Enhancing Subgrade Efficiency with Industrial Ash & Geotextile Combinations for Economical Pavement Solutions

Enhancing Subgrade Efficiency with Industrial Ash & Geotextile Combinations for Economical Pavement Solutions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Enhancing Subgrade Efficiency with Industrial Ash & Geotextile Combinations for Economical Pavement Solutions Saket Rusia, Aanchal Rathi, Aniket Verma, Ankit Baranwal, Sandhya Verma This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4460208/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The effectiveness of a pavement relies heavily on the characteristics of the soil subgrade, as it works as the foundation for the entire pavement structure. For that reason, subgrade has to hold sufficient stability under adverse climatic and loading conditions. This project mainly focuses on investigating the engineering properties of soil with varying compositions of geotextile sheets, industrial waste rice husk ash, and fly ash to further increase the bearing capacity of soil. The current study was organized in two phases. Initially, the impact of varying proportions of rice husk ash (RHA) (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%), similarly for fly ash (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%), and geotextile layers positioned at varying depths were examined independently to check their individual effects on soil stability. After that, to determine the ideal quantity that can be utilized for soil stabilization and improvement, the rice husk ash and fly ash are mixed along with the geotextile sheets as reinforcement with the soil sample. In our study, the proctor test is carried out on the samples of RHA and fly ash to find out their maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC). Then the samples of RHA and fly ash are together compacted to their MDD at the optimum moisture content, with or without reinforcement of geotextile sheets in the CBR mould. The prime focus of the research is to contribute the supporting outcomes to building guidelines for rural roads; thus, soaked and unsoaked CBR with light compaction methodology have been opted for. More than 50 samples have been tested. Geotextile sheets obtained from a reputed industrial outlet that match the size of the CBR mould are laid in separate preparations of different layers at various depths in the CBR mould. After each arrangement, the CBR values are assessed in the lab and compared with the CBR values of unmodified soil samples. At the end of our study, it was concluded that the soaked and unsoaked CBR values increased by up to 73.89% and 60.50%, respectively, when 15% fly ash, 5% RHA, and 80% soil were combined with various layers of geotextile sheets. The characteristics of the soil can be improved, and the thickness of the subgrade layer can be decreased by 25%, by interposing the geotextile sheets between the subgrade layers, resulting in a more affordable pavement. This means that the mixing of these materials with clayey sand soil is capable of improving their engineering properties, such as increasing their bearing capacity, reducing their plasticity, and enhancing their durability. MORTH has suggested wide use of geotextiles, but the need to incorporate their use along with industrial waste on Rural roads while following current MORD guidelines is still a pressing research topic. Research outcomes made it a great way to optimize the performance of clayey-sand soil for construction purposes. Fly Ash Subgrade Geotextile CBR Rural Roads Plasticity Index RHA Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 1 Introduction Soil is a material that is the most abundant of all natural resources but yet very scarce when needed for a civil engineering project. From construction of road to foundation of building, the bearing capacity and stability of the soil are the critical factors. Unfortunately, poor engineering qualities are frequently present in many natural soils, which can risk the durability and structural integrity of built infrastructure. Many methods of stabilizing soil have been created in response to this difficulty in order to improve the problematic soils' engineering qualities. Due to its accessibility and affordability, a good deal of research has been done on the stability of soil by using rice husk ash, sawdust, cement, lime, and fly ash. In general, the maximum dry unit weight decreased with increase in rice husk ash up to 9%. The ideal moisture content was discovered to generally rise as the RHA content increases. When the amount of rice husk in the soil increases, the unconfined compressive strength increases dramatically and reaches its maximum at RHA between 6 and 8% ( 1 ) . When lime, cement, rice husk ash, and pozzolanic material are added to soil during the stabilization process, the properties and strength of the soil have significantly improved. This will improve the overall engineering quality and increase the bearing's overall strength and longevity ( 2 – 4 ). The partial interaction between the soil and geotextile material increases its stiffness and load-carrying capacity. This enables the pavement system to have a lower overall thickness while extending its lifespan and lowering maintenance expenses ( 5 ). The recent advances in geosynthetic applications influence many aspects of geotechnical engineering. It is made up of natural materials like jute, woven, and nonwoven polymeric materials that are created using textile techniques. The qualities of the soil can be improved by putting the geotextile in between the subgrade layers, which ultimately results in a thinner subgrade layer and more cost-effective pavement ( 6 ). The maximum compaction after mixing the 50% fly ash of class F with clayey sand (SC). Also increase in 50% fly ash content for a curing period of 8 days, there was at least a 44% improvement in settlement and volume change behavior ( 7 ). The strength is observed to be maximized at 5% RHA, and after that, there is a gradual decrement in the bearing capacity of the soil. At 5% Portland cement, 5% RHA, and 90% clay soil, an ideal CBR ratio of 9.35% was reached. This result shows that RHA is used as a better soil improving agent when compared to the unmodified soil (CBR = 1.55%) ( 8 ). That geosynthetics are essential man-made materials used in highway construction to reinforce soils, improving bearing capacity and reducing settlement, particularly in projects without additional layers like concrete or asphalt. Geosynthetics are used as the tensional materials for reinforcing clayey soil when conducting the CBR tests with unreinforced and reinforced soil samples. It is found that the application of thermally bonded nonwoven geotextiles increases the bearing ratio of reinforced soils relative to unreinforced soils ( 9 ). Sawdust, fly ash, and geotextile were added to the soil, resulting in a drop in pavement layer thickness and an increase in CBR values. It reduces the stress on the subgrade in addition to improving pavement stability ( 10 ). The impact of geonet, geotextile, and geogrid on cohesive soil with low compressibility when subjected to the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) test ( 11 ). Measures for subgrade soil stabilization should be taken to improve the subgrade strength to 5% or greater. Therefore, this paper presents an innovative approach that involves the use of fly ash, RHA, and geotextile sheets as essences to improve soil performance during the construction of rural roads. Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, and rice husk ash, an agricultural waste, offer sustainable solutions for soil improvement while addressing environmental concerns associated with their disposal. Geotextiles are synthetic materials widely employed in civil engineering for reinforcement and stabilization purposes due to their high tensile strength and permeability. 2 Materials used 2.1 Soil The soil sample utilized in this investigation was gathered from Jara Mai, Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh, retrieved at a depth of 45cm. For preparing the representative sample of soil, it is primarily allowed to dry for two days, then ground up finely and passed through the 4.75mm IS sieve. Figure 1 mentioned the sample collection from the field, which is locally brought up from the roadsides of rural areas. The outcomes of the Geotechnical examinations conducted on the unmodified soil sample are mentioned in Table 1 . In accordance with the Indian Standard Classification (ISC), the typical soil sample is categorized as Clayey Sand (SC) which have more than half of coarse fraction been smaller than 4.75mm IS sieve, sands with an appreciable number of fines (fines more than 12%), and Atterberg limits above A-line with plasticity greater than 7. Table 1 Experimental properties of soil sample Tests Results As per IS Code Liquid Limit (%) 32.804 IS-2720–1985(Part 5) Plastic Limit (%) 22.75 IS-2720–1985 (Part5) Plasticity Index (%) 10.054 IS-2720–1985 (Part5) Moisture Content (%) 19.06 IS-2720–1973 (Part2) OMC (%) 12 IS- 2720 − 1983 (Part 7) MDD (g/cm 3 ) 1.868 IS- 2720 − 1983 (Part 7) Specific Gravity 2.69 IS- 2720 − 1980 (Part 3) Fineness (%) 13 IS- 2720–1985 (Part4) 2.2 Fly ash Fly ash is a significant by-product resulting from the combustion of coke in industrial processes. In India, there is low use of fly ash in construction applications; it is stacked and used as landscaping, which poses major environmental issues. Given its abundance and affordability, it is worthwhile to look into the potential applications of this material. The Table 2 presents the chemical compositions of fly ash. This experimental work utilized Class F fly ash collected from Ultratech Cement Limited. Aligarh Cement Works, 1, Ramghat Rd., Kasimpur, Uttar Pradesh 202127, Originated from NTPC Aligarh. Table 2 Fly ash Chemical Composition S.no. Chemical Composition Percentage (%) Range 1 Silica (SiO 2 ) 61.12 53–63 2 Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) 29.16 27–37 3 Iron Oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) 6.15 4.4–6.5 4 Lime (CaO) 1.05 0-3.5 5 Magnesia (MgO) 0.59 0-0.8 6 Soda (Na 2 O) 0.06 0.1–0.2 7 Loss on ignition 0.40 0.3–2.5 2.3 Rice Husk Ash Rice husk ash (RHA) waste causes dangerous environmental problems in the air. It is possible to reduce the environmental impact of rice husk ash waste and lower CO2 emissions by partially substituting it for cement. Rice husk ash, abundant in silica content, is produced through the combustion of rice husks, and its pozzolanic qualities increase the strength of concrete ( 12 ). Adding Fly ash and RHA, provides a long-term solution for industrial waste management via special construction practices. Below, in Table 3 , you can find the chemical composition of Rice Husk Ash. RHA used in this work is obtained locally from a dumping site nearby Rice Mill, Agra Rd, Mainpuri. Table 3 Chemical composition of RHA S. no. Chemical Composition Percentage (%) Range 1 Silica (SiO 2 ) 83.94 73–92 2 Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) 0.3 0–3 3 Iron Oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) 0.2 0-0.6 4 Lime (CaO) 1.8 1-2.5 5 Magnesia (MgO) 0.4 0-0.8 6 Potash (K 2 O) 0.33 0-1.5 7 Loss on ignition 3.62 1–4 2.4 Geotextile Geotextiles are permeable fabrics that, when combined with soil, will aid in drainage, filtration, separation, and strengthening. They are typically made up of polyester or polypropylene and are available in woven, nonwoven, and knitted forms. They support a variety of structures, including roadways, embankments, dams, and coastal projects. The research utilized a non-woven geotextile sheet (polypropylene fabric) procured from Suntech Geotextile Private Limited, located in Rajnandgaon. Table 4 provides the characteristics of geotextiles. Table 4 Properties of Geotextile sheet Property Test methods Obtained Value CBR Puncture strength ASTM D 6241 1640 N Trap. Tear strength (MD) ASTM D 4533 230 N AOS ASTM D 4751 120 microns Elongation ASTM D 4595 86.2% Flow water table ASTM D 4491 86 L/ m 2 /s 3 Methodology Laboratory experiments were conducted on soil sample to assess their characteristics and explore the advantages of employing geotextile, rice husk ash, and fly ash. Initially, the Index Properties, including Atterberg limits test and Light Compaction test, as well as Soaked & Unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests, were conducted individually. This involved blending various proportions of fly ash and rice husk ash with the soil sample to determine the optimal dosage. The mixture ratios of fly ash, rice husk ash, and soil samples are detailed in Table 5 below. Table 5 proportion of soil sample and fly ash, RHA and soil specimen Samples Soil (%) Fly ash (%) Soil (%) RHA (%) 1 100 0 100 0 2 95 5 97.5 2.5 3 90 10 95 5 4 85 15 92.5 7.5 5 80 20 90 10 6 75 25 The geotextile was positioned at various depths: at the surface, between the upper and middle layers, between the upper and lower layers, and across all three layers. Table 6 illustrates the arrangement of geotextile and soil sample mixtures. We tried different setups to find the best one, and we followed the same testing steps as similar to ( 10 ). Table 6 Position of Geotextile sheets in soil specimen Samples Position of geotextile sheets in soil sample 1 All 3 Layer 2 1st and 3rd layer 3 1st and 2nd layer 4 1st layer Ultimately, a soil sample was combined with rice hush ash, fly ash, and geotextile to assess the combined result of the materials. The tests mentioned above were subsequently carried out to identify the optimal dosage. Table 7 illustrates the blend ratios of the combined influence of fly ash, rice husk ash, geotextile, and soil sample. Figure 3 illustrates the different configurations of geotextile sheet placements within the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) mould. Table 7 Combination of RHA, Fly ash and Geotextile S. no. Soil (%) Fly ash (%) RHA (%) Position of geotextile sheets in soil sample 1 80 15 5 All 3 layer 2 80 15 5 1st and 3rd layer 3 80 15 5 1st and 2nd layer 4 80 15 5 1st layer For CBR testing the proving ring SI. No. 50 KN and dial gauge with least count of 0.002mm is used. Table 8 shows the calculation for proving ring coefficient. The proving ring coefficient used for the calculation of CBR load is 5.9058. Table 8 Calibration for proving ring Coefficient S.no. Applied Force (KN) Deflection at dial gauge in mm Average 1 5 84.6 5.910 2 10 169.3 5.9067 3 15 253.9 5.9078 4 20 338.6 5.9067 5 25 423.3 5.9059 6 30 508.2 5.903 7 35 592.8 5.904 8 40 677.5 5.904 9 45 762.1 5.9047 10 50 846.6 5.9059 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Effect of Fly ash 4.1.1 Index Properties The Atterberg limits, which include the plastic limit (PL), liquid limit (LL), and plasticity index (PI), are crucial for assessing the engineering characteristics of soil, including their suitability for stabilization. It was found that the unmodified soil sample's liquid limit was 32.81%. By the incorporation of fly ash at varying proportions of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%, the liquid limit was found to be 30.90, 30.72, 29.83, 29.23, and 28.50%, respectively. It was found that the unmodified soil sample had a plastic limit of 22.75% and by the incorporation of fly ash the plastic limit was determined to be 23.40, 24.02, 24.07, 22.98, and 21.20%, respectively, for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%. The soil's plasticity index was determined to be 10.05, 7.50, 6.71, 5.76, 6.25, and 7.30% for fly ash additions of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%, respectively. Hence, by the addition of 0–25% fly ash, there is variation in liquid limit from 32.81 to 28.50% while in plastic limit, it varies from 22.75 to 21.20% in comparison to the unmodified soil sample. Fly ash leads to a reduction in the liquid limit by a maximum of 13.12%, the plastic limit by up to 6.81%, and the plasticity index by up to 27.40%. Figure 4 shows how the varying percentages of fly ash correspond to changes in the plastic limit, liquid limit, and plasticity index. The Atterberg limits influence various aspects of soil stabilization, from the selection of appropriate techniques and additives to the control of moisture content and the improvement of soil properties. Comprehending these limits is critical for formulating efficient stabilization techniques and guaranteeing the sustained stability and functionality of constructed infrastructure. 4.1.2 Compaction Test Conducting a compaction test on soil is a fundamental practice employed to assess the engineering characteristics of soil and ascertain its suitability for construction purposes, particularly for tasks such as road embankments, foundations, and dams. This evaluation measures the soil's capacity to endure imposed loads and compaction processes, crucial for guaranteeing stability, managing settlement, and upholding the structural soundness of the project. The soil sample exhibited an optimum moisture content (OMC) of 12% and a maximum dry density (MDD) of 1.867 g/cm³. Following the addition of 5, 10, 15, 20%, and 25% fly ash by weight, the maximum dry density decreased to 1.820, 1.812, 1.807, 1.787, and 1.785 g/cm³, respectively, while the corresponding OMC increased to 12, 14, 14, 16, and 16%. Fly ash resulted in a reduction in maximum dry density by up to 4.39% but led to an increase in OMC by up to 25%. Figure 5 illustrates the fluctuations in OMC and MDD corresponding to varying percentages of fly ash. Conducting these tests empowers engineers to make well-informed decisions throughout the design and construction stages, thereby enhancing the safety and longevity of civil engineering projects. 4.1.3 CBR test By changing the Fly ash content, the test result of CBR value is given in Table 9 . The soaked and unsoaked CBR values increase by 58.59% and 41.53% by the addition of different proportion of Fly ash content. Figure 6 illustrates the fluctuation of the CBR value with different fly ash content. Table 9 Test result of CBR by varying the fly ash content S.no. Content Unsoaked Soaked 1 0% 19.39 5.172 2 5% 26.72 6.90 3 10% 30.60 9.91 4 15% 33.19 12.50 5 20% 31.47 10.77 6 25% 28.02 8.19 4.2 Effect of Rice Husk Ash 4.2.1 Index Properties Figure 7 shows the alterations in the plastic limit, liquid limit, and plasticity index at different percentages of RHA (Rice Husk Ash). The plastic limit was determined to be 22.18, 21.67, 21.43, and 20.80%, respectively, after adding 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% RHA by weight of soil. The liquid limit of the soil was found to be 31.20, 29.90, 29.78, and 29.23%, respectively, after adding 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% RHA by weight of soil. For dosages of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%, respectively, the plasticity index was measured to be 9.02, 8.23, 8.35, and 8.43%. RHA decreases the plasticity index to 16.15%, the liquid limit to 10.89%, and the plastic limit to 8.57%. Thus, the plastic limit ranges from 22.18 to 20.80% and the liquid limit from 31.20 to 29.23% with an addition of 2.5–10%. Observations indicate that with an increase in RHA content, both the plastic limit and the liquid limit decrease. 4.2.2 Compaction Test Figure 8 shows the impact of RHA on the OMC and MDD of the soil sample. It was observed that the OMC consistently rises, whereas there is a gradual decrease in maximum dry density with an increase in the amount of RHA content. By the addition of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% of RHA, the MDD of the soil was determined to be 1.741, 1.660, 1.632, and 1.578 g/cm 3 , with corresponding OMC values of 14, 16, 16, and 18%, respectively. RHA decreases the MDD up to 9.36% but increases the OMC up to 22.22%. 4.2.3 CBR Test Results By changing the RHA content, the test result of CBR value is given in Table 10 . The soaked and unsoaked CBR values will increase by 64.67% and 49.43%, by the addition of different proportions of RHA content. Variation of CBR value at different RHA content is shown in Fig. 9 . Table 10 Test results of CBR by varying the RHA content S.no. Content Unsoaked Soaked 1 0% 19.39 5.172 2 2.5% 31.46 8.19 3 5% 38.36 14.65 4 7.5% 37.50 12.93 5 10% 32.76 9.91 4.3 Effect of Geo-textile 4.3.1 California Bearing Ratio After placing the geotextile sheets at different layers in the CBR mould the soaked and unsoaked CBR values increased by 66.57% and 45.76%, respectively. Table 11 and Fig. 10 show the variations in CBR values after placing the geo-textile sheets at different positions. Table 11 Test results of CBR by varying the position of Geotextile sheets S.no. Geotextile Unsoaked Soaked 1 Unmodified soil 19.39 5.172 2 All 3 layer 31.03 15.08 3 1st and 3rd layer 35.77 15.51 4 1st and 2nd layer 26.72 11.63 5 1st layer 23.70 9.91 4.4 Combined Effect RHA, Geo-Textile, Fly ash 4.4.1 Compaction Characteristics The collective effect of RHA, fly ash, and geotextile sheets on the OMC and MDD of soil are shown in Fig. 11 . The OMC and MDD of an 80% soil sample + 5% RHA + 15% fly ash were found to be 14% and 1.7035 g/cm3, respectively. 4.4.2 CBR Test Results The CBR value of the soil sample combined with The CBR value of the soil sample combined with RHA, fly ash, and geotextile yields a greater result than RHA, fly ash and geotextile separately are shown in Table 12 and Fig. 13 . On combining 15% fly ash, 5% RHA, and 80% soil with different layers of geotextile, the soaked and unsoaked CBR values increase by 73.89% and 60.50%, respectively. Table 12 Change of CBR value with different combination of Fly ash, RHA and Geotextile S.no. Layer Unsoaked Soaked 1. Unmodified soil 19.39 5.172 2. All 3 layer 41.38 17.24 3. 1st and 3rd layer 49.14 19.82 4. 1st and 2nd layer 38.36 18.10 5. 1st layer 33.62 13.79 5 Conclusion In conclusion, the utilization of geotextile, rice husk ash, and fly ash offers a sustainable and effective solution, and it shows promising results in improving the bearing capacity of soil. The representative soil sample is categorized as clayey sand (SC) in accordance with the Indian Standard Classification (ISC). The percentage of clayey sand soil varies depending on the region, it can range from 20–40%. When RHA and fly ash are added, there is gradually decrease in MDD and plasticity index, which measures the liquid and plastic limits, reduces significantly in comparison to the index properties of soil sample. The OMC and CBR values increase by the the addition of these materials to the clayey sand soil. By adding the fly ash and RHA the OMC values is increased by 25% and 22.22% respectively and in combination of both it is increased up to 14%. Also, after combining 5% RHA with 15% fly ash, the MDD was found to be 1.7035 g/cm3, which is not less than 1.65 g/cm3, as mentioned in irc-sp-72-2015. The soaked and unsoaked CBR values increase up to 73.89% and 60.50%, respectively, when 15% fly ash, 5% RHA, and 80% soil are combined with various layers of geotextile. There is an improvement in the soil characteristics and decrease in the thickness of the subgrade layer by 25%, by interposing the geotextile sheets between the subgrade layers, resulting in a pavement that is more affordable. Using of geotextile provides several benefits in road construction like: Layer Separation, Filtration, Drainage, Reinforcement, and Erosion Control. After incorporating these materials into the soil sample, it ensures that no hazardous matter is present in the subgrade and also establishes appropriate safety and health practices. On mixing 5% fly ash with 15% RHA and placing the geotextile sheet on the top layer of the soil sample, we achieved a CBR in the range of 10–15, which lies in the very good quality of the S5 class subgrade according to IRC- SP-72-2015. Hence, this stabilization technique makes the subgrade economically feasible. Furthermore, the implementation of this approach not only improves soil strength but also offers environmental benefits by recycling industrial wastes such as rice husk ash and fly ash. This sustainable method aligns with the principles of eco-friendly construction practices, promoting resource efficiency and reducing carbon footprints. Declarations Author Contribution SR: conceptualization, validation, material selection, project administration, resources, supervision, results validation; AR, AV, AB, SV: methodology, visualization, validation, formal analysis, lab testing, results compilation, writing – original draft. References Yousif Fattah M, Al-Soudany KY. Improvement of Clayey Soil Characteristics Using Rice Husk Ash [Internet]. 2011. Available from: http://www.ojceu.ir/main/ Pandey A, Rabbani A. Soil stabilisation using cement SOIL STABILISATION. Article in International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology [Internet]. 2017;8(6). Available from: http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues. Jawad IT, Taha MR, Majeed ZH, Khan TA. Soil stabilization using lime: Advantages, disadvantages and proposing a potential alternative. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology. 2014;8(4):510–20. 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Application of rice husk ash in high strength concrete. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2021 Mar 1;1122(1):012013. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4460208","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":309730936,"identity":"7a82064a-fe59-46ec-ac5c-aa7f780b82d2","order_by":0,"name":"Saket 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10:26:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4460208/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4460208/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":57953576,"identity":"7739878a-76ba-418d-8975-ea8e776fb969","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 23:06:24","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":268797,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSample collection at 27.2183570\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eN, 78.9502180\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4460208/v1/29722fb00290406cd58e22c0.png"},{"id":57952759,"identity":"206eba92-7ad6-4411-b5f2-94e713b6119c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 22:58:24","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":280755,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMaterials used\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4460208/v1/1f43369bf19df8beddaca206.png"},{"id":57952762,"identity":"db2e6ba0-2056-4ed1-b82c-f6e26ee8abf7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 22:58:24","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11083,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlacement of Geotextile sheets in CBR mould\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4460208/v1/5bb202b5dd3f932049fd1b74.png"},{"id":57954173,"identity":"0c50c9e6-6778-4ca6-956c-ede44377aa61","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 23:14:24","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of Index properties with Fly ash content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4460208/v1/ac41839271abd8d8d5c8b893.png"},{"id":57953578,"identity":"5284d3b3-ea22-46a8-8edf-3dc0c8b4dd75","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 23:06:24","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of OMC and MDD with varying Fly ash content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4460208/v1/1a5b63493f9d99a874b4f781.png"},{"id":57953579,"identity":"1777623d-e536-4b75-a718-5ae308fcb1de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 23:06:24","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9534,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of CBR value with Fly ash content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4460208/v1/dd3a96aa9d1394ecee8501e2.png"},{"id":57952764,"identity":"082da1ec-9e02-4102-bc7e-6870a13496e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 22:58:24","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10604,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of index properties with RHA content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4460208/v1/c67e101b223df01b8b5c7e8e.png"},{"id":57952766,"identity":"64c6fc1c-98bb-438d-bb4a-49a8f0435a16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 22:58:24","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19518,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of OMC and MDD with RHA content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4460208/v1/96d403c5aeed1a3d9641cea0.png"},{"id":57952767,"identity":"49f881ad-9ccb-48c6-b6b1-4ff0d1644dc1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 22:58:24","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12031,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCBR value with varying RHA content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4460208/v1/2ff69ab6bfbbd0462f2f8f65.png"},{"id":57952770,"identity":"b42bee23-ffa5-4af4-b907-888d16029cff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 22:58:24","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17677,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCBR value with varying Geotextile layers\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4460208/v1/1773845b4b80f98247af7d5b.png"},{"id":57952768,"identity":"86966a77-89dd-4c1f-99ea-4c89d2186e5b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 22:58:24","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12082,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of MDD and OMC with varying combination of RHA and Fly Ash\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4460208/v1/0e122796babab10bb502ab0e.png"},{"id":57953580,"identity":"5809f166-04ea-48ba-af6e-2c50dd993fc3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 23:06:24","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":347598,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCBR testing\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4460208/v1/e1a9f4ace8d22b6674b8f2fa.png"},{"id":57952771,"identity":"560f14c0-f115-427b-8793-2542aa25ef59","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-07 22:58:24","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13952,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of CBR value with varying combination of Fly ash, RHA and Geotextile\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4460208/v1/24a69bc6d229f0d65fc8cff2.png"},{"id":83393405,"identity":"fede1442-3c21-4832-b32c-08dca75837a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-24 19:31:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1965153,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4460208/v1/2116c591-010c-4238-9b57-6ee7d4226110.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Enhancing Subgrade Efficiency with Industrial Ash \u0026 Geotextile Combinations for Economical Pavement Solutions","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSoil is a material that is the most abundant of all natural resources but yet very scarce when needed for a civil engineering project. From construction of road to foundation of building, the bearing capacity and stability of the soil are the critical factors. Unfortunately, poor engineering qualities are frequently present in many natural soils, which can risk the durability and structural integrity of built infrastructure. Many methods of stabilizing soil have been created in response to this difficulty in order to improve the problematic soils' engineering qualities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to its accessibility and affordability, a good deal of research has been done on the stability of soil by using rice husk ash, sawdust, cement, lime, and fly ash. In general, the maximum dry unit weight decreased with increase in rice husk ash up to 9%. The ideal moisture content was discovered to generally rise as the RHA content increases. When the amount of rice husk in the soil increases, the unconfined compressive strength increases dramatically and reaches its maximum at RHA between 6 and 8% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen lime, cement, rice husk ash, and pozzolanic material are added to soil during the stabilization process, the properties and strength of the soil have significantly improved. This will improve the overall engineering quality and increase the bearing's overall strength and longevity (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe partial interaction between the soil and geotextile material increases its stiffness and load-carrying capacity. This enables the pavement system to have a lower overall thickness while extending its lifespan and lowering maintenance expenses (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe recent advances in geosynthetic applications influence many aspects of geotechnical engineering. It is made up of natural materials like jute, woven, and nonwoven polymeric materials that are created using textile techniques. The qualities of the soil can be improved by putting the geotextile in between the subgrade layers, which ultimately results in a thinner subgrade layer and more cost-effective pavement (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe maximum compaction after mixing the 50% fly ash of class F with clayey sand (SC). Also increase in 50% fly ash content for a curing period of 8 days, there was at least a 44% improvement in settlement and volume change behavior (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strength is observed to be maximized at 5% RHA, and after that, there is a gradual decrement in the bearing capacity of the soil. At 5% Portland cement, 5% RHA, and 90% clay soil, an ideal CBR ratio of 9.35% was reached. This result shows that RHA is used as a better soil improving agent when compared to the unmodified soil (CBR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.55%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThat geosynthetics are essential man-made materials used in highway construction to reinforce soils, improving bearing capacity and reducing settlement, particularly in projects without additional layers like concrete or asphalt. Geosynthetics are used as the tensional materials for reinforcing clayey soil when conducting the CBR tests with unreinforced and reinforced soil samples. It is found that the application of thermally bonded nonwoven geotextiles increases the bearing ratio of reinforced soils relative to unreinforced soils (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSawdust, fly ash, and geotextile were added to the soil, resulting in a drop in pavement layer thickness and an increase in CBR values. It reduces the stress on the subgrade in addition to improving pavement stability (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of geonet, geotextile, and geogrid on cohesive soil with low compressibility when subjected to the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) test (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Measures for subgrade soil stabilization should be taken to improve the subgrade strength to 5% or greater.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, this paper presents an innovative approach that involves the use of fly ash, RHA, and geotextile sheets as essences to improve soil performance during the construction of rural roads. Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, and rice husk ash, an agricultural waste, offer sustainable solutions for soil improvement while addressing environmental concerns associated with their disposal. Geotextiles are synthetic materials widely employed in civil engineering for reinforcement and stabilization purposes due to their high tensile strength and permeability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials used","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Soil\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe soil sample utilized in this investigation was gathered from Jara Mai, Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh, retrieved at a depth of 45cm. For preparing the representative sample of soil, it is primarily allowed to dry for two days, then ground up finely and passed through the 4.75mm IS sieve. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e mentioned the sample collection from the field, which is locally brought up from the roadsides of rural areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe outcomes of the Geotechnical examinations conducted on the unmodified soil sample are mentioned in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn accordance with the Indian Standard Classification (ISC), the typical soil sample is categorized as Clayey Sand (SC) which have more than half of coarse fraction been smaller than 4.75mm IS sieve, sands with an appreciable number of fines (fines more than 12%), and Atterberg limits above A-line with plasticity greater than 7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental properties of soil sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTests\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per IS Code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiquid Limit (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.804\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIS-2720\u0026ndash;1985(Part 5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlastic Limit (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIS-2720\u0026ndash;1985 (Part5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlasticity Index (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIS-2720\u0026ndash;1985 (Part5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoisture Content (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIS-2720\u0026ndash;1973 (Part2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOMC (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIS- 2720\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1983 (Part 7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMDD (g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIS- 2720\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1983 (Part 7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific Gravity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIS- 2720\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1980 (Part 3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFineness (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIS- 2720\u0026ndash;1985 (Part4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Fly ash\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFly ash is a significant by-product resulting from the combustion of coke in industrial processes. In India, there is low use of fly ash in construction applications; it is stacked and used as landscaping, which poses major environmental issues. Given its abundance and affordability, it is worthwhile to look into the potential applications of this material. The Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the chemical compositions of fly ash.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis experimental work utilized Class F fly ash collected from Ultratech Cement Limited. Aligarh Cement Works, 1, Ramghat Rd., Kasimpur, Uttar Pradesh 202127, Originated from NTPC Aligarh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFly ash Chemical Composition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.no.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Composition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilica (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u0026ndash;63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlumina (Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u0026ndash;37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron Oxide (Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u0026ndash;6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLime (CaO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnesia (MgO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoda (Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoss on ignition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026ndash;2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Rice Husk Ash\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice husk ash (RHA) waste causes dangerous environmental problems in the air. It is possible to reduce the environmental impact of rice husk ash waste and lower CO2 emissions by partially substituting it for cement. Rice husk ash, abundant in silica content, is produced through the combustion of rice husks, and its pozzolanic qualities increase the strength of concrete (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdding Fly ash and RHA, provides a long-term solution for industrial waste management via special construction practices. Below, in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, you can find the chemical composition of Rice Husk Ash. RHA used in this work is obtained locally from a dumping site nearby Rice Mill, Agra Rd, Mainpuri.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical composition of RHA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. no.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Composition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilica (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u0026ndash;92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlumina (Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron Oxide (Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLime (CaO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnesia (MgO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotash (K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoss on ignition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Geotextile\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeotextiles are permeable fabrics that, when combined with soil, will aid in drainage, filtration, separation, and strengthening. They are typically made up of polyester or polypropylene and are available in woven, nonwoven, and knitted forms. They support a variety of structures, including roadways, embankments, dams, and coastal projects. The research utilized a non-woven geotextile sheet (polypropylene fabric) procured from Suntech Geotextile Private Limited, located in Rajnandgaon.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e provides the characteristics of geotextiles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties of Geotextile sheet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest methods\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObtained Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBR Puncture strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM D 6241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1640 N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrap. Tear strength (MD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM D 4533\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230 N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM D 4751\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 microns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElongation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM D 4595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlow water table\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM D 4491\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86 L/ m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eLaboratory experiments were conducted on soil sample to assess their characteristics and explore the advantages of employing geotextile, rice husk ash, and fly ash.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitially, the Index Properties, including Atterberg limits test and Light Compaction test, as well as Soaked \u0026amp; Unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests, were conducted individually. This involved blending various proportions of fly ash and rice husk ash with the soil sample to determine the optimal dosage. The mixture ratios of fly ash, rice husk ash, and soil samples are detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eproportion of soil sample and fly ash, RHA and soil specimen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFly ash (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRHA (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe geotextile was positioned at various depths: at the surface, between the upper and middle layers, between the upper and lower layers, and across all three layers. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the arrangement of geotextile and soil sample mixtures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe tried different setups to find the best one, and we followed the same testing steps as similar to (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosition of Geotextile sheets in soil specimen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosition of geotextile sheets in soil sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll 3 Layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st and 3rd layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st and 2nd layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUltimately, a soil sample was combined with rice hush ash, fly ash, and geotextile to assess the combined result of the materials. The tests mentioned above were subsequently carried out to identify the optimal dosage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the blend ratios of the combined influence of fly ash, rice husk ash, geotextile, and soil sample. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the different configurations of geotextile sheet placements within the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) mould.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombination of RHA, Fly ash and Geotextile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. no.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFly ash (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRHA (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosition of geotextile sheets in soil sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll 3 layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st and 3rd layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st and 2nd layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor CBR testing the proving ring SI. No. 50 KN and dial gauge with least count of 0.002mm is used. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e shows the calculation for proving ring coefficient.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe proving ring coefficient used for the calculation of CBR load is 5.9058.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalibration for proving ring Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.no.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplied Force (KN)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeflection at dial gauge in mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e338.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e423.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e508.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e592.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.904\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e677.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.904\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e762.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e846.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Effect of Fly ash\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.1 Index Properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Atterberg limits, which include the plastic limit (PL), liquid limit (LL), and plasticity index (PI), are crucial for assessing the engineering characteristics of soil, including their suitability for stabilization. It was found that the unmodified soil sample's liquid limit was 32.81%. By the incorporation of fly ash at varying proportions of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%, the liquid limit was found to be 30.90, 30.72, 29.83, 29.23, and 28.50%, respectively. It was found that the unmodified soil sample had a plastic limit of 22.75% and by the incorporation of fly ash the plastic limit was determined to be 23.40, 24.02, 24.07, 22.98, and 21.20%, respectively, for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%. The soil's plasticity index was determined to be 10.05, 7.50, 6.71, 5.76, 6.25, and 7.30% for fly ash additions of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%, respectively. Hence, by the addition of 0\u0026ndash;25% fly ash, there is variation in liquid limit from 32.81 to 28.50% while in plastic limit, it varies from 22.75 to 21.20% in comparison to the unmodified soil sample. Fly ash leads to a reduction in the liquid limit by a maximum of 13.12%, the plastic limit by up to 6.81%, and the plasticity index by up to 27.40%. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows how the varying percentages of fly ash correspond to changes in the plastic limit, liquid limit, and plasticity index.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Atterberg limits influence various aspects of soil stabilization, from the selection of appropriate techniques and additives to the control of moisture content and the improvement of soil properties. Comprehending these limits is critical for formulating efficient stabilization techniques and guaranteeing the sustained stability and functionality of constructed infrastructure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.2 Compaction Test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConducting a compaction test on soil is a fundamental practice employed to assess the engineering characteristics of soil and ascertain its suitability for construction purposes, particularly for tasks such as road embankments, foundations, and dams. This evaluation measures the soil's capacity to endure imposed loads and compaction processes, crucial for guaranteeing stability, managing settlement, and upholding the structural soundness of the project.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe soil sample exhibited an optimum moisture content (OMC) of 12% and a maximum dry density (MDD) of 1.867 g/cm\u0026sup3;. Following the addition of 5, 10, 15, 20%, and 25% fly ash by weight, the maximum dry density decreased to 1.820, 1.812, 1.807, 1.787, and 1.785 g/cm\u0026sup3;, respectively, while the corresponding OMC increased to 12, 14, 14, 16, and 16%. Fly ash resulted in a reduction in maximum dry density by up to 4.39% but led to an increase in OMC by up to 25%. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the fluctuations in OMC and MDD corresponding to varying percentages of fly ash.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConducting these tests empowers engineers to make well-informed decisions throughout the design and construction stages, thereby enhancing the safety and longevity of civil engineering projects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.3 CBR test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy changing the Fly ash content, the test result of CBR value is given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. The soaked and unsoaked CBR values increase by 58.59% and 41.53% by the addition of different proportion of Fly ash content. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the fluctuation of the CBR value with different fly ash content.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest result of CBR by varying the fly ash content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.no.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsoaked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoaked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Effect of Rice Husk Ash\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2.1 Index Properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the alterations in the plastic limit, liquid limit, and plasticity index at different percentages of RHA (Rice Husk Ash). The plastic limit was determined to be 22.18, 21.67, 21.43, and 20.80%, respectively, after adding 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% RHA by weight of soil. The liquid limit of the soil was found to be 31.20, 29.90, 29.78, and 29.23%, respectively, after adding 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% RHA by weight of soil. For dosages of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%, respectively, the plasticity index was measured to be 9.02, 8.23, 8.35, and 8.43%. RHA decreases the plasticity index to 16.15%, the liquid limit to 10.89%, and the plastic limit to 8.57%. Thus, the plastic limit ranges from 22.18 to 20.80% and the liquid limit from 31.20 to 29.23% with an addition of 2.5\u0026ndash;10%. Observations indicate that with an increase in RHA content, both the plastic limit and the liquid limit decrease.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2.2 Compaction Test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e shows the impact of RHA on the OMC and MDD of the soil sample. It was observed that the OMC consistently rises, whereas there is a gradual decrease in maximum dry density with an increase in the amount of RHA content.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy the addition of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% of RHA, the MDD of the soil was determined to be 1.741, 1.660, 1.632, and 1.578 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, with corresponding OMC values of 14, 16, 16, and 18%, respectively. RHA decreases the MDD up to 9.36% but increases the OMC up to 22.22%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2.3 CBR Test Results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy changing the RHA content, the test result of CBR value is given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. The soaked and unsoaked CBR values will increase by 64.67% and 49.43%, by the addition of different proportions of RHA content. Variation of CBR value at different RHA content is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest results of CBR by varying the RHA content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.no.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsoaked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoaked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Effect of Geo-textile\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3.1 California Bearing Ratio\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter placing the geotextile sheets at different layers in the CBR mould the soaked and unsoaked CBR values increased by 66.57% and 45.76%, respectively. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e show the variations in CBR values after placing the geo-textile sheets at different positions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest results of CBR by varying the position of Geotextile sheets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.no.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeotextile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsoaked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoaked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnmodified soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll 3 layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st and 3rd layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st and 2nd layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4 Combined Effect RHA, Geo-Textile, Fly ash\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4.1 Compaction Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collective effect of RHA, fly ash, and geotextile sheets on the OMC and MDD of soil are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e. The OMC and MDD of an 80% soil sample\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5% RHA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;15% fly ash were found to be 14% and 1.7035 g/cm3, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4.2 CBR Test Results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CBR value of the soil sample combined with The CBR value of the soil sample combined with RHA, fly ash, and geotextile yields a greater result than RHA, fly ash and geotextile separately are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e. On combining 15% fly ash, 5% RHA, and 80% soil with different layers of geotextile, the soaked and unsoaked CBR values increase by 73.89% and 60.50%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChange of CBR value with different combination of Fly ash, RHA and Geotextile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.no.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLayer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsoaked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoaked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnmodified soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll 3 layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st and 3rd layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st and 2nd layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st layer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the utilization of geotextile, rice husk ash, and fly ash offers a sustainable and effective solution, and it shows promising results in improving the bearing capacity of soil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe representative soil sample is categorized as clayey sand (SC) in accordance with the Indian Standard Classification (ISC). The percentage of clayey sand soil varies depending on the region, it can range from 20\u0026ndash;40%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen RHA and fly ash are added, there is gradually decrease in MDD and plasticity index, which measures the liquid and plastic limits, reduces significantly in comparison to the index properties of soil sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe OMC and CBR values increase by the the addition of these materials to the clayey sand soil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy adding the fly ash and RHA the OMC values is increased by 25% and 22.22% respectively and in combination of both it is increased up to 14%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso, after combining 5% RHA with 15% fly ash, the MDD was found to be 1.7035 g/cm3, which is not less than 1.65 g/cm3, as mentioned in irc-sp-72-2015.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe soaked and unsoaked CBR values increase up to 73.89% and 60.50%, respectively, when 15% fly ash, 5% RHA, and 80% soil are combined with various layers of geotextile.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is an improvement in the soil characteristics and decrease in the thickness of the subgrade layer by 25%, by interposing the geotextile sheets between the subgrade layers, resulting in a pavement that is more affordable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing of geotextile provides several benefits in road construction like: Layer Separation, Filtration, Drainage, Reinforcement, and Erosion Control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter incorporating these materials into the soil sample, it ensures that no hazardous matter is present in the subgrade and also establishes appropriate safety and health practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn mixing 5% fly ash with 15% RHA and placing the geotextile sheet on the top layer of the soil sample, we achieved a CBR in the range of 10\u0026ndash;15, which lies in the very good quality of the S5 class subgrade according to IRC- SP-72-2015. Hence, this stabilization technique makes the subgrade economically feasible.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the implementation of this approach not only improves soil strength but also offers environmental benefits by recycling industrial wastes such as rice husk ash and fly ash. This sustainable method aligns with the principles of eco-friendly construction practices, promoting resource efficiency and reducing carbon footprints.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSR: conceptualization, validation, material selection, project administration, resources, supervision, results validation; AR, AV, AB, SV: methodology, visualization, validation, formal analysis, lab testing, results compilation, writing \u0026ndash; original draft.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYousif Fattah M, Al-Soudany KY. Improvement of Clayey Soil Characteristics Using Rice Husk Ash [Internet]. 2011. Available from: http://www.ojceu.ir/main/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePandey A, Rabbani A. Soil stabilisation using cement SOIL STABILISATION. Article in International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology [Internet]. 2017;8(6). Available from: http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJawad IT, Taha MR, Majeed ZH, Khan TA. Soil stabilization using lime: Advantages, disadvantages and proposing a potential alternative. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology. 2014;8(4):510\u0026ndash;20. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBoobathiraja S, Balamurugan P, Dhansheer M, Adhikari A. Study on Strength of Peat Soil Stabilised with Cement and Other Pozzolanic Materials [Internet]. Vol. 5, International Journal of Civil Engineering Research. 2014. Available from: http://www.ripublication.com/ijcer.htm\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJaysawal D. Stabilization of soil using geotextile [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372221557\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuvvari S, Siva Gowri Prasad S, Kumar ch S, Surisetty R. STABILIZATION OF PAVEMENT SUBGRADE BY USING FLY ASH REINFORCED WITH GEOTEXTILE AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ENCASED AND LATERAL REINFORCED SILICA-MANGANESE SLAG STONE COLUMNS IN SOFT MARINE CLAYS View project STABILIZATION OF PAVEMENT SUBGRADE BY USING FLY ASH REINFORCED WITH GEOTEXTILE [Internet]. Article in International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology. 2014. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348678226\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKarim MA, Hassan AS, Kaplan A. Optimization of soil to fly-ash mix ratio for enhanced engineering properties of clayey sand for subgrade use. Applied Sciences (Switzerland). 2020 Oct 2;10(20):1\u0026ndash;13. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEvaluation of rice husk ash and Portland cement reinforced clay for use as road subgrade using the CBR test. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts. 2018 May 1;3(2). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamjiram Thakur S, Naveen BP, Tegar JP. Improvement in CBR value of soil reinforced with nonwoven geotextile sheets. International Journal of Geo-Engineering. 2021 Dec 1;12(1). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSahak B, Singh M, Adhikari A, Hussain S. Sustainable soil stabilization using combination of geotextile, fly-ash and saw dust for pavement subgrade. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering. 2021;109(1):17\u0026ndash;28. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZiaie R. Effect of Utilization of Geosynthetic on Reducing the Required Thickness of Subbase Layer of a Two Layered Soil [Internet]. 2011. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286928187\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNursyamsi N, Febrizal Aruan A. Application of rice husk ash in high strength concrete. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2021 Mar 1;1122(1):012013. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Fly Ash, Subgrade, Geotextile, CBR, Rural Roads, Plasticity Index, RHA","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4460208/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4460208/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe effectiveness of a pavement relies heavily on the characteristics of the soil subgrade, as it works as the foundation for the entire pavement structure. For that reason, subgrade has to hold sufficient stability under adverse climatic and loading conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis project mainly focuses on investigating the engineering properties of soil with varying compositions of geotextile sheets, industrial waste rice husk ash, and fly ash to further increase the bearing capacity of soil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study was organized in two phases. Initially, the impact of varying proportions of rice husk ash (RHA) (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%), similarly for fly ash (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%), and geotextile layers positioned at varying depths were examined independently to check their individual effects on soil stability. After that, to determine the ideal quantity that can be utilized for soil stabilization and improvement, the rice husk ash and fly ash are mixed along with the geotextile sheets as reinforcement with the soil sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, the proctor test is carried out on the samples of RHA and fly ash to find out their maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC). Then the samples of RHA and fly ash are together compacted to their MDD at the optimum moisture content, with or without reinforcement of geotextile sheets in the CBR mould. The prime focus of the research is to contribute the supporting outcomes to building guidelines for rural roads; thus, soaked and unsoaked CBR with light compaction methodology have been opted for. More than 50 samples have been tested.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeotextile sheets obtained from a reputed industrial outlet that match the size of the CBR mould are laid in separate preparations of different layers at various depths in the CBR mould. After each arrangement, the CBR values are assessed in the lab and compared with the CBR values of unmodified soil samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the end of our study, it was concluded that the soaked and unsoaked CBR values increased by up to 73.89% and 60.50%, respectively, when 15% fly ash, 5% RHA, and 80% soil were combined with various layers of geotextile sheets. The characteristics of the soil can be improved, and the thickness of the subgrade layer can be decreased by 25%, by interposing the geotextile sheets between the subgrade layers, resulting in a more affordable pavement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis means that the mixing of these materials with clayey sand soil is capable of improving their engineering properties, such as increasing their bearing capacity, reducing their plasticity, and enhancing their durability. MORTH has suggested wide use of geotextiles, but the need to incorporate their use along with industrial waste on Rural roads while following current MORD guidelines is still a pressing research topic. Research outcomes made it a great way to optimize the performance of clayey-sand soil for construction purposes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Enhancing Subgrade Efficiency with Industrial Ash \u0026amp; Geotextile Combinations for Economical Pavement Solutions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-07 22:58:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4460208/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"13365bdf-1819-4aea-87fc-125cdb73361a","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-24T19:23:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-07 22:58:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4460208","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4460208","identity":"rs-4460208","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}