Effect of running-in conditions on the super low EHD sliding friction of Si 3 N 4 ball and WC plate in glycerol-water solution

preprint OA: closed
Full text JSON View at publisher
AI-generated summary by claude@2026-07, 2026-07-17

This study investigated how running-in conditions affect super low friction between Si3N4 balls and WC plates in glycerol-water solutions by analyzing wear scars and surface chemistry, and modeling EHD and mixed lubrication.

One-sentence paraphrase of the abstract; not a substitute for reading it. No clinical advice. How this works

AI-generated deep summary by claude@2026-07, 2026-07-17 · read from full text

The study examined how different running-in conditions affect super low elastohydrodynamic (EHD) sliding friction in a water-based glycerol-water lubricant using a Si3N4 ball sliding against a WC plate, with experiments conducted across glycerol-water concentrations. The authors characterized wear-scar morphology and chemical composition on worn surfaces and built a numerical EHD plus mixed-lubrication model to analyze the roles of contact geometry changes, surface roughness, and working/lubrication conditions. Experiment and simulation were used to develop a mechanistic understanding of how liquid lubrication enables super low friction. The paper is framed as a preprint/major revision in Tribology Letters, and the provided text does not state additional explicit limitations beyond the publication status. The paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.

Read from the paper's body, not the abstract. Not a substitute for reading the paper. No clinical advice. How this works

Abstract

In water-based ultralow or super low friction experiments, a running-in period before achieving the ultralow or super low friction is necessary and important. However, the effect of the change in contact geometry has not been fully realised. In this paper, a series of running-in tests on a Si 3 N 4 ball and a WC plate have been performed in glycerol-water mixtures with different concentrations. The shape of the wear scars and the chemical compositions of the worn surfaces were characterised in detail. A numerical EHD and mixed lubrication model was established to comprehensively analyze the effects of geometric profiles, surface roughness, and working / lubrication conditions on ultralow or super low sliding friction. The experiment and simulation results of the study have provided an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of super low friction of liquid lubricated sliding point contacts.
Full text 12,794 characters · extracted from preprint-html · click to expand
Effect of running-in conditions on the super low EHD sliding friction of Si 3 N 4 ball and WC plate in glycerol-water solution | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of running-in conditions on the super low EHD sliding friction of Si 3 N 4 ball and WC plate in glycerol-water solution Renshui Cao, Chenxu Liu, Hui Cao, Yuanzhe Li, Zulfiqar Khan, Yonggang Meng This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3183737/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Nov, 2023 Read the published version in Tribology Letters → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In water-based ultralow or super low friction experiments, a running-in period before achieving the ultralow or super low friction is necessary and important. However, the effect of the change in contact geometry has not been fully realised. In this paper, a series of running-in tests on a Si 3 N 4 ball and a WC plate have been performed in glycerol-water mixtures with different concentrations. The shape of the wear scars and the chemical compositions of the worn surfaces were characterised in detail. A numerical EHD and mixed lubrication model was established to comprehensively analyze the effects of geometric profiles, surface roughness, and working / lubrication conditions on ultralow or super low sliding friction. The experiment and simulation results of the study have provided an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of super low friction of liquid lubricated sliding point contacts. running-in super low friction contact geometry silicon nitride tungsten carbide glycerol-water Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Nov, 2023 Read the published version in Tribology Letters → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 16 Aug, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Aug, 2023 Reviews received at journal 04 Aug, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Jul, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Jul, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 20 Jul, 2023 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Jul, 2023 First submitted to journal 19 Jul, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3183737","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":220339629,"identity":"49850812-6f04-4071-a091-d842ec884915","order_by":0,"name":"Renshui Cao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tsinghua University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Renshui","middleName":"","lastName":"Cao","suffix":""},{"id":220339630,"identity":"024251db-b379-4201-97d5-4cf91b5fc61b","order_by":1,"name":"Chenxu Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tsinghua University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chenxu","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":220339631,"identity":"dfba4623-6494-4427-9136-d0d54edf71f6","order_by":2,"name":"Hui Cao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tsinghua University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hui","middleName":"","lastName":"Cao","suffix":""},{"id":220339632,"identity":"99666202-9b56-4f8d-99c2-c6e9deefb72c","order_by":3,"name":"Yuanzhe Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tsinghua University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuanzhe","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":220339633,"identity":"690ffaa5-ced1-4dc9-8cd2-f362fd9f8880","order_by":4,"name":"Zulfiqar Khan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bournemouth University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zulfiqar","middleName":"","lastName":"Khan","suffix":""},{"id":220339634,"identity":"25f0dcd9-bd65-4370-8f33-02a4080281d6","order_by":5,"name":"Yonggang Meng","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACGwYGZjACgQSitKRJkKzlsASIJE6Lbnvv4dc8v87XybfzHn5d2GbHwM+eY8DwcwduLWZnzqVZ8/bdljA4zJdmPbMtmUGy540BY+8ZPFpu5JgZ8/YAtTDzABltzAwGN3IMmBnb8Gi5/wak5ZyEfDNYSz2DPUEtN3iMH/P8OCDBcBjI4G07zGAgQUjLmRwzxrkNyZIbDvOYMfOcO84jceZZwcFefFqOnzH+8OaPHb98/xnjzzxl1XL87ckbH/zEowUI2KR4IQrYQJHDA2IdwKsBGIEff/yBMD4QUDkKRsEoGAUjFAAAoqpNKyHa6eMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Tsinghua University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yonggang","middleName":"","lastName":"Meng","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-07-19 06:29:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3183737/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3183737/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01796-3","type":"published","date":"2023-11-03T15:00:46+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":45942909,"identity":"ad44970c-8523-41ba-884f-f3078b6ea2dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-06 15:06:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1680505,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Effectofrunninginonslidingfriction.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3183737/v1_covered_b89e2c5a-c709-4dc7-b976-a6b54510d11b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of running-in conditions on the super low EHD sliding friction of Si 3 N 4 ball and WC plate in glycerol-water solution","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tribology-letters","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"tril","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tribology Letters](https://www.springer.com/journal/11249)","snPcode":"11249","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11249/3","title":"Tribology Letters","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"running-in, super low friction, contact geometry, silicon nitride, tungsten carbide, glycerol-water","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3183737/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3183737/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn water-based ultralow or super low friction experiments, a running-in period before achieving the ultralow or super low friction is necessary and important. However, the effect of the change in contact geometry has not been fully realised. In this paper, a series of running-in tests on a Si\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ball and a WC plate have been performed in glycerol-water mixtures with different concentrations. The shape of the wear scars and the chemical compositions of the worn surfaces were characterised in detail. A numerical EHD and mixed lubrication model was established to comprehensively analyze the effects of geometric profiles, surface roughness, and working / lubrication conditions on ultralow or super low sliding friction. The experiment and simulation results of the study have provided an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of super low friction of liquid lubricated sliding point contacts.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of running-in conditions on the super low EHD sliding friction of Si 3 N 4 ball and WC plate in glycerol-water solution","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-07-25 04:08:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3183737/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2023-08-16T18:19:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"56168dd4-db0f-497c-9970-e6d6a7ca3cab","date":"2023-08-07T08:07:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-08-04T21:32:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"9f1fc8fa-fe74-4dec-a8fe-72d82e95dad6","date":"2023-07-24T09:08:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-07-21T15:57:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-07-21T01:22:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2023-07-21T01:22:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Tribology Letters","date":"2023-07-19T06:27:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tribology-letters","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"tril","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tribology Letters](https://www.springer.com/journal/11249)","snPcode":"11249","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11249/3","title":"Tribology Letters","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"53828208-2feb-490f-89c9-28f31ca1e71d","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 25th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-11-06T15:03:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3183737","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01796-3","journal":{"identity":"tribology-letters","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Tribology Letters"},"publishedOn":"2023-11-03 15:00:46","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 3rd, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-07-25 04:08:22","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11249-023-01796-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01796-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3183737","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3183737","identity":"rs-3183737","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}

Text is read by the "Ask this paper" AI Q&A widget below. Extraction quality varies by source — PMC NXML preserves structure cleanly, OA-HTML may include some navigation residue, and OA-PDF can have broken hyphenation. The publisher copy (via DOI) is the canonical version.

My notes (saved in your browser only)

Ask this paper AI returns verbatim quotes from the full text · source: preprint-html

Answers must be backed by verbatim quotes from this paper's full text. Hallucinated quotes are dropped automatically; if no verbatim passage answers the question, we say so. How this works

Citation neighborhood (no data yet)

We don't have any in-corpus citations linked to this paper yet. The paper's references may be in our DB but unresolved to ``paper_id`` (resolution happens at ingest when the cited DOI matches a row we already have). Run the cross-source citation reconcile pass to retry.

Source provenance

europepmc
last seen: 2026-05-19T01:45:01.086888+00:00