Inclusivity of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Fisheries Management

Inclusivity of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Fisheries Management | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Inclusivity of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Fisheries Management Keshia Moffat, Jamie Snook, Kenneth Paul, Alejandro Frid This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5523126/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 May, 2025 Read the published version in Fish and Fisheries → Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Indigenous Peoples have developed knowledge systems that foster respectful and reciprocal relations between human and other-than-human beings, supporting resilient ecosystems and societies. Despite the impacts of colonization, Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) endure in many parts of the world and there is growing recognition that IKS can strongly improve fisheries management. During the last five years, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the federal institution responsible for managing Canada's fisheries, released policies and strategies intended to make fisheries management more inclusive of IKS. To measure progress in their implementation, we applied 13 semiquantitative indicators and qualitative analyses of IKS inclusivity to a sample of 78 public documents produced or co-produced by DFO to advise management decisions. Of these documents, ≈ 87% reported cases that did not meaningfully include Indigenous Peoples and their IKS, 9.0% reported cases in which Indigenous Peoples were included in some aspects of research but their IKS was not, ≈ 3% reported cases in which IKS contributed to objectives and elements of research design but the process privileged Western science over IKS, and only one document met a high standard for the pairing of IKS and Western science. The indicators that we developed in a Canadian context can be used, with locally appropriate revisions, to gauge the extent to which state governments in other countries are inclusive of IKS in fisheries management, thereby identifying shortcomings in law, policy, and practice and informing mitigation measures. Strengthening the inclusivity of IKS would enable more holistic approaches to fisheries management and benefit global conservation. Co-governance Collaborative fisheries Cultural continuity Ecosystem approach Indicators of Indigenous inclusivity Knowledge co-production Figures Figure 1 Introduction 1.1 Positionality statement We are a team of three Indigenous Peoples and one immigrant into Canada. KM, JS, and KP were raised amidst the living knowledges of their communities, in their respective traditional territories of Ugpi’ganjig, NunatuKavut, and Neqotkuk. AF descends from diaspora Jews, grew up in Mexico, has lived in Western Canada since early adulthood, and has been working collaboratively with coastal First Nations since 2013. Our combined academic and professional backgrounds span the natural and social sciences with applications to fisheries or wildlife management. The work we present here brought us together because of our shared belief that a plurality of knowledges can lead to a more socially-just and ecologically resilient world. 1.2 Background and objectives Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) are ways of living in the world that intertwine governance, ceremony, ethics, values, empirical observations, harvesting practices, and other elements that support and enrich—spiritually, socially, and materially—the peoples who give rise to such knowledge. These systems are place-based, inseparable from the people, landscapes, and seascapes to who they belong, which leads to their diversity across cultures while holding some commonalities (McGregor, 2021; Whyte, 2013). Among them is an understanding that each species exists in relation to their environments, people, and other species, and that the resilience of ecosystems and human societies is inseparable from these relations (Kimmerer, 2002; Reed et al., 2024). Critically, IKS exist in a continuum of time, enduring into the present. They embrace modern technologies and concepts while maintaining traditional principles. This adaptability allows for the pairing of IKS and science: a framework central to how many Indigenous Peoples approach fisheries and marine conservation today (Ban et al., 2018; A. J. Reid et al., 2021). The work we present here examines cases where Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the federal institution responsible for managing Canada's fisheries and ocean resources, generates knowledge used to inform management decisions [1] . Typically, DFO’s decisions have been informed by Western science, largely driven by an economic system that commodifies species and ecosystems—and ultimately determined by Ministerial discretion—with little or no recognition, acceptance, or application of IKS (Frid et al., 2023; Hutchings et al., 2020). In 2019, however, Canada’s Fisheries Act (2019) was modernized through multiple amendments, including some that better uphold the rights of Indigenous Peoples and that authorize the Fisheries Minister to “consider” Indigenous knowledge in decisions making. Further, during the last several years the government of Canada has been unveiling a growing number of laws, policies, and strategies intended to make federal institutions, more inclusive of IKS. For instance, the 2018 Principles respecting the Government of Canada's relationship with Indigenous peoples specify that Canada is committed to achieving reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples through recognition of rights, respect, co-operation, and partnership as the foundation for transformative change. Specific to fisheries, the 2019 DFO Reconciliation Strategy calls for DFO to “Involve Indigenous groups in the development and implementation of new policy, program, and operational initiatives in relation to fish and fish habitat conservation and protection” and to “Increase Indigenous involvement in the prioritizing, conduct, and communicating of science and survey activities.” Additionally, measure #40 of the 2023 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act Action Plan (Department of Justice, 2023) commits DFO to “Develop and employ mechanisms that respect and incorporate Indigenous Knowledge as a distinct knowledge system in the management of fisheries, fish habitat, conservation, marine safety and protection of the marine environment.” Further, regional agreements can increase the potential to advance the inclusivity of IKS in fisheries management. Among them is the 2021 Fisheries Resources Reconciliation Agreement (FRRA, 2021), which involves eight First Nations from British Columbia and DFO. The FRRA intends to support: … ecosystem-based management frameworks that aim to achieve the coexistence of healthy, fully functioning ecosystems and human communities using all available information including Indigenous Knowledge, scientific information, best practices, and Indigenous laws and principles (including respect for the natural world, balance and intergenerational equity, intergenerational knowledge transfer, and reciprocity). For fisheries management by DFO to live up to its modernized legal and policy landscape, IKS must become inherent to all components of fishery decision-making—including research, management plans, laws, regulations, and policies. Among these components, research is the root of evidence-based decision making and, therefore, can provide critical insights the worldviews driving fisheries management (A. J. Reid et al., 2021). Thus, an important step for operationalizing IKS inclusivity is for research intended to advise management decisions to be co-produced by Indigenous Peoples and DFO. Such research would require IKS and Western science to support mutually agreed goals and objectives without privileging one knowledge system over the other (Strand et al., 2024). As our analyses will show, however, research intended to advise Canadian fisheries management has rarely been inclusive of IKS. At the same time, fisheries science in many countries has been transitioning from a historic focus on single species management to ecosystem approaches to fisheries management, or EAFM (Link et al., 2020; Pikitch et al., 2004). EAFM overlap conceptually with some aspects of IKS, as both frameworks recognize that marine organisms are embedded in relationships with other species (humans included), habitats, and oceanographic conditions, and that shifts in these relationships may affect the resilience of ecosystems and the fisheries that they support. Yet despite their conceptual overlap, the two frameworks differ philosophically (Figure 1). In the words of Indigenous scholar Robin Wall Kimmerer (2002). Unlike SEK [scientific ecological knowledge], traditional knowledge [a term akin to IKS] is woven into and is inseparable from the social and spiritual context of the culture. Traditional knowledge can rival Western science as a body of empirical information, but traditional knowledge may also extend its explanatory power beyond the strictly empirical, where science cannot go. TEK [traditional ecological knowledge: another term akin to IKS] is laden with associated values, while the scientific community prides itself on data that are “value free.” TEK includes an ethic of reciprocal respect and obligations between humans and the nonhuman world. In contrast to IKS’s ethic of respect and reciprocity—which encourages two-way benefits for people and the nonhuman world, including management practices that enhance the productivity of ecosystems and diversity of species (Salomon et al., 2023)—the purpose of EAFM is to “plan, develop and manage fisheries in a manner that addresses the multiple needs and desires of societies, without jeopardizing the options for future generations to benefit from the full range of goods and services provided by marine ecosystems (FAO, 2003).” In other words, while IKS see humans as an unexceptional species among many others, purely scientific approaches (EAFM included) favour human exceptionalism, focusing on the sustainable exploitation of organisms or other one-way benefits from the ocean to people, which may create blind spots for achieving socio-ecological resilience (Frid et al., 2023; Kimmerer, 2002; Muradian & Gómez-Baggethun, 2021) (Figure 1). At the same time, science has unique strengths (e.g., statistical methods for making inferences from noisy data sets; satellite imagery and other technologies that extend the observable beyond human senses) that can complement IKS in generating knowledge within a pluralistic framework (Ban et al., 2018). DFO policies on EAFM date back to 2009 (DFO, 2009) and their implementation, though not devoid of challenges, has progressed (Pepin et al., 2023). This progress, combined with policies intended to advance relationships with Indigenous Peoples, alludes to a possible future in which the complementary strengths of IKS and EAFM are paired consistently and equitably to generate new knowledge that improves governance and decision-making for fisheries management in Canada and elsewhere. To support that possibility, we examined the extent to which Canadian fisheries management—as reflected in public documents produced or co-produced by DFO to communicate research that advises management decisions (for brevity, “advice documents”)—has been inclusive of IKS. Our analysis focused on advice documents that pertain to species that are vital to social determinants of Indigenous health (Snook et al., 2022) and which were published in the last five years: a period during which progress towards IKS inclusivity is arguably expected. Based on our results, we conclude with recommendations on how to improve the inclusivity of IKS in knowledge co-production and decision-making processes, strengthening the role of Indigenous Peoples in collaborative fisheries management. Lessons from our case study are broadly applicable to the many other countries where Indigenous Peoples continue to fish and be guided by their knowledge systems, potentially enabling more holistic and socially-just management approaches with better conservation outcomes (Berkes, 2018; Strand et al., 2024; von der Porten et al., 2019). [1] Many Indigenous Peoples are leading their own initiatives to manage their fisheries or other uses of their inherent lands and waters without involving other levels of government nor necessarily pairing their Indigenous Knowledge with Western science. Though beyond the scope of our analyses, the importance of such work cannot be overstated. Methods 2.1 Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS): Implications for terminology As substantiated in the writings of Indigenous scholars and in the lived experience of Indigenous members of the author team, IKS are inseparable from the peoples who give rise to such knowledge. In this context, knowledge is not a noun representing something that can be acquired. Rather, knowledge is a verb: something that must be “lived” (McGregor, 2021; Reed et al., 2024; Whyte, 2013). The implication is that the concepts expressed by the term “inclusivity of IKS ” (whether in fisheries advice or other contexts) are inseparable from the concepts expressed by the term “inclusivity of Indigenous Peoples ,” as only Indigenous Peoples have the positionality for contributing elements of their knowledge systems. However, Indigenous Peoples also participate in fisheries advice processes that are driven by state-government priorities and for which their ability to contribute is very limited; Indigenous participation does not equate with IKS inclusivity in these cases. 2.2 Document selection We focused on publicly available Science Advisory Reports (SARs) and rebuilding plans, which are key advice documents used by DFO fisheries managers. SARs are searchable in the Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) webpage and apply to a large diversity of species at different management areas, regardless of their status. SAR development under the CSAS process requires a peer review meeting to which Indigenous organizations are routinely invited; in almost all cases to date, these meetings focus on technical review of Western scientific approaches with little or no scope for IKS inclusivity. Rebuilding plans are specific to stocks—which generally correspond to management units (DFO, 2023e)—for which abundance has dipped into a “critical zone” where low levels might lead to irreparable harm if appropriate management measures are not taken (DFO, 2009, 2023e); they are searchable in DFO’s webpage for Integrated Fisheries Management Plans . SARs or rebuilding plans were selected if their publication date was between January 1, 2019, and July 1, 2024 and their title included the name of a focal species (or species group, i.e., Pacific salmon) we considered to be vital to social determinants of Indigenous health (Snook et al., 2022) (Table 1). Indigenous members of the author team selected the focal species for the regions where they are culturally rooted: Canada’s Arctic and Atlantic coasts. Our choice of focal species for the Pacific coast correspond to those highlighted by Reid et al. (2022), an Indigenous-led study from that region. We acknowledge that our selection of focal species reflects the positionalities of our author team and that of Reid et al. (2022) and that the list is not all inclusive. If more than one document was available for a combination of species and management area, only the most recent one, whether a SAR or rebuilding plan, was analysed (Appendix S1). Cases in which a focal species lacked a document that met publication date criteria were tabulated (Table 1). The exception to our document selection criteria was the recovery plan for Pacific Herring in Haida Gwaii (CHN et al., 2022), which was co-produced by the Haida Nation, DFO, and Parks Canada. As stated in the most recent Pacific Herring Integrated Fisheries Management Plan (IFMP), “The rebuilding plan was approved and finalized in April 2024 [emphasis ours].” The document, however, was not yet published at DFO’s website at the time of writing, and we obtained the publicly available draft from the Council of the Haida Nation’s (CHN) website . Differences between the public version at the CHN website (CHN et al., 2022) and that approved by the Minister of Fisheries are “very minor” (Russ Jones, CHN and an author of the rebuilding plan, email to AF on July 4, 2024). Appendix S2 provide additional justifications for this exception. 2.3 P rocess for developing indicators of IKS inclusivity We used an iterative process of online discussions and written revisions, involving all authors and spanning several weeks, to develop a suite of indicators for IKS inclusivity (Table 2). These discussions began by (1) examining knowledge co-production frameworks that can potentially lead to the meaningful pairing of IKS and Western science to generate management advice (Almack et al., 2022; Cooke et al., 2021; A. J. Reid et al., 2021), and (2) discussing Frid et al’s (2023) argument that, to be compatible with IKS, fisheries management must aim to restore and/or maintain species abundances to levels above those required to enable harvests at maximum sustainable yield, and include objectives for restoring larger size and older age structures. Following initial discussions, Indigenous members of the author team brought forth the IKS elements they thought should be represented in the Indicator suite: governance, languages, observations from individual knowledge keepers, principles of respect and reciprocity, sacred locations, intergenerational knowledge transfer, traditional stewardship practices (small scale spatial management included), ability to harvest traditional foods near the community, and the responsibility to take only what is needed while not impacting other species in the ecosystem. Additionally, Indigenous members of the author team developed indicators on the extent to which state-governments (1) support management measures that prioritize Indigenous access to fish over other sectors (as a matter of equity and consistency with Canadian case law), (2) financially support the revitalization of IKS (as partial retribution for past wrongs), and (3) support knowledge co-production processes that create opportunities for knowledge transfer from Indigenous Peoples to state government personnel, and vice versa (as opportunities for learning and moving forward from past wrongs). For the final stage of indicator development, consensus on the concepts emerging from our discussions was captured in the writing and ordinal scoring criteria that comprise the indicator suite (next section). As noted in the introduction, IKS intertwine governance, ceremony, ethics, values, empirical observations, harvesting practices, and other elements. Our indicator suite captures most of these elements, except “ceremony” and the countless other aspects of IKS encompassed by “other elements.” The point being that we recognize that our indicator suite is not the only possible one. We do, however, offer it as a living methodology that can be modified by other Indigenous Peoples wishing to include other aspects of their own IKS. 2.4 The indicator suite Table 2 details the suite of indicators, their scoring criteria, and whether they apply to all or a subset of taxa. A general description of each indicator is as follows: Indicator 1 provides a general assessment of the extent to which the process of producing knowledge that advises fisheries management was inclusive of IKS. To score this indicator, documents were initially searched for the following terms (not case specific): (1) Aboriginal , (2) community , (3) First Nation , (4) food, social, and ceremonial , (5) FSC (the acronym for the previous term), (6) hunt , (7) hunter , (8) Indigenous , (9) Inuit , (9) Nation , (10) Tribal , (11) Tribe . Additionally, for SARs the names of Indigenous groups listed in the participant list for the peer review meeting were searched. Sections containing any of these search terms were read in detail. Scores with values of ≤1 signaled that the document did not pass a minimum threshold of IKS inclusivity. In these cases, Indicators 2 to 13—which gauge the depth of IKS inclusivity—were not scored (scores would have equalled zero, by contingency). Indicator 2 examines whether Indigenous governance and community-led processes were recognized in setting the goals and objectives of the project. The rationale is that there is a history of scientists having an extractive approach towards IKS (e.g., Whyte, 2013), and this indicator aims to differentiate extractive from collaborative approaches that follow Indigenous governance protocols. Indicators 3 to 6 examine the extent to which IKS is understood and valued by state governments. The rationale is that there is a history of IKS being misunderstood or diminished as “anecdotal” by state government personnel (McGregor, 2021; Snook et al., 2022). Indicator 7 examines the extent to which state governments have supported capacity sharing with Indigenous communities during knowledge co-production processes. The rationale is that Indigenous communities often are under-resourced and better able to engage in knowledge co-production if external support is available (Cooke et al., 2021). Indicator 8 examines the extent to which IKS determined the spatial scales of management considered by research used to advise managers. The rationale is that state government institutions, DFO included, have historically delineated management units at large spatial scales that are incompatible with IKS, often failing to support higher local abundances that are vital to Indigenous Peoples (e.g., Ban et al., 2017; Okamoto et al., 2020; M. Reid et al., 2022). Indicator 9 examines whether IKS (a) determined goals and objectives for rebuilding or maintaining species abundances and (b) informed the management measures required to achieve them. The rationale is that state government goals and objectives for commercially fished species, including those of DFO, primarily apply reference points which focus on the maximum sustainable exploitation of commercial species (Marentette et al., 2021; Martin et al., 2023), rather than on higher abundances vital to Indigenous Peoples and resilient ecosystems (Frid et al., 2023; Gavenus et al., 2023; Lamb et al., 2023). Indicator 10 builds on the previous one by linking local species abundances to the continuity of cultural practices and relating these to management goals and objectives (Lamb et al., 2023). Indicator 11 examines whether (a) IKS determined the goals and objectives for rebuilding and/or maintaining larger body sizes and older ages of fish and invertebrates and (b) informed the management measures required to achieve them. The rationale is that Indigenous Peoples often recognize when size and age structures decline for cultural keystone species (e.g., Eckert et al., 2018; Gauvreau et al., 2017). In turn, size and age declines may reduce population productivity (Hixon et al., 2014; Marshall et al., 2021), disrupt social transmission of learned behaviours (Wilson & Giske, 2023) , and diminish the ecological roles of species (Olson et al., 2020). Indicator 12 examines the extent to which the management measures prioritized Indigenous access to the population over other sectors, and whether IKS contributed to those measures. In Canada, Indigenous priority access is consistent with Canadian case law. This indicator does not apply to marine mammals that can be legally hunted only by Indigenous Peoples. Indicator 13 pertains to forage fish and salmon, which are key prey for diverse predators (Pikitch et al., 2012; Walsh et al., 2020). It examines whether IKS determined the goals and objectives for balancing human harvests with the food requirements of predators that eat the same species as people and informed the management measures required to achieve them. The rationale is that the principles of respect and reciprocity towards other species, as upheld by the IKS of some cultures, requires that people “take only what they need and leave lots for the ecosystem” (Adams et al., 2021; M. Reid et al., 2022). Indicator scores were based only on the information provided in the advice document, except for a SAR for two Pacific herring populations in southern British Columbia (DFO, 2019a). That document identified a collaborative process involving DFO, First Nations, and representatives from the commercial fishing industry (i.e., stakeholders), yet was unclear about the extent to which knowledge co-production reflected First Nation’s perspectives. Correspondence with fisheries staff for the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council confirmed the role of First Nations in knowledge co-production (Jim Lane, pers. comm to AF, July 9, 2024). The justification for each score was tracked (Appendix 1, see Data Availability Statement). Indicator scores were normalized as a proportion of their maximum potential value. 2.5 Qualitative analyses of IKS-inclusive documents Documents that met a minimum level of inclusion of Indigenous Peoples (i.e., Indicator 1 score =1) or their IKS—which is inseparable from the people (i.e., Indicator 1 score ≥2)—were annotated with qualitative data analyses software MaxQDA, applying codes based on grounded theory (Bryant & Charmaz, 2007). Insights from these analyses are presented descriptively. Results Seventy-eight advice documents (5 rebuilding plans and 73 SARs) met selection criteria for analyses (Appendix 1, see Data Availability Statement). The selection did not include documents for 10 of 38 focal species (26.3%) for which advice documents were outdated or altogether lacking (Table 1). 4.1 Semiquantitative indicators Of the 78 documents analysed, 68 (87.2%) showed no meaningful inclusion of Indigenous Peoples and their IKS (Indicator 1 score = 0), and seven documents (9.0%) reported cases in which Indigenous Peoples were included in some aspects of research but their IKS was not (Indicator 1 score = 1), (Table 3; Appendix 1, see Data Availability Statement). Of the latter documents, six pertained to marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates important to Inuit communities and one pertained to Chinook salmon that spawn in the Okanagan River system (Table 4; Appendix 1, see Data Availability Statement). Only three documents were inclusive of IKS, but to different degrees (Table 3). For two documents—a SAR evaluating management procedures for two populations of Pacific herring in southern British Columbia, and a SAR estimating the beluga population in the Eastern Beaufort Sea—IKS contributed to the objectives and elements of research design, yet the process remained DFO-driven, privileging Western science over IKS (Indicator 1 score = 2) (Tables 5, 6). The third document—the ecosystem-based rebuilding plan for Pacific herring in Haida Gwaii (CHN et al., 2022)—showed a much higher standard for pairing IKS and Western science (Indicator 1 score = 3); its scores for all indicators, individually and on average, were superior to that of the other documents (Table 6; Appendix 1, see Data Availability Statement). 4.2 Qualitative analysis 4.2.1 Documents in which Indigenous Peoples were included in some aspects of research but their IKS was not This section complements Table 4 with qualitative analysis of documents in which Indigenous participation was limited to fieldwork and/or data contributions to DFO-driven scientific research (Indicator 1 score = 1). Patterns present throughout these documents include (1) no indication in the methods of a concerted effort to include IKS in a thoughtful or systematic way; (2) unsubstantiated references to Indigenous Knowledge or data; and (3) peer review advisory meetings, required for the development of SARs under the CSAS process, in which Indigenous representatives were a substantial minority. The following examples illustrate these patterns. The document on Arctic char in Ikaluit Lake (DFO, 2023d) included the following statements: (1) Arctic char are “an important commercial and subsistence resource for Inuit;" (2) "It is understood but not documented that Iqaluit residents rely more heavily on Ikaluit Lake Arctic Char for subsistence compared to residents of Pangnirtung;" and (3) "The subsistence harvest information from the HTO [Hunters and Trappers Organization] and HTA [Amaruq Hunters and Trappers Association] were used in this assessment." The document, however, provided no formal references nor description for the process by which Inuit knowledge or harvest data were obtained. Of 16 participants who attended the peer review advisory meeting, only five (including an interpreter) were Indigenous representatives. An Inuktitut translation of the document is available, which increases accessibility to the SAR without improving IKS inclusivity in the development of the document. The document on beluga in Cumberland Sound (DFO, 2022a), which was developed in a co-management context (i.e., joint management responsibility by Indigenous and state government with only the latter having decision-making authority), includes the following statements: (1) "Local traditional and hunter knowledge has raised concerns that beluga from multiple distinct groups summer in Cumberland Sound, and that the current quota does not reflect this dynamic" and (2) "Inuit knowledge from the Pangnirtung community indicated multiple beluga groups are present in Cumberland Sound." The report, however, provides no formal references nor description for the process by which Inuit knowledge was obtained. Of 39 participants who attended the peer review advisory meeting, only two were Indigenous representatives. An Inuktitut translation of the document is available (improving accessibility only). The assessment of snow crab in Newfoundland and Labrador (DFO, 2023a) acknowledges use of the "Torngat Joint Fisheries Board-DFO collaborative trap survey" but provides no formal references nor description of Inuit contributions to that survey (e.g., there is not mention that the Torngat Joint Fisheries Board includes 50% Inuit representation). Further, the document does not specifically mention Indigenous Peoples. Of 49 participants who attended the peer review advisory meeting, only four were Indigenous representatives. 4.2.2 Documents with limited IKS contributions This section complements Table 5 with qualitative analysis of the two documents in which IKS contributed to the objectives and elements of research design, yet the process remained DFO-driven and privileged Western science over IKS (Indicator 1 score = 2). The document on beluga in the Eastern Beaufort Sea (DFO, 2023b) acknowledged the co-management context for the species and included the following statements: (1)"Upon request from DFO Fisheries Management, FJMC [Fisheries Joint Management Committee] and the Inuvialuit Game Council, a new aerial survey was co-designed and conducted in July 2019, attempting to cover the entire summer distribution of EBS beluga in Canada;" (2) the study included "new areas" which were partly based on “consultations with Inuvialuit” and (3) “The EBS population assessment took a collaborative approach with Inuvialuit that engaged participation in the study design, field implementation/execution and the interpretation of findings for the final assessment.” However, no details are provided on how hunters or other knowledge keepers were engaged in knowledge co-production nor any role of Indigenous leadership in that process. Of 21 participants who attended the peer review advisory meeting, only six were Indigenous representatives. The document on Pacific herring in the Strait of Georgia (SOG) and West Coast of Vancouver Island (WCVI) (DFO, 2019a) focuses on the development of a Management Strategy Evaluation (sensu Punt et al., 2016), for which “DFO engaged in a series of objective-setting workshops with First Nations and the herring fishing industry to formulate biological and yield objectives for the fisheries.” The analyses simulation-tested management procedures for achieving a suite of objectives, including some that are consistent with First Nations perspectives, such as (1) maintaining population abundances at or above levels equivalent to the average biomass of a historical baseline period considered to be productive (1988 to 2016 for SOG, and 1988 to 1996 for WCVI), and (2) target biomass levels (for WCVI only) equivalent to 75% of the unfished biomass, or to the average biomass during 1990-1999. The analyses also attempted to include smaller spatial scales of management determined by IKS. (The attempt failed for technical reasons.) The process, however, was initiated by DFO (i.e., First Nations, some with limited technical capacity, were invited into a process that they did not co-design), privileged science over IKS, and included participation from the fishing industry. Of 48 participants who attended the peer review advisory meeting, only eight were Indigenous representatives. 4.2.3 A bright spot for IKS inclusivity: The ecosystem-based rebuilding plan for Pacific herring in Haida Gwaii The document Haida Gwaii ʹíináang | iinang Pacific Herring: An Ecosystem Overview and Ecosystem-based Rebuilding Plan (CHN et al., 2022) , had the highest indicator scores (Table 6) and exemplifies a legitimate effort to include IKS in multiple formats. Notably, the rebuilding plan (1) uses "two local dialects of the Haida language, X̲aad kíl, the G̲aw Tlagée Old Massett dialect, and X̲aayda kil, the HlG̲aagilda Skidegate dialect" for species names, Haida principles, harvesting practices, and other concepts; (2) highlights quotes from Haida knowledge-keepers throughout all sections, and (3) specifies the role of Haida values and principles, including reciprocity, balance, interconnectedness, responsibility, and respect, in guiding the plan. Haida knowledge gathered from the 1970s onwards was a key source of information, indicating that the authors consulted and built upon existing IKS work. The sources acknowledged and cited in the rebuilding plan include Haida-led IKS studies, such as the Haida Marine Traditional Knowledge Study involving 54 Haida citizens, and herring interviews with Haida men conducted by Russ Jones (a Haida hereditary chief and fisheries scientist) in 1998. In a section dedicated to “Traditional Knowledge” the rebuilding plan states that "Haida traditional knowledge of ʹíináang | iinang is held by citizens of the Haida Nation and has been passed down through generations via oral histories, experiential learning, and interactions with íináang | iinang .” The inclusion of IKS compiled from Haida sources and citizens increased understanding spatial dynamics, informed reference points and historical baselines, improved knowledge of herring ecology, helped understand the effects of different fisheries and gear types, and supported co-governance (i.e., joint management authority) and decision-making processes. The rebuilding plan specifies objectives for cultural continuity, including (1) “Foster Haida governance of traditional use and stewardship of herring on Haida Gwaii,” (2) “Protect and maintain culturally important areas and other areas of concern for herring, and (3) “Enable Haida traditional use of and cultural connections with herring, herring related activities, and habitat.” Further, one of the fisheries management objectives is to “Incorporate Haida traditional knowledge and recognize Haida laws in the herring management process.” Additionally, the ecological objectives go beyond a single-species management approach and embrace an ecosystem perspective consistent with Haida knowledge. The rebuilding plan highlights the collaborative nature of the rebuilding plan's development, involving the Council of the Haida Nation, Parks Canada, and DFO. Notably, the scientific component of the work is very rigorous and applies (among other analyses) a Management Strategy Evaluation (sensu Punt et al., 2016) of management procedures that support rebuilding objectives. Discussion Western scientists and state governments engaging in resource management have long misunderstood and undervalued IKS (McGregor, 2021; Snook et al., 2022; Whyte, 2013). Recent years, however, have brought a rise in awareness that IKS and Western Science have complementary strengths (e.g., Ban et al., 2018; Kimmerer, 2002) (Figure 1), and that the pairing of the two knowledge systems may improve fisheries management (A. J. Reid et al., 2021). At the same time, some countries with colonial histories have begun efforts to reconcile past wrongs by creating structures and processes intended to make resource management decisions more inclusive of IKS and other place-based knowledges (Strand et al., 2024). The work we present here provides a general methodology, using Canada as a case study, for gauging the extent to which rising awareness and good intentions yield tangible improvements. Our results provide evidence that Canadian federal policies and strategies for inclusion of Indigenous Peoples in fisheries management, such as the 2019 DFO Reconciliation Strategy , remain largely aspirational. Science Advisory Reports and rebuilding plans are key advice documents used by federal fisheries managers; they are, effectively, a window into the types of knowledge and worldviews that Canada privileges in fisheries decision-making. In our sample of 78 of these documents published in the last 5 years (2019 to July 1, 2024), the vast majority (87.2%) did not meaningfully include Indigenous Peoples and IKS in the research processes and outcomes that they reported. A smaller subset of advice documents showed a limited range of Indigenous participation (9%) or IKS inclusion (≈3%) in scientific processes initiated and driven by DFO. In these cases, IKS appear to have been either an afterthought or considered in ways that served a pre-determined scientific methodology. Only one advice document met a high standard for the pairing of IKS and Western science. The document Haida Gwaii ʹíináang | iinang Pacific Herring: An Ecosystem Overview and Ecosystem-based Rebuilding Plan (CHN et al., 2022) is the single bright spot in our analyses. Co-produced by the Haida Nation, DFO, and Parks Canada, this document paired Haida knowledge, principles, and language with rigorous scientific methods to determine the objectives and management actions required to restore stronger relationships between herring, people, and other species in the ecosystem. This document scored high values for most indicators of IKS inclusivity, demonstrating DFO’s capacity to collaborate with Indigenous Peoples when the institution commits to doing so. Notably, the rebuilding plan was drafted after the Haida Nation successfully sued Canada for herring mismanagement in their territory (Jones et al., 2017). Nonetheless, the process of drafting the plan led to the types of relationship building and knowledge co-production that is required for Canada to advance from aspirational policies to the effective operationalization of IKS inclusivity in fisheries management. Advice documents were outdated or entirely lacking for 10 of 38 focal species (26%) we considered vital to social determinants of Indigenous health (Table 1). These include, for example, eulachon ( Thaleichthys pacificus ), which collapsed throughout much of its distribution in the late 1990s, bringing tremendous hardship to some Indigenous communities (Beveridge et al., 2020; Moody, 2008). The 13 indicators of IKS inclusivity that we developed were designed for a broad range of advice documents and fisheries management processes, yet we recognise that they reflect the combined positionalities and experiences of the author team. These indicators, therefore, should be treated as a living methodology to be revised over time with broader participation of Indigenous Peoples. Additionally, case studies involving specific Indigenous communities may require context-specific revisions. For instance, Indicator 5, on protocols for sacred locations, may be relevant to some communities but not others. Another example is the language component of Indicator 3, which may not apply to communities hit hardest by the residential school system which endeavoured to ban Indigenous languages throughout Canada, among other genocidal practices (TRC, 2015). Our document selection criteria were restricted to titles which included the names of focal species. Outside these criteria, we are aware of a marine spatial planning Science Advisory Report with strong inclusivity of IKS. The document, Biophysical and Ecological Overview of the Pacific Region Offshore Haida Gwaii Network Zones (DFO, 2024b), pertains to zones within the soon-to-be-implemented marine protected area network for the Northern Shelf Bioregion (Beaty et al., 2024). Like the rebuilding plan for Pacific herring in Haida Gwaii, it reports a knowledge co-production process between the Haida Nation and DFO in which Haida knowledge and language were paired with Western science. Moreover, the peer review meeting for this document was co-chaired by the Haida Nation and DFO (DFO, 2022c), demonstrating a more proactive and equitable approach to the inclusion of IKS by the Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat. This approach, important as it is, remains rare. 5.1 Conclusions and Recommendations Over the last five years DFO has made a series of important policy statements intended to make fisheries management more inclusive of IKS yet did not back them up in law via amendments to the Fisheries Act or its regulations. In its current form, Section 2.5 of the Fisheries Act (2019) states that the Minister “may consider Indigenous knowledge of the Indigenous peoples of Canada that has been provided to the Minister.” By using the words, “ may consider,” the Act does not obligate the Minister to be inclusive of IKS in fisheries advice and management decisions. Further, our results suggest that DFO’s science advisory process has yet to be amended to reflect the department’s own policy suite on IKS inclusivity. Our analyses document the non-response of the system and serve as a cautionary tale for other countries engaging in their own reconciliation [1] processes with Indigenous Peoples. Our primary objective is to foster a better way forward in which the inclusion of IKS in fisheries advice and decision-making become the norm. Towards that end, we offer the following recommendations to law and policy makers and to fisheries directors, managers, and scientists in Canada and elsewhere. Enshrine into law the inclusion of IKS in fisheries advice and decision making . In the Canadian context, this recommendation entails revisions to the Fisheries Act , which currently authorizes the Fisheries Minister to “ consider ” IKS in decision making. A revised Fisheries Act must require the Minister to base decisions on advice that meaningfully includes IKS from Indigenous Peoples who chose to engage in collaborative fisheries management while following the principles of data sovereignty; additional provisions are needed for better alignment between the Fisheries Act and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act Action Plan (Department of Justice, 2023). The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) can provide guidance for implementing this recommendation in other countries. Uphold, strengthen, or create (if lacking) structures and processes for including IKS in the generation of management advice and decision making . In Canada, pathways for implementing this recommendation include revisions to the Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) so that requests for advice by DFO managers are required to invite and financially support knowledge co-production with Indigenous Peoples, including Indigenous participation in steering committees who guide the development of goals and objectives, and as co-chairs of peer review meetings. Other countries will differ in their structures and processes for implementing this recommendation, yet in all cases principles of equity and inclusivity apply. Strand et al (2024) provide a recent synthesis of these principles, as applied to ocean management in an international context; they emphasize that success in knowledge co-production and joint decision-making hinges on the extent to which all parties commit to creating a safe ethical space for knowledge plurality. The implication is that longer processes and more flexible timelines may be required to achieve more meaningful outcomes. Develop and implement co-governance agreements for collaborative fisheries management with Indigenous Peoples . Strand et al. (2024) state that ocean management plans “are more likely to succeed if situated within co-governance agreements that recognise the authority of Indigenous governments and communities for managing ocean areas and aspects such as fisheries and protected areas in collaboration with other levels of government.” Canada is potentially leading in the development of these kind of agreements, such as the Fisheries Resources Reconciliation Agreement (FRRA, 2021). In our results, the rebuilding plan for Pacific herring in Haida Gwaii (CHN et al., 2022), scored highest for inclusivity of Indigenous governance (Indicator 2) and for the average of all indicators, suggesting that these kinds of agreements need to become more widespread in Canada and elsewhere with implementation pathways supported by state governments. In a Canadian context, however, the Fisheries Act remains a stumbling block to implementing this recommendation. Invest in Indigenous Knowledge Systems . The world over, Indigenous Peoples have been disenfranchised by colonization and struggle with personnel and financial shortfalls. Without the ability to purchase boats and be on the water, for instance, many aspects of IKS cannot be practiced. More generally, knowledge co-production is most meaningful when Indigenous Peoples have the resources to collect and manage their own data. For these reasons, it is imperative for state governments to financially support Indigenous Peoples in their practices of IKS and in their contributions to knowledge co-production (Strand et al., 2024). Identify and mitigate shortfalls in policy and practice . The indicators of IKS inclusivity that we developed (Table 2) can guide, with locally appropriate revisions, periodic examination of policies and practices by state governments and help identify potential mitigation measures. These same indicators can also guide, proactively, the development of new advice documents. Invest resources in managing species vital to Indigenous Peoples, even if they lack commercial value . In Canada, “major stocks” prescribed under the Fisheries Act receive priority resources for assessment. These “major stocks” exclude several species and populations vital to determinants of Indigenous Health (e.g., our results show that advice documents were outdated or altogether lacking for 26% of focal species); the Fisheries Act requires revision so that such species and populations also are prioritized for assessment, regardless of commercial value. While the mechanism for implementing this recommendation will differ in other countries, the same principle applies everywhere: state governments must work with Indigenous Peoples to ensure that species and populations vital to culture, food security, and health are assessed and jointly managed. Invest in the professional development of state government personnel so that they learn to value IKS and meaningfully collaborate with Indigenous Peoples . Non-Indigenous peoples often lack an understanding of IKS and of the impacts of colonization. Education is a key precursor for reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples (TRC, 2015) and, therefore, for collaborative fisheries management. State governments must support and require their personnel to engage in Indigenous-led re-education initiatives that decolonize relationships and the telling of history. DFO’s Technical Expertise in Stock Assessment program, for instance, developed a seminar series in which Indigenous speakers present on IKS and knowledge co-production to an audience of fisheries scientists and managers; similar initiatives must become more widespread. Our analyses and recommendations provide an opportunity for fisheries management to move away from Eurocentric perspectives, in which marine species are treated as commodities for maximum sustainable exploitation, to more holistic perspectives and ecosystem approaches strengthened by IKS (Figure 1). This transformation would foster more reciprocal and respectful relationships between people and the ecosystems we depend on, fortifying socio-ecological resilience in the face of climate change and other stressors (Frid et al., 2023; Kimmerer, 2002; A. J. Reid et al., 2021). [1] In the words of the late Honourable Murray Sinclair, former co-chair of Canada’s Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( https://nctr.ca/ ), “Reconciliation is about atonement. It's about making amends. It's about apology. It's about recognizing responsibility. It's about accounting for what has gone on. But ultimately, it's about commitment to maintaining that mutually respectful relationship throughout, recognizing that, even when you establish it, there will be challenges to it ( https://www.csps-efpc.gc.ca/video/ssontr-eng.aspx ).” Declarations Acknowledgements The Pew Charitable Trusts was the primary funder for this study. Oceana Canada provided additional support to AF. Natalie Ban, Kyle Wilson, Robert Rangeley, and Trevor Swerdfager reviewed earlier drafts. We also thank journal reviewers for their comments. Conflict Of Interest Statement The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Data Availability Statement Appendix 1 is a spreadsheet containing information on each advice document analyzed, including their full citation hyperlinked to the original document. The spreadsheet also includes scores for each indicator and justifications for each score. The spreadsheet, along with a fuller description, is available in the Zenodo repository https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14940425 . References Adams, M. S., Connors, B., Levi, T., Shaw, D., Walkus, J., Rogers, S., & Darimont, C. (2021). Local Values and Data Empower Culturally Guided Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management of the Wuikinuxv Bear–Salmon–Human System. Marine and Coastal Fisheries , 13 (4), 362–378. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mcf2.10171 Almack, K., Dunlop, E. 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On the role of traditional ecological knowledge as a collaborative concept: a philosophical study. Ecological Processes , 2 (1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-1709-2-7 Wilson, J. A., & Giske, J. (2023). Does fishing dismantle fish culture and ecosystem structure? Questions about the implications of social learning among fish and fishers. Fish and Fisheries , n/a (n/a). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12755 Tables Table 1 . Focal species included in the study (ordered alphabetically by common name). The last column indicates whether advice documents met selection criteria for publication in the last five years; if not, the year of the most recent advice document is provided. (SAR=Science Advisory Report; RP=Rebuilding Plan). Common name * Scientific name Distribution Document selection criteria met? American eel Anguilla rostrata Atlantic Yes American lobster Homarus americanus Atlantic Yes Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific Yes Arctic cod Boreogadus saida Arctic and Atlantic Yes Atlantic cod Gadus morhua Arctic and Atlantic Yes Atlantic Herring* Clupea harengus Atlantic Yes Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus Atlantic Yes Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Arctic and Atlantic Yes Beluga Delphinapterus leucas Arctic Yes Bowhead Balaena mysticetus Arctic Yes Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis Atlantic No. SAR or RP lacking for any year. Capelin Mallotus villosus Arctic and Atlantic Yes Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Pacific Yes Chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta Pacific No. SAR or RP lacking for any year. Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Pacific Yes Dolly varden Salvelinus malma Arctic and Pacific No. Most recent SAR published in 2016. Dungeness crab Cancer magister Pacific Yes Eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus Pacific No. Most recent SAR published in 2015. Geoduck Panopea generosa Pacific No. Most recent SAR published in 2017. Giant sea cucumber Apostichopus californicus Pacific Yes Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific Yes Harp seal Pagophilus groenlandicus Arctic and Atlantic Yes Hooded seal Cystophora cristata Arctic No. SAR or RP lacking for any year. Narwhal Monodon monoceros Arctic Yes. Northern abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana Pacific No. Most recent SAR published in 2016. Northern shrimp Pandalus borealis Atlantic and Pacific Yes Pacific herring Clupea pallasii Pacific Yes Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. Pacific Yes Pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Pacific No. Most recent SAR published in 2012. River herring Alosa aestivalis and A. pseudoharengus Atlantic Yes Quillback rockfish Sebastes maliger Pacific Yes Ringed seal Pusa hispida Arctic No. Most recent SAR published in 2011 Snow Crab Chionoecetes opilio Atlantic Yes Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka Pacific Yes Spot prawn Pandalus platyceros Pacific No. Most recent SAR published in 2011. Striped Bass Morone saxatilis Atlantic Yes Walrus Odobenus rosmarus Arctic Yes Yelloweye rockfish Sebastes ruberrimus Pacific Yes *SAR titles refer to river herring as “Alewife and Blueback Herring” and (in some cases) to Atlantic herring as “herring”; document searches for these species used the term “herring.” Similarly, searches for American lobster used the term “lobster.” Table 2 . Descriptions and scoring criteria for semiquantitative indicators. Indicator Score ID Applicable taxa Description 0 1 2 3 1 All Indigenous Peoples and state government personnel co-produced research used to advise fisheries management, such that both IKS and Western science supported mutually agreed goals and objectives. (If score ≤1 then the remaining indicators are not scored.) (1) The advice document is based only on Western scientific methods and data; and (2) Indigenous contributions, if any , are limited to participation in peer review or advisory roles for state government-driven research and management; and (3) the document mentions IKS or related concepts (e.g., traditional knowledge) superficially (outside the context of a knowledge co-production process pairing IKS and Western Science) or not at all . Indigenous Peoples were included in some aspects of research but their IKS was not . I.e., Indigenous participation wa s limited to fieldwork or contributing data or observations to state government-driven scientific research conducted outside knowledge co-production processes for pairing IKS and Western science. Indigenous Peoples contributed some elements of IKS to a state government-driven process that privileged Western science over IKS in the development of goals, objectives, management measures, assumptions, interpretation and communication of results, and other research elements. The pairing of IKS and Western science had a high standard . IKS played a significant role in knowledge co-production, including the development of goals, objectives, management measures, assumptions, interpretation and communication of results, and other research elements. 2 All The people and governance structures of the Indigenous community were properly engaged in developing management goals and objectives. No indication of engagement of the community and their governance structures. The process of knowledge co-production acknowledged and met obligations of historic and or modern-day treaties or agreements with the state governments. Additionally, the process of knowledge co-production recognized Indigenous governance and followed the decision-making structures of the Indigenous community when developing management goals and objectives. Additionally , individual knowledge keepers within the community were engaged via processes led from within the community. 3 All The words of Indigenous collaborators were heard, respected, and highlighted. Words from Indigenous collaborators were not included in the document. Either (1) Indigenous languages were used to name key elements of the research and of management goals and objectives (e.g., species, places, ecological or oceanographic features, harvesting practices or protocols), or (2) quotes from community members (e.g., Elders, Matriarchs, Hereditary Chiefs, technical staff, youth, knowledge keepers, food harvesters or processors) were used to convey relationships between people and the species. Both (1) Indigenous languages were used to name key elements of the research and of management goals and objectives (e.g., species, places, ecological or oceanographic features, harvesting practices, protocols), and (2) quotes from community members were used to convey relationships between people and the species. 4 All IKS principles, such as respect for and/or reciprocity towards other species, guided the framework used to generate management advice. No mention of IKS principles. IKS principles guided the framewor k used to generate management advice. 5 All Sacred locations were recognized, and management measures were consistent with Indigenous protocols for those areas. No mention of specific locations considered to be sacred. Locations considered to be sacred were specified (in accordance with confidentiality rules of the Indigenous community). Additionally, Indigenous protocols for allowable uses at those locations were specified. 6 All The process of knowledge co-production created opportunities for in-person intergenerational knowledge transfer and other forms of knowledge sharing within the Indigenous community. No mention of in-person knowledge sharing within the community during the research process. Community members interviewed knowledge keepers as part of the research process. Additionally, in-person knowledge sharing extended to exchanges between knowledge keepers and others in the community (e.g., youth) while practicing or discussing knowledge about the species. 7 All The process of knowledge co-production created opportunities for state government-supported capacity sharing with Indigenous Peoples. No mention of state government-supported capacity sharing. The research process included state government-supported capacity sharing that increased the knowledge repertoire of Indigenous Peoples . (E.g., the state government supported, financially and in other ways, training, education, and employment opportunities linked to the project.) Additionally, the research processes facilitated Indigenous-led capacity sharing that increased the knowledge repertoire of state government collaborators . (E.g., the state government supported, financially and in other ways, opportunities for government personnel to better understand IKS via in-person engagement with the community and their territory.) 8 All IKS determined the spatial scales of management examined. (This is not exclusive with additional analyses at larger spatial scales determined by state government personnel.) No indication that IKS determined spatial scales of management. Analyses include smaller spatial scales of management determined by IKS. Additionally, an integrative research approach that pairs IKS and science informed management measures consistent with the smaller spatial scales determined by IKS . 9 All IKS determined the species abundances that are vital to local Indigenous Peoples, set the goals and objectives for rebuilding and/or maintaining those abundances, and contributed to analyses of potential management measures. No indication that IKS determined the goals and objectives for rebuilding and/or maintaining species abundances. IKS determined the goals and objectives for rebuilding and/or maintaining species abundances. Additionally, an integrative research approach that pairs IKS and science examined change over time, status, and management measures to rebuild or maintain the desired abundances. 10 All The continuity or recovery of cultural practices that require higher local abundances of species, such as the ability to harvest traditional foods and run youth education programs near the community, are specified in management goals and objectives. Goals and objectives were not explicitly linked to cultural practice s. Cultural practices requiring higher local abundances of harvested species were identified and linked to management goals and objectives. Additionally, an integrative research approach that pairs IKS and science determined the management measures likely to achieve those goals and objectives. 11 Fish and invertebrates IKS contributed knowledge of change over time for size and/or age structures of the population, determined the goals and objectives for rebuilding and/or maintaining these structures, and contributed to analyses of potential management measures to achieve those goals and objectives. IKS did not contribute insights into changes to size and/or age structures. IKS contributed knowledge of change over time for size and/or age structures. Additionally, IKS determined the goals and objectives for rebuilding and/or maintaining size and/or age structures. Additionally, an integrative research approach that pairs IKS and science further examined potential change over time relative to a historical baseline, current status, and management measures to rebuild or maintain the desired size and/or age structures. 12 Fish and invertebrates (Only Indigenous peoples can harvest marine mammals.) The management measures examined prioritize Indigenous access, over other sectors, to species vital to Indigenous well-being. Priority access by Indigenous Peoples is not explicit to the management measures examined. Priority access by Indigenous Peoples is explicit to the management measures examined. An integrative research approach that pairs IKS and science estimated local abundance thresholds to be exceeded before other sectors can access the same species without compromising Indigenous access. The recommended management measures allow community members to harvest species in the critical zone (at very low abundance) for cultural purposes , including inter-generational knowledge transfer. (This score does not apply if the species or population is not in critical zone.) 13 Forage fish and salmon IKS determined the goals and objectives for balancing human harvests with the food requirements of predators that eat the same species as people, and contributed to analyses of potential management measures. The food requirements of other species were not considered . IKS determined the goals and objectives for balancing human harvests with the food requirements of predators that eat the same species as people. Additionally, an integrative research approach that pairs IKS and science examined management measures (i.e., fishery allocations that would not compromise the needs of predators) to support these goals and objectives while prioritizing Indigenous harvests for food over commercial and recreational fisheries. Table 3. Summary of Indicator 1 scores for the 78 advice documents analyzed. Indicator 1 provides a general assessment of the extent to which the process of producing knowledge that advises fisheries management was inclusive of IKS. Document type Number of documents Score = 0: No meaningful inclusion of Indigenous Peoples and their IKS Score = 1: Indigenous Peoples were included in some aspects of research but their IKS was not. Score =2: IKS contributed to the objectives and research design of a state government-driven process that privileged science. Score = 3: The pairing of IKS and Western science had a high standard. Rebuilding plan 4 0 0 1 SAR 74 7 2 0 Total 78 7 2 1 Table 4. Documents in which Indigenous Peoples were included in some aspects of research (e.g., fieldwork, data contributions) but their IKS was not (i.e., Indicator 1 score = 1). For additional details, see Appendix 1 under Data Availability Statement. Document Species Management unit Justification for Indicator 1 score DFO (2023d) Arctic char Ikaluit Lake (Robert Peel Inlet) The Pangnirtung Hunters and Trappers Organization (HTO), Amaruq Hunters and Trappers Association (HTA), and Pangnirtung fishers engaged in a 2-day "Regional Advisory Process meeting" in Iqaluit, where they provided information on the influence of tidal cycles on the timing and movement of Arctic Char into different lake systems, and the population discreteness of Ikaluit Lake Arctic Char. The assessment applied subsistence harvest information provided by the HTO and the HTA. These contributions were limited to support of a DFO-driven research process. DFO (2022b) Beluga Eastern Hudson Bay and James Bay Beluga harvests by the Nunavik communities are “managed under a multi-year management plan developed by the Nunavik Marine Region Wildlife Board and the Eeyou Marine Region Wildlife Board. Hunters contributed their harvest data (used in the document’s Figure 2 and Tables 1 and 2) and provided information on the timing of beluga migrations but these contributions were merely supportive of a DFO-driven research process. DFO (2022a) Beluga Cumberland Sound The population is co-managed by DFO and the Nunavut Wildlife Management Board, the local Pangnirtung Hunters and Trappers Association, and the Qikiqtaaluk Wildlife Board." The document references several aspects of Inuit knowledge (see Section 4.2.1) but these contributions were merely supportive of a DFO-driven research process. DFO (2019b) Chinook salmon Okanagan River The Okanagan Nation Alliance (ONA) has engaged in the study and conservation of the population since 2002, including field data collection and habitat enhancement. ONA collaborated with DFO, Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commission, and Summit Environmental to produce an Okanagan Chinook Recovery Potential Assessment (RPA) in 2006, and produced a second RPA in 2016, but the 2019 document does not specify how outputs from these earlier, Indigenous-led initiatives contributed to the most recent RPA. ONA shared escapement data for non-adipose-clipped summer Okanagan Chinook Salmon (2006-2018), which the 2019 RPA depicts in Figure 2. Despite ONA’s data contributions, there is no indication of a concerted effort to include IKS in the most recent RPA. DFO (2023a) Snow crab Newfoundland and Labrador (Divisions 2HJ3KLNOP4R) Indigenous inclusion is limited to acknowledgement that the "Torngat Joint Fisheries Board-DFO collaborative trap survey") was used in the assessment. DFO (2023c) Walrus Hudson Bay-Davis Strait Indigenous inclusion is limited to (1) the statement that "Hunters from Nunavik report that Walrus hunting has declined because there are fewer dog teams to feed," and (2) Data on Figure 2, which includes "haul-out sites obtained from previous surveys and discussions with Inuit hunters." DFO (2024a) Walrus South and East Hudson Bay Indigenous inclusion is limited to the statement: "The aerial coastal photographic survey conducted in September 2022 covered all known terrestrial haul-out sites identified within the distribution range of South and East Hudson Bay (SEHB) walruses, based on previous surveys and Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (local knowledge)." Table 5. Documents in which IKS contributed to the objectives and elements of research design, yet the process remained DFO-driven and privileged Western science over IKS (i.e., Indicator 1 score = 2). For additional details, see Appendix 1 under Data Availability Statement. Document Species Management unit Justification for indicator score DFO (2023b) Beluga Eastern Beaufort Sea (EBS) beluga (Eastern Beaufort Sea Beluga) The document states that the population is co-managed through DFO and the Fisheries Joint Management Committee (a co-management body for the Inuvialuit Settlement Region) but lacks any indication of equitable knowledge co-production involving Indigenous communities (see Section 4.2.2.). Nine of 11 indicators of IKS inclusivity applicable to beluga had score values of zero (Table 6). For instance, the document lacks the following element of IKS: quotes from Indigenous collaborators; IKS principles; specificity on how governance structures, communities, and knowledge holders were engaged; discussion on how IKS might have contributed to determining the spatial scales of management; IKS perspectives on change over time and how current population abundance relates to meeting Inuvialuit needs for food security and cultural continuity. DFO (2019a) Pacific herring Strait of Georgia (SOG) and West Coast of Vancouver Island (WCVI) This document describes the development of a Management Strategy Evaluation (sensu Punt et al., 2016) for which First Nations contributed some of the objectives. Indigenous participants, however, were brought into a DFO-driven process that they did not co-design or co-lead (see Section 4.2.2.). Additionally, 10 of 14 indicators of IKS inclusivity applicable to Pacific herring received score values of zero (Table 6). For instance, the document does not include: words from Indigenous collaborators; IKS principles; specificity on how governance structures, communities, and knowledge holders were engaged; specificity on how objectives link to cultural continuity; discussion on how IKS might have contributed to understanding changes in size and/or age structures; and specificity on how management objectives link to the ecosystem role of herring in supporting a diversity of predators. Table 6. Normalized indicator scores for the three documents with varying degrees of IKS inclusivity. Appendix 1 provides score justifications (see Data Availability Statement). (NA = not applicable). Indicator ID Normalized score Beluga/EBS (DFO, 2023b) Pacific herring/SOG and WCV1 (DFO, 2019a) Pacific herring/Haida Gwaii (CHN et al., 2022) 1 0.67 0.67 1.00 2 0.67 0.00 1.00 3 0.00 0.00 1.00 4 0.00 0.00 1.00 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 6 0.00 0.00 0.50 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 8 0.00 0.50 1.00 9 0.00 1.00 1.00 10 0.00 0.00 1.00 11 NA 0.00 0.33 12 NA 0.00 1.00 13 NA 0.00 0.50 Average normalized score 0.13 0.17 0.72 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files SupplementaryMaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 May, 2025 Read the published version in Fish and Fisheries → Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5523126","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":383943815,"identity":"766a2cd2-98f3-4289-b588-5fa645013c38","order_by":0,"name":"Keshia Moffat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ugpi'ganjig First Nation","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Keshia","middleName":"","lastName":"Moffat","suffix":""},{"id":383943816,"identity":"b4322f7a-96f4-44d2-b1d4-015e28366ec5","order_by":1,"name":"Jamie Snook","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dalhousie University, Marine Affairs Program","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jamie","middleName":"","lastName":"Snook","suffix":""},{"id":383943817,"identity":"9fb792a8-6e79-4fcf-a3a3-aaa0d070c5a4","order_by":2,"name":"Kenneth Paul","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wolastoqey Nation at Neqotkuk","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kenneth","middleName":"","lastName":"Paul","suffix":""},{"id":383943818,"identity":"78ebff8f-3ea9-42f9-874e-71ceb45ebd74","order_by":3,"name":"Alejandro Frid","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA20lEQVRIie3RMQrCMBSA4SeFulSySUBqr/BKlw4eJt7A0UmEztK14hFcCoFMDpEMLhbXiouTm9DR0aTuJqNg/iUE3kcSAuDz/WJDAFwCHZRmwxYuJNDkrMl2bQg6EjgDDGppdi6EFIFcHA95zC/7eXdHSMhYfidUhQzlg2aifXKqL5Zud8xyjIow6ySdi7apDWF4s5BEkQ6lJrxq+MuJoIqgJzXZCLdTUhWiIVnVjkTOkNrfMj0VD01WcVk2/PpazhIysRBd+PkM2k9S67gpuPcLkU7TPp/P94e9AUTmSPeaz0tuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-5562","institution":"Alejandro Frid Ecology and Conservation","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alejandro","middleName":"","lastName":"Frid","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-25 22:04:44","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5523126/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5523126/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12905","type":"published","date":"2025-05-26T00:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":78539877,"identity":"15190f9e-790c-40f6-95bc-c441885ebef0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-14 15:52:06","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":134540,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSome key philosophical differences and conceptual overlap between Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) and ecosystem approaches to fisheries management (EAFM) (Ban et al., 2018; Frid et al., 2023; Kimmerer, 2002; Muradian \u0026amp; Gómez-Baggethun, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5523126/v2/76d8ea89a7728758625deaa0.png"},{"id":93793567,"identity":"6b268c7b-d232-419b-b1d5-ca0323557768","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 15:34:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1123188,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5523126/v2/c46f50ef-9c79-4dbe-8246-362be31e7f10.pdf"},{"id":78539876,"identity":"dbb58854-18ba-4e86-8713-b0a8b9ac617f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-14 15:52:06","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":22562,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryMaterial.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5523126/v2/4e0e054616eb251a1c54c09c.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"Inclusivity of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Fisheries Management","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.1 Positionality statement\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eWe are a team of three Indigenous Peoples and one immigrant into Canada. KM, JS, and KP were raised amidst the living knowledges of their communities, in their respective traditional territories of Ugpi\u0026rsquo;ganjig, NunatuKavut, and Neqotkuk. AF descends from diaspora Jews, grew up in Mexico, has lived in Western Canada since early adulthood, and has been working collaboratively with coastal First Nations since 2013. Our combined academic and professional backgrounds span the natural and social sciences with applications to fisheries or wildlife management. The work we present here brought us together because of our shared belief that a plurality of knowledges can lead to a more socially-just and ecologically resilient world.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.2 Background and objectives\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eIndigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) are ways of living in the world that intertwine governance, ceremony, ethics, values, empirical observations, harvesting practices, and other elements that support and enrich\u0026mdash;spiritually, socially, and materially\u0026mdash;the peoples who give rise to such knowledge. These systems are place-based, inseparable from the people, landscapes, and seascapes to who they belong, which leads to their diversity across cultures while holding some commonalities (McGregor, 2021; Whyte, 2013). Among them is an understanding that each species exists in relation to their environments, people, and other species, and that the resilience of ecosystems and human societies is inseparable from these relations (Kimmerer, 2002; Reed et al., 2024). Critically, IKS exist in a continuum of time, enduring into the present. They embrace modern technologies and concepts while maintaining traditional principles. This adaptability allows for the pairing of IKS and science: a framework central to how many Indigenous Peoples approach fisheries and marine conservation today (Ban et al., 2018; A. J. Reid et al., 2021).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eThe work we present here\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003eexamines cases where Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the federal institution responsible for managing Canada\u0026apos;s fisheries and ocean resources, generates knowledge used to inform management decisions\u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:super;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:super;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e[1]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. Typically, DFO\u0026rsquo;s decisions have been informed by Western science, largely driven by an economic system that commodifies species and ecosystems\u0026mdash;and ultimately determined by Ministerial discretion\u0026mdash;with little or no recognition, acceptance, or application of IKS (Frid et al., 2023; Hutchings et al., 2020).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eIn 2019, however, Canada\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003eFisheries Act\u003c/em\u003e (2019) was modernized through multiple amendments, including some that better uphold the rights of Indigenous Peoples and that authorize the Fisheries Minister to \u0026ldquo;consider\u0026rdquo; Indigenous knowledge in decisions making. Further, during the last several years the government of Canada has been unveiling a growing number of laws, policies, and strategies intended to make federal institutions, more inclusive of IKS. For instance, the 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/principles-principes.html\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrinciples respecting the Government of Canada\u0026apos;s relationship with Indigenous peoples\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e specify that Canada is committed to achieving reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples through recognition of rights, respect, co-operation, and partnership as the foundation for transformative change. Specific to fisheries, the 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/about-notre-sujet/publications/fisheries-peche-eng.html#ab\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDFO Reconciliation Strategy\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e calls for DFO to \u0026ldquo;Involve Indigenous groups in the development and implementation of new policy, program, and operational initiatives in relation to fish and fish habitat conservation and protection\u0026rdquo; and to \u0026ldquo;Increase Indigenous involvement in the prioritizing, conduct, and communicating of science and survey activities.\u0026rdquo; Additionally, measure #40 of the 2023 \u003cem\u003eUnited Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eAction Plan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Department of Justice, 2023)\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ecommits DFO to \u0026ldquo;Develop and employ mechanisms that respect and incorporate Indigenous Knowledge as a distinct knowledge system in the management of fisheries, fish habitat, conservation, marine safety and protection of the marine environment.\u0026rdquo; Further, regional agreements can increase the potential to advance the inclusivity of IKS in fisheries management. Among them is\u0026nbsp;the 2021 Fisheries Resources Reconciliation Agreement\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(FRRA, 2021), which involves eight First Nations from British Columbia and DFO. The FRRA intends to support:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:69.05pt;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:21.25pt;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:107%;\"\u003e\u0026hellip;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eecosystem-based management frameworks that aim to achieve the coexistence of healthy, fully functioning ecosystems and human communities using all available information including Indigenous Knowledge, scientific information, best practices, and Indigenous laws and principles (including respect for the natural world, balance and intergenerational equity, intergenerational knowledge transfer, and reciprocity).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eFor fisheries management by DFO to live up to its modernized legal and policy landscape, IKS must become inherent to all components of fishery decision-making\u0026mdash;including research, management plans, laws, regulations, and policies. Among these components, research is the root of \u003cem\u003eevidence-based\u003c/em\u003e decision making and, therefore, can provide critical insights the worldviews driving fisheries management (A. J. Reid et al., 2021). Thus, an important step for operationalizing IKS inclusivity is for research intended to advise management decisions to be co-produced by Indigenous Peoples and DFO. Such research would require IKS and Western science to support mutually agreed goals and objectives without privileging one knowledge system over the other (Strand et al., 2024). As our analyses will show, however, research intended to advise Canadian fisheries management has rarely been inclusive of IKS.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eAt the same time, fisheries science in many countries has been transitioning from a historic focus on single species management to ecosystem approaches to fisheries management, or EAFM (Link et al., 2020; Pikitch et al., 2004). EAFM overlap conceptually with some aspects of IKS, as both frameworks recognize that marine organisms are embedded in relationships with other species (humans included), habitats, and oceanographic conditions, and that shifts in these relationships may affect the resilience of ecosystems and the fisheries that they support. Yet despite their conceptual overlap, the two frameworks differ philosophically (Figure 1). In the words of Indigenous scholar Robin Wall Kimmerer (2002).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:107%;\"\u003eUnlike SEK [scientific ecological knowledge], traditional knowledge [a term akin to IKS] is woven into and is inseparable from the social and spiritual context of the culture. Traditional knowledge can rival Western science as a body of empirical information, but traditional knowledge may also extend its explanatory power beyond the strictly empirical, where science cannot go. TEK [traditional ecological knowledge: another term akin to IKS] is laden with associated values, while the scientific community prides itself on data that are \u0026ldquo;value free.\u0026rdquo; TEK includes an ethic of reciprocal respect and obligations between humans and the nonhuman world.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eIn contrast to IKS\u0026rsquo;s ethic of respect and reciprocity\u0026mdash;which encourages two-way benefits for people and the nonhuman world, including management practices that enhance the productivity of ecosystems and diversity of species (Salomon et al., 2023)\u0026mdash;the purpose of EAFM is to \u0026ldquo;plan, develop and manage fisheries in a manner that addresses the multiple needs and desires of societies, without jeopardizing the options for future generations to benefit from the full range of goods and services provided by marine ecosystems (FAO, 2003).\u0026rdquo; In other words, while IKS see humans as an unexceptional species among many others, purely scientific approaches (EAFM included) favour human exceptionalism, focusing on the sustainable exploitation of organisms or other one-way benefits from the ocean to people, which may create blind spots for achieving socio-ecological resilience (Frid et al., 2023; Kimmerer, 2002; Muradian \u0026amp; G\u0026oacute;mez-Baggethun, 2021) (Figure 1). At the same time, science has unique strengths (e.g., statistical methods for making inferences from noisy data sets; satellite imagery and other technologies that extend the observable beyond human senses) that can complement IKS in generating knowledge within a pluralistic framework (Ban et al., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eDFO policies on EAFM date back to 2009 (DFO, 2009) and their implementation, though not devoid of challenges, has progressed (Pepin et al., 2023). This progress, combined with policies intended to advance relationships with Indigenous Peoples, alludes to a possible future in which the complementary strengths of IKS and EAFM are paired consistently and equitably to generate new knowledge that improves governance and decision-making for fisheries management in Canada and elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eTo support that possibility, we examined the extent to which Canadian fisheries management\u0026mdash;as reflected in public documents produced or co-produced by DFO to communicate research that advises management decisions (for brevity, \u0026ldquo;advice documents\u0026rdquo;)\u0026mdash;has been inclusive of IKS. Our analysis focused on advice documents that pertain to species that are vital to social determinants of Indigenous health (Snook et al., 2022) and which were published in the last five years: a period during which progress towards IKS inclusivity is arguably expected. Based on our results, we conclude with recommendations on how to improve the inclusivity of IKS in knowledge co-production and decision-making processes, strengthening the role of Indigenous Peoples in collaborative fisheries management. Lessons from our case study are broadly applicable to the many other countries where Indigenous Peoples continue to fish and be guided by their knowledge systems, potentially enabling more holistic and socially-just management approaches with better conservation outcomes (Berkes, 2018; Strand et al., 2024; von der Porten et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:super;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:super;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e[1]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e Many Indigenous Peoples are leading their own initiatives to manage their fisheries or other uses of their inherent lands and waters without involving other levels of government nor necessarily pairing their Indigenous Knowledge with Western science. Though beyond the scope of our analyses, the importance of such work cannot be overstated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.1 Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS): Implications for terminology\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAs substantiated in the writings of Indigenous scholars and in the lived experience of Indigenous members of the author team, IKS are inseparable from the peoples who give rise to such knowledge. In this context, knowledge is not a noun representing something that can be acquired. Rather, knowledge is a verb: something that must be \u0026ldquo;lived\u0026rdquo; (McGregor, 2021; Reed et al., 2024; Whyte, 2013).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eThe implication is that the concepts expressed by the term \u0026ldquo;inclusivity \u003cem\u003eof IKS\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; (whether in fisheries advice or other contexts) are inseparable from the concepts expressed by the term \u0026ldquo;inclusivity \u003cem\u003eof Indigenous Peoples\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026rdquo; as only Indigenous Peoples have the positionality for contributing elements of their knowledge systems. However, Indigenous Peoples also participate in fisheries advice processes that are driven by state-government priorities and for which their ability to contribute is very limited; Indigenous participation does not equate with IKS inclusivity in these cases.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2 Document selection\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eWe focused on publicly available Science Advisory Reports (SARs) and rebuilding plans, which are key advice documents used by DFO fisheries managers. SARs are searchable in the\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.isdm-gdsi.gc.ca/csas-sccs/applications/Publications/search-recherche-eng.asp\"\u003eCanadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) webpage\u003c/a\u003e and apply to a large diversity of species at different management areas, regardless of their status. SAR development under the CSAS process requires a peer review meeting to which Indigenous organizations are routinely invited; in almost all cases to date, these meetings focus on technical review of Western scientific approaches with little or no scope for IKS inclusivity. Rebuilding plans are specific to stocks\u0026mdash;which generally correspond to management units (DFO, 2023e)\u0026mdash;for which abundance has dipped into a \u0026ldquo;critical zone\u0026rdquo; where low levels might lead to irreparable harm if appropriate management measures are not taken (DFO, 2009, 2023e); they are searchable in\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fisheries-peches/ifmp-gmp/index-eng.html\"\u003eDFO\u0026rsquo;s webpage for Integrated Fisheries Management Plans\u003c/a\u003e. SARs or rebuilding plans were selected if their publication date was between January 1, 2019, and July 1, 2024 and their title included the name of a focal species (or species group, i.e., Pacific salmon) we considered to be vital to social determinants of Indigenous health (Snook et al., 2022) (Table 1). Indigenous members of the author team selected the focal species for the regions where they are culturally rooted: Canada\u0026rsquo;s Arctic and Atlantic coasts. Our choice of focal species for the Pacific coast correspond to those highlighted by Reid \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2022), an Indigenous-led study from that region. We acknowledge that our selection of focal species reflects the positionalities of our author team and that of Reid \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2022) and that the list is not all inclusive.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eIf more than one document was available for a combination of species and management area, only the most recent one, whether a SAR or rebuilding plan, was analysed (Appendix S1). Cases in which a focal species lacked a document that met publication date criteria were tabulated (Table 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eThe exception to our document selection criteria was the recovery plan for Pacific Herring in Haida Gwaii (CHN et al., 2022), which was co-produced by the Haida Nation, DFO, and Parks Canada. As stated in the most recent\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/mplans/herring-hareng-ifmp-pgip-sm-eng.html\"\u003ePacific Herring Integrated Fisheries Management Plan\u003c/a\u003e (IFMP), \u0026ldquo;The rebuilding plan was \u003cem\u003eapproved and finalized in April 2024\u003c/em\u003e [emphasis ours].\u0026rdquo; The document, however, was not yet published at DFO\u0026rsquo;s website at the time of writing, and we obtained the publicly available draft from the Council of the Haida Nation\u0026rsquo;s (CHN)\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii-%CA%B9iinaang-iinang-herring-rebuilding-plan/\"\u003ewebsite\u003c/a\u003e. Differences between the public version at the CHN website (CHN et al., 2022) and that approved by the Minister of Fisheries are \u0026ldquo;very minor\u0026rdquo; (Russ Jones, CHN and an author of the rebuilding plan, email to AF on July 4, 2024). Appendix S2 provide additional justifications for this exception.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.3\u003c/em\u003e P\u003cem\u003erocess for developing indicators of IKS inclusivity\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eWe used an iterative process of online discussions and written revisions, involving all authors and spanning several weeks, to develop a suite of indicators for IKS inclusivity (Table 2). These discussions began by (1) examining knowledge co-production frameworks that can potentially lead to the meaningful pairing of IKS and Western science to generate management advice (Almack et al., 2022; Cooke et al., 2021; A. J. Reid et al., 2021), and (2) discussing Frid \u003cem\u003eet al\u0026rsquo;s\u003c/em\u003e (2023) argument that, to be compatible with IKS, fisheries management must aim to restore and/or maintain species abundances to levels above those required to enable harvests at maximum sustainable yield, and include objectives for restoring larger size and older age structures.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eFollowing initial discussions, Indigenous members of the author team brought forth the IKS elements they thought should be represented in the Indicator suite: governance, languages, observations from individual knowledge keepers, principles of respect and reciprocity, sacred locations, intergenerational knowledge transfer, traditional stewardship practices (small scale spatial management included), ability to harvest traditional foods near the community, and the responsibility to take only what is needed while not impacting other species in the ecosystem.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eAdditionally, Indigenous members of the author team developed indicators on the extent to which state-governments (1) support management measures that prioritize Indigenous access to fish over other sectors (as a matter of equity and consistency with Canadian case law), (2) financially support the revitalization of IKS (as partial retribution for past wrongs), and (3) support knowledge co-production processes that create opportunities for knowledge transfer from Indigenous Peoples to state government personnel, and vice versa (as opportunities for learning and moving forward from past wrongs).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eFor the final stage of indicator development, consensus on the concepts emerging from our discussions was captured in the writing and ordinal scoring criteria that comprise the indicator suite (next section). As noted in the introduction, IKS intertwine governance, ceremony, ethics, values, empirical observations, harvesting practices, and other elements. Our indicator suite captures most of these elements, except \u0026ldquo;ceremony\u0026rdquo; and the countless other aspects of IKS encompassed by \u0026ldquo;other elements.\u0026rdquo; The point being that we recognize that our indicator suite is not the only possible one. We do, however, offer it as a living methodology that can be modified by other Indigenous Peoples wishing to include other aspects of their own IKS.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.4 The indicator suite\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 2 details the suite of indicators, their scoring criteria, and whether they apply to all or a subset of taxa. A general description of each indicator is as follows: \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndicator 1\u003c/strong\u003e provides a general assessment of the extent to which the process of producing knowledge that advises fisheries management was inclusive of IKS. To score this indicator, documents were initially searched for the following terms (not case specific): (1) \u003cem\u003eAboriginal\u003c/em\u003e, (2) \u003cem\u003ecommunity\u003c/em\u003e, (3) \u003cem\u003eFirst Nation\u003c/em\u003e, (4) \u003cem\u003efood, social, and ceremonial\u003c/em\u003e, (5) \u003cem\u003eFSC\u003c/em\u003e (the acronym for the previous term), (6) \u003cem\u003ehunt\u003c/em\u003e, (7) \u003cem\u003ehunter\u003c/em\u003e, (8) \u003cem\u003eIndigenous\u003c/em\u003e, (9) \u003cem\u003eInuit\u003c/em\u003e, (9) \u003cem\u003eNation\u003c/em\u003e, (10) \u003cem\u003eTribal\u003c/em\u003e, (11) \u003cem\u003eTribe\u003c/em\u003e. Additionally, for SARs the names of Indigenous groups listed in the participant list for the peer review meeting were searched. Sections containing any of these search terms were read in detail. Scores with values of \u0026le;1 signaled that the document did not pass a minimum threshold of IKS inclusivity. In these cases, Indicators 2 to 13\u0026mdash;which gauge the \u003cem\u003edepth\u003c/em\u003e of IKS inclusivity\u0026mdash;were not scored (scores would have equalled zero, by contingency).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndicator 2\u003c/strong\u003e examines whether Indigenous governance and community-led processes were recognized in setting the goals and objectives of the project. The rationale is that there is a history of scientists having an extractive approach towards IKS (e.g., Whyte, 2013), and this indicator aims to differentiate extractive from collaborative approaches that follow Indigenous governance protocols.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndicators 3 to 6\u003c/strong\u003e examine the extent to which IKS is understood and valued by state governments. The rationale is that there is a history of IKS being misunderstood or diminished as \u0026ldquo;anecdotal\u0026rdquo; by state government personnel (McGregor, 2021; Snook et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndicator 7\u003c/strong\u003e examines the extent to which state governments have supported capacity sharing with Indigenous communities during knowledge co-production processes. The rationale is that Indigenous communities often are under-resourced and better able to engage in knowledge co-production if external support is available (Cooke et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndicator 8\u003c/strong\u003e examines the extent to which IKS determined the spatial scales of management considered by research used to advise managers. The rationale is that state government institutions, DFO included, have historically delineated management units at large spatial scales that are incompatible with IKS, often failing to support higher local abundances that are vital to Indigenous Peoples (e.g., Ban et al., 2017; Okamoto et al., 2020; M. Reid et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndicator 9\u003c/strong\u003e examines whether IKS (a) determined goals and objectives for rebuilding or maintaining species abundances and (b) informed the management measures required to achieve them. The rationale is that state government goals and objectives for commercially fished species, including those of DFO, primarily apply reference points which focus on the maximum sustainable exploitation of commercial species (Marentette et al., 2021; Martin et al., 2023), rather than on higher abundances vital to Indigenous Peoples and resilient ecosystems (Frid et al., 2023; Gavenus et al., 2023; Lamb et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndicator 10\u003c/strong\u003e builds on the previous one by linking local species abundances to the continuity of cultural practices and relating these to management goals and objectives (Lamb et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndicator\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e examines whether (a) IKS determined the goals and objectives for rebuilding and/or maintaining larger body sizes and older ages of fish and invertebrates and (b) informed the management measures required to achieve them. The rationale is that Indigenous Peoples often recognize when size and age structures decline for cultural keystone species (e.g., Eckert et al., 2018; Gauvreau et al., 2017). In turn, size and age declines may reduce population productivity (Hixon et al., 2014; Marshall et al., 2021), disrupt\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;\"\u003esocial transmission of learned behaviours\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;\"\u003e(Wilson \u0026amp; Giske, 2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;\"\u003e, and diminish\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003ethe ecological roles of species\u0026nbsp;(Olson et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndicator 12\u003c/strong\u003e examines the extent to which the management measures prioritized Indigenous access to the population over other sectors, and whether IKS contributed to those measures. In Canada, Indigenous priority access is consistent with Canadian case law. This indicator does not apply to marine mammals that can be legally hunted only by Indigenous Peoples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndicator 13\u003c/strong\u003e pertains to forage fish and salmon, which are key prey for diverse predators (Pikitch et al., 2012; Walsh et al., 2020). It examines whether IKS determined the goals and objectives for balancing human harvests with the food requirements of predators that eat the same species as people and informed the management measures required to achieve them. The rationale is that the principles of respect and reciprocity towards other species, as upheld by the IKS of some cultures, requires that people \u0026ldquo;take only what they need and leave lots for the ecosystem\u0026rdquo; (Adams et al., 2021; M. Reid et al., 2022).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eIndicator scores were based only on the information provided in the advice document, except for a SAR for two Pacific herring populations in southern British Columbia (DFO, 2019a). That document identified a collaborative process involving DFO, First Nations, and representatives from the commercial fishing industry (i.e., stakeholders), yet was unclear about the extent to which knowledge co-production reflected First Nation\u0026rsquo;s perspectives. Correspondence with fisheries staff for the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council confirmed the role of First Nations in knowledge co-production (Jim Lane, pers. comm to AF, July 9, 2024).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eThe justification for each score was tracked (Appendix 1, see Data Availability Statement). Indicator scores were normalized as a proportion of their maximum potential value.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.5 Qualitative analyses of IKS-inclusive documents\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDocuments that met a minimum level of inclusion of Indigenous Peoples (i.e., Indicator 1 score =1) or their IKS\u0026mdash;which is inseparable from the people (i.e., Indicator 1 score \u0026ge;2)\u0026mdash;were annotated with qualitative data analyses software MaxQDA, applying codes based on grounded theory (Bryant \u0026amp; Charmaz, 2007). Insights from these analyses are presented descriptively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSeventy-eight advice documents (5 rebuilding plans and 73 SARs) met selection criteria for analyses (Appendix 1, see Data Availability Statement). The selection did not include documents for 10 of 38 focal species (26.3%) for which advice documents were outdated or altogether lacking (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.1 Semiquantitative indicators\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eOf the 78 documents analysed, 68 (87.2%) showed no meaningful inclusion of Indigenous Peoples and their IKS (Indicator 1 score = 0), and seven documents (9.0%) reported cases in which Indigenous Peoples were included in some aspects of research but their IKS was not (Indicator 1 score = 1), (Table 3; Appendix 1, see Data Availability Statement). Of the latter documents, six pertained to marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates important to Inuit communities and one pertained to Chinook salmon that spawn in the Okanagan River system (Table 4; Appendix 1, see Data Availability Statement).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:21.3pt;'\u003eOnly three documents were inclusive of IKS, but to different degrees (Table 3). For two documents\u0026mdash;a SAR evaluating management procedures for two populations of Pacific herring in southern British Columbia, and a SAR estimating the beluga population in the Eastern Beaufort Sea\u0026mdash;IKS contributed to the objectives and elements of research design, yet the process remained DFO-driven, privileging Western science over IKS (Indicator 1 score = 2) (Tables 5, 6). The third document\u0026mdash;the ecosystem-based rebuilding plan for Pacific herring in Haida Gwaii (CHN et al., 2022)\u0026mdash;showed a much higher standard for pairing IKS and Western science (Indicator 1 score = 3); its scores for all indicators, individually and on average, were superior to that of the other documents (Table 6; Appendix 1, see Data Availability Statement).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.2 Qualitative analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.2.1 Documents in which Indigenous Peoples were included in some aspects of research but their IKS was not\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eThis section complements Table 4 with qualitative analysis of documents in which Indigenous participation was limited to fieldwork and/or data contributions to DFO-driven scientific research (Indicator 1 score = 1). Patterns present throughout these documents include (1) no indication in the methods of a concerted effort to include IKS in a thoughtful or systematic way; (2) unsubstantiated references to Indigenous Knowledge or data; and (3) peer review advisory meetings, required for the development of SARs under the CSAS process, in which Indigenous representatives were a substantial minority. The following examples illustrate these patterns.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eThe document on Arctic char in Ikaluit Lake (DFO, 2023d) included the following statements: (1) Arctic char are \u0026ldquo;an important commercial and subsistence resource for Inuit;\u0026quot; (2) \u0026quot;It is understood but not documented that Iqaluit residents rely more heavily on Ikaluit Lake Arctic Char for subsistence compared to residents of Pangnirtung;\u0026quot; and (3) \u0026quot;The subsistence harvest information from the HTO [Hunters and Trappers Organization] and HTA [Amaruq Hunters and Trappers Association] were used in this assessment.\u0026quot; The document, however, provided no formal references nor description for the process by which Inuit knowledge or harvest data were obtained. Of 16 participants who attended the peer review advisory meeting, only five (including an interpreter) were Indigenous representatives. An Inuktitut translation of the document is available, which increases accessibility to the SAR without improving IKS inclusivity in the development of the document.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:21.3pt;'\u003eThe document on beluga in Cumberland Sound (DFO, 2022a), which was developed in a co-management context (i.e., joint management responsibility by Indigenous and state government with only the latter having decision-making authority), includes the following statements: (1) \u0026quot;Local traditional and hunter knowledge has raised concerns that beluga from multiple distinct groups summer in Cumberland Sound, and that the current quota does not reflect this dynamic\u0026quot; and (2) \u0026quot;Inuit knowledge from the Pangnirtung community indicated multiple beluga groups are present in Cumberland Sound.\u0026quot; The report, however, provides no formal references nor description for the process by which Inuit knowledge was obtained. Of 39 participants who attended the peer review advisory meeting, only two were Indigenous representatives. An Inuktitut translation of the document is available (improving accessibility only).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eThe assessment of snow crab in Newfoundland and Labrador (DFO, 2023a) acknowledges use of the \u0026quot;Torngat Joint Fisheries Board-DFO collaborative trap survey\u0026quot; but provides no formal references nor description of Inuit contributions to that survey (e.g., there is not mention that the Torngat Joint Fisheries Board includes 50% Inuit representation). Further, the document does not specifically mention Indigenous Peoples. Of 49 participants who attended the peer review advisory meeting, only four were Indigenous representatives.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.2.2 Documents with limited IKS contributions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eThis section complements Table 5 with qualitative analysis of the two documents in which IKS contributed to the objectives and elements of research design, yet the process remained DFO-driven and privileged Western science over IKS (Indicator 1 score = 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eThe document on beluga in the Eastern Beaufort Sea (DFO, 2023b) acknowledged the co-management context for the species and included the following statements: (1)\u0026quot;Upon request from DFO Fisheries Management, FJMC [Fisheries Joint Management Committee] and the Inuvialuit Game Council, a new aerial survey was co-designed and conducted in July 2019, attempting to cover the entire summer distribution of EBS beluga in Canada;\u0026quot; (2) the study included \u0026quot;new areas\u0026quot; which were partly based on \u0026ldquo;consultations with Inuvialuit\u0026rdquo; and (3) \u0026ldquo;The EBS population assessment took a collaborative approach with Inuvialuit that engaged participation in the study design, field implementation/execution and the interpretation of findings for the final assessment.\u0026rdquo; However, no details are provided on how hunters or other knowledge keepers were engaged in knowledge co-production nor any role of Indigenous leadership in that process. Of 21 participants who attended the peer review advisory meeting, only six were Indigenous representatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eThe document on Pacific herring in the Strait of Georgia (SOG) and West Coast of Vancouver Island (WCVI) (DFO, 2019a) focuses on the development of a Management Strategy Evaluation (sensu Punt et al., 2016), for which \u0026ldquo;DFO engaged in a series of objective-setting workshops with First Nations and the herring fishing industry to formulate biological and yield objectives for the fisheries.\u0026rdquo; The analyses simulation-tested management procedures for achieving a suite of objectives, including some that are consistent with First Nations perspectives, such as (1) maintaining population abundances at or above levels equivalent to the average biomass of a historical baseline period considered to be productive (1988 to 2016 for SOG, and 1988 to 1996 for WCVI), and (2) target biomass levels (for WCVI only) equivalent to 75% of the unfished biomass, or to the average biomass during 1990-1999. The analyses also attempted to include smaller spatial scales of management determined by IKS. (The attempt failed for technical reasons.) The process, however, was initiated by DFO (i.e., First Nations, some with limited technical capacity, were invited into a process that they did not co-design), privileged science over IKS, and included participation from the fishing industry. Of 48 participants who attended the peer review advisory meeting, only eight were Indigenous representatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.2.3 A bright spot for IKS inclusivity: The ecosystem-based rebuilding plan for Pacific herring in Haida Gwaii\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eThe document \u003cem\u003eHaida Gwaii ʹ\u0026iacute;in\u0026aacute;ang | iinang Pacific Herring: An Ecosystem Overview and Ecosystem-based Rebuilding Plan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(CHN et al., 2022)\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:#0E101A;'\u003e, had the highest indicator scores (Table 6) and exemplifies a legitimate effort to include IKS in multiple formats. Notably, the rebuilding plan (1) uses \u0026quot;two local dialects of the Haida language, X̲aad k\u0026iacute;l, the G̲aw Tlag\u0026eacute;e Old Massett dialect, and X̲aayda kil, the HlG̲aagilda Skidegate dialect\u0026quot; for species names, Haida principles, harvesting practices, and other concepts; (2) highlights quotes from Haida knowledge-keepers throughout all sections, and (3) specifies the role of Haida values and principles, including reciprocity, balance, interconnectedness, responsibility, and respect, in guiding the plan.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:#0E101A;'\u003eHaida knowledge gathered from the 1970s onwards was a key source of information, indicating that the authors consulted and built upon existing IKS work. The sources acknowledged and cited in the rebuilding plan include Haida-led IKS studies, such as the Haida Marine Traditional Knowledge Study involving 54 Haida citizens, and herring interviews with Haida men conducted by Russ Jones (a Haida hereditary chief and fisheries scientist) in 1998. In a section dedicated to \u0026ldquo;Traditional Knowledge\u0026rdquo; the rebuilding plan states that \u0026quot;Haida traditional knowledge of ʹ\u0026iacute;in\u0026aacute;ang | iinang is held by citizens of the Haida Nation and has been passed down through generations via oral histories, experiential learning, and interactions with \u003cem\u003e\u0026iacute;in\u0026aacute;ang\u003c/em\u003e | \u003cem\u003eiinang\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026rdquo; The inclusion of IKS compiled from Haida sources and citizens increased understanding spatial dynamics, informed reference points and historical baselines, improved knowledge of herring ecology, helped understand the effects of different fisheries and gear types, and supported co-governance (i.e., joint management authority) and decision-making processes.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:#0E101A;'\u003eThe rebuilding plan specifies objectives for cultural continuity, including (1) \u0026ldquo;Foster Haida governance of traditional use and stewardship of herring on Haida Gwaii,\u0026rdquo; (2) \u0026ldquo;Protect and maintain culturally important areas and other areas of concern for herring, and (3) \u0026ldquo;Enable Haida traditional use of and cultural connections with herring, herring related activities, and habitat.\u0026rdquo; Further, one of the fisheries management objectives is to \u0026ldquo;Incorporate Haida traditional knowledge and recognize Haida laws in the herring management process.\u0026rdquo; Additionally, the ecological objectives go beyond a single-species management approach and embrace an ecosystem perspective consistent with Haida knowledge.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:#0E101A;'\u003eThe rebuilding plan highlights the collaborative nature of the rebuilding plan\u0026apos;s development, involving the Council of the Haida Nation, Parks Canada, and DFO. Notably, the scientific component of the work is very rigorous and applies (among other analyses) a Management Strategy Evaluation (sensu Punt et al., 2016) of management procedures that support rebuilding objectives.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eWestern scientists and state governments engaging in resource management have long misunderstood and undervalued IKS (McGregor, 2021; Snook et al., 2022; Whyte, 2013). Recent years, however, have brought a rise in awareness that IKS and Western Science have complementary strengths (e.g., Ban et al., 2018; Kimmerer, 2002) (Figure 1), and that the pairing of the two knowledge systems may improve fisheries management (A. J. Reid et al., 2021). At the same time, some countries with colonial histories have begun efforts to reconcile past wrongs by creating structures and processes intended to make resource management decisions more inclusive of IKS and other place-based knowledges (Strand et al., 2024). The work we present here provides a general methodology, using Canada as a case study, for gauging the extent to which rising awareness and good intentions yield tangible improvements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eOur results provide evidence that Canadian federal policies and strategies for inclusion of Indigenous Peoples in fisheries management, such as the 2019\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/about-notre-sujet/publications/fisheries-peche-eng.html#ab\"\u003eDFO Reconciliation Strategy\u003c/a\u003e, remain largely aspirational. Science Advisory Reports and rebuilding\u0026nbsp;plans are key advice documents used by federal fisheries managers; they are, effectively, a window into the types of knowledge and worldviews that Canada privileges in fisheries decision-making. In our sample of 78 of these documents published in the last 5 years (2019 to July 1, 2024), the vast majority (87.2%) did not meaningfully include Indigenous Peoples and IKS in the research processes and outcomes that they reported. A smaller subset of advice documents showed a limited range of Indigenous participation (9%) or IKS inclusion (\u0026asymp;3%) in scientific processes initiated and driven by DFO. In these cases, IKS appear to have been either an afterthought or considered in ways that served a pre-determined scientific methodology. Only one advice document met a high standard for the pairing of IKS and Western science.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eThe document \u003cem\u003eHaida Gwaii ʹ\u0026iacute;in\u0026aacute;ang | iinang Pacific Herring: An Ecosystem Overview and Ecosystem-based Rebuilding Plan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(CHN et al., 2022) is the single bright spot in our analyses. Co-produced by the Haida Nation, DFO, and Parks Canada, this document paired Haida knowledge, principles, and language with rigorous scientific methods to determine the objectives and management actions required to restore stronger relationships between herring, people, and other species in the ecosystem. This document scored high values for most indicators of IKS inclusivity, demonstrating DFO\u0026rsquo;s capacity to collaborate with Indigenous Peoples when the institution commits to doing so. Notably, the rebuilding plan was drafted after the Haida Nation successfully sued Canada for herring mismanagement in their territory (Jones et al., 2017). Nonetheless, the process of drafting the plan led to the types of relationship building and knowledge co-production that is required for Canada to advance from aspirational policies to the effective operationalization of IKS inclusivity in fisheries management.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eAdvice documents were outdated or entirely lacking for 10 of 38 focal species (26%) we considered vital to social determinants of Indigenous health (Table 1). These include, for example, eulachon (\u003cem\u003eThaleichthys pacificus\u003c/em\u003e), which collapsed throughout much of its distribution in the late 1990s, bringing tremendous hardship to some Indigenous communities (Beveridge et al., 2020; Moody, 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eThe 13 indicators of IKS inclusivity that we developed were designed for a broad range of advice documents and fisheries management processes, yet we recognise that they reflect the combined positionalities and experiences of the author team. These indicators, therefore, should be treated as a living methodology to be revised over time with broader participation of Indigenous Peoples. Additionally, case studies involving specific Indigenous communities may require context-specific revisions. For instance, Indicator 5, on protocols for sacred locations, may be relevant to some communities but not others. Another example is the language component of Indicator 3, which may not apply to communities hit hardest by the residential school system which endeavoured to ban Indigenous languages throughout Canada, among other genocidal practices (TRC, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eOur document selection criteria were restricted to titles which included the names of focal species. Outside these criteria, we are aware of a marine spatial planning Science Advisory Report with strong inclusivity of IKS. The document, \u003cem\u003eBiophysical and Ecological Overview of the Pacific Region Offshore Haida Gwaii Network Zones\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(DFO, 2024b), pertains to zones within the soon-to-be-implemented marine protected area network for the Northern Shelf Bioregion (Beaty et al., 2024). Like the rebuilding plan for Pacific herring in Haida Gwaii, it reports a knowledge co-production process between the Haida Nation and DFO in which\u0026nbsp;Haida knowledge and language were paired with Western science. Moreover, the peer review meeting for this document was co-chaired by the Haida Nation and DFO\u0026nbsp;(DFO, 2022c), demonstrating a more proactive and equitable approach to the inclusion of IKS by the Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat. This approach, important as it is, remains rare.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e5.1 Conclusions and Recommendations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eOver the last five years DFO has made a series of important policy statements intended to make fisheries management more inclusive of IKS yet did not back them up in law via amendments to the \u003cem\u003eFisheries Act\u003c/em\u003e or its regulations. In its current form, Section 2.5 of the\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eFisheries Act\u003c/em\u003e (2019)\u0026nbsp;states that the Minister \u0026ldquo;may consider Indigenous knowledge of the Indigenous peoples of Canada that has been provided to the Minister.\u0026rdquo; By using the words, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003emay\u003c/em\u003e consider,\u0026rdquo; the Act does not obligate the Minister to be inclusive of IKS in fisheries advice and management decisions. Further, our results suggest that\u0026nbsp;DFO\u0026rsquo;s science advisory process has yet to be amended to reflect the department\u0026rsquo;s own policy suite on IKS inclusivity. Our analyses document the non-response of the system and serve as a cautionary tale for other countries engaging in their own reconciliation\u003ca href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:super;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:super;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e[1]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e processes with Indigenous Peoples.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eOur primary objective is to foster a better way forward in which the inclusion of IKS in fisheries advice and decision-making become the norm. Towards that end, we offer the following recommendations to law and policy makers and to fisheries directors, managers, and scientists in Canada and elsewhere.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col style=\"list-style-type: decimal;margin-left: -0.25in;\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnshrine into law the inclusion of IKS in fisheries advice and decision making\u003c/em\u003e. In the Canadian context, this recommendation entails revisions to the \u003cem\u003eFisheries Act\u003c/em\u003e, which currently authorizes the Fisheries Minister to \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003econsider\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; IKS in decision making. A revised \u003cem\u003eFisheries Act\u003c/em\u003e must \u003cem\u003erequire\u003c/em\u003e the Minister to base decisions on advice that meaningfully includes IKS from Indigenous Peoples who \u003cem\u003echose\u003c/em\u003e to engage in collaborative fisheries management while following the principles of data sovereignty; additional provisions are needed for better alignment between the \u003cem\u003eFisheries Act\u003c/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003eUnited Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eAction Plan\u003c/em\u003e (Department of Justice, 2023). The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) can provide guidance for implementing this recommendation in other countries.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eUphold, strengthen, or create (if lacking) structures and processes for including IKS in the generation of management advice and decision making\u003c/em\u003e. In Canada, pathways for implementing this recommendation include revisions to the Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) so that requests for advice by DFO managers are required to invite and financially support knowledge co-production with Indigenous Peoples, including Indigenous participation in steering committees who guide the development of goals and objectives, and as co-chairs of peer review meetings. Other countries will differ in their structures and processes for implementing this recommendation, yet in all cases principles of equity and inclusivity apply. Strand et al (2024) provide a recent synthesis of these principles, as applied to ocean management in an international context; they emphasize that success in knowledge co-production and joint decision-making hinges on the extent to which all parties commit to creating a safe ethical space for knowledge plurality. The implication is that longer processes and more flexible timelines may be required to achieve more meaningful outcomes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eDevelop and implement co-governance agreements for collaborative fisheries management with Indigenous Peoples\u003c/em\u003e. Strand et al. (2024) state that ocean management plans \u0026ldquo;are more likely to succeed if situated within co-governance agreements that recognise the authority of Indigenous governments and communities for managing ocean areas and aspects such as fisheries and protected areas in collaboration with other levels of government.\u0026rdquo; Canada is potentially leading in the development of these kind of agreements,\u0026nbsp;such as the\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eFisheries Resources Reconciliation Agreement\u003c/em\u003e (FRRA, 2021). In our results, the rebuilding plan for Pacific herring in Haida Gwaii\u0026nbsp;(CHN et al., 2022), scored highest for inclusivity of Indigenous governance (Indicator 2) and for the average of all indicators, suggesting that these kinds of agreements need to become more widespread in Canada and elsewhere with implementation pathways supported by state governments. In a Canadian context, however, the Fisheries Act remains a stumbling block to implementing this recommendation.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eInvest in Indigenous Knowledge Systems\u003c/em\u003e. The world over, Indigenous Peoples have been disenfranchised by colonization and struggle with personnel and financial shortfalls. Without the ability to purchase boats and be on the water, for instance, many aspects of IKS cannot be practiced. More generally, knowledge co-production is most meaningful when Indigenous Peoples have the resources to collect and manage their own data. For these reasons, it is imperative for state governments to financially support Indigenous Peoples in their practices of IKS and in their contributions to knowledge co-production (Strand et al., 2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eIdentify and mitigate shortfalls in policy and practice\u003c/em\u003e. The indicators of IKS inclusivity that we developed (Table 2) can guide, with locally appropriate revisions, periodic examination of policies and practices by state governments and help identify potential mitigation measures. These same indicators can also guide, proactively, the development of new advice documents.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eInvest resources in managing species vital to Indigenous Peoples, even if they lack commercial value\u003c/em\u003e. In Canada, \u0026ldquo;major stocks\u0026rdquo; prescribed under the \u003cem\u003eFisheries Act\u003c/em\u003e receive priority resources for assessment. These \u0026ldquo;major stocks\u0026rdquo; exclude several species and populations vital to determinants of Indigenous Health (e.g., our results show that advice documents were outdated or altogether lacking for 26% of focal species); the \u003cem\u003eFisheries Act\u003c/em\u003e requires revision so that such species and populations also are prioritized for assessment, regardless of commercial value. While the mechanism for implementing this recommendation will differ in other countries, the same principle applies everywhere: state governments must work with Indigenous Peoples to ensure that species and populations vital to culture, food security, and health are assessed and jointly managed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eInvest in the professional development of state government personnel so that they learn to value IKS and meaningfully collaborate with Indigenous Peoples\u003c/em\u003e. Non-Indigenous peoples often lack an understanding of IKS and of the impacts of colonization. Education is a key precursor for reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples (TRC, 2015) and, therefore, for collaborative fisheries management. State governments must support and require their personnel to engage in Indigenous-led re-education initiatives that decolonize relationships and the telling of history. DFO\u0026rsquo;s Technical Expertise in Stock Assessment program, for instance, developed a seminar series in which Indigenous speakers present on IKS and knowledge co-production to an audience of fisheries scientists and managers; similar initiatives must become more widespread.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;text-indent:14.2pt;'\u003eOur analyses and recommendations provide an opportunity for fisheries management to move away from Eurocentric perspectives, in which marine species are treated as commodities for maximum sustainable exploitation, to more holistic perspectives and ecosystem approaches strengthened by IKS (Figure 1). This transformation would foster more reciprocal and respectful relationships between people and the ecosystems we depend on, fortifying socio-ecological resilience in the face of climate change and other stressors (Frid et al., 2023; Kimmerer, 2002; A. J. Reid et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:super;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"vertical-align:super;\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e[1]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e In the words of the late Honourable Murray Sinclair, former co-chair of Canada\u0026rsquo;s Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission (\u003ca href=\"https://nctr.ca/\"\u003ehttps://nctr.ca/\u003c/a\u003e), \u0026ldquo;Reconciliation is about atonement. It\u0026apos;s about making amends. It\u0026apos;s about apology. It\u0026apos;s about recognizing responsibility. It\u0026apos;s about accounting for what has gone on. But ultimately, it\u0026apos;s about commitment to maintaining that mutually respectful relationship throughout, recognizing that, even when you establish it, there will be challenges to it (\u003ca href=\"https://www.csps-efpc.gc.ca/video/ssontr-eng.aspx\"\u003ehttps://www.csps-efpc.gc.ca/video/ssontr-eng.aspx\u003c/a\u003e).\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eThe Pew Charitable Trusts was the primary funder for this study. Oceana Canada provided additional support to AF. Natalie Ban, Kyle Wilson, Robert Rangeley, and Trevor Swerdfager reviewed earlier drafts. We also thank journal reviewers for their comments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;\"\u003eConflict Of Interest Statement\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;\"\u003eThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri;\"\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAppendix 1 is a spreadsheet containing information on each advice document analyzed, including their full citation hyperlinked to the original document. The spreadsheet also includes scores for each indicator and justifications for each score. The spreadsheet, along with a fuller description, is available in the Zenodo repository \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14940425\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14940425\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-left:24.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003eAdams, M. S., Connors, B., Levi, T., Shaw, D., Walkus, J., Rogers, S., \u0026amp; Darimont, C. (2021). Local Values and Data Empower Culturally Guided Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management of the Wuikinuxv Bear\u0026ndash;Salmon\u0026ndash;Human System. \u003cem\u003eMarine and Coastal Fisheries\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(4), 362\u0026ndash;378. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mcf2.10171\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-left:24.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003eAlmack, K., Dunlop, E. S., Lauzon, R., Nadjiwon, S., \u0026amp; Duncan, A. T. (2022). Building trust through the Two-Eyed Seeing approach to joint fisheries research. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Great Lakes Research\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2022.11.005\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-left:24.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003eBan, N. C., Eckert, L., McGreer, M., \u0026amp; Frid, A. (2017). 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(2022). \u003cem\u003eHaida Gwaii ʹ\u0026iacute;in\u0026aacute;ang | iinang Pacific Herring: An Ecosystem Overview and Ecosystem-based Rebuilding Plan (DRAFT)\u003c/em\u003e. https://www.haidanation.ca/haida-gwaii-ʹiinaang-iinang-herring-rebuilding-plan/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-left:24.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003eCooke, S. J., Nguyen, V. M., Chapman, J. M., Reid, A. J., Landsman, S. J., Young, N., Hinch, S. G., Schott, S., Mandrak, N. E., \u0026amp; Semeniuk, C. A. D. (2021). 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Fisheries and Oceans Canada. https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/reports-rapports/regs/sff-cpd/overview-cadre-eng.htm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-left:24.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003eDFO. (2019a). Evaluation of Management Procedures for Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii) in the Strait of Georgia and the West Coast of Vancouver Island Management Areas of British Columbia. \u003cem\u003eCan. Sci. Advis. Sec. Sci. Advis. Rep.\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2019/001\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-left:24.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003eDFO. (2019b). Recovery Potential Assessment - Okanagan Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha). \u003cem\u003eDFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Sci. Advis. 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The ecosystem approach to fisheries. \u003cem\u003eFAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(2), 1\u0026ndash;112.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-left:24.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003eFisheries_Act. (2019). \u003cem\u003eFisheries Act\u003c/em\u003e. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/f-14/20190828/P1TT3xt3.html\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-left:24.0pt;text-indent:-24.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003eFrid, A., Wilson, K. L., Walkus, J., Forrest, R. E., \u0026amp; Reid, M. (2023). 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On the role of traditional ecological knowledge as a collaborative concept: a philosophical study. \u003cem\u003eEcological Processes\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-1709-2-7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eWilson, J. A., \u0026amp; Giske, J. (2023). Does fishing dismantle fish culture and ecosystem structure? Questions about the implications of social learning among fish and fishers. \u003cem\u003eFish and Fisheries\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003en/a\u003c/em\u003e(n/a). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12755\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e. Focal species included in the study (ordered alphabetically by common name). \u0026nbsp;The last column indicates whether advice documents met selection criteria for publication in the last five years; if not, the year of the most recent advice document is provided. (SAR=Science Advisory Report; RP=Rebuilding Plan).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse;border: none;width: 614px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 29pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eCommon name\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 29pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eScientific name\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 29pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDistribution\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 29pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDocument selection criteria met?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAmerican eel\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAnguilla rostrata\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAtlantic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAmerican lobster\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eHomarus americanus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAtlantic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic char\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSalvelinus alpinus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic, Atlantic, and Pacific\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic cod\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eBoreogadus saida\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic and Atlantic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAtlantic cod\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eGadus morhua\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic and Atlantic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAtlantic Herring*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eClupea harengus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAtlantic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAtlantic mackerel\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eScomber scombrus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAtlantic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAtlantic Salmon\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSalmo salar\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic and Atlantic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eBeluga\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDelphinapterus leucas\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eBowhead\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eBalaena mysticetus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eBrook trout\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSalvelinus fontinalis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAtlantic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo. SAR or RP lacking for any year.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eCapelin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eMallotus villosus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic and Atlantic\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eChinook salmon\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eOncorhynchus tshawytscha\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eChum salmon\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eOncorhynchus keta\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo. SAR or RP lacking for any year.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eCoho salmon\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eOncorhynchus kisutch\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDolly varden\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSalvelinus malma\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic and Pacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo. Most recent SAR published in 2016.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDungeness crab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eCancer magister\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eEulachon\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThaleichthys pacificus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo. Most recent SAR published in 2015.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eGeoduck\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePanopea generosa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo. Most recent SAR published in 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eGiant sea cucumber\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eApostichopus californicus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eGreenland halibut\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eReinhardtius hippoglossoides\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic, Atlantic, and Pacific\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eHarp seal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePagophilus groenlandicus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic and Atlantic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eHooded seal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eCystophora cristata\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo. SAR or RP lacking for any year.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNarwhal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eMonodon monoceros\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNorthern abalone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eHaliotis kamtschatkana\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo. Most recent SAR published in 2016.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNorthern shrimp\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePandalus borealis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAtlantic and Pacific\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific herring\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eClupea pallasii\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific salmon\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eOncorhynchus \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003espp.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePink salmon\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eOncorhynchus gorbuscha\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo. Most recent SAR published in 2012.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eRiver herring\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAlosa aestivalis \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eand \u003cem\u003eA. pseudoharengus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAtlantic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eQuillback rockfish\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSebastes maliger\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eRinged seal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePusa hispida\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo. Most recent SAR published in 2011\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSnow Crab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eChionoecetes opilio\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAtlantic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSockeye Salmon\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eOncorhynchus nerka\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSpot prawn\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePandalus platyceros\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo. Most recent SAR published in 2011.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eStriped Bass\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eMorone saxatilis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAtlantic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eWalrus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eOdobenus rosmarus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.7pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYelloweye rockfish\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 140.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSebastes ruberrimus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:107%;\"\u003e*SAR titles refer to river herring as \u0026ldquo;Alewife and Blueback Herring\u0026rdquo; and (in some cases) to Atlantic herring as \u0026ldquo;herring\u0026rdquo;; document searches for these species used the term \u0026ldquo;herring.\u0026rdquo; Similarly, searches for American lobster used the term \u0026ldquo;lobster.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e. Descriptions and scoring criteria for semiquantitative indicators.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse;border: none;width: 956px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 228pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIndicator\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 487.6pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eScore\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eID\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eApplicable taxa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDescription\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAll\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIndigenous Peoples and state government personnel co-produced research used to advise fisheries management, such that both IKS and Western science supported mutually agreed goals and objectives. (If score \u0026le;1 then the remaining indicators are not scored.)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e(1) The advice document is \u003cem\u003ebased only on Western scientific methods\u003c/em\u003e and data; \u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e (2) Indigenous contributions, \u003cem\u003eif any\u003c/em\u003e, are limited to participation in peer review or advisory roles for state \u003cem\u003egovernment-driven\u003c/em\u003e research and management; \u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e (3) the document mentions\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;IKS\u003c/em\u003e or related concepts (e.g., traditional knowledge) \u003cem\u003esuperficially\u003c/em\u003e (outside the context of a knowledge co-production process pairing IKS and Western Science) \u003cem\u003eor not at all\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIndigenous Peoples were included\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;in some aspects of research but \u003cem\u003etheir IKS was not\u003c/em\u003e. I.e., Indigenous participation wa\u003cem\u003es limited\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eto fieldwork or contributing data or observations to state \u003cem\u003egovernment-driven\u003c/em\u003e scientific research conducted outside knowledge co-production processes for pairing IKS and Western science.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIndigenous Peoples \u003cem\u003econtributed\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003esome\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eelements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eof IKS to a state\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;government-driven process\u003c/em\u003e that privileged Western science over IKS in the development of goals, objectives, management measures, assumptions, interpretation and communication of results, and other research elements.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe pairing of IKS and Western science had a high standard\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIKS played a significant role in knowledge co-production, including the development of goals, objectives, management measures, assumptions, interpretation and communication of results, and other research elements.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAll\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe people and governance structures of the Indigenous community were properly engaged in developing management goals and objectives.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eindication of \u003cem\u003eengagement\u003c/em\u003e of the community and their governance structures.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe process of knowledge co-production \u003cem\u003eacknowledged and met obligations of historic and or modern-day treaties or agreements\u003c/em\u003e with the state governments.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAdditionally, the process of knowledge co-production recognized Indigenous governance and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;followed the decision-making structures\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eof the Indigenous community\u003c/em\u003e when developing management goals and objectives.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAdditionally\u003cem\u003e, individual knowledge keepers\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewithin the community were \u003cem\u003eengaged\u003c/em\u003e via processes led from within the community.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAll\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe words of Indigenous collaborators were heard, respected, and highlighted.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eWords from Indigenous collaborators were \u003cem\u003enot included\u003c/em\u003e in the document.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eEither\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;(1) Indigenous \u003cem\u003elanguages\u003c/em\u003e were used to name key elements of the research and of management goals and objectives (e.g., species, places, ecological or oceanographic features, harvesting practices or protocols), \u003cem\u003eor\u003c/em\u003e (2) \u003cem\u003equotes\u003c/em\u003e from community members (e.g., Elders, Matriarchs, Hereditary Chiefs, technical staff, youth, knowledge keepers, food harvesters or processors) were used to convey relationships between people and the species.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eBoth\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;(1) Indigenous \u003cem\u003elanguages\u003c/em\u003e were used to name key elements of the research and of management goals and objectives (e.g., species, places, ecological or oceanographic features, harvesting practices, protocols), \u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e (2) \u003cem\u003equotes\u003c/em\u003e from community members were used to convey relationships between people and the species.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAll\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIKS principles, such as respect for and/or reciprocity towards other species, guided the framework used to generate management advice.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo mention\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;of IKS principles.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIKS principles guided\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;the framewor\u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e used to generate management advice.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 101.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 71.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 71.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAll\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 71.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSacred locations were recognized, and management measures were consistent with Indigenous protocols for those areas.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 71.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo mention\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;of specific locations considered to be sacred.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 71.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eLocations \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003econsidered to be sacred were\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;specified\u003c/em\u003e (in accordance with confidentiality rules of the Indigenous community).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 71.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAdditionally, Indigenous \u003cem\u003eprotocols\u003c/em\u003e for allowable uses at those locations were specified.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 71.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAll\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe process of knowledge co-production created opportunities for in-person intergenerational knowledge transfer and other forms of knowledge sharing within the Indigenous community.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo mention\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;of in-person knowledge sharing within the community during the research process.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eCommunity members interviewed knowledge keepers\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;as part of the research process.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAdditionally, \u003cem\u003ein-person knowledge sharing extended to exchanges between knowledge keepers and others in the community\u003c/em\u003e (e.g., youth) while practicing or discussing knowledge about the species. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAll\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe process of knowledge co-production created opportunities for state government-supported capacity sharing with Indigenous Peoples.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo mention\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;of state government-supported capacity sharing.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe research process included state \u003cem\u003egovernment-supported capacity sharing\u003c/em\u003e that increased the knowledge repertoire of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Indigenous Peoples\u003c/em\u003e. (E.g., the state government supported, financially and in other ways, training, education, and employment opportunities linked to the project.)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAdditionally, the research processes facilitated \u003cem\u003eIndigenous-led capacity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esharing that increased the knowledge repertoire of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;state government collaborators\u003c/em\u003e. (E.g., the state government supported, financially and in other ways, opportunities for government personnel to better understand IKS via in-person engagement with the community and their territory.)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAll\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIKS determined the spatial scales of management examined. (This is not exclusive with additional analyses at larger spatial scales determined by state government personnel.)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo indication\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;that IKS determined spatial scales of management.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAnalyses include \u003cem\u003esmaller spatial scales\u003c/em\u003e of management determined by IKS.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAdditionally, an integrative research approach that pairs IKS and science informed \u003cem\u003emanagement measures consistent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewith the smaller spatial scales determined by \u003cem\u003eIKS\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 116pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 116pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAll\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 116pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIKS determined the species abundances that are vital to local Indigenous Peoples, set the goals and objectives for rebuilding and/or maintaining those abundances, and contributed to analyses of potential management measures.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 116pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNo indication\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;that IKS determined the goals and objectives for rebuilding and/or maintaining species abundances.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 116pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIKS determined\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;the \u003cem\u003egoals and objectives\u003c/em\u003e for rebuilding and/or maintaining species abundances. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 116pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAdditionally, an \u003cem\u003eintegrative research approach\u003c/em\u003e that pairs IKS and science \u003cem\u003eexamined change over time, status, and management measures\u003c/em\u003e to rebuild or maintain the desired abundances.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 116pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 71.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 71.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAll\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 71.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe continuity or recovery of cultural practices that require higher local abundances of species, such as the ability to harvest traditional foods and run youth education programs near the community, are specified in management goals and objectives.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 71.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eGoals and objectives were \u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e explicitly \u003cem\u003elinked\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eto cultural practice\u003c/em\u003es.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 71.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eCultural practices\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;requiring higher local abundances of harvested species were identified and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;linked\u003c/em\u003e to management goals and objectives.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 71.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAdditionally, an \u003cem\u003eintegrative research\u003c/em\u003e approach that pairs IKS and science determined the \u003cem\u003emanagement measures\u003c/em\u003e likely to achieve those goals and objectives.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 71.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 72.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 72.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eFish and invertebrates\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 72.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIKS contributed knowledge of change over time for size and/or age structures of the population, determined the goals and objectives for rebuilding and/or maintaining these structures, and contributed to analyses of potential management measures to achieve those goals and objectives. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 72.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIKS did not contribute\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;insights into changes to size and/or age structures.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 72.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIKS contributed\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;knowledge of change over time for size and/or age structures.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 72.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAdditionally, \u003cem\u003eIKS determined the goals and objectives\u003c/em\u003e for rebuilding and/or maintaining size and/or age structures.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 72.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAdditionally, an \u003cem\u003eintegrative research\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eapproach that pairs IKS and science further \u003cem\u003eexamined\u003c/em\u003e potential \u003cem\u003echange over time\u003c/em\u003e relative to a historical baseline, current status, and \u003cem\u003emanagement measures\u003c/em\u003e to rebuild or maintain the desired size and/or age structures.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eFish and invertebrates (Only Indigenous peoples can harvest marine mammals.)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe management measures examined prioritize Indigenous access, over other sectors, to species vital to Indigenous well-being.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePriority access\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;by Indigenous Peoples is \u003cem\u003enot explicit\u003c/em\u003e to the management measures examined.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePriority access\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;by Indigenous Peoples is \u003cem\u003eexplicit\u003c/em\u003e to the management measures examined.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAn \u003cem\u003eintegrative research\u003c/em\u003e approach that pairs IKS and science \u003cem\u003eestimated local abundance thresholds\u003c/em\u003e to be exceeded before other sectors can access the same species without compromising Indigenous access.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe recommended \u003cem\u003emanagement measures allow community members to harvest species in the critical zone (at very low abundance) for cultural purposes\u003c/em\u003e, including inter-generational knowledge transfer. (This score does not apply if the species or population is not in critical zone.)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 72.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 72.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eForage fish and salmon\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 72.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIKS determined the goals and objectives for balancing human harvests with the food requirements of predators that eat the same species as people, and contributed to analyses of potential management measures. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 72.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe food requirements of other species were \u003cem\u003enot considered\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 72.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIKS determined the goals and objectives for \u003cem\u003ebalancing human harvests with the food requirements of predators\u003c/em\u003e that eat the same species as people.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 72.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAdditionally, an \u003cem\u003eintegrative research\u003c/em\u003e approach that pairs IKS and science examined \u003cem\u003emanagement measures\u003c/em\u003e (i.e., fishery allocations that would not compromise the needs of predators) to support these goals and objectives while prioritizing Indigenous harvests for food over commercial and recreational fisheries.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 72.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 3. Summary of Indicator 1 scores for the 78 advice documents analyzed. Indicator 1 provides a general assessment of the extent to which the process of producing knowledge that advises fisheries management was inclusive of IKS. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse;border: none;width: 671px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.75pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDocument type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 425.25pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of documents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003eScore = 0: \u003cem\u003eNo meaningful inclusion of Indigenous Peoples and their IKS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003eScore = 1: \u003cem\u003eIndigenous Peoples were included in some aspects of research but their IKS was not.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003eScore =2: \u003cem\u003eIKS contributed to the objectives and research design of a state government-driven process that privileged science.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003eScore = 3: \u003cem\u003eThe pairing of IKS and Western science had a high standard.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003eRebuilding plan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003eSAR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.75pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 4. Documents in which Indigenous Peoples were included in some aspects of research (e.g., fieldwork, data contributions) but their IKS was not (i.e., Indicator 1 score = 1). For additional details, see Appendix 1 under Data Availability Statement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:680.15pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.1pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 43.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDocument\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.95pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 43.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSpecies\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.2pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 43.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eManagement unit\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 482.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 43.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eJustification for Indicator 1 score\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 83.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDFO (2023d)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 83.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eArctic char\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 83.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIkaluit Lake (Robert Peel Inlet)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 482.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 83.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe Pangnirtung Hunters and Trappers Organization (HTO), Amaruq Hunters and Trappers Association (HTA), and Pangnirtung fishers engaged in a 2-day \u0026quot;Regional Advisory Process meeting\u0026quot; in Iqaluit, where they provided information on the influence of tidal cycles on the timing and movement of Arctic Char into different lake systems, and the population discreteness of Ikaluit Lake Arctic Char.\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe assessment applied subsistence harvest information provided by the HTO and the HTA. These contributions were limited to support of a DFO-driven research process.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 69.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDFO (2022b)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 69.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eBeluga\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 69.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eEastern Hudson Bay and James Bay\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 482.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 69.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eBeluga harvests by the Nunavik communities are \u0026ldquo;managed under a multi-year management plan developed by the Nunavik Marine Region Wildlife Board and the Eeyou Marine Region Wildlife Board. Hunters contributed their harvest data (used in the document\u0026rsquo;s Figure 2 and Tables 1 and 2) and provided information on the timing of beluga migrations but these contributions were merely supportive of a DFO-driven research process.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 55.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDFO (2022a)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 55.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eBeluga\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 55.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eCumberland Sound\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 482.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 55.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe population is co-managed by DFO and the Nunavut Wildlife Management Board, the local Pangnirtung Hunters and Trappers Association, and the Qikiqtaaluk Wildlife Board.\u0026quot; The document references several aspects of Inuit knowledge (see Section 4.2.1) but these contributions were merely supportive of a DFO-driven research process.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 134.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDFO (2019b)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 134.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eChinook salmon\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 134.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eOkanagan River\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 482.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 134.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe Okanagan Nation Alliance (ONA) has engaged in the study and conservation of the population since 2002, including field data collection and habitat enhancement. ONA collaborated with DFO, Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commission, and Summit Environmental to produce an Okanagan Chinook Recovery Potential Assessment (RPA) in 2006, and produced a second RPA in 2016, but the 2019 document does not specify how outputs from these earlier, Indigenous-led initiatives contributed to the most recent RPA. ONA shared escapement data for non-adipose-clipped summer Okanagan Chinook Salmon (2006-2018), which the 2019 RPA depicts in Figure 2. Despite ONA\u0026rsquo;s data contributions, there is no indication of a concerted effort to include IKS in the most recent RPA.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 70.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDFO (2023a)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 70.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSnow crab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 70.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNewfoundland and Labrador (Divisions 2HJ3KLNOP4R)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 482.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 70.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIndigenous inclusion is limited to acknowledgement that the \u0026quot;Torngat Joint Fisheries Board-DFO collaborative trap survey\u0026quot;) was used in the assessment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 58.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDFO (2023c)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 58.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eWalrus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 58.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eHudson Bay-Davis Strait\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 482.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 58.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIndigenous inclusion is limited to (1) the statement that \u0026quot;Hunters from Nunavik report that Walrus hunting has declined because there are fewer dog teams to feed,\u0026quot; and (2) Data on Figure 2, which includes \u0026quot;haul-out sites obtained from previous surveys and discussions with Inuit hunters.\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 62pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDFO (2024a)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 62pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eWalrus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 62pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSouth and East Hudson Bay\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 482.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 62pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIndigenous inclusion is limited to the statement: \u0026quot;The aerial coastal photographic survey conducted in September 2022 covered all known terrestrial haul-out sites identified within the distribution range of South and East Hudson Bay (SEHB) walruses, based on previous surveys and Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (local knowledge).\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:107%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 5. Documents in which IKS contributed to the objectives and elements of research design, yet the process remained DFO-driven and privileged Western science over IKS (i.e., Indicator 1 score = 2). For additional details, see Appendix 1 under Data Availability Statement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:644.75pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.15pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 43.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDocument\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 43.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSpecies\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73.9pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 43.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eManagement unit\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 460.7pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 43.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eJustification for indicator score\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.15pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 83.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDFO (2023b)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 83.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eBeluga\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 83.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eEastern Beaufort Sea (EBS) beluga (Eastern Beaufort Sea Beluga)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 460.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 83.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThe document states that the population is co-managed through DFO and the Fisheries Joint Management Committee (a co-management body for the Inuvialuit Settlement Region) but lacks any indication of equitable knowledge co-production involving Indigenous communities (see Section 4.2.2.). Nine of 11 indicators of IKS inclusivity applicable to beluga had score values of zero (Table 6). For instance, the document lacks the following element of IKS: quotes from Indigenous collaborators; IKS principles; specificity on how governance structures, communities, and knowledge holders were engaged; discussion on how IKS might have contributed to determining the spatial scales of management; IKS perspectives on change over time and how current population abundance relates to meeting Inuvialuit needs for food security and cultural continuity.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.15pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 42.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDFO (2019a)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 42.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePacific herring\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 42.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eStrait of Georgia (SOG) and West Coast of Vancouver Island (WCVI)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 460.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 42.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eThis document describes the development of a Management Strategy Evaluation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e(sensu Punt et al., 2016) for which First Nations contributed some of the objectives. Indigenous participants, however, were brought into a DFO-driven process that they did not co-design or co-lead (see Section 4.2.2.).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eAdditionally, 10 of 14 indicators of IKS inclusivity applicable to Pacific herring received score values of zero (Table 6). For instance, the document does \u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e include: words from Indigenous collaborators; IKS principles; specificity on how governance structures, communities, and knowledge holders were engaged; specificity on how objectives link to cultural continuity; discussion on how IKS might have contributed to understanding changes in size and/or age structures; and specificity on how management objectives link to the ecosystem role of herring in supporting a diversity of predators.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;'\u003eTable 6. Normalized indicator scores for the three documents with varying degrees of IKS inclusivity. Appendix 1 provides score justifications (see Data Availability Statement). (NA = not applicable).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse;border: none;width: 680px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.65pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndicator ID\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 439.4pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNormalized score\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.65pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003eBeluga/EBS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(DFO, 2023b)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003ePacific herring/SOG and WCV1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(DFO, 2019a)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e\u003cem\u003ePacific herring/Haida Gwaii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(CHN et al., 2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.65pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.65pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.65pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 148.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.65pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: 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none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal;'\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.65pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:normal;'\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Co-governance, Collaborative fisheries, Cultural continuity, Ecosystem approach, Indicators of Indigenous inclusivity, Knowledge co-production","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5523126/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5523126/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIndigenous Peoples have developed knowledge systems that foster respectful and reciprocal relations between human and other-than-human beings, supporting resilient ecosystems and societies. Despite the impacts of colonization, Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) endure in many parts of the world and there is growing recognition that IKS can strongly improve fisheries management. During the last five years, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the federal institution responsible for managing Canada's fisheries, released policies and strategies intended to make fisheries management more inclusive of IKS. To measure progress in their implementation, we applied 13 semiquantitative indicators and qualitative analyses of IKS inclusivity to a sample of 78 public documents produced or co-produced by DFO to advise management decisions. Of these documents, \u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;87% reported cases that did not meaningfully include Indigenous Peoples and their IKS, 9.0% reported cases in which Indigenous Peoples were included in some aspects of research but their IKS was not, \u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;3% reported cases in which IKS contributed to objectives and elements of research design but the process privileged Western science over IKS, and only one document met a high standard for the pairing of IKS and Western science. The indicators that we developed in a Canadian context can be used, with locally appropriate revisions, to gauge the extent to which state governments in other countries are inclusive of IKS in fisheries management, thereby identifying shortcomings in law, policy, and practice and informing mitigation measures. Strengthening the inclusivity of IKS would enable more holistic approaches to fisheries management and benefit global conservation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Inclusivity of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Fisheries Management","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2025-03-14 15:52:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5523126/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-28 15:56:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5523126/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"afbed163-d87d-4108-84ec-c7988baa9dec","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-17T15:33:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5523126","link":"https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12905","journal":{"identity":"fish-and-fisheries","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Fish and Fisheries"},"publishedOn":"2025-05-26 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"May 26th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-14 15:52:01","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1111/faf.12905","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12905","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-5523126","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5523126","identity":"rs-5523126","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}