Simulation of Icing Calculation Based on VOF Model for Wheel Spray and Landing Gear Water Accumulation

Simulation of Icing Calculation Based on VOF Model for Wheel Spray and Landing Gear Water Accumulation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Simulation of Icing Calculation Based on VOF Model for Wheel Spray and Landing Gear Water Accumulation Jiaqi Dai, Qixi Chen, Lifen Zhang, Wenliang Deng, Bin Li, Zhenxia Liu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7995047/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Aircraft interacts with the ground through landing gear system, while taxiing down the runway.Under rain or snow conditions, water film splashed by aircraft tires during taxiing on water-covered runways adheres to the landing gear, leading to ice accretion under low-temperature conditions, which may directly compromise aircraft takeoff and landing safety. Due to the substantial re-source consumption required for experimental investigation of this problem, numerical simulation was employed to model the phenomenon.The water film icing process can be divided into two main stages: the formation of water film on the landing gear caused by tire spray, and the subse-quent icing and heat transfer process of the splashed water film on the landing gear, this study conservatively simplifies the tire spray phenomenon as a typical liquid-solid two-phase coupling problem. A finite element model simulating water accumulation dynamics on landing gear tires was developed in Fluent software, based on extreme runway water accumulation conditions and extreme navigation weather scenarios during takeoff of a domestic civil aircraft model. The model incorporates coupled tire-water film-landing gear interactions. The VOF (Volume of Fluid) model and mesh motion are employed to calculate the water film thickness on the landing gear. A conservative thermodynamic equilibrium equation is then constructed based on boundary conditions to estimate the ice accretion thickness. The article analyzed the influence of external factors (aerodynamic drag, gravitational force, etc.) on water film thickness. The calculation results indicate that a conservative estimation of ice accretion derived from water film thickness does not compromise takeoff and landing safety, thereby validating that runway water accumulation icing under rain or snow conditions poses no threat to aircraft operational safety. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Wheel-induced water splash Mesh motion༛VOF༛Thermodynamic equilibrium Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 14 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 16 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 14 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 09 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 06 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 06 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7995047","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":549841626,"identity":"b7b9654c-51d2-4862-9f20-d08384735b9a","order_by":0,"name":"Jiaqi Dai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiaqi","middleName":"","lastName":"Dai","suffix":""},{"id":549841627,"identity":"1b04cd11-121f-4f1a-a42b-03bc1ef2ab81","order_by":1,"name":"Qixi Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northwestern Polytechnical 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Accumulation","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Wheel-induced water splash, Mesh motion༛VOF༛Thermodynamic equilibrium","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7995047/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7995047/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAircraft interacts with the ground through landing gear system, while taxiing down the runway.Under rain or snow conditions, water film splashed by aircraft tires during taxiing on water-covered runways adheres to the landing gear, leading to ice accretion under low-temperature conditions, which may directly compromise aircraft takeoff and landing safety. Due to the substantial re-source consumption required for experimental investigation of this problem, numerical simulation was employed to model the phenomenon.The water film icing process can be divided into two main stages: the formation of water film on the landing gear caused by tire spray, and the subse-quent icing and heat transfer process of the splashed water film on the landing gear, this study conservatively simplifies the tire spray phenomenon as a typical liquid-solid two-phase coupling problem. A finite element model simulating water accumulation dynamics on landing gear tires was developed in Fluent software, based on extreme runway water accumulation conditions and extreme navigation weather scenarios during takeoff of a domestic civil aircraft model. The model incorporates coupled tire-water film-landing gear interactions. The VOF (Volume of Fluid) model and mesh motion are employed to calculate the water film thickness on the landing gear. A conservative thermodynamic equilibrium equation is then constructed based on boundary conditions to estimate the ice accretion thickness. The article analyzed the influence of external factors (aerodynamic drag, gravitational force, etc.) on water film thickness. The calculation results indicate that a conservative estimation of ice accretion derived from water film thickness does not compromise takeoff and landing safety, thereby validating that runway water accumulation icing under rain or snow conditions poses no threat to aircraft operational safety.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Simulation of Icing Calculation Based on VOF Model for Wheel Spray and Landing Gear Water Accumulation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-25 07:28:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7995047/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-16T04:23:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-15T03:21:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"96317854309617306182161362207686741281","date":"2026-01-12T06:28:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"181350056436279390749953878194851687395","date":"2026-01-04T13:54:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-17T04:32:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"55057151428494824455253871947156297624","date":"2025-12-05T05:36:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"96329693866378675112315464801515179925","date":"2025-11-27T13:08:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"197541731458218523457565504073572997224","date":"2025-11-27T07:53:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-14T10:22:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-14T10:20:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-10T04:52:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-06T07:54:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-11-06T07:50:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"773b7acf-7ff4-45c5-b353-c086b66d671e","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":58500238,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":58500239,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-09T16:13:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7995047","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42513-z","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-05 15:59:42","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 5th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-25 07:28:40","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-42513-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42513-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7995047","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7995047","identity":"rs-7995047","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}