The Experience of Earthquake Victim Women in the Context of Intersectionality Theory 

The Experience of Earthquake Victim Women in the Context of Intersectionality Theory | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Experience of Earthquake Victim Women in the Context of Intersectionality Theory Dilara Yücedal This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8988483/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Earthquake is a type of disaster that has caused many losses of life and property since the formation of the world. Although it is known that women are affected by such disasters than men because most societies have a patriarchal memory today, the question of how women with “differential” experience(s) of women are affected by the earthquake process is very limited in the literature. The article aims to contribute to the creation of a universal culture that prioritizes women who suffer multiply-burdened because they have “different” social locations of beyond their gender in the management of disasters such as earthquakes. The primary purpose of this research is examined how the women’s “differential” who with different social locations, effected by the February 6, 2023 earthquake, which was a severe earthquake both quantitatively and qualitatively, affected their experiences during the earthquake process. This study is grounded in the theoretical framework of “Intersectionality Theory”. The research was conducted with the qualitative approach. Twenty women participants in simple who with different social locations that immigration from directly affected by earthquake to Ankara were selected based on purposeful sampling technique and snowball sampling technique. Data were collected through by conducting interviews using semi-structured questionnaires. The results reveal significant patterns related to women “differently” positioned experienced the earthquake process in “different” ways. Intersectionality Earthquake Disaster Migration “Differential” Experience(s) of Women Immigration Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction Earthquake is a natural phenomenon that exists in various forms in the world (Görür, 2020 , p. 15). The transformation of this natural event into a disaster is due to the vibrations that occur as a result of the rupture of the earth’s crust, as well as the failure to take adequate measures in time to make cities and buildings ready for earthquakes (TMMOB, 2023, p. 8). For this reason, natural events in developing countries generally turn into disasters with great losses both materially and morally (Fırat, 2020 ). The earthquake, which occurred consecutively in Turkey on February 6, 2023, in the Elbistan and Pazarcık districts of Kahramanmaraş, with a magnitude of Mw.7.7 and Mw.7.6, is one of the natural events that have turned into such disasters (SBB, 2023, p. 6). As a result of this earthquake, over 50,000 people lost their lives in 11 cities (Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Malatya, Kilis, Şanlıurfa, Adana, Osmaniye, Diyarbakır, Elazığ) with a combined population of approximately 15 million directly affected by the earthquake (TMMOB, 2023, p. 8). It is a significant misconception to assume that all members of a society are equally affected by a disaster without considering variables that contribute to gender inequality, such as socio-economic conditions, cultural beliefs, and traditional practices (UN Women, 2021, p. 3). Ultimately, the risk of individuals suffering harm from a disaster depends directly on the level of exposure to danger, the country’s capacity to mitigate disasters, and social vulnerabilities (Enarson, 200, p. VII). Disasters, which are not impartial and do not affect everyone equally, disproportionately more affected women who are systematically and repeatedly disadvantaged by various reasons such as socio-cultural roles, norms, values, etc., that contribute to gender inequality (UN Women, 2021, p.3). In other words, begin a “woman” alone is insufficient to explain the disadvantaged situation that emerged neither in the ordinary course of time nor after major disasters such as the February 6, 2023 earthquake. From the end of the Second Wave Women’s Movement and the beginning if the Third Wave Women’s Movement, the “singular, homogenized” perception of womanhood was rejected within feminist movements and discussions began on the “differential” experience(s) of women (Coşkun & Türköz, 2023 , Sarıgöl, 2020). These discussions, which started in the field, moved to the academic community over time. Kimberle Williams Crenshaw, put this practical struggle into a theoretical framework by using the concept of “intersectionality”, which she coined in two articles she wrote in 1989 and 1991 (Collins & Bilge, 2023 , p. 112). Crenshaw, when placing the situations of multiply-burdened womanhood within a theoretical framework, has used both the analogy of the “traffic intersection” and her own concepts of “axis” and “intersection”. According to the analogy of the “traffic intersection”, discrimination is a situation that cannot be predicted from which direction, such as an intersection that is suitable the flow of cars on all sides (Crenshaw, 1989 , p 149). Just as in an accident at an intersection, the accident can be caused by cars coming from any direction or all directions, a black woman can be discriminated against because of her gender or because of her race, as well as because of both (Crenshaw, 1989 , p. 149). In other words, some women, like black women, are in “double jeopardy”, as Frances Beale puts it, or even “multiple danger”, because they are at the intersection of their race, gender etc. axes (Beale, 1970 , p. 109). Therefore, focusing on the most privileged group members is marginalize women who are under multiply-burdens, obscuring claims that cannot be understood to stem from separate sources of discrimination (Crenshaw, 1989 , p. 140). For this reason, according to Crenshaw, it is important to conduct an intersectional analysis in order to fully explain the experiences of both black women and other women who are under multiply-burdens. In addition, as Collins, another important name in the field, states, “intersectional analysis” should be used as a problem-solving or analysis methos as it gives the chance to make an analysis that covers many concepts such as race, gender, religion and class that cause social segregation (Collins & Bilge, 2023 , p. 23). “Intersectional analysis” offers a broad perspective to studies in order to reveal the “differential” experience(s) of women experienced by women who are under multiple-burdens, especially after extreme events such as disasters. Considering women’s experiences in a disaster process such as the February 6, 2023 earthquake, which has great devastating effects, only on the axis of “womanhood” causes the “differential” experience(s) of women, who are discriminated against in many ways, marginalized and crushed women who are under multiply-burdens, even in situations that can be defined as “normal”, to be ignored. Within the scope of study, it is aimed to reveal the experiences of these women, who have “differential” womanhood experiences because they are crushed under multiple-burdens, trough the February 6, 2023 earthquake. In this way, the study will contribute to public institutions/organizations, private institutions/organizations and academic studies working in the field. At the same time, it is expected to contribute to both the sociology literature and the gender literature in terms of the issues it will address. As a result of the study, it was observed that even being a “woman” who was damaged by disaster in countries where serious damages occurred as a result of high-magnitude earthquakes such as the February 6, 2023 earthquake brought about a difficult process in itself. However, beyond being a woman, it was concluded that the intersection of which axes directly affects women’s “womanhood” experiences. So much so that when expressed in quantitative data, the severity of the earthquake, which is the same for everyone, increased and decreased depending on the intersection point where their axes were found for women who are under multiply-burdens. 2. Literature Review: Earthquake, Women, Vulnerability and Intersectionality Nowadays, as most countries still have a patriarchal mindset, there is a great deal of research being conducted on earthquakes and women. This section also includes some studies that contribute to the inclusion of women’s experiences in the literature and their visibility. Thus, the theoretical framework of the study has been strengthened. Within this scope, research conducted primarily on the earthquake that occurred in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, on February 6, 2023, has been examined. Kaplan et al. ( 2024 ) discussed the impact of the earthquake centered in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, on women’s mental health in their study. Survey data collected from 498 women affected by the earthquake significantly impact women’s quality of life. According to this study, psycho-social interventions must be implemented urgently to meet the needs of women during the crisis response and recovery phases following an earthquake. These interventions include ensuring that women’s specific needs are met, meeting basic needs, rebuilding social networks, addressing gender-based violence and, if further support is needed, implementing gender-sensitive special interventions. Altınparmak and Birel (2024), in their research conducted on the February 6, 2023 earthquake, examined how women belonging to disadvantage groups were affected by the earthquake. They conducted interviews with 30 women affected by the earthquake using qualitative research method. The study observed that gender roles and responsibilities continued to exist in the post-earthquake period. In this context, the importance of developing a gender equality-focused perspective in disaster management and taking strategic steps in this direction has been emphasized. Temşi ( 2024 ), examined the experiences of women affected by the February 6, 2023 earthquake from the perspective of professionals working in the earthquake zone within the scope of psychosocial support. A total of 21 professionals participated in the study, which was conducted using qualitative research method, comprising 6 men and 15 women. The research revealed two differing views: one arguing that women are more psychologically affected by the earthquake process that men, and another arguing that there is no difference between the gender, only that they express their feelings differently. In addition, the researcher noted that throughout the study, the professionals conducting the interviews emphasized the mother-child relationship and observed that women who had experienced child losses struggle more than others. Furthermore, they study revealed that women are more sensitive to issues concerning “home” and “losses of home”. Conclusion, it was noted that they experience difficulties in relation to the risk of infection from shared toilet use, and access to special needs such as sanitary pads, privacy, employment, end the roles responsibilities imposed on women by their communities. Another study conducted on the February 6, 2023 earthquake was carried out by Kaplan et al. ( 2024 ) using a quantitative research method, with a survey administered to 498 women. 78% of the participants in the study lost at least one family member in the earthquake, while 43.7% lost at least one child. The data revealed that earthquakes significantly affected women’s well-being and further entrenched existing inequalities. In addition, it has been determined that attention must be paid to women’s specific needs in meeting basic requirements, rebuilding social networks, addressing gender-based violence, and implementing gender-sensitive interventions in situations requiring additional support. Uygur ( 2023 ) conducted research on women’s access to justice following the devastating effects of the February 6, 2023 earthquake. Using qualitative research methods, focus group discussions with legal aid providers and NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) revealed that women in the earthquake zone lacked legal knowledge and that the legal support was provided to women was inadequate. Furthermore, it has been observed that following natural disasters, the accessibility of legal aid and the legal awareness of women affected by earthquakes must be increased, that greater sensitivity to gender issues is required. Other studies conducted worldwide to reveal women’s experiences in the aftermath of earthquakes are as follows: Neumayer and Plümper ( 2007 ) have addressed the particular vulnerability of women and girls to mortality rates during and after disasters. The study analysed the impact of disaster severity and its interaction with women’s socio-economic status on changes in gender differences in life expectancy, based on a sample covering 141 countries between 1981–2002. The study found that it is the socially constructed gender-specific vulnerabilities of women built into daily socio-economic patterns that lead to the relatively higher women disaster morality rates compared to men. Arora ( 2022 ), conducted an ethnographic study on the 2015 Nepal earthquake. It has prioritized giving voice to marginalized women in post disaster processes through an intersectional approach. In this context, it has been determined that certain disturbing terms such as alcoholism, drug, smuggling, prostitution, self-harm and suicide are more prevalent among Dalit women who have unequal access to resources such as assistance, hygiene kits and safe spaces, and who exposed to institutionalized violence. The research findings revealed that such discrimination during the post-disaster period rendered Dalit women who a poor socio-economic background even more vulnerable. Yoosefi Lebni et al. ( 2020 ) examined the experiences of women living in rural areas, who are in a vulnerable position and have fewer opportunities to access resources, during an earthquake in Iran. 22 women residing in earthquake-affected areas of the Sarpole Zhab and Salas-e Babajani districts in Iran’s Kermanshah Providence participated in study. As a result of the interviews conducted and the Lincoln and Guba’s Evaluation Criteria, it was observed that service should be provided taking into account the dominant culture of the region and that earthquake-affected women should be assisted in making positive adaptations. Schuller ( 2015 ) examined the earthquake that occurred in Haiti on January 12, 2010 using the “Intersectionality Theory”. Following the Haiti earthquake, the largest earthquake of its time, three major studies were conducted in camps housing displaced individuals after it was determined that there had been a significant increase in cases of gender-based violence. Over 130 registered individuals were interviewed as part of study. The study found that the increased violence following the earthquake was not solely caused by the earthquake itself, but also stemmed from the intersection of structural issues that render women more vulnerable, such as poverty, gender inequality, race, class, and international aid policies. Horton ( 2012 ) examined the gender inequalities and transformations that occurred after an earthquake in Haiti, 2010. The research indicates that patterns of gender discrimination emerge at many levels, from the translational to the local, and that gender-specific obstacles exist during the recovery and reconstruction phases. As a result of the study, it was determined that recognizing and supporting women capacities under the headings of meeting the survival needs of the family, violence, exploitation, class and race-based stigma is of critical importance in the transition to both short-term and long-term gender transformation. 3. Methodology and Data The research was conducted using the qualitative research method to examine the “differential” experience(s) of womanhood that women affected by the February 6, 2023 earthquake in Turkey experienced in the post-earthquake period. A qualitative approach was chosen because it enables the deep understanding of social, cultural and emotional dynamics while listening to a sensitive story and facilitates their transmission to others (Glesne, 2020, p. 1). 3.1. Theoretical Model of the Study and Hypotheses A research model provides information about how that research will be planned and conducted (Creswell, 2017 , p. 262). In this study, interpretive social science and feminist social science paradigms were utilized during the research. Within this scope, a case study model was used to provide rich descriptions and analyses of the case examined in study (Turner, 2020 , p. 952). In addition, Harding ( 1987 ) states that in order to understand social life more accurately in feminist research, the research problem should be formulated from the perspective of women’s experience. As the research question and the answer to be obtained were generated from the perspective of women, the feminist approach model was also used during the research. Therefore, the phenomenon of “earthquakes”, which is part of the natural formation of the world, and the impact of earthquakes, which has long been at the center of feminist debates, on reinforcing the unequal position of “women”, particularly on women with the “differential” experience(s) of womanhood, has been examined using the case study model and the feminist model. 3.2. Research Question: This study aims to answer the following research questions: Main Research Question : MRQ How did the “differential” womanhood positions of women affected by the earthquake shaped their experience(s) of womanhood the process during and after and the post-migration process in Ankara, the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023? Sub-Questions of the Research : RQ1 How did the “differential” womanhood positions of women affected by the earthquake shaped their experience(s) of womanhood the process during the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023? RQ2 How did the “differential” womanhood positions of women affected by the earthquake shaped their experience(s) of womanhood the process after the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023? RQ3 How did the “differential” womanhood positions of women affected by the earthquake shaped their experience(s) of womanhood the process post-migration in Ankara, the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023? RQ4 How did the “differential” womanhood positions of women affected by the earthquake shaped their experience(s) of womanhood the process after post-migration in Ankara, the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023? 3.3. Participants/ Sampling and Data Collection The sampling for this study consists of women who migrated to Ankara from 11 cities (Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Malatya, Kilis, Şanlıurfa, Adana, Osmaniye, Diyarbakır, Elazığ) affected by the February 6, 2023 earthquake that occurred in Turkey. As study focused on “differential” experience(s) of women, women over the age 18 with different ages, ethnic origins, denominations, income levels, etc. were included in the study. Purposive sampling technique and snowball sampling technique were used while determining the participants. In order to study focused on “differential” experience(s) of women and ensure data diversity, online interviews were conducted with five women who had migrated to Ankara after earthquake but were not present in Ankara during the fieldwork phase of the study. The remaining 15 women were conducted with face-to-face interviews. A total of 20 women affected by the earthquake participated in the study. The semi-structured questionnaire used in the interview consists of 7 sections and 44 questions. The interviews lasted between 1 and 3 hours. During data collection, included audio recordings of semi-structured interviews to prevent any loss of data and detailed kept a field diary to document observations and contextual information. Table 1 Participants' socio-demographic status and educational status. Participant's Code Age Marital Status Number of Children (if any) Level of Education Occupation K1 49 Married 3 University graduate Teacher K2 34 Married 3 Lise Housewife K3 29 Married 2 Secondary school graduate Housewife K4 42 Married 3 Associate Degree Holder Digital Entrepreneur (E-Commerce) K5 36 Married - University graduate Lokanta Sahibi K6 41 Married 4 High school graduate Housewife K7 26 Single (Never Married) - University graduate Nursery School Teacher K8 52 Single (Divorced) 3 Primary school graduate Worker K9 28 Married 2 High school graduate Pet Shop Employee K10 50 Married 3 Primary school graduate Housewife K11 46 Married 2 Associate Degree Holder Entrepreneur K12 36 Married 1 Associate Degree Holder Municipal Staff K13 55 Married 2 University graduate Retired Teacher K14 61 Single (Never Married) - Secondary school graduate Self-employed K15 44 Single (Divorced) 2 Secondary school graduate School Bus Attendant K16 44 Married 3 University graduate Teacher K17 44 Married 2 University graduate Teacher (Not currently working) K18 43 Married 3 University graduate Teacher K19 36 Married 2 University graduate Housewife K20 42 Married 2 High school graduate Worker Table 2 Cities where participants experienced the earthquake, their current places of residence, and type of interview. Participant's Code The City Where the Earthquake Occurred Current Places of Residence Interview Format (Face-to-face/Online) K1 Hatay Ankara (Rent) Face-to-face K2 Hatay (Defne) Hatay (Privately Owned Home) Online K3 Hatay (Antakya) Tarsus (Rent) Online K4 Malatya Ankara (Rent) Face-to-face K5 Hatay Ankara (Rent) Face-to-face K6 Hatay (Samandag) Ankara (Rent) Face-to-face K7 Hatay (Antakya) Hatay (Container) Online K8 Hatay (Antakya) Hatay (Container) Online K9 Gaziantep Ankara (Rent) Face-to-face K10 Gaziantep Ankara (Rent) Face-to-face K11 Hatay (Antakya) Hatay (Container) Online K12 Hatay (İskenderun) Ankara (Privately Owned Home) Face-to-face K13 Kahramanmaras Ankara (Rent) Face-to-face K14 Hatay (Antakya) Ankara (Privately Owned Home) Face-to-face K15 Adana Ankara (Rent) Face-to-face K16 Kahramanmaras Ankara (Rent) Face-to-face K17 Kahramanmaras Ankara (Rent) Face-to-face K18 Kahramanmaras Ankara (Rent) Face-to-face K19 Adıyaman Ankara (Rent) Face-to-face K20 Hatay (Defne) Ankara (Official Residence) Face-to-face 3.4. Data Analysis Techniques Coffey & Atkinson ( 1996 ) stated that the first step in the analysis of data in qualitative research is to code the data by divining it into sections in order to identify the basic themes and patterns. For this reason, the transcriptions of the audio recordings and kept a field diary were compiled and coded in a computerized environment. In addition, qualitative data analysis programs and design applications were used that both to add the visual appeal and to carry out the analyses professionally to the work. According to Saldana, coding and analysis mean the same thing (Saldana, 2019, p. 9). The analyzing process of the study started with encoding data which was during the fieldwork period by dividing it into parts. In addition, as Saldana (2019) states, it is not possible to do coding perfectly in one go because it involves a cyclical process. In this respect, while analyzing the study, the codding process was completed in this circularity. Over time, with the development of the analyzing, the main theme was determined as “ Intersectionality ”. Subsequently, 7 sub-themes were created under the main theme, labelled “ membership of a marginalized group and/or dominant group, family roles and responsibilities, disability and/or chronic illness, economic level, political conditions, religion, death ”. Each theme consists of several conceptually related codes. These codes: 4 codes under the theme of “ membership of a marginalized group and/or dominant group ” labelled “ race, ethnicity, sect and dominant group ”, 3 codes under the theme of “ family roles and responsibilities ” labelled “ the role and responsibility associated being a wife, the role and responsibility associated being a motherhood, the role and responsibility associated being a child ”, 3 codes under the theme of “ disability and/or chronic illness ” labelled “ the silent combating, caregivers, combating chronical disabilities ”, 2 codes under the theme of “ economic level ” labelled “ the economy in the immediate aftermath of earthquake, the economy during the migration phase of earthquake ”, 3 codes under the theme of “ political conditions ” labelled “ stigmatization (us and them distinction), bureaucracy, state ”, 2 codes under the theme of “ religion ” labelled “ prohibitions and rituals, coping strategy/motivation ”, 2 codes under the theme of “ death ” labelled “ in the midst of tabooed death, to bear the burden mourning of death ”. Thus, a total of 19 codes were obtained. After the coding process was completed, the data was concretized by creating figures titled “ Intersection Between Gender Axes and Other Axes of Women Affected by the Earthquake ” in Fig. 1 and “ Intersection Between Axes and Other Axes of Women Affected by Earthquake ” in Fig. 2 . 3.5. Ethical Consideration The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University (Research code number: 2023/325; Letter No. E.214689). In addition, consent was obtained from participants to conduct interviews. In order to ensure confidentiality, personal information such as name, surname and home address of the interviewed participants was not collected or included in the study. Instead, for each participant, “K1, K2, K3…etc.” codes were used. 3.6. Methodological Limitations After the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023, interviews with participant who had migrated to Ankara were not present in Ankara during the study period were conducted online via Google Meet due to financial constraints. Some women affected by the earthquake who had “differential” womanhood experience(s) and were planned to be included in the research did not wish to participate in order to protect the confidentiality of their identities. 4. Results 4.1. Membership of A Marginalized Group and/or Dominant Group Being a member of a marginalized group and/or dominant group affects how individual experience inequalities, in many ways. Extraordinary processes such as earthquakes also make this felt more. As women affected by the earthquake stated in the interview “ (…) Oh great, that’s the Arab part. Whereas, you settled the Arabs. Ours are not Arabs, it is Antakya. But, because according to their opinion we are Arabs they call us “Oh great, let the Arabs die. These things usually happen where there are Arabs” (…) ” (K14) , which group one belongs to directly affects the earthquake experience. Because while the group to which the woman is a member determines what kind of inequality she will be exposed to, what kind of inequality axis she has determines what kind of “womanhood” experience she will experience. In addition, as stated by this participant, who is a member of the dominant group, a woman affected by the earthquake may be exclusionary practices because the place where she experienced the earthquake is seen as “the place where the Arab parts is located”, even though she is not an “Arab”. This situation is an example of the marginalization situation created by the reproduction of racism through social stereotypes, which Collins refers to as the “ reproduction of racism ” (Collins, 2004 , p. 27). In the other words, through social stereotypes, individuals have internalized the notion “Antakya people are Arabs” and used this notion as a marginalizing element during the earthquake. In societies such as Turkey, which consist of individuals with different religious sects, the “sect” directly affects the exclusionary practices experience of women affected by the earthquake has determines what kind of “womanhood” earthquake period. Participant’s stated in the interview “ (…) I won’t say Hatay, I don’t want to generalize, because Antakya and Iskenderun are not the same, Samandag was forgotten. Perhaps because it is an Alevi region, perhaps it was excluded, I have no idea. Everything comes to my mind. But no one reached out to help there; everything was left as it was, and no one even went to clear away the rubble and debris. (…) ” (K6) , reveals this situation. Sociologically, ethnic minority groups are generally defined as groups that are in a more disadvantaged position than dominant groups in terms of wealth, power and prestige within the society in which they live (Giddens & Sutton, 2017 , p. 695). On the other hand, findings derived from participants’ statements such as “ (…) we also have our association here, the Circassian association (…) the goods, going to the associations in each city, because the destruction in Kahramanmaras was also very great, we had to start distribution with our own fellow citizens first (…) Regarding the associations too, we also reached out to the association in every city in a very organized manner. (…) ” (K12) revealed that being a member of an ethnic minority groups does not always result in the more disadvantageous outcome. Furthermore, statements made by women who are members of the dominant group, such as “ (…) there was no help I could access (…) we faced difficulties with water, electricity network problems, and housing in every way (…) (K3), (…) the distribution is very poor, the trucks that arrive cannot reach those in need, there is no organization (…)” (K4) reinforced this situation and reveal that being in the part of the dominant group can sometimes be more disadvantageous. Beyond all these, as the women affected by the earthquake stated in the interview “ (…) I think the word “earthquake victim” is a terrible word. (…) when someone calls me an “earthquake victim”, I still get goosebumps (…) I keep correcting it, I say that we are “earthquake survivor”. (…) so, such an identity was formed (…) in the past, I used to be called by my name, now I am an “earthquake victim” and I am very uncomfortable with tis identity. When I was enrolled my son in school, I specifically said that no one should know that my son came from an earthquake zone. (…) because it’s become like a label (…) there is not only pity, but also a feeling of pity mixed with empathy, you know that they are constantly and constantly curious, that is, those who do not want to ask, the sensitive people do not want to ask, they listen if you tell them, but some of them ask too many questions very presumptuously. So, you are at a loss for words. (…)” (K19) the “earthquake victim” stigma attached to them and has turned them into a “marginalized group”. As stated by the participants “ (…) We suffered injustice about work, my husband’s workplace did not give his wages for 3 months. For example, we are currently going through a court process with them. In fact, they wanted to take advantage of the fact that we earthquake victims and foreigners. (…) (K19), (…) we experienced it; while renting a house. We have experienced it a lot. For example, they said that “Where are you earthquake victim? You don’t have anything wrong with you. The state will give you 5,000 liras anyway, so you put 3–5 on it”, it was so humiliating (…) (K13) ” this situation caused them to be exposed to some inequalities. In addition, as seen in the participants’ statements, “ (…) The house I lived in Maras; was my own house. I left a beautiful hose there, I had to came here, did I come here out of pleasure? I experienced an earthquake, after all. I moved away from there and didn’t come here to sightsee or have fun. I am also a victim of the earthquake. I don’t know, does being a victim of an earthquake necessarily mean that some part of your body is broken or that you have lost an organ or a limb? (…) ” (K13) having an experience of being an “earthquake victim” that differs from the perception of “earthquake victim” created by the prevailing social stereotypes in the society also brings with it a different kind of marginalization. Consequently, it is seen that the stigma of “earthquake victim” turns women affected by the earthquake who migrated to a city outside the earthquake zone into a “marginalized group”. 4.2. Family Roles and Responsibilities Another axis affecting the earthquake experience of women affected by the earthquake is the “different” roles and responsibilities within the family imposed on women by society. These role and responsibilities vary depending whether women are married, single, divorced or have children. Women affected by the earthquake who were married expressed “ (…) I try to keep myself upright for my husband’s sake (…) (K1), (…) You are thinking about everything. You are thinking about the children, yourself, your spouse, your family, and then there are my parents are here too, for example. And of course, that inevitably wears you out (…) (K8). ” their roles and responsibilities that during the earthquake process during and after the earthquake. Along with this, they have expressed the responsibilities that come with the role of both “wifehood” and “motherhood” are “ (…) even when you are cooking, for example, you are having lunch, but what should we have for dinner? Because, after all, you can manage somehow, but the children can’t. (…) in the midst of scarcity, what can we do with these? For example, we had flour, so we made bread. (…) when you become a mother, you think about them first rather than yourself, the though is formed what I can do, what can I do? (…) (K4), (…) so, one of the children is crying to hungry, and the other is crying to cold (…) (K9) ” it in this way. One the other hand, the statements of women affected by the earthquake who had the opportunity to share responsibility for their children with their spouse or another adult during the earthquake process, “ (…) for example, I didn’t even see my little child, when did he go downstairs? He probably with his grandfather or something have gone downstairs. In fact, while he was sleeping in that room, his father rushed in and took him out of the room (…) (K18), (…) my husband found shoes there, because everywhere was glass, so he put shoes on our feet so our feet wouldn’t get cut. (…) his father took my son, and I took my little son in my arms. (…) (K19), (…) when we went outside, the building’s door was jammed, the iron door. My husband and our neighbour downstairs pushed it open somehow, that stuck door, and we threw ourselves outside. (…) (K20) ” such as indicate that sharing the process with another adult is more advantageous. In contrast, women who were unable to receive help from any other adult describe the process they are going through as “ (…) there aren’t that male power, of course everything was difficult. Look, the coat rack has fallen over in front of the door, I can’t get out. I and my daughter will either have to jump off building or stay inside, but I myself, together with my daughter, lifted that coat rack somehow and tried to get out because no one can help us, the door is blocked, it can’t be opened anyway. (…) (K8), (…) My husband has been working abroad for years (…) I was used to it, but in the following earthquake period, I wanted him to be by my side for the first time, that is to say. (…) (K11) ” they have stated it. Similarly, women affected by the earthquake who migrated to Ankara with their children but whose husbands remined in their hometowns for various reasons have described the additional burdens of having to take on both motherhood and fatherhood responsibilities in Ankara after migration period as follows: “ (…) my responsibilities doubled because our lives changed suddenly, in a place we did not know and my husband was not there. (…) when I was in the hometown, there was a division of labor between us, now my load has suddenly increased to doubled (…) when everything from shopping to responsibility of children’s education fell on me, my responsibility increased a lot (…) (K1), (…) It is very difficult to be both a mother and a father to your children, to be able to support the house, to live without knowing what will happen. (…) (K3) ”. All of this supports Chodorow’s argument that in most societies, women are seen not only as the parents who given birth to children, but also as the parents who bear primary responsibility for their care (Chodorow, 1979 , p. 3). Indeed, as can be understood from the statements of women affected by the earthquake, having children directly influences women’s experiences both in the earthquake zone and during the after-earthquake migration process. 4.3. Disability And Care for Persons with Disabilities Being disabled, too, brings with it certain inequalities, both in the flow of daily life and during extraordinary events such as earthquake. In particular, the experiences of women with intellectual disabilities who are unable to describe their own experiences are highly valuable. Within the scope of the study, the earthquake experience of women with intellectual disabilities was conveyed by their closest relatives as follows: “ (…) afterwords, she wasn’t talking anyway; she was in shock. (…) her nose was bleeding; her face and eyes were covered blood. (…) we asked her nearly 15 days latter (…) we asked what fell into your nose, and she said a water purifier come into my nose (…) she said she got up, meaning she got up from where she had fallen. She was remained under a triangular protected. Two concrete formed triangle, and she stood there. “I tried to stand up, but I couldn’t” she said. I asked, why you got up? She said she needed to go to the toilet, she said she was desperate, she said she got up to go to the toilet. So, at the moment, she hadn’t realized that the house had collapsed; she still had the toilet on her mind and was thinking about going to the toilet. (…) (K11), (…) a child who eats frequently and slowly. When it comes to accessing food, she needed to eaten the food we found slowly, but we were always rushing around and, in a hurry, so we were problems in that regard (…) (K13) ”. Consequently, it has been observed that women with intellectual disabilities experience difficulties in expressing themselves, articulating their needs, and having their needs met during the earthquake process. On the other hand, the earthquake process negatively affected the experience of the disabled woman, as well as that of the caregivers, who is usually a “woman” in patriarchal societies. As the woman caregivers who were affected by the earthquake stated, “ (…) my daughter is sitting on her bed, crying, “mummy, mummy”. My daughter is a person with disabilities. She was crying, so my husband embraced her. (…) I had only just reached the doorstep when my husband brought her to me. My daughter clung to my legs. (…) I don’t have the luxury of being afraid, I don’t have the luxury of panicking. Because I have a child with disabilities and a teenage son. I mustn’t show either of them these feelings. (K13), (…) we didn’t leave the house for 12–13 hours. To be honest, I couldn’t leave because of my mum. They forcibly carried my mum and placed her in her chair because she is disabled. We couldn’t meet any toilet needs, no one. Here it is, on the fourth day after the third day, the adult nappy arrived. (…) Many people suffered severe injuries and immediately developed rashes. (…) my house was being renovated, because it's a 19-year-old hose, so I renovated the bathroom according to my mum’s wishes and prepared the toilet. (…) then my mum developed a bedsore due to the earthquake, the wound became infected and my mum passed away. (…) (K14). ” caregiver of disabled individuals have been affected by this process at least as much as the disabled individuals themselves. 4.4. Education When examining whether education affects the earthquake experience of women affected by earthquake, three results were obtained: one is academic educational level, another is earthquake awareness training and the other is the ability to use social media and digital literacy. The participant’s statements such as “ (…) I could probably find a job very easily. At the moment, there is no job I can do because of my level of education (…) (K3), (…) I haven’t been unemployed because of my profession (…) (K7) ” reveal the advantages and disadvantages of academic education. On the other hand, participants who approached education not only academically but also within the scope of disaster awareness training, and who had not received disaster awareness training or had not applied the training they had received in their daily lives, described the disadvantages they experienced with statements such as: “ (…) I am a teacher, but I still can’t believe how I couldn’t cope at that moment. I mean, no, we do so many things in schools, we do practical work, we do drills (…) (K1), (…) but the interesting thing is that even though we are in an earthquake zone and we say we are used to it, it didn’t occur to us to curl up in the fetal position during the tremor; we just stayed sitting on the sofa, we were in shock (…) (K11) ”. In contrast, those who put their theoretical training into practice, described the advantages they experienced with statements such as: “ (…) only a few items fell in my home (…) my olive oil jar was open, but even that stayed in place (…) I have an AFAD volunteer card and I attended their training sessions (…) After I took that training, my mother’s bed is right here, and there is a cupboard here, for example, if I hadn’t secured that cupboard door, my mother could have suffered a complete brain hemorrhage at that moment, and all the items could have fallen on her. (…) after that training, I always took precautions myself (…) (K14) ”. Finally, in addition to those who view education as academic and disaster awareness training, participants who view it as social media literacy and digital literacy also described the advantages they experienced with statements such as: “ (…) I use all social media platforms- twitter, instagram, facebook- and reached many people through them. For example, most learned about my situation from there, and I received a lot of help through them (…) (K4) ”. 4.5. Economy Interviews with participants revealed that another factor, too, directly affecting the earthquake experience of women affected by the earthquake, from the first moment to the last, was the difference in economic status. Participants who are in a better economic position, given their financial means described the advantages they experienced with statements such as: “ (…) it was freezing and rainy outside, we waited in the car until morning (…) (K11), (…) we got into the cars and spent those few days like that (…) (K12), (…) we came in our car, by the way, my children, my husband and I, so five of us set off in our own car (…) (K14), We got into the car; both my husband and I have separate cars, so neither of us needed any financial assistance (…) because we weren’t spending what we had, we still had some savings set aside (…) we had something we thought we could use if we ever found ourselves in difficult situation, so we used that (…) (K16), (…) at the least it was good that we had a car, for example, because if we hadn’t had it at that time, we (…) it was a really big thing for us, that advantage (…) there was nowhere safe to sleep or stayed at that time. Everyone was sleeping in their cars, for example (…) (K18) ”. Participants who are not well off financially or who have no saving described the disadvantages they experienced with statements such as: “ (…) We never had any savings anyway, and after the earthquake, that was what hit us the hardest. We had nothing left. Because I have no many in the bank, no car, no income – everything is zero-. For me, it was like starting from scratch, and now my husband is unemployed at the moment (…) I only have a wedding ring (…) My husband is in Hatay and collects scrap metal from around the area to sell it, to provide for me, my children, and our household. (…) (K6) ”. As the participants stated, the financial difficulties were such that; “ (…) We had to return because our living conditions were very difficult financially (…) They were asking for high prices because we were earthquake victims, so we couldn’t rent a house. We couldn’t find a place to live, we couldn’t find a job, we went through very difficult times financially at that time. We were forced to return (…) (K3) ” forced some women affected by the earthquake to return to the earthquake zone instead of starting a new life in Ankara. 4.6. Social Environment When examining the earthquake experiences of women affected by the earthquake, it was observed that economic capital, as well as social capital, brought certain advantages and disadvantages in the post-earthquake process. Women affected by earthquake described the advantages they experienced in meeting their basic needs such as accommodation, food and beverage that came with coming to Ankara through an acquaintance after the earthquake, with the statements such as: “ (…) I chose it because I have siblings in Ankara. (…) I had previously entrusted the children to someone; they had brought them here. We stayed here for a while because my siblings were here. (…) (K1), (…) I had a friend, and because of him decided to go to Ankara. (…) (K2), (…) there are acquaintances here, there were friends from Kahramanaraş, and my husband also knew. My husband got a job at that time (…) then I received invitations from several such schools through my husband (…) (K16), (…) When we first arrived, we stayed with my husband’s big brother (…) then somehow a house was arranged for us when arrived (…) when we arrived, he started work a week later (…) maybe the fact that a few friends were here was one of the things that kept us going. If we had arrived in a completely unfamiliar environment, we might have had a much harder time. Of course, there were also relatives, for example, since our hometown is close to here, both my husband’s and my relatives generally live here in Ankara. (…) But of course, I think that the fact that our friends are here rather than relatives may have done a little bit of something, well, kept us alive. (…) (K18) ”. Therefore, it can be seen that one of the reasons why people affected by earthquake chose Ankara when deciding to migrate after the earthquake was the social capital they possessed in Ankara. On the other hand, women affected by earthquake who do not have any acquaintances in Ankara described the disadvantages they experienced with statements such as: “ (…) My son continued the second term in Ankara, it a little late started there, my daughter went to the guesthouse nursery for a bit of a change (…) I went to Ankara for the birth and we stayed there for 3–3,5 months (…) we are at our home right now (…) How long could we stayed at the guesthouse? We were in a room (…) (K2), (…) First, my sister, my children and I went, then my mum and dad followed us to Ankara. So, there were five or six of us staying in a room, in rooms meant for four or five people, and we were in a terrible state, our morale was very low (…) We didn’t know Ankara at all, we didn’t know the streets, we didn’t know which neighborhood to look for a house in. The guesthouse dining room only served breakfast anyway, so thinking about where to have lunch was a different matter altogether (…) First we stayed in a guesthouse, and after 20 days, thankfully, the volunteers had found us a house. They met our housing needs, and that’s how we stayed in Ankara (…) They found the house voluntarily, and with their support we were able to stay on our feet. (…) (K11) ”. As the women affected by the earthquake have stated, those who had no acquaintances in Ankara but had migrated there for various reasons were forced to find accommodation and meet their basic needs, such as food and drink, somewhat more disadvantageously, relying on their own resources. All of this supports Bourdieu’s view that social capital, which he defines as everything that happens to an individual through their “relations” with other institutionalized or non-institutionalized agents or groups, can have a multiplier effect compared to other forms of capital he conceptualizes as economic capital and cultural capital, and is such an important form of capital that it can even double economic capital (Bourdieu, 2021 , p. 394). 5. Conclusions From the past to the present, Turkey has experienced numerous earthquakes measuring over 7.0, a fate almost predetermined by its geographical location and geological structure (Görür, 2020 , p. 13). In the countries such as Turkey, where disasters occur frequently but precautions are inadequate, high-intensity earthquakes caused by both natural and human factors result in significant loss of life and property. These earthquakes, which encompass both natural and human factors, exhibit an intersectional characteristic in terms of their structure. Since an earthquake exceeds a certain intensity due to natural factors and the fact that adequate measures have not been taken against this intensity due to human reasons is a situation that makes the earthquake extra destructive, such “intersectional earthquakes” affect the earthquake experience of individuals more negatively than it should be. Not everyone is affected by earthquakes with such destructive effects to the same degree and in the same way. Ultimately, even when life proceeds in what we might call a “normal” manner, certain groups are at a disadvantage position compared to others in terms of risks and opportunities (Çakı, 2022). As a result of such major disasters, women in particular experience an “intersectional” experience in terms of access to risks and opportunities, influenced by various factors such as their gender, ethnicity, economically, etc. This study on the February 6, 2023 earthquake, it was seen that many axes, especially gender roles and responsibilities brought about by the gender axis, “differentiated” experience(s) of women in the post-earthquake period. Women affected by the earthquake have taken on the responsibility of meeting every need of their children, spouses, dependent parents, disabled family members, and virtually everyone they are in contact with, from their nutritional needs to their clothing, shelter, heating, and other requirements in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake. In addition, during migration and the post-migration period, too, they have been forced to taken on many responsibilities, such as caring for their children, providing for the household, and keeping the family together, due to the roles and responsibilities imposed on them by society. Consequently, the study observed that women affected by the earthquake were also exposed to marginalization and subordination brought about by other axes such as disability, race, economically, etc. Women affected by the earthquake who fall within the intersection of one or more axes alongside the “woman” axis, had to experience the earthquake process in a “multiple danger” beyond the “double jeopardy” stated by Frances Beale (Beale, 1970 , p. 109, Yücedal, 2023). The “multiple danger” that women affected by the earthquake are exposed to at the “intersection” of their axes have caused each woman to differently interpret the earthquake and, most importantly, to “differently” experience it. In the other words, while the intensity of the earthquake was quantitatively the same for everyone, qualitatively it differed depending on the intersection points where individuals were located. Declarations Author Contribution D. Y. wrote the manuscript and prepared all figures and tables. The author reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. Data Availability The dataset generated and analyzed during the current study consists of anonymized interview data from 20 participants. Data are available from the author on reasonable request, subject to confidentiality agreements. References Arora, S. (2022). Intersectional vulnerability in post-disaster contexts: lived experiences of Dalit women after the Nepal earthquake, 2015. Disasters , 46 (2), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12471 Altıparmak, İ. B., & Birel, E. 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Experiences of rural women with damages resulting from an earthquake in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC public health , 20 (1), 625. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08752-z Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8988483","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":634593807,"identity":"e44fce97-ceb9-41f7-92a7-96c30c189fdb","order_by":0,"name":"Dilara Yücedal","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCw8wNMKYBw4MKIMWMEMGhhRFJS8IZkBaECHZwAFlLYhuIJqCF7zhj4+eKmsOJ/e3NGz8kzquN5m8HavlRsQ2nFsnDjM2SZ44dTpxx5lixROK247kzgE5l7DlzG6cWA6ACyQa2w4kbJHIMgFqO5TYARZgZ2/Bqaf7Z8A+oRf6N8Y/EOcdy5xOhpU2ysQ1kC4+ZRGJDTe4GQlqAfmmzbOxLN55xJq3MIuHYgdyNQC0H8fmF7/zhwzcbvlnL9rcf3nzjQ01d7rzzhw8++FGBWwsUNMMYh8HkAULqgaAOgzEKRsEoGAWjAA4A2z5ltmnKIdsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dilara","middleName":"","lastName":"Yücedal","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-27 13:23:26","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8988483/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8988483/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108633597,"identity":"23fede4b-809d-4a65-81b9-f9661cceb5fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-06 17:12:17","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21403,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe intersection between the gender axes and other axes for women affected by the earthquake.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8988483/v1/458d37fd11b6be46aac3eb91.png"},{"id":108805164,"identity":"3650e7a6-002c-43d1-a90e-d68d2346ef3e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 15:25:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72117,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIntersection between axes and other axes of women affected by earthquake.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8988483/v1/3c92b955630d9e94e9470f10.png"},{"id":108809595,"identity":"fc91740f-2687-4a0d-beb8-f2fffb89139b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 15:54:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":551203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8988483/v1/3807179b-74a1-4f82-87cd-655da579a0a8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Experience of Earthquake Victim Women in the Context of Intersectionality Theory ","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEarthquake is a natural phenomenon that exists in various forms in the world (G\u0026ouml;r\u0026uuml;r, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, p. 15). The transformation of this natural event into a disaster is due to the vibrations that occur as a result of the rupture of the earth\u0026rsquo;s crust, as well as the failure to take adequate measures in time to make cities and buildings ready for earthquakes (TMMOB, 2023, p. 8). For this reason, natural events in developing countries generally turn into disasters with great losses both materially and morally (Fırat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The earthquake, which occurred consecutively in Turkey on February 6, 2023, in the Elbistan and Pazarcık districts of Kahramanmaraş, with a magnitude of Mw.7.7 and Mw.7.6, is one of the natural events that have turned into such disasters (SBB, 2023, p. 6). As a result of this earthquake, over 50,000 people lost their lives in 11 cities (Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Malatya, Kilis, Şanlıurfa, Adana, Osmaniye, Diyarbakır, Elazığ) with a combined population of approximately 15\u0026nbsp;million directly affected by the earthquake (TMMOB, 2023, p. 8).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is a significant misconception to assume that all members of a society are equally affected by a disaster without considering variables that contribute to gender inequality, such as socio-economic conditions, cultural beliefs, and traditional practices (UN Women, 2021, p. 3). Ultimately, the risk of individuals suffering harm from a disaster depends directly on the level of exposure to danger, the country\u0026rsquo;s capacity to mitigate disasters, and social vulnerabilities (Enarson, 200, p. VII). Disasters, which are not impartial and do not affect everyone equally, disproportionately more affected women who are systematically and repeatedly disadvantaged by various reasons such as socio-cultural roles, norms, values, etc., that contribute to gender inequality (UN Women, 2021, p.3). In other words, begin a \u0026ldquo;woman\u0026rdquo; alone is insufficient to explain the disadvantaged situation that emerged neither in the ordinary course of time nor after major disasters such as the February 6, 2023 earthquake.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the end of the Second Wave Women\u0026rsquo;s Movement and the beginning if the Third Wave Women\u0026rsquo;s Movement, the \u0026ldquo;singular, homogenized\u0026rdquo; perception of womanhood was rejected within feminist movements and discussions began on the \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; experience(s) of women (Coşkun \u0026amp; T\u0026uuml;rk\u0026ouml;z, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e, Sarıg\u0026ouml;l, 2020). These discussions, which started in the field, moved to the academic community over time. Kimberle Williams Crenshaw, put this practical struggle into a theoretical framework by using the concept of \u0026ldquo;intersectionality\u0026rdquo;, which she coined in two articles she wrote in 1989 and 1991 (Collins \u0026amp; Bilge, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e, p. 112). Crenshaw, when placing the situations of multiply-burdened womanhood within a theoretical framework, has used both the analogy of the \u0026ldquo;traffic intersection\u0026rdquo; and her own concepts of \u0026ldquo;axis\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;intersection\u0026rdquo;. According to the analogy of the \u0026ldquo;traffic intersection\u0026rdquo;, discrimination is a situation that cannot be predicted from which direction, such as an intersection that is suitable the flow of cars on all sides (Crenshaw, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e, p 149). Just as in an accident at an intersection, the accident can be caused by cars coming from any direction or all directions, a black woman can be discriminated against because of her gender or because of her race, as well as because of both (Crenshaw, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e, p. 149). In other words, some women, like black women, are in \u0026ldquo;double jeopardy\u0026rdquo;, as Frances Beale puts it, or even \u0026ldquo;multiple danger\u0026rdquo;, because they are at the intersection of their race, gender etc. axes (Beale, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e, p. 109). Therefore, focusing on the most privileged group members is marginalize women who are under multiply-burdens, obscuring claims that cannot be understood to stem from separate sources of discrimination (Crenshaw, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e, p. 140). For this reason, according to Crenshaw, it is important to conduct an intersectional analysis in order to fully explain the experiences of both black women and other women who are under multiply-burdens. In addition, as Collins, another important name in the field, states, \u0026ldquo;intersectional analysis\u0026rdquo; should be used as a problem-solving or analysis methos as it gives the chance to make an analysis that covers many concepts such as race, gender, religion and class that cause social segregation (Collins \u0026amp; Bilge, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e, p. 23). \u0026ldquo;Intersectional analysis\u0026rdquo; offers a broad perspective to studies in order to reveal the \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; experience(s) of women experienced by women who are under multiple-burdens, especially after extreme events such as disasters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering women\u0026rsquo;s experiences in a disaster process such as the February 6, 2023 earthquake, which has great devastating effects, only on the axis of \u0026ldquo;womanhood\u0026rdquo; causes the \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; experience(s) of women, who are discriminated against in many ways, marginalized and crushed women who are under multiply-burdens, even in situations that can be defined as \u0026ldquo;normal\u0026rdquo;, to be ignored. Within the scope of study, it is aimed to reveal the experiences of these women, who have \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; womanhood experiences because they are crushed under multiple-burdens, trough the February 6, 2023 earthquake. In this way, the study will contribute to public institutions/organizations, private institutions/organizations and academic studies working in the field. At the same time, it is expected to contribute to both the sociology literature and the gender literature in terms of the issues it will address.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a result of the study, it was observed that even being a \u0026ldquo;woman\u0026rdquo; who was damaged by disaster in countries where serious damages occurred as a result of high-magnitude earthquakes such as the February 6, 2023 earthquake brought about a difficult process in itself. However, beyond being a woman, it was concluded that the intersection of which axes directly affects women\u0026rsquo;s \u0026ldquo;womanhood\u0026rdquo; experiences. So much so that when expressed in quantitative data, the severity of the earthquake, which is the same for everyone, increased and decreased depending on the intersection point where their axes were found for women who are under multiply-burdens.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Literature Review: Earthquake, Women, Vulnerability and Intersectionality","content":"\u003cp\u003eNowadays, as most countries still have a patriarchal mindset, there is a great deal of research being conducted on earthquakes and women. This section also includes some studies that contribute to the inclusion of women\u0026rsquo;s experiences in the literature and their visibility. Thus, the theoretical framework of the study has been strengthened.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin this scope, research conducted primarily on the earthquake that occurred in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, on February 6, 2023, has been examined. Kaplan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) discussed the impact of the earthquake centered in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, on women\u0026rsquo;s mental health in their study. Survey data collected from 498 women affected by the earthquake significantly impact women\u0026rsquo;s quality of life. According to this study, psycho-social interventions must be implemented urgently to meet the needs of women during the crisis response and recovery phases following an earthquake. These interventions include ensuring that women\u0026rsquo;s specific needs are met, meeting basic needs, rebuilding social networks, addressing gender-based violence and, if further support is needed, implementing gender-sensitive special interventions. Altınparmak and Birel (2024), in their research conducted on the February 6, 2023 earthquake, examined how women belonging to disadvantage groups were affected by the earthquake. They conducted interviews with 30 women affected by the earthquake using qualitative research method. The study observed that gender roles and responsibilities continued to exist in the post-earthquake period. In this context, the importance of developing a gender equality-focused perspective in disaster management and taking strategic steps in this direction has been emphasized. Temşi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), examined the experiences of women affected by the February 6, 2023 earthquake from the perspective of professionals working in the earthquake zone within the scope of psychosocial support. A total of 21 professionals participated in the study, which was conducted using qualitative research method, comprising 6 men and 15 women. The research revealed two differing views: one arguing that women are more psychologically affected by the earthquake process that men, and another arguing that there is no difference between the gender, only that they express their feelings differently. In addition, the researcher noted that throughout the study, the professionals conducting the interviews emphasized the mother-child relationship and observed that women who had experienced child losses struggle more than others. Furthermore, they study revealed that women are more sensitive to issues concerning \u0026ldquo;home\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;losses of home\u0026rdquo;. Conclusion, it was noted that they experience difficulties in relation to the risk of infection from shared toilet use, and access to special needs such as sanitary pads, privacy, employment, end the roles responsibilities imposed on women by their communities. Another study conducted on the February 6, 2023 earthquake was carried out by Kaplan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) using a quantitative research method, with a survey administered to 498 women. 78% of the participants in the study lost at least one family member in the earthquake, while 43.7% lost at least one child. The data revealed that earthquakes significantly affected women\u0026rsquo;s well-being and further entrenched existing inequalities. In addition, it has been determined that attention must be paid to women\u0026rsquo;s specific needs in meeting basic requirements, rebuilding social networks, addressing gender-based violence, and implementing gender-sensitive interventions in situations requiring additional support. Uygur (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) conducted research on women\u0026rsquo;s access to justice following the devastating effects of the February 6, 2023 earthquake. Using qualitative research methods, focus group discussions with legal aid providers and NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) revealed that women in the earthquake zone lacked legal knowledge and that the legal support was provided to women was inadequate. Furthermore, it has been observed that following natural disasters, the accessibility of legal aid and the legal awareness of women affected by earthquakes must be increased, that greater sensitivity to gender issues is required.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther studies conducted worldwide to reveal women\u0026rsquo;s experiences in the aftermath of earthquakes are as follows: Neumayer and Pl\u0026uuml;mper (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) have addressed the particular vulnerability of women and girls to mortality rates during and after disasters. The study analysed the impact of disaster severity and its interaction with women\u0026rsquo;s socio-economic status on changes in gender differences in life expectancy, based on a sample covering 141 countries between 1981\u0026ndash;2002. The study found that it is the socially constructed gender-specific vulnerabilities of women built into daily socio-economic patterns that lead to the relatively higher women disaster morality rates compared to men. Arora (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), conducted an ethnographic study on the 2015 Nepal earthquake. It has prioritized giving voice to marginalized women in post disaster processes through an intersectional approach. In this context, it has been determined that certain disturbing terms such as alcoholism, drug, smuggling, prostitution, self-harm and suicide are more prevalent among Dalit women who have unequal access to resources such as assistance, hygiene kits and safe spaces, and who exposed to institutionalized violence. The research findings revealed that such discrimination during the post-disaster period rendered Dalit women who a poor socio-economic background even more vulnerable. Yoosefi Lebni et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) examined the experiences of women living in rural areas, who are in a vulnerable position and have fewer opportunities to access resources, during an earthquake in Iran. 22 women residing in earthquake-affected areas of the Sarpole Zhab and Salas-e Babajani districts in Iran\u0026rsquo;s Kermanshah Providence participated in study. As a result of the interviews conducted and the Lincoln and Guba\u0026rsquo;s Evaluation Criteria, it was observed that service should be provided taking into account the dominant culture of the region and that earthquake-affected women should be assisted in making positive adaptations. Schuller (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) examined the earthquake that occurred in Haiti on January 12, 2010 using the \u0026ldquo;Intersectionality Theory\u0026rdquo;. Following the Haiti earthquake, the largest earthquake of its time, three major studies were conducted in camps housing displaced individuals after it was determined that there had been a significant increase in cases of gender-based violence. Over 130 registered individuals were interviewed as part of study. The study found that the increased violence following the earthquake was not solely caused by the earthquake itself, but also stemmed from the intersection of structural issues that render women more vulnerable, such as poverty, gender inequality, race, class, and international aid policies. Horton (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) examined the gender inequalities and transformations that occurred after an earthquake in Haiti, 2010. The research indicates that patterns of gender discrimination emerge at many levels, from the translational to the local, and that gender-specific obstacles exist during the recovery and reconstruction phases. As a result of the study, it was determined that recognizing and supporting women capacities under the headings of meeting the survival needs of the family, violence, exploitation, class and race-based stigma is of critical importance in the transition to both short-term and long-term gender transformation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Methodology and Data","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research was conducted using the qualitative research method to examine the \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; experience(s) of womanhood that women affected by the February 6, 2023 earthquake in Turkey experienced in the post-earthquake period. A qualitative approach was chosen because it enables the deep understanding of social, cultural and emotional dynamics while listening to a sensitive story and facilitates their transmission to others (Glesne, 2020, p. 1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Theoretical Model of the Study and Hypotheses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA research model provides information about how that research will be planned and conducted (Creswell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, p. 262). In this study, interpretive social science and feminist social science paradigms were utilized during the research. Within this scope, a case study model was used to provide rich descriptions and analyses of the case examined in study (Turner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, p. 952). In addition, Harding (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e) states that in order to understand social life more accurately in feminist research, the research problem should be formulated from the perspective of women\u0026rsquo;s experience. As the research question and the answer to be obtained were generated from the perspective of women, the feminist approach model was also used during the research. Therefore, the phenomenon of \u0026ldquo;earthquakes\u0026rdquo;, which is part of the natural formation of the world, and the impact of earthquakes, which has long been at the center of feminist debates, on reinforcing the unequal position of \u0026ldquo;women\u0026rdquo;, particularly on women with the \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; experience(s) of womanhood, has been examined using the case study model and the feminist model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Research Question:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to answer the following research questions:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMain Research Question\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMRQ\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow did the \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; womanhood positions of women affected by the earthquake shaped their experience(s) of womanhood the process during and after and the post-migration process in Ankara, the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSub-Questions of the Research\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRQ1\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow did the \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; womanhood positions of women affected by the earthquake shaped their experience(s) of womanhood the process during the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRQ2\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow did the \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; womanhood positions of women affected by the earthquake shaped their experience(s) of womanhood the process after the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRQ3\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow did the \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; womanhood positions of women affected by the earthquake shaped their experience(s) of womanhood the process post-migration in Ankara, the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRQ4\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow did the \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; womanhood positions of women affected by the earthquake shaped their experience(s) of womanhood the process after post-migration in Ankara, the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Participants/ Sampling and Data Collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sampling for this study consists of women who migrated to Ankara from 11 cities (Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Malatya, Kilis, Şanlıurfa, Adana, Osmaniye, Diyarbakır, Elazığ) affected by the February 6, 2023 earthquake that occurred in Turkey. As study focused on \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; experience(s) of women, women over the age 18 with different ages, ethnic origins, denominations, income levels, etc. were included in the study. Purposive sampling technique and snowball sampling technique were used while determining the participants. In order to study focused on \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; experience(s) of women and ensure data diversity, online interviews were conducted with five women who had migrated to Ankara after earthquake but were not present in Ankara during the fieldwork phase of the study. The remaining 15 women were conducted with face-to-face interviews. A total of 20 women affected by the earthquake participated in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe semi-structured questionnaire used in the interview consists of 7 sections and 44 questions. The interviews lasted between 1 and 3 hours. During data collection, included audio recordings of semi-structured interviews to prevent any loss of data and detailed kept a field diary to document observations and contextual information.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants' socio-demographic status and educational status.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipant's Code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of Children (if any)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel of Education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeacher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLise\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree Holder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital Entrepreneur (E-Commerce)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLokanta Sahibi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle (Never Married)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursery School Teacher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle (Divorced)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary school graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePet Shop Employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary school graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree Holder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntrepreneur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociate Degree Holder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMunicipal Staff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetired Teacher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle (Never Married)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle (Divorced)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchool Bus Attendant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeacher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeacher (Not currently working)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeacher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school graduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCities where participants experienced the earthquake, their current places of residence, and type of interview.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipant's Code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe City Where the Earthquake Occurred\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent Places of Residence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterview Format (Face-to-face/Online)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Rent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay (Defne)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay (Privately Owned Home)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay (Antakya)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTarsus (Rent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalatya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Rent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Rent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay (Samandag)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Rent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay (Antakya)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay (Container)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay (Antakya)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay (Container)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGaziantep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Rent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGaziantep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Rent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay (Antakya)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay (Container)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay (İskenderun)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Privately Owned Home)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKahramanmaras\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Rent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay (Antakya)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Privately Owned Home)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Rent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKahramanmaras\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Rent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKahramanmaras\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Rent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKahramanmaras\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Rent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdıyaman\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Rent)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatay (Defne)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkara (Official Residence)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Data Analysis Techniques\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoffey \u0026amp; Atkinson (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e) stated that the first step in the analysis of data in qualitative research is to code the data by divining it into sections in order to identify the basic themes and patterns. For this reason, the transcriptions of the audio recordings and kept a field diary were compiled and coded in a computerized environment. In addition, qualitative data analysis programs and design applications were used that both to add the visual appeal and to carry out the analyses professionally to the work.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Saldana, coding and analysis mean the same thing (Saldana, 2019, p. 9). The analyzing process of the study started with encoding data which was during the fieldwork period by dividing it into parts. In addition, as Saldana (2019) states, it is not possible to do coding perfectly in one go because it involves a cyclical process. In this respect, while analyzing the study, the codding process was completed in this circularity. Over time, with the development of the analyzing, the main theme was determined as \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eIntersectionality\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. Subsequently, 7 sub-themes were created under the main theme, labelled \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003emembership of a marginalized group and/or dominant group, family roles and responsibilities, disability and/or chronic illness, economic level, political conditions, religion, death\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. Each theme consists of several conceptually related codes. These codes: 4 codes under the theme of \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003emembership of a marginalized group and/or dominant group\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; labelled \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003erace, ethnicity, sect and dominant group\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;, 3 codes under the theme of \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003efamily roles and responsibilities\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; labelled \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ethe role and responsibility associated being a wife, the role and responsibility associated being a motherhood, the role and responsibility associated being a child\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;, 3 codes under the theme of \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003edisability and/or chronic illness\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; labelled \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ethe silent combating, caregivers, combating chronical disabilities\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;, 2 codes under the theme of \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eeconomic level\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; labelled \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ethe economy in the immediate aftermath of earthquake, the economy during the migration phase of earthquake\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;, 3 codes under the theme of \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003epolitical conditions\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; labelled \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003estigmatization (us and them distinction), bureaucracy, state\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;, 2 codes under the theme of \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ereligion\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; labelled \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eprohibitions and rituals, coping strategy/motivation\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;, 2 codes under the theme of \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003edeath\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; labelled \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ein the midst of tabooed death, to bear the burden mourning of death\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. Thus, a total of 19 codes were obtained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the coding process was completed, the data was concretized by creating figures titled \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eIntersection Between Gender Axes and Other Axes of Women Affected by the Earthquake\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eIntersection Between Axes and Other Axes of Women Affected by Earthquake\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Ethical Consideration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University (Research code number: 2023/325; Letter No. E.214689). In addition, consent was obtained from participants to conduct interviews. In order to ensure confidentiality, personal information such as name, surname and home address of the interviewed participants was not collected or included in the study. Instead, for each participant, \u0026ldquo;K1, K2, K3\u0026hellip;etc.\u0026rdquo; codes were used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6. Methodological Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the earthquake that occurred on February 6, 2023, interviews with participant who had migrated to Ankara were not present in Ankara during the study period were conducted online via Google Meet due to financial constraints.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome women affected by the earthquake who had \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; womanhood experience(s) and were planned to be included in the research did not wish to participate in order to protect the confidentiality of their identities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Membership of A Marginalized Group and/or Dominant Group\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeing a member of a marginalized group and/or dominant group affects how individual experience inequalities, in many ways. Extraordinary processes such as earthquakes also make this felt more. As women affected by the earthquake stated in the interview \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) Oh great, that\u0026rsquo;s the Arab part. Whereas, you settled the Arabs. Ours are not Arabs, it is Antakya. But, because according to their opinion we are Arabs they call us \u0026ldquo;Oh great, let the Arabs die. These things usually happen where there are Arabs\u0026rdquo; (\u0026hellip;)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003e(K14)\u003c/em\u003e, which group one belongs to directly affects the earthquake experience. Because while the group to which the woman is a member determines what kind of inequality she will be exposed to, what kind of inequality axis she has determines what kind of \u0026ldquo;womanhood\u0026rdquo; experience she will experience. In addition, as stated by this participant, who is a member of the dominant group, a woman affected by the earthquake may be exclusionary practices because the place where she experienced the earthquake is seen as \u0026ldquo;the place where the Arab parts is located\u0026rdquo;, even though she is not an \u0026ldquo;Arab\u0026rdquo;. This situation is an example of the marginalization situation created by the reproduction of racism through social stereotypes, which Collins refers to as the \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ereproduction of racism\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; (Collins, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e, p. 27). In the other words, through social stereotypes, individuals have internalized the notion \u0026ldquo;Antakya people are Arabs\u0026rdquo; and used this notion as a marginalizing element during the earthquake.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn societies such as Turkey, which consist of individuals with different religious sects, the \u0026ldquo;sect\u0026rdquo; directly affects the exclusionary practices experience of women affected by the earthquake has determines what kind of \u0026ldquo;womanhood\u0026rdquo; earthquake period. Participant\u0026rsquo;s stated in the interview \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) I won\u0026rsquo;t say Hatay, I don\u0026rsquo;t want to generalize, because Antakya and Iskenderun are not the same, Samandag was forgotten. Perhaps because it is an Alevi region, perhaps it was excluded, I have no idea. Everything comes to my mind. But no one reached out to help there; everything was left as it was, and no one even went to clear away the rubble and debris. (\u0026hellip;)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003e(K6)\u003c/em\u003e, reveals this situation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSociologically, ethnic minority groups are generally defined as groups that are in a more disadvantaged position than dominant groups in terms of wealth, power and prestige within the society in which they live (Giddens \u0026amp; Sutton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, p. 695). On the other hand, findings derived from participants\u0026rsquo; statements such as \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) we also have our association here, the Circassian association (\u0026hellip;) the goods, going to the associations in each city, because the destruction in Kahramanmaras was also very great, we had to start distribution with our own fellow citizens first (\u0026hellip;) Regarding the associations too, we also reached out to the association in every city in a very organized manner. (\u0026hellip;)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003e(K12)\u003c/em\u003e revealed that being a member of an ethnic minority groups does not always result in the more disadvantageous outcome. Furthermore, statements made by women who are members of the dominant group, such as \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) there was no help I could access (\u0026hellip;) we faced difficulties with water, electricity network problems, and housing in every way (\u0026hellip;) (K3), (\u0026hellip;) the distribution is very poor, the trucks that arrive cannot reach those in need, there is no organization (\u0026hellip;)\u0026rdquo; (K4)\u003c/em\u003e reinforced this situation and reveal that being in the part of the dominant group can sometimes be more disadvantageous.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond all these, as the women affected by the earthquake stated in the interview \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) I think the word \u0026ldquo;earthquake victim\u0026rdquo; is a terrible word. (\u0026hellip;) when someone calls me an \u0026ldquo;earthquake victim\u0026rdquo;, I still get goosebumps (\u0026hellip;) I keep correcting it, I say that we are \u0026ldquo;earthquake survivor\u0026rdquo;. (\u0026hellip;) so, such an identity was formed (\u0026hellip;) in the past, I used to be called by my name, now I am an \u0026ldquo;earthquake victim\u0026rdquo; and I am very uncomfortable with tis identity. When I was enrolled my son in school, I specifically said that no one should know that my son came from an earthquake zone. (\u0026hellip;) because it\u0026rsquo;s become like a label (\u0026hellip;) there is not only pity, but also a feeling of pity mixed with empathy, you know that they are constantly and constantly curious, that is, those who do not want to ask, the sensitive people do not want to ask, they listen if you tell them, but some of them ask too many questions very presumptuously. So, you are at a loss for words. (\u0026hellip;)\u0026rdquo; (K19)\u003c/em\u003e the \u0026ldquo;earthquake victim\u0026rdquo; stigma attached to them and has turned them into a \u0026ldquo;marginalized group\u0026rdquo;. As stated by the participants \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) We suffered injustice about work, my husband\u0026rsquo;s workplace did not give his wages for 3 months. For example, we are currently going through a court process with them. In fact, they wanted to take advantage of the fact that we earthquake victims and foreigners. (\u0026hellip;) (K19), (\u0026hellip;) we experienced it; while renting a house. We have experienced it a lot. For example, they said that \u0026ldquo;Where are you earthquake victim? You don\u0026rsquo;t have anything wrong with you. The state will give you 5,000 liras anyway, so you put 3\u0026ndash;5 on it\u0026rdquo;, it was so humiliating (\u0026hellip;) (K13)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; this situation caused them to be exposed to some inequalities. In addition, as seen in the participants\u0026rsquo; statements, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) The house I lived in Maras; was my own house. I left a beautiful hose there, I had to came here, did I come here out of pleasure? I experienced an earthquake, after all. I moved away from there and didn\u0026rsquo;t come here to sightsee or have fun. I am also a victim of the earthquake. I don\u0026rsquo;t know, does being a victim of an earthquake necessarily mean that some part of your body is broken or that you have lost an organ or a limb? (\u0026hellip;)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003e(K13)\u003c/em\u003e having an experience of being an \u0026ldquo;earthquake victim\u0026rdquo; that differs from the perception of \u0026ldquo;earthquake victim\u0026rdquo; created by the prevailing social stereotypes in the society also brings with it a different kind of marginalization. Consequently, it is seen that the stigma of \u0026ldquo;earthquake victim\u0026rdquo; turns women affected by the earthquake who migrated to a city outside the earthquake zone into a \u0026ldquo;marginalized group\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Family Roles and Responsibilities\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother axis affecting the earthquake experience of women affected by the earthquake is the \u0026ldquo;different\u0026rdquo; roles and responsibilities within the family imposed on women by society. These role and responsibilities vary depending whether women are married, single, divorced or have children. Women affected by the earthquake who were married expressed \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) I try to keep myself upright for my husband\u0026rsquo;s sake (\u0026hellip;) (K1), (\u0026hellip;) You are thinking about everything. You are thinking about the children, yourself, your spouse, your family, and then there are my parents are here too, for example. And of course, that inevitably wears you out (\u0026hellip;) (K8).\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; their roles and responsibilities that during the earthquake process during and after the earthquake. Along with this, they have expressed the responsibilities that come with the role of both \u0026ldquo;wifehood\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;motherhood\u0026rdquo; are \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) even when you are cooking, for example, you are having lunch, but what should we have for dinner? Because, after all, you can manage somehow, but the children can\u0026rsquo;t. (\u0026hellip;) in the midst of scarcity, what can we do with these? For example, we had flour, so we made bread. (\u0026hellip;) when you become a mother, you think about them first rather than yourself, the though is formed what I can do, what can I do? (\u0026hellip;) (K4), (\u0026hellip;) so, one of the children is crying to hungry, and the other is crying to cold (\u0026hellip;) (K9)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; it in this way.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne the other hand, the statements of women affected by the earthquake who had the opportunity to share responsibility for their children with their spouse or another adult during the earthquake process, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) for example, I didn\u0026rsquo;t even see my little child, when did he go downstairs? He probably with his grandfather or something have gone downstairs. In fact, while he was sleeping in that room, his father rushed in and took him out of the room (\u0026hellip;) (K18), (\u0026hellip;) my husband found shoes there, because everywhere was glass, so he put shoes on our feet so our feet wouldn\u0026rsquo;t get cut. (\u0026hellip;) his father took my son, and I took my little son in my arms. (\u0026hellip;) (K19), (\u0026hellip;) when we went outside, the building\u0026rsquo;s door was jammed, the iron door. My husband and our neighbour downstairs pushed it open somehow, that stuck door, and we threw ourselves outside. (\u0026hellip;) (K20)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; such as indicate that sharing the process with another adult is more advantageous. In contrast, women who were unable to receive help from any other adult describe the process they are going through as \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) there aren\u0026rsquo;t that male power, of course everything was difficult. Look, the coat rack has fallen over in front of the door, I can\u0026rsquo;t get out. I and my daughter will either have to jump off building or stay inside, but I myself, together with my daughter, lifted that coat rack somehow and tried to get out because no one can help us, the door is blocked, it can\u0026rsquo;t be opened anyway. (\u0026hellip;) (K8), (\u0026hellip;) My husband has been working abroad for years (\u0026hellip;) I was used to it, but in the following earthquake period, I wanted him to be by my side for the first time, that is to say. (\u0026hellip;) (K11)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; they have stated it. Similarly, women affected by the earthquake who migrated to Ankara with their children but whose husbands remined in their hometowns for various reasons have described the additional burdens of having to take on both motherhood and fatherhood responsibilities in Ankara after migration period as follows: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) my responsibilities doubled because our lives changed suddenly, in a place we did not know and my husband was not there. (\u0026hellip;) when I was in the hometown, there was a division of labor between us, now my load has suddenly increased to doubled (\u0026hellip;) when everything from shopping to responsibility of children\u0026rsquo;s education fell on me, my responsibility increased a lot (\u0026hellip;) (K1), (\u0026hellip;) It is very difficult to be both a mother and a father to your children, to be able to support the house, to live without knowing what will happen. (\u0026hellip;) (K3)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. All of this supports Chodorow\u0026rsquo;s argument that in most societies, women are seen not only as the parents who given birth to children, but also as the parents who bear primary responsibility for their care (Chodorow, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e, p. 3). Indeed, as can be understood from the statements of women affected by the earthquake, having children directly influences women\u0026rsquo;s experiences both in the earthquake zone and during the after-earthquake migration process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3. \u003cb\u003eDisability And Care for Persons with Disabilities\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeing disabled, too, brings with it certain inequalities, both in the flow of daily life and during extraordinary events such as earthquake. In particular, the experiences of women with intellectual disabilities who are unable to describe their own experiences are highly valuable. Within the scope of the study, the earthquake experience of women with intellectual disabilities was conveyed by their closest relatives as follows: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) afterwords, she wasn\u0026rsquo;t talking anyway; she was in shock. (\u0026hellip;) her nose was bleeding; her face and eyes were covered blood. (\u0026hellip;) we asked her nearly 15 days latter (\u0026hellip;) we asked what fell into your nose, and she said a water purifier come into my nose (\u0026hellip;) she said she got up, meaning she got up from where she had fallen. She was remained under a triangular protected. Two concrete formed triangle, and she stood there. \u0026ldquo;I tried to stand up, but I couldn\u0026rsquo;t\u0026rdquo; she said. I asked, why you got up? She said she needed to go to the toilet, she said she was desperate, she said she got up to go to the toilet. So, at the moment, she hadn\u0026rsquo;t realized that the house had collapsed; she still had the toilet on her mind and was thinking about going to the toilet. (\u0026hellip;) (K11), (\u0026hellip;) a child who eats frequently and slowly. When it comes to accessing food, she needed to eaten the food we found slowly, but we were always rushing around and, in a hurry, so we were problems in that regard (\u0026hellip;) (K13)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. Consequently, it has been observed that women with intellectual disabilities experience difficulties in expressing themselves, articulating their needs, and having their needs met during the earthquake process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, the earthquake process negatively affected the experience of the disabled woman, as well as that of the caregivers, who is usually a \u0026ldquo;woman\u0026rdquo; in patriarchal societies. As the woman caregivers who were affected by the earthquake stated, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) my daughter is sitting on her bed, crying, \u0026ldquo;mummy, mummy\u0026rdquo;. My daughter is a person with disabilities. She was crying, so my husband embraced her. (\u0026hellip;) I had only just reached the doorstep when my husband brought her to me. My daughter clung to my legs. (\u0026hellip;) I don\u0026rsquo;t have the luxury of being afraid, I don\u0026rsquo;t have the luxury of panicking. Because I have a child with disabilities and a teenage son. I mustn\u0026rsquo;t show either of them these feelings. (K13), (\u0026hellip;) we didn\u0026rsquo;t leave the house for 12\u0026ndash;13 hours. To be honest, I couldn\u0026rsquo;t leave because of my mum. They forcibly carried my mum and placed her in her chair because she is disabled. We couldn\u0026rsquo;t meet any toilet needs, no one. Here it is, on the fourth day after the third day, the adult nappy arrived. (\u0026hellip;) Many people suffered severe injuries and immediately developed rashes. (\u0026hellip;) my house was being renovated, because it's a 19-year-old hose, so I renovated the bathroom according to my mum\u0026rsquo;s wishes and prepared the toilet. (\u0026hellip;) then my mum developed a bedsore due to the earthquake, the wound became infected and my mum passed away. (\u0026hellip;) (K14).\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; caregiver of disabled individuals have been affected by this process at least as much as the disabled individuals themselves.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4. Education\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen examining whether education affects the earthquake experience of women affected by earthquake, three results were obtained: one is academic educational level, another is earthquake awareness training and the other is the ability to use social media and digital literacy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe participant\u0026rsquo;s statements such as \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) I could probably find a job very easily. At the moment, there is no job I can do because of my level of education (\u0026hellip;) (K3), (\u0026hellip;) I haven\u0026rsquo;t been unemployed because of my profession (\u0026hellip;) (K7)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; reveal the advantages and disadvantages of academic education.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, participants who approached education not only academically but also within the scope of disaster awareness training, and who had not received disaster awareness training or had not applied the training they had received in their daily lives, described the disadvantages they experienced with statements such as: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) I am a teacher, but I still can\u0026rsquo;t believe how I couldn\u0026rsquo;t cope at that moment. I mean, no, we do so many things in schools, we do practical work, we do drills (\u0026hellip;) (K1), (\u0026hellip;) but the interesting thing is that even though we are in an earthquake zone and we say we are used to it, it didn\u0026rsquo;t occur to us to curl up in the fetal position during the tremor; we just stayed sitting on the sofa, we were in shock (\u0026hellip;) (K11)\u003c/em\u003e \u0026rdquo;. In contrast, those who put their theoretical training into practice, described the advantages they experienced with statements such as: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) only a few items fell in my home (\u0026hellip;) my olive oil jar was open, but even that stayed in place (\u0026hellip;) I have an AFAD volunteer card and I attended their training sessions (\u0026hellip;) After I took that training, my mother\u0026rsquo;s bed is right here, and there is a cupboard here, for example, if I hadn\u0026rsquo;t secured that cupboard door, my mother could have suffered a complete brain hemorrhage at that moment, and all the items could have fallen on her. (\u0026hellip;) after that training, I always took precautions myself (\u0026hellip;) (K14)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, in addition to those who view education as academic and disaster awareness training, participants who view it as social media literacy and digital literacy also described the advantages they experienced with statements such as: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) I use all social media platforms- twitter, instagram, facebook- and reached many people through them. For example, most learned about my situation from there, and I received a lot of help through them (\u0026hellip;) (K4)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5. Economy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterviews with participants revealed that another factor, too, directly affecting the earthquake experience of women affected by the earthquake, from the first moment to the last, was the difference in economic status.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants who are in a better economic position, given their financial means described the advantages they experienced with statements such as: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) it was freezing and rainy outside, we waited in the car until morning (\u0026hellip;) (K11), (\u0026hellip;) we got into the cars and spent those few days like that (\u0026hellip;) (K12), (\u0026hellip;) we came in our car, by the way, my children, my husband and I, so five of us set off in our own car (\u0026hellip;) (K14), We got into the car; both my husband and I have separate cars, so neither of us needed any financial assistance (\u0026hellip;) because we weren\u0026rsquo;t spending what we had, we still had some savings set aside (\u0026hellip;) we had something we thought we could use if we ever found ourselves in difficult situation, so we used that (\u0026hellip;) (K16), (\u0026hellip;) at the least it was good that we had a car, for example, because if we hadn\u0026rsquo;t had it at that time, we (\u0026hellip;) it was a really big thing for us, that advantage (\u0026hellip;) there was nowhere safe to sleep or stayed at that time. Everyone was sleeping in their cars, for example (\u0026hellip;) (K18)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants who are not well off financially or who have no saving described the disadvantages they experienced with statements such as: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) We never had any savings anyway, and after the earthquake, that was what hit us the hardest. We had nothing left. Because I have no many in the bank, no car, no income \u0026ndash; everything is zero-. For me, it was like starting from scratch, and now my husband is unemployed at the moment (\u0026hellip;) I only have a wedding ring (\u0026hellip;) My husband is in Hatay and collects scrap metal from around the area to sell it, to provide for me, my children, and our household. (\u0026hellip;) (K6)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. As the participants stated, the financial difficulties were such that; \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) We had to return because our living conditions were very difficult financially (\u0026hellip;) They were asking for high prices because we were earthquake victims, so we couldn\u0026rsquo;t rent a house. We couldn\u0026rsquo;t find a place to live, we couldn\u0026rsquo;t find a job, we went through very difficult times financially at that time. We were forced to return (\u0026hellip;) (K3)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; forced some women affected by the earthquake to return to the earthquake zone instead of starting a new life in Ankara.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.6. Social Environment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen examining the earthquake experiences of women affected by the earthquake, it was observed that economic capital, as well as social capital, brought certain advantages and disadvantages in the post-earthquake process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen affected by earthquake described the advantages they experienced in meeting their basic needs such as accommodation, food and beverage that came with coming to Ankara through an acquaintance after the earthquake, with the statements such as: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) I chose it because I have siblings in Ankara. (\u0026hellip;) I had previously entrusted the children to someone; they had brought them here. We stayed here for a while because my siblings were here. (\u0026hellip;) (K1), (\u0026hellip;) I had a friend, and because of him decided to go to Ankara. (\u0026hellip;) (K2), (\u0026hellip;) there are acquaintances here, there were friends from Kahramanaraş, and my husband also knew. My husband got a job at that time (\u0026hellip;) then I received invitations from several such schools through my husband (\u0026hellip;) (K16), (\u0026hellip;) When we first arrived, we stayed with my husband\u0026rsquo;s big brother (\u0026hellip;) then somehow a house was arranged for us when arrived (\u0026hellip;) when we arrived, he started work a week later (\u0026hellip;) maybe the fact that a few friends were here was one of the things that kept us going. If we had arrived in a completely unfamiliar environment, we might have had a much harder time. Of course, there were also relatives, for example, since our hometown is close to here, both my husband\u0026rsquo;s and my relatives generally live here in Ankara. (\u0026hellip;) But of course, I think that the fact that our friends are here rather than relatives may have done a little bit of something, well, kept us alive. (\u0026hellip;) (K18)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. Therefore, it can be seen that one of the reasons why people affected by earthquake chose Ankara when deciding to migrate after the earthquake was the social capital they possessed in Ankara.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, women affected by earthquake who do not have any acquaintances in Ankara described the disadvantages they experienced with statements such as: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003e(\u0026hellip;) My son continued the second term in Ankara, it a little late started there, my daughter went to the guesthouse nursery for a bit of a change (\u0026hellip;) I went to Ankara for the birth and we stayed there for 3\u0026ndash;3,5 months (\u0026hellip;) we are at our home right now (\u0026hellip;) How long could we stayed at the guesthouse? We were in a room (\u0026hellip;) (K2), (\u0026hellip;) First, my sister, my children and I went, then my mum and dad followed us to Ankara. So, there were five or six of us staying in a room, in rooms meant for four or five people, and we were in a terrible state, our morale was very low (\u0026hellip;) We didn\u0026rsquo;t know Ankara at all, we didn\u0026rsquo;t know the streets, we didn\u0026rsquo;t know which neighborhood to look for a house in. The guesthouse dining room only served breakfast anyway, so thinking about where to have lunch was a different matter altogether (\u0026hellip;) First we stayed in a guesthouse, and after 20 days, thankfully, the volunteers had found us a house. They met our housing needs, and that\u0026rsquo;s how we stayed in Ankara (\u0026hellip;) They found the house voluntarily, and with their support we were able to stay on our feet. (\u0026hellip;) (K11)\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. As the women affected by the earthquake have stated, those who had no acquaintances in Ankara but had migrated there for various reasons were forced to find accommodation and meet their basic needs, such as food and drink, somewhat more disadvantageously, relying on their own resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll of this supports Bourdieu\u0026rsquo;s view that social capital, which he defines as everything that happens to an individual through their \u0026ldquo;relations\u0026rdquo; with other institutionalized or non-institutionalized agents or groups, can have a multiplier effect compared to other forms of capital he conceptualizes as economic capital and cultural capital, and is such an important form of capital that it can even double economic capital (Bourdieu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, p. 394).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom the past to the present, Turkey has experienced numerous earthquakes measuring over 7.0, a fate almost predetermined by its geographical location and geological structure (G\u0026ouml;r\u0026uuml;r, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, p. 13). In the countries such as Turkey, where disasters occur frequently but precautions are inadequate, high-intensity earthquakes caused by both natural and human factors result in significant loss of life and property. These earthquakes, which encompass both natural and human factors, exhibit an intersectional characteristic in terms of their structure. Since an earthquake exceeds a certain intensity due to natural factors and the fact that adequate measures have not been taken against this intensity due to human reasons is a situation that makes the earthquake extra destructive, such \u0026ldquo;intersectional earthquakes\u0026rdquo; affect the earthquake experience of individuals more negatively than it should be. Not everyone is affected by earthquakes with such destructive effects to the same degree and in the same way. Ultimately, even when life proceeds in what we might call a \u0026ldquo;normal\u0026rdquo; manner, certain groups are at a disadvantage position compared to others in terms of risks and opportunities (\u0026Ccedil;akı, 2022). As a result of such major disasters, women in particular experience an \u0026ldquo;intersectional\u0026rdquo; experience in terms of access to risks and opportunities, influenced by various factors such as their gender, ethnicity, economically, etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study on the February 6, 2023 earthquake, it was seen that many axes, especially gender roles and responsibilities brought about by the gender axis, \u0026ldquo;differentiated\u0026rdquo; experience(s) of women in the post-earthquake period. Women affected by the earthquake have taken on the responsibility of meeting every need of their children, spouses, dependent parents, disabled family members, and virtually everyone they are in contact with, from their nutritional needs to their clothing, shelter, heating, and other requirements in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake. In addition, during migration and the post-migration period, too, they have been forced to taken on many responsibilities, such as caring for their children, providing for the household, and keeping the family together, due to the roles and responsibilities imposed on them by society.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsequently, the study observed that women affected by the earthquake were also exposed to marginalization and subordination brought about by other axes such as disability, race, economically, etc. Women affected by the earthquake who fall within the intersection of one or more axes alongside the \u0026ldquo;woman\u0026rdquo; axis, had to experience the earthquake process in a \u0026ldquo;multiple danger\u0026rdquo; beyond the \u0026ldquo;double jeopardy\u0026rdquo; stated by Frances Beale (Beale, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e, p. 109, Y\u0026uuml;cedal, 2023). The \u0026ldquo;multiple danger\u0026rdquo; that women affected by the earthquake are exposed to at the \u0026ldquo;intersection\u0026rdquo; of their axes have caused each woman to differently interpret the earthquake and, most importantly, to \u0026ldquo;differently\u0026rdquo; experience it. In the other words, while the intensity of the earthquake was quantitatively the same for everyone, qualitatively it differed depending on the intersection points where individuals were located.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD. Y. wrote the manuscript and prepared all figures and tables. The author reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset generated and analyzed during the current study consists of anonymized interview data from 20 participants. 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Kesişimsellik teorisi bağlamında depremzede kadınların deneyimi [The experience of earthquake victim women in the context of intersectionality theory]. Ankara: Hacı Bayram Veli University, (Master's Thesis).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYoosefi Lebni, J., Khorami, F., Fard Azar, E., Khosravi, F., Safari, B., H., \u0026amp; Ziapour, A. (2020). Experiences of rural women with damages resulting from an earthquake in Iran: a qualitative study. \u003cem\u003eBMC public health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e20\u003c/em\u003e(1), 625. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08752-z\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12889-020-08752-z\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Intersectionality, Earthquake, Disaster Migration, “Differential” Experience(s) of Women, Immigration","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8988483/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8988483/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEarthquake is a type of disaster that has caused many losses of life and property since the formation of the world. Although it is known that women are affected by such disasters than men because most societies have a patriarchal memory today, the question of how women with \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; experience(s) of women are affected by the earthquake process is very limited in the literature. The article aims to contribute to the creation of a universal culture that prioritizes women who suffer multiply-burdened because they have \u0026ldquo;different\u0026rdquo; social locations of beyond their gender in the management of disasters such as earthquakes. The primary purpose of this research is examined how the women\u0026rsquo;s \u0026ldquo;differential\u0026rdquo; who with different social locations, effected by the February 6, 2023 earthquake, which was a severe earthquake both quantitatively and qualitatively, affected their experiences during the earthquake process. This study is grounded in the theoretical framework of \u0026ldquo;Intersectionality Theory\u0026rdquo;. The research was conducted with the qualitative approach. Twenty women participants in simple who with different social locations that immigration from directly affected by earthquake to Ankara were selected based on purposeful sampling technique and snowball sampling technique. Data were collected through by conducting interviews using semi-structured questionnaires. The results reveal significant patterns related to women \u0026ldquo;differently\u0026rdquo; positioned experienced the earthquake process in \u0026ldquo;different\u0026rdquo; ways.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Experience of Earthquake Victim Women in the Context of Intersectionality Theory ","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-06 17:12:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8988483/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9f0424bc-f14a-45b6-86ba-30c57875f67d","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 6th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-06T17:12:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-06 17:12:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8988483","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8988483","identity":"rs-8988483","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}