factor V: \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e (d)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard error of mean (SEm \u0026plusmn;) = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\sqrt{\\frac{VE}{r}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eGrowth and development was highly affected by various treatments(Table\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2).An application of 75\u0026deg;% RDF through inorganic fertilizers in combination with 25% of the nutrient requirement through vermicompost(T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) resulted in increased germination count and least number of days taken to germination followed by application of 75% RDF through inorganic fertilizers in combination with 25% of the nutrient requirement through poultry manure (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) over all other treatment combinations. Plant height was found to be influenced by different treatments under study at all the stages of crop growth, in particular with total requirement fulfilled, 75% through inorganic fertilizers and rest 25% through Vermicompost i.e Plant height was found to be best with treatment T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;25% VC).Number of leaves,length and width of longest leaf and diameter of root at shoulder point in T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;25% VC) was found to be higher followed by treatment T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at all stages of crop growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis may be attributed to proper utilization of supplied nutrients in balanced form through inorganic fertilizers and organic manure in the form of poultry manure and vermicompost. The favourable effect of 75 per cent RDF of NPK ,poultry manure and vermicompost on plant growth and development might be due to the fact that the integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers is more effective through correction of deficiencies of primary, secondary and micronutrients. The present findings are supported with findings of (Vijaya kumari et al. (2012) and Khede, et al.(2019)) in Radish and(Kumar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)) in Carrot who have recommended application of inorganic fertilizers in combination with vermicompost for better results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the yield and yield contributory characters of beet root are concerned,in the present study,significantly higher values of volume of roots (225.60 ml), fresh weight of leaves (189.10 g) ,Fresh weight of roots(271.77 g) ,average yield per plot(11.82 kg), average yield (394.00 quintals ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1),Dry weight of root(18.84%), Dry weight of leaves (12.17%) and benefit cost ratio (5.249)\u003c/sup\u003e were obtained (Table\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3) with the application of 75 per cent RDF through inorganic fertilizers and rest 25% through vermicompost. Beet root yields often face the lack of nitrogen supply instead of deficiencies of other essential nutrients. This is because beet root has a high nitrogen requirement and depletion of nitrogen supplied can occur during the growing season by leaching, de-nitrification or other Processes.Nitrogen forms a major source for cell division and cell enlargement as nitrogen is the main component of chlorophyll, proteins and nucleic acid. Hence, adequate amount of it can stimulate the growth of stems and leaves.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe organic manure in the form of poultry manure improved nutrient uptake and could have explained the improvement of plant growth and yields of beet root in this study. The mechanism of this beneficial effect could be due to the fact that poultry manure is a suitable carrier for bio-organism. Such combination provides the plant with more balanced nutrition. It also improves the absorption of NPK as well as other mineral nutrients that are essential for beet root plants to grow and achieve optimum yield. It was also concluded by (Subedi,et al.(2018) and Kiran et. al.(2019)),(Sapkota,et al. (2021)) and (Singh,et. al. (2022)).that Application of inorganic fertilizer in combination with poultry manure is best and beneficial in Radish, Beetroot and Turnip respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom the results obtained from this investigation it may be concluded that application of 75% RDF through inorganic fertilizer in combination with 25% of the RDF through Poultry manure is best for beetroot cultivation in respect of yield. However, due to it was only one year experimentation results are indicative and require further research to arrive on a more consistent result.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere have been no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors are deeply thankful to college administration ,Associate professor Dr. Brijesh kumar (Head of Department), Associate professor Dr. Vishwanath mishra and Assistant professor Dr. Yatendra singh of Department of Horticulture for providing all the necessities and students of Raja Balwant Singh College, Agra Aditya Chaudhary, Abhishek Chaudhary, Abhi Paliwal, Sumit Sharma, Kushagra Gulpadiya ,Tanmay Sagar, Nishant Tripathi ,Vikas Rajawat and Raj Pratap Singh for their on field support during the course of experiment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmed A, Sambo BE, Arunah UL, Odion EC (2014) Response of farm yard manure and inorganic fertilizers for sustainable growth of carrot (\u003cem\u003eDaucus carota L\u003c/em\u003e.) in northern Nigeria. J Agric Vet Sci 7:18\u0026ndash;25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCampbell GKG ((1976)) Sugarbeet,) Sugarbeet,\u003cem\u003eBeta vulgaris L\u003c/em\u003e.(chenopodiaceae). In: Evolution of crop plants,Simmonds n.w. (ed) longman,London and New York,25\u0026ndash;28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDeshika V, Karunarathna B (2019) Effect of integrated plant nutrient management on growth and yield of radish (\u003cem\u003eRaphanus sativas L\u003c/em\u003e.) in sandy regosol. Res J Agric Sci 7:10\u0026ndash;14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDuncan (2005) ,\u003cem\u003eJ\u003c/em\u003e. Composting chicken manure. Wsu cooperative extension. King county master gardner and cooperative extension livestock advisor, Washington State University, Pullman. Available online: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003eHttp://www.scirp.org\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://Http://www.scirp.org\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (accessed on 28 august 2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEscalante HJ, Delacalleja A, Vazquez J (2019), \u003cem\u003eR.\u003c/em\u003e Barley yield and fertilization analysis from uav imagery: A deep learning approach. \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Remote sens. 40\u003c/em\u003e, 2493\u0026ndash;2516\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFisher RA, Yates F ((1957)). Statistical tables for biological, agricultural and medical research. Edinb Lond, 44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhede, Kumawat, Tembare D ((2019)) Effect of organic manures, fertilizers and their combinations on growth, yield and quality of radish () Effect of organic manures, fertilizers and their combinations on growth, yield and quality of radish (\u003cem\u003eRaphanus sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.) cv. Japanese white. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003eInt.j.curr.microbiol.app.sci\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://Int.j.curr.microbiol.app.sci\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. 8(03): 400\u0026ndash;405\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKiran M, Jilani MS, Waseem K, Khan MS, Haq F, Nadim MA, \u003cem\u003eG. Ullah And S. Shaheen. 2019\u003c/em\u003e. Integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of radish. Sarhad J Agric, 35(3): 933\u0026ndash;941\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar P, Meghwal P, Painuli DK ((2014)). Effects of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on soil health and yield and quality of carrot (\u003cem\u003eDaucus carota\u003c/em\u003e L). Indian J Hortic. 71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSapkota A, Sharma MD \u003cem\u003e\u0026amp; Giri, Hom \u0026amp; Shrestha, Bishal \u0026amp; Panday, Dinesh. (2021).\u003c/em\u003e Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen on growth, yield, and quality of beetroot varieties in Nepal. 2. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/nitrogen2030026\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/nitrogen2030026\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh G \u003cem\u003e\u0026amp; Prasad, Vipin \u0026amp; Bahadur, Vijay \u0026amp; Singh, Nikhil \u0026amp; Yadav, Netra. (\u003c/em\u003e(2022)). Influence of different organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on vegetative growth of turnip (). Influence of different organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on vegetative growth of turnip (\u003cem\u003eBrassica rapa L\u003c/em\u003e.) cv purple top white globe. International journal of environment and climate change. 718\u0026ndash;725\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSubedi S, Srivastava A, Sharma MD, Shah SC (2018) Effect of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on growth, yield and quality of radish (\u003cem\u003eRaphanus sativus L\u003c/em\u003e.) varieties in Chitwan, Nepal. Saarc j Agric 16:61\u0026ndash;69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVijayakumari B, Sasikala VA, Poornima CP ((2012)). Effect of organic and inorganic manures on biometric and yield parameters of radish (\u003cem\u003eRaphanus savitus\u003c/em\u003e L.) cv. Pusaphepki Int J Plant sci. 7(1): 130\u0026ndash;134\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 283 105, India","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"vermicompost, poultry manure, beetroot","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8909826/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8909826/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePresent investigation entitled, \u003cb\u003e\"Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth, yield of beetroot (\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eBeta vulgaris\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eL.) cv. Detroit Dark Red\"\u003c/b\u003e was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm of Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra during rabi season of the year 2022-23. The treatments involved in this study were 100% RDF (T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e), 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;25% Vermicompost (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e), 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;25% Poultry manure (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;12.5% Vermicompost\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;12.5% Poultry manure (T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;50% Vermicompost (T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;50% Poultry manure (T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e), 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;25% Vermicompost\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;25% Poultry manure (T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e), 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;75% Vermicompost (T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e), 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;75% Poultry manure (T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e), 25%RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;37.5% Vermicompost\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;37.5% Poultry manure(T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e) and 50% Vermicompost\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;50% Poultry manure (T\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e). From the above treatment combinations T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e proved to be best on all growth and yield parameters with maximum germination percentage and least no of days taken to germination, highest plant height (35.83 cm), number of leaves per plant (19.55 ), length of longest leaf (37.96cm) ,width of longest leaf (09.27 cm),diameter of root at shoulder point(04.87 cm) ,volume of roots (225.60 ml), fresh weight of leaves (189.10 g) ,Fresh weight of roots(271.77 g) ,average yield per plot(11.82 kg), average yield (394.00 quintals ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1),Dry weight of root (18.84%), Dry weight of leaves (12.17%) and benefit cost ratio (5.249) among all the treatments tested\u003c/sup\u003e .On the basis of results obtained it was concluded that application of 75% RDF through inorganic fertilizer in combination with 25% of the RDF through vermicompost is best for beetroot cultivation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth, yield of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. Detroit Dark Red","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-19 09:10:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8909826/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"91deb942-c98b-4c02-8b04-363d17a4c679","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 19th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":63185839,"name":"Horticulture"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-19T09:10:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-19 09:10:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8909826","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8909826","identity":"rs-8909826","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}