Impact of natural defoliation and heat shock on the recovery of photosystem ii parameters in european beech (Fagus sylvatica)

Impact of natural defoliation and heat shock on the recovery of photosystem ii parameters in european beech (Fagus sylvatica) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Impact of natural defoliation and heat shock on the recovery of photosystem ii parameters in european beech (Fagus sylvatica) Petru Cuza, Nicolai Platovschii, Nina Zdioruk This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8529001/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 3 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Marginal populations of European beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) are vulnerable to heatwaves and prolonged droughts, which affect photosynthetic function and tree resilience. The aim of this study was to investigate the leaf-level responses of European beech trees, depending on defoliation class (I-IV), to a heat shock and to compare the recovery processes of PSII parameters. For each defoliation class, five trees were selected. Detached leaves were exposed to a heat shock of 50°C for 10 minutes, and during ten days of recovery, chlorophyll content, the effective quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), the electron transport rate (ETR), and the maximum quantum yield (F v /F m ) were measured. Trees from classes I and II exhibited moderate initial values of photosynthetic parameters and showed faster recovery, although final values did not fully reach control levels. In contrast, trees from classes III and IV had lower initial values and exhibited slow and incomplete recovery, indicating reduced PSII resilience. On the first day of recovery, ΦPSII, ETR, and F v /F m values decreased significantly, but recovery dynamics moderately accelerated thereafter, without reaching control levels. Variation component analysis revealed that the source of variation represented by individual trees largely influenced chlorophyll content, whereas treatment and recovery day primarily explained variations in ΦPSII, ETR, and F v /F m . ΦPSII values reflected photochemical efficiency and persistent PSII photoinhibition, while ETR provided complementary information on electron flux dynamics, suggesting that PSII recovery involves a coordinated process among parameters. Integration of the contributions from different sources of variation indicates that leaf recovery in European beech depends on the complex interaction between inter-individual variability and heat shock, highlighting the role of initial vitality and physiological state of the trees in PSII resilience. Fagus sylvatica natural defoliation heat shock chlorophyll index ΦPSII ETR Fv/Fm tree vitality Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction European beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) is a keystone forest species in European ecosystems, with considerable ecological and economic importance (Houston Durrant et al. 2016). Its wide distribution supports forest diversity and structure, provides habitats for numerous associated species, and contributes to nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability (Walentowski et al. 2014; Jansone et al. 2023). In the context of climate change, beech forests face increasing exposure to heat waves and thermal stress, which can impair photosynthesis, growth, and regeneration. However, detailed physiological data on beech responses to such stresses remain limited, particularly in Eastern Europe (Vitasse et al. 2019; Roibu et al. 2022; Shah Rukh et al. 2023). Beech is considered among the most vulnerable deciduous species to extreme climatic events, showing stress-induced decline and increased mortality under severe droughts (Schuldt et al. 2020). A thorough understanding of the physiological processes through which F. sylvatica responds to thermal stress, depending on tree health status, is essential for promoting forest resilience to natural disturbances within the species’ range. Assessing the health status of beech stands based on photosynthetic parameters represents a key tool for maintaining ecosystem stability and supporting forest productivity (Pflug et al. 2018, Longo-Minnolo et al. 2025). These parameters, sensitive to temperature extremes, can serve as relevant ecological indicators for diagnosing stress and monitoring the adaptive capacity of beech forests under climate change (Pilaš et al. 2015, Sánchez-Gómez et al. 2024). In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the impact of natural defoliation and heat shock on the recovery of photosynthetic parameters in European beech, contributing to a better understanding of the physiological adaptation mechanisms of this species to climatic stress. Perceiving how beech responds and recovers following thermal stress or natural defoliation is crucial for analyzing the physiological processes involved in regulating plant homeostasis. The main mechanisms associated with European beech responses to high temperatures have been intensively studied over the last decades. Numerous studies have shown that heat waves and extreme temperatures affect photosynthetic processes, stem and leaf growth, xylem hydraulic function, and carbohydrate metabolism (Weber et al. 2013, Aranda et al. 2015, Pflug et al. 2018). F. sylvatica is considered a moderately anisohydric species, which confers functional flexibility in regulating water balance and allows optimization of the photosynthetic assimilation rate (A_N) under moderate stress by simultaneously adjusting photosystem II efficiency and leaf-level water use (Peuke et al. 2002, Prigoliti et al. 2023, Kurath et al. 2025). This fine-tuned regulation of photosynthetic activity and water loss constitutes a key physiological resilience mechanism, contributing to the maintenance of functional integrity and the stability of forest productivity during periods of high temperature and drought. Consequently, assessing photosystem II parameters provides a direct perspective on how beech adjusts photosynthetic efficiency during stress and the post-thermal recovery phase. Recent studies have shown that the maximum efficiency of photosystem II, expressed as the F v /F m ratio, is sensitive to thermal stress, exhibiting significant declines under both high and low temperatures (Neri et al. 2024). These results highlight a physiological trade-off between tolerance and resilience in photosystem II function under thermal extremes, confirming the universal role of the F v /F m ratio as an indicator of plant sensitivity and adaptive capacity to climatic stress. Accordingly, F v /F m is recognized as a central functional parameter for diagnosing and monitoring the photosynthetic capacity of trees subjected to thermal and water stress. In European beech, physiological measurements have shown that F v /F m values remain high under moderate stress, indicating the maintenance of photosystem II efficiency and leaf-level photosynthetic potential. Niemczyk et al. (2023) demonstrated that, across a range of deciduous species including F. sylvatica , significant declines in F v /F m occur only when the soil volumetric water content falls below the critical threshold of 5%, reflecting the onset of photo inhibition and irreversible impairment of photosynthetic activity. This ability to sustain high photochemical efficiency even under extreme dehydration suggests a notable physiological resilience in beech, allowing rapid photosynthetic recovery following episodes of water or heat stress and, consequently, supporting growth and regeneration during periods of climatic perturbation. Interspecific comparative studies provide further insight into the photosynthetic plasticity of beech. For instance, Einhorn et al. (2004) investigated seedlings of F. sylvatica and ash ( Fraxinus excelsior ) grown under three natural light levels (open, gap, and shaded conditions). Dark-adapted leaf F v /F m values indicated that ash exhibited higher photochemical efficiency than beech under open and gap conditions, suggesting greater photoinhibition in beech. Light-response curves, including operational PSII efficiency (F′ q /F′ m ), electron transport rate (ETR), and photochemical efficiency factor (F′ q /F′ v ), revealed greater variability in ash, whereas NPQ responses were similar in both species. These results indicate superior photosynthetic plasticity in ash, yet highlight a compensatory capacity in beech, which maintains biomass accumulation even in the presence of more pronounced photo inhibition, a trait potentially reflecting an adaptive mechanism for sustaining functional stability under stress conditions. From a scientific perspective, understanding the response of European beech in natural populations, with varying defoliation, to extreme temperatures is essential. Tree health was assessed visually following Dobbertin (2005), widely used in European monitoring. Integrating these observations with photosynthetic measurements enables correlations between canopy damage and photosynthetic performance, offering insights into the adaptive capacity and resilience of beech forests. Such integrated approaches are rare, particularly for populations at the species’ range margin. This study combines defoliation classification with detailed photosynthetic analyses to provide a comprehensive view of tree vitality and inform sustainable management under thermal stress. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and photosynthetic responses of European beech ( F. sylvatica ) trees with varying degrees of defoliation subjected to heat shock. To achieve this aim, the following specific objectives were established: i. to analyze the dynamics of leaf recovery processes in control and heat-shocked trees, based on chlorophyll content, effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), electron transport rate (ETR), and the F v /F m ratio; ii. to compare photosynthetic parameters among leaves from trees belonging to different defoliation classes, treatments, and recovery time points; iii. to assess the combined effects of defoliation, treatment, and recovery period on photosynthetic parameters. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Stand characterization and leaf sampling In July 2025, a European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) population was selected within the forest fund of the Hârjauca Forest District, located at the margin of the species’ natural range. Following a detailed field survey, five beech trees representing different defoliation classes were selected according to the classification proposed by Dobbertin (2005) : Class I (vigorous trees), Class II (slightly affected), Class III (visibly affected), and Class IV (severely declining). The selected trees were approximately 90 years old. The stand develops on a north-facing slope at an elevation of 350 m, on a typical brown soil. The forest type is a mixed forest of sessile oak ( Quercus petraea ), European beech ( Fagus sylvatica ), and small-leaved lime ( Tilia cordata ), with Carex pilosa in the herb layer. From each tree, one hundred leaves were collected from the lower and southern portions of the crown for photosynthetic analyses. The leaves of each individual were placed in labeled paper envelopes indicating the defoliation class and tree number. Samples were then stored in a portable refrigerator and transported to the laboratory for analysis. 2.2. Determination of photosystem II parameters In the laboratory, the leaves collected for each defoliation class and each tree were divided into two groups: 1. Control sample, consisting of untreated leaves; 2. Treated sample, consisting of leaves subjected to a heat shock at 50°C for 10 minutes , using a Universal Ultrathermostat UTU4 (Hungary). The heat treatment was applied on the first day after bringing the leaves to the laboratory. Subsequently, both treated and control leaves were maintained under artificially controlled conditions : constant temperature of 25°C , 85% relative humidity , light intensity of 200 lux , and a photoperiod of 16 hours of light followed by 8 hours of darkness . Measurements of the photosynthetic parameters were performed under controlled conditions at 1, 3, 7, and 10 days after the application of the heat shock, using ten leaves from each experimental variant (control and treated). At each time point, different leaves were used, originating from the same trees and maintained under controlled conditions, so that the effect of the recovery day would not be confounded with repeated measurements on the same leaves. The following photosystem II parameters were analyzed in the study: chlorophyll index , effective quantum yield of photosystem II ( Φ PSII) , electron transport rate (ETR) , and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F v /F m ) . Determination of the chlorophyll index The chlorophyll index was determined using a portable chlorophyll meter CCM-200 Plus ( Opti-Sciences, Germany ). Measurements were performed while avoiding prolonged exposure to strong light, which could alter the chlorophyll content. This index serves as an indicator of the photosynthetic status of leaves, being correlated with the actual chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency ( Richardson et al., 2002 ). Determination of the effective quantum yield of photosystem II ( Φ PSII) The ΦPSII parameter was measured using a portable fluorometer PAM-2100 ( Heinz Walz GmbH, Germany ). The value of ΦPSII was calculated according to the following equation: 2.3. Statistical procedures Statistical analyses were performed using the Statgraphics Centurion XVI software package (Statgraphics technologies, 2023). A variance components analysis was applied to the measured photosynthetic parameters (chlorophyll index, ΦPSII, ETR, and F v /F m ) to assess the contribution of each source of variation to the total observed variability. Since the assumption of homogeneity of variances was rejected according to Levene's test (p < 0.05), the analysis of variance of the photosynthetic parameters was conducted using a general linear model (GLM) with Type III sums of squares. The model included fixed factors (defoliation class, applied treatment, and recovery day) and a random factor (tree). The random effect "tree" was estimated as the variance among individual trees, and the associated degrees of freedom reflect how the GLM algorithm calculates this variance, independently of the total number of trees included in the experiment. Values measured on the ten leaves for each tree × treatment combination were averaged to ensure that the random effect of each tree was properly estimated. The model was specified as follows: Parameter ~ DefoliationClass + Treatment + RecoveryDay + (1|Tree). The adequacy of the model was assessed using an Observed vs. Predicted plot for each parameter, in which points were approximately symmetrically distributed around the line of identity (y = x), indicating an appropriate fit of the model. Results were reported using Type III sums of squares , degrees of freedom, mean squares, F -ratios, and p -values for each factor. The coefficients of the general linear model, calculated with 95% confidence intervals and considering the tree as a random effect, were used to evaluate the significance of factors and reference levels. This approach allowed the identification of significant differences between defoliation classes, applied treatments (heat shock vs. control), and recovery days relative to reference levels. For F v /F m , given that the curves corresponding to the defoliation classes of the control samples overlapped, the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test ( α = 0.05 ) was applied to compare the means of the heat-shocked samples and to identify homogeneous groups among the defoliation classes. 3. Results 3.1. Chlorophyll index in relation to defoliation class In control samples, trees from class I showed an initial decline in the chlorophyll index, followed by partial recovery and a subsequent slowdown toward the end of the observation period, suggesting incomplete restoration. In class II, the initial chlorophyll index values were lower than in class I, followed by a moderate increase in the middle of the observation period and a slight decrease thereafter. In class III, the values remained consistently low (≈ 16–17 a.u.), reflecting pronounced chlorophyll degradation and reduced resilience. The trend was even more evident in class IV, where control leaves exhibited significant decreases (≈ 14–15 a.u.), indicating severe impairment of the photosynthetic apparatus and clear limitations in the recovery mechanisms (Fig. 1 ). Legend: Solid lines indicate control (no heat shock), and dashed lines indicate heat-shock treatments. Roman numerals I-IV represent defoliation classes; (Control) – control treatment, (ST) – heat-shock In leaves of trees from the analyzed defoliation classes exposed to heat shock, recovery processes were markedly reduced compared with control leaves (Table 2 ). Trees from defoliation class I exhibited a moderate decline in the chlorophyll index during the first three days, followed by slow recovery up to day seven and a slight decrease thereafter. Final values remained higher than in class II, where the chlorophyll index declined steadily from 17.2 to 15.7 a.u. In class III, degradation was more pronounced, with a significant reduction in the chlorophyll index. In class IV, after three days of observation, the index stabilized at low levels (≈ 12.6–12.9 a.u.), indicating substantial deterioration of the physiological condition of the trees (Fig. 1 ). The analysis of variance components of the chlorophyll index showed that the largest part of the total variation was explained by differences among trees (53.4%), followed by the recovery day and other factors with smaller contributions (Table 1 ). Table 1 Variance components analysis of the chlorophyll index Source of variation Sum of squares Df Mean square Variance components Percent (%) Total 10179.70 1230 Defoliation class 2015.88 3 671.959 1.593 17.72 Treatment 552.68 4 138.171 0.000 0.00 Tree 4508.33 26 173.397 4.798 53.38 Leaf 847.72 302 2.80702 0.078 0.87 Recovery day 2255.10 895 2.51967 2.520 28.03 The results of the variance component analysis were confirmed by general linear model (type III) analysis, with tree considered as a random effect. All included factors, tree, defoliation class, applied treatment, and recovery day, had statistically significant effects on the measured values (P < 0.001; Table 2 ). Table 2 General linear model (type III) for the analysis of variance of the chlorophyll index, with tree considered as a random effect Source of variation Sum of squares Df Mean square F-Ratio P- value Tree 314.766 4 78.691 13.60 < 0.001 Defoliation class 2244.83 3 748.275 129.34 < 0.001 Treatment 543.462 1 543.462 93.94 < 0.001 Recovery day 236.978 3 78.993 13.65 < 0.001 Residual 7052.25 1219 5.785 Total 10179.7 1230 The coefficients of the linear model indicate that trees from defoliation classes I and II exhibited significantly higher chlorophyll index values compared with class IV (P 0.05). Trees subjected to heat shock showed lower chlorophyll index values than controls (P < 0.05). The temporal dynamics of the chlorophyll index, as reflected by the model coefficients, showed significantly higher recovery values on first day (P < 0.05), lower values on third day (P < 0.05), and no significant differences on seventh day (Table 3 ). Table 3 Coefficients of the general linear model for the chlorophyll index with 95% confidence intervals, with tree considered as a random effect Factor Level compared with reference Coefficient estimate 95% Lower CI 95% Upper CI P- value Defoliation class I vs. IV + 1.145 0.892 1.397 p < 0.05 II vs. IV + 1.083 0.848 1.317 p 0.05 Treatment Heat shock vs. control –0.668 –0.803 –0.533 p < 0.05 Recovery day 1 vs. 10 + 0.718 0.490 0.947 p < 0.05 3 vs. 10 –0.409 –0.642 –0.176 p 0.05 3.2. Effective quantum yield of photosystem II in relation to defoliation class In trees from defoliation class I, values of control leaves remained high and stable throughout the ten-day recovery period (≈ 0.27–0.30), confirming the high functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus. Leaves subjected to heat shock initially exhibited lower values, followed by a rapid recovery until the third day and stabilization up to the seventh day, with a slight decrease on the tenth day, indicating partial but effective recovery. Compared with leaves from more affected trees (classes III-IV), leaves from class I showed significantly greater recovery (Fig. 2 ). In leaves of trees from defoliation class II, control values were slightly lower than those in class I, reflecting moderately reduced vitality. Following heat shock, ΦPSII initially exhibited low values, similar to those observed in class I, but although it increased significantly by the third day, it remained below the levels of leaves from defoliation class I. By the end of the observation period, ΦPSII values were intermediate between classes I and III, indicating incomplete recovery relative to controls and a moderate capacity to compensate for heat stress (Fig. 2 ). Legend Solid lines indicate control (no heat shock), and dashed lines indicate heat-shock treatments. Roman numerals I-IV represent defoliation classes; (Control) – control treatment, (ST) – heat-shock In control leaves from defoliation class III, ΦPSII values showed a slight decline until the third day, followed by modest recovery and stabilization until the end of the observation period, indicating relatively constant photosynthetic functionality. In leaves subjected to heat shock, recovery was partial: although an increase in values was observed during the first seven days, they did not reach control levels and subsequently remained consistently lower. For trees in defoliation class IV, control values were the lowest (≈ 0.16–0.23), confirming a degraded physiological status. After heat shock, ΦPSII increased slightly during the first seven days; however, values remained consistently below those of the other classes and decreased by the tenth day, indicating an intensification of foliar tissue deterioration. Data presented in Table 4 indicate that recovery day and treatment are the main factors explaining almost the entire variation of the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (81.95%). Variations among individual trees contributed only modestly to the total variation, while defoliation classes had a negligible effect. Table 4 Variance components analysis of the effective quantum yield of photosystem II Source of variation Sum of squares Df Mean square Variance components Percent (%) Total 16.73 1269 Defoliation class 1.46 3 0.49 0.000 0.00 Treatment 3.66 4 0.91 0.005 34.26 Tree 2.59 26 0.10 0.002 16.72 Leaf 2.41 306 0.01 0.0002 1.34 Recovery day 6.62 930 0.01 0.007 47.69 The general linear model with tree as a random effect showed that defoliation class, treatment, and recovery day significantly affected ΦPSII (p < 0.001). The most pronounced statistical effects were associated with treatment and defoliation class, whereas recovery day contributed less to the local variation (Table 5 ). However, the variance component analysis (Table 4 ) indicates that treatment and recovery day account for the largest proportion of the total variation in ΦPSII, while the effect of defoliation class remains minor. Table 5 General linear model (Type III) for the analysis of variance of the effective quantum yield of photosystem II, with tree considered as a random effect Source of variation Sum of squares Df Mean square F-Ratio P- value Tree 1.476 4 0.369 49.38 p < 0.001 Defoliation class 1.542 3 0.514 68.75 p < 0.001 Treatment 3.711 1 3.711 496.36 p < 0.001 Recovery day 0.647 3 0.216 28.85 p < 0.001 Residual 9.404 1258 0.007 Total 16.733 1269 The coefficients of the general linear model indicate that trees in defoliation classes I and II exhibited significantly higher ΦPSII than those in class IV, whereas class III did not differ significantly from class IV. Heat shock significantly reduced ΦPSII compared to the control (P < 0.05). Recovery day, analyzed overall, showed that ΦPSII was significantly lower on day one than on day ten (P < 0.05), while significant increases were observed on days three and seven, although these remained lower than on day ten (Table 6 ). Table 6 Coefficients of the general linear model for the effective quantum yield of photosystem II with 95% confidence intervals, tree considered as a random effect Factor Level compared with reference Coefficient estimate 95% Lower CI 95% Upper CI P- value Defoliation class I vs. IV + 0.031 0.022 0.040 p < 0.05 II vs. IV + 0.031 0.022 0.039 p 0.05 Treatment Heat shock vs. control –0.054 –0.059 –0.049 p < 0.05 Recovery day 1 vs. 10 –0.038 –0.046 –0.030 p < 0.05 3 vs. 10 + 0.012 0.003 0.020 p < 0.05 7 vs. 10 + 0.019 0.010 0.027 p < 0.05 3.3. Electron transport rate in relation to defoliation degree In trees of defoliation class I, whose leaves were maintained under favorable conditions, ETR in control samples increased steadily throughout the recovery period, reaching levels characteristic of complete recovery. In class II, values of this parameter were significantly lower from the first day, but showed a moderate increase by day three, after which the process stabilized, indicating near-complete recovery compared to class I. In leaves from class III, ETR was initially close to that of class I, but remained relatively constant throughout the entire period, exhibiting only slight fluctuations without a clear trend of increase or decrease. This pattern indicates incomplete recovery compared with the first two classes. In class IV, ETR showed a gradual decline, remaining at a significantly lower level than the other classes, reflecting a pronounced disturbance of the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membranes (Fig. 3 ). Legend: Solid lines indicate control (no heat shock), and dashed lines indicate heat-shock treatments. Roman numerals I-IV represent defoliation classes; (Control) – control treatment, (ST) – heat-shock In leaves exposed to heat shock, ETR was significantly lower compared with control samples, regardless of defoliation class (Table 8 ). The curves representing this response across defoliation classes decline progressively from vigorous trees in class I to severely declining trees in class IV. Nevertheless, recovery processes were evident in all defoliation classes: ETR was strongly affected on the first day, followed by a gradual increase, indicating that recovery mechanisms predominated over degradation processes. Despite this, recovery remained partial, as ETR values during the observation period remained below those of the control samples (Fig. 3 ). Variance component analysis for ETR indicated that most of the variability was explained by recovery day (72.11%), followed by tree, with a moderate contribution (22.03%). Other sources of variation (defoliation class, treatment, and leaf) had negligible influence on this parameter (Table 7 ). Table 7 Variance component analysis for electron transport rate Source of variation Sum of squares Df Mean square Variance components Percent (%) Total 1.12962E6 1261 Defoliation class 35250.1 3 11750.0 0.00 0.00 Treatment 81606.5 4 20401.6 64.44 5.86 Tree 250494.0 26 9634.39 242.19 22.03 Leaf 27994.1 302 92.70 0.00 0.00 Recovery day 734272.0 926 792.95 792.95 72.11 All sources of variation analyzed, tree, defoliation class, treatment, and recovery day, significantly affected ETR (p < 0.001), indicating a clear effect of heat stress and defoliation class on PSII function (Table 8 ). Table 8 General linear model (Type III) for the analysis of variance of electron transport rate, with tree considered as a random effect Source of variation Sum of squares Df Mean square F-Ratio P -value Tree 69731.3 4 17432.8 23.58 p < 0.001 Defoliation class 48576.6 3 16192.2 21.90 p < 0.001 Treatment 66115.1 1 66115.1 89.43 p < 0.001 Recovery day 33994.0 3 11331.3 15.33 p < 0.001 Residual 924150.0 1250 739.32 Total 1.12962E6 1261 The coefficients of the general linear model revealed significant differences among all defoliation classes (p < 0.05) for ETR. Application of heat shock resulted in a significant reduction of ETR compared with control samples. Temporal analysis showed a significant decrease in ETR on day one relative to day ten (p < 0.05), followed by a significant recovery on day three, with values on day seven approaching initial levels (Table 9 ). Table 9 Coefficients of the general linear model for electron transport rate with 95% confidence intervals, with tree considered as a random effect Factor Level compared to reference Coefficient estimate 95% Lower CI 95% Upper CI P- value Defoliation class I vs. IV + 0.221 –2.624 3.065 p < 0.05 II vs. IV + 9.708 7.073 12.343 p < 0.05 III vs. IV –2.807 –5.544 –0.070 p < 0.05 Treatment Heat shock vs. control –7.259 –8.764 –5.755 p < 0.05 Recovery day 1 vs. 10 –6.202 –8.768 –3.636 p < 0.05 3 vs. 10 + 8.185 5.570 10.800 p 0.05 3.4. Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II in relation to defoliation degree The graphical representation revealed that F v /F m values recorded in trees across the four defoliation classes for the control samples were almost overlapping. These values remained relatively stable, ranging between 0.77 and 0.81 units, indicating that the maximum efficiency of PSII was maintained at a physiologically normal level (Fig. 4 ). Legend: Solid lines indicate the control (no heat shock), while dashed lines indicate the heat shock treatment. Roman numerals (I-IV) represent defoliation classes; (Control) – control treatment, (ST) – heat shock treatment Following heat shock application, significant differences were observed in the dynamics of photochemical recovery among trees belonging to different defoliation classes. Trees in class I exhibited the highest F v /F m values compared with the other classes. In this category, F v /F m values were initially reduced, followed by a gradual increase until day seven, indicating a superior recovery capacity. A similar, but slower pattern was observed in class II trees, in which F v /F m increased steadily until day seven, after which the recovery process stabilized (Fig. 4 ). Trees in defoliation class III exhibited an initial level similar to that of class II; however, their subsequent recovery was more limited, reaching approximately 0.52 by the end of the observation period. The most pronounced inhibition was recorded in trees from class IV, where Fv/Fm values dropped to a minimum immediately after the heat shock (0.12) and remained low throughout the observation period, showing only partial recovery by day seven, followed by a renewed decline. The LSD (95%) analysis confirmed a significant separation of defoliation classes into two homogeneous groups: trees from classes I and II displayed higher F v /F m values, whereas classes III and IV were characterized by significantly lower values (Table 10 ). Table 10 Comparison of the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II among defoliation classes after heat shock in Fagus sylvatica using the Least Significant Difference test Defoliation class No. of observations Mean value Standard deviation Homogeneous group I 39 434,39 31,02 A II 60 422,72 22,71 A III 39 300,75 31,02 B IV 48 269,86 27,82 B Note : Classes labeled with different letters (A and B) are significantly different from each other (p < 0.05). Observations were obtained from sets of leaves analyzed at different recovery times, originating from five trees per defoliation class. The variance components analysis revealed that most of the variability in F v /F m was accounted for by the treatment effect (74.34%), followed by the recovery day (16.55%). The variability associated with the tree factor was considerably lower (9.11%), whereas the contribution of defoliation class and individual leaf was negligible (Table 11 ). Table 11 Variance components analysis of the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II Source of variation Sum of squares Df Mean square Variance components Percent (%) Total 2.257E7 380 Defoliation class 5.460E5 3 1.820E5 0.00 0.00 Treatment 1.424E7 4 3.560E6 7.240E4 74.34 Tree 2.966E6 26 1.141E5 8.872E3 9.11 Leaf 3.173E5 68 4.665E3 0.00 0.00 Recovery day 4.498E6 279 1.612E4 1.612E4 16.55 4. Discussion 4.1. Influence of defoliation degree on the recovery of photosynthetic parameters The results indicate that the defoliation class significantly influences the recovery capacity of photosystem II and the photosynthetic performance of Fagus sylvatica trees. The analyzed parameters, chlorophyll index, effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), electron transport rate (ETR), and maximal quantum yield of PSII (F v /F m ), showed significantly higher values in trees from defoliation classes I (vigorous) and II (slightly affected) compared to those from classes III (visibly affected) and IV (severely declining) after exposure of leaves to a 50°C heat shock for 10 minutes. The coefficients of the general linear model confirmed statistically significant differences among defoliation classes throughout the ten-day recovery period under controlled laboratory conditions. These findings are consistent with other studies demonstrating that the degree of defoliation directly affects chlorophyll content and photosystem II efficiency, both in Mediterranean forests (Lovreškov et al. 2022) and in thermophilous forests of Tuscany, where reductions in chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf chlorophyll content were found to depend on species and local environmental conditions (Pollastrini et al. 2016). From a physiological perspective, the observed differences suggest that Fagus sylvatica trees with a low degree of defoliation are able to maintain a higher photosynthetic capacity, likely due to the preservation of chlorophyll-protein complexes and the integrity of the thylakoid membrane. In contrast, severely defoliated trees appear to exhibit photo inhibition and a reduction in PSII efficiency, which may reflect impaired pigment regeneration and diminished antioxidant protection. Similar results were reported by Berezovska et al. (2021) for silver birch ( Betula pendula ), where 30% defoliation significantly reduced F v /F m values, and 60% defoliation further amplified this decline, confirming a direct relationship between the degree of defoliation and photosystem II efficiency. Interestingly, plants infected with Phytophthora plurivora showed a higher performance index (PI) than defoliated plants, suggesting that physiological recovery depends not only on the extent of foliage loss but also on the type of stress and the plant’s compensatory mechanisms. The recovery processes observed in both control samples and after heat shock indicate that the intensity of defoliation affects not only the absolute values of photosynthetic parameters but also the rate and efficiency of leaf functional restoration. Trees from defoliation classes I and II exhibited rapid and efficient recovery of ΦPSII, ETR, and F v /F m ; however, their values did not reach those of the control samples. In contrast, trees from classes III and IV showed a slow and incomplete recovery of all analyzed photosynthetic parameters, with values remaining significantly lower than those of the controls throughout the observation period. The results are consistent with previous experimental and observational studies showing that the photosynthetic response to foliage loss depends fundamentally on the nature of the damage. For example, natural herbivory may trigger compensatory responses, reflected by an increase in the F v /F m ratio and a decrease in F 0 values, whereas mechanical defoliation produces the opposite effect on F v /F m (Retuerto et al. 2006). This tendency suggests that the reduced recovery of photosystem II observed in trees from defoliation classes III and IV reflects not only the loss of leaf mass and the decline in physiological vitality of Fagus sylvatica trees but also the absence of herbivore-induced biochemical signals that could otherwise stimulate protective compensatory mechanisms. Therefore, the type of damage, the physiological condition of the leaves, and the intensity of defoliation are critical factors determining the direction and magnitude of the photosynthetic response of European beech following heat shock. The effects of defoliation on photosynthesis are well documented and depend on severity, spatial pattern of leaf loss, and the compensatory capacity of the crown. Our results, highlighting incomplete recovery in trees from classes III-IV, align with previous observations: some studies have reported compensatory photosynthesis in the inner crown layer after partial defoliation (Eyles et al., 2011), whereas others have documented reductions in photosystem II parameters (ΦPSII, ETR, F v /F m ) in severely defoliated vines and trees (Peña-Olmos et al. 2013; Berezovska et al. 2021). In the context of defoliation stress, Barry and Pinkard (2013) demonstrated that young eucalypts ( Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens ) can compensate for the loss of approximately 40% of their leaves, or simultaneous loss of leaves and buds, through adjustments in biomass allocation and increased photosynthetic rates. Although height and diameter growth were initially reduced, the trees were able to maintain leaf area and photosynthetic capacity by the end of the recovery period. These observations indicate that both the type and severity of defoliation influence photosynthetic parameters and compensatory dynamics, highlighting the physiological plasticity that enables trees to adjust their metabolism and resource allocation to support the restoration of photosynthetic function. Visual assessment of defoliation classes, following the methodology of Dobbertin (2005), is supported by measurements of photosystem II parameters and can be applied within European forest monitoring programs, such as ICP Forests, to evaluate forest health and guide management interventions. However, forest managers should interpret these assessments with caution, as defoliating insect attacks can trigger compensatory effects and activate molecular protective mechanisms, thereby modifying photosynthetic responses and potentially leading to underestimation or overestimation of the actual stress experienced by the trees. 4.2. Effect of the treatment on the dynamics of photosynthetic parameter recovery Our investigations indicate that the values of photosynthetic parameters were significantly higher in control samples compared to those exposed to heat shock throughout the ten-day recovery period. The chlorophyll index declined sharply following the treatment and showed only partial recovery in trees of class I, without reaching control levels, indicating accelerated degradation of the photosynthetic pigment. Similar findings have been reported by Jespersen et al. (2016), suggesting that heat stress-induced chlorophyll loss is primarily associated with accelerated pigment degradation rather than inhibition of synthesis. Simultaneously, ΦPSII followed a similar trend, with a rapid decline immediately after the heat shock and partial recovery by the third day. This suggests that the reduction in the chlorophyll index, reflecting decreased pigment content, contributes to the decline in photosystem II efficiency, but does not fully explain the observed variations, as noted by Baker (2008). Our data show that ETR was significantly reduced in leaves subjected to heat shock, indicating vulnerability of the electron transport chain and suggesting an imbalance between light absorption and energy consumption in photosynthetic reactions. Studies on citrus trees have demonstrated that exposure to combined stressors, such as heat, drought, and high radiation, affects PSII integrity and the redox balance of the electron transport chain, while physiological and molecular responses, including the activation of PSII repair mechanisms, contribute to the partial maintenance of photosynthetic efficiency (Balfagón et al. 2022). During the observation period, F v /F m exhibited limited recovery, with the lowest values recorded on the first day. Partial recovery was subsequently observed, followed by stabilization toward the end of the period, without reaching control leaf levels. F v /F m values remained dependent on defoliation class (I-IV), confirming that this parameter reflects leaf vitality and highlights the cumulative effect of heat stress on PSII integrity. These observations support the notion that F v /F m represents a robust and sensitive indicator of leaf vitality and photosystem II integrity, as documented in the literature (Percival 2005; Baker 2008; Maxwell & Johnson 2000). Neither ΦPSII nor F v /F m fully returned to control levels, although recovery processes were evident. This result indicates that the heat shock applied to beech leaves was sufficiently severe to induce lasting adjustments in PSII functioning over the ten-day recovery period. Partial recovery may be explained by an incomplete balance between photodamage processes and the repair cycle of the D1 protein in PSII, as also reported in previous studies (Aro et al. 1993; Murata & Nishiyama 2018). The photosynthetic parameters analyzed in beech leaves suggest that, following heat shock, damaging processes predominate over recovery processes, which do not return to the initial physiological equilibrium; this effect has also been observed in our previous studies (Dascaliuc & Cuza 2008; Cuza et al. 2021). The reduction in recovery processes, observed prior to the onset of visible symptoms such as leaf fall, suggests that the analyzed parameters may serve as sensitive bio-indicators of heat stress in trees, reflecting impaired PSII integrity and photosynthetic efficiency. In line with these observations, the literature emphasizes that rapid measurement of chlorophyll content and PSII fluorescence parameters can provide a valuable tool for early monitoring of heat stress in forests and trees, offering an opportunity for intervention before visible leaf damage occurs (Maxwell & Johnson 2000; Percival 2005). 4.3. Variance components of photosynthetic parameters in response to heat stress The analysis of variance components shaping the variation of photosystem II parameters revealed complementary roles of treatment, recovery day, and between-tree variability, each contributing differently depending on the parameter measured. This complementarity suggests that the variation in PSII parameters is regulated simultaneously at multiple levels: structural (integrity of protein complexes), functional-temporal (recovery of photochemical flux over time), and individual (intra-population differences among beech trees). The contribution of the variance source represented by trees to the chlorophyll index, as highlighted by variance component analysis, was the greatest, exceeding the effect of defoliation degree. This result indicates that the photosynthetic response to heat shock largely depends on the intrinsic characteristics of each tree, while differences between defoliation classes play a secondary role. This observation is consistent with studies showing that intra-specific variability can significantly modulate the photosynthetic response to abiotic stress, including short-term high temperatures (Corcuera et al. 2011; Zaka et al. 2016). Our data suggest that intra-specific variability may buffer or amplify the effects of defoliation on photosynthetic recovery, providing useful insights into the mechanisms of forest resilience to thermal stress. The major contribution (53.4%) of between-tree variability observed for the chlorophyll index indicates the presence of intra-population heterogeneity in tolerance and recovery mechanisms. Such differentiation may be driven by genetic, microclimatic, and physiological factors influencing PSII repair capacity and electron transport efficiency (Valladares et al. 2014; Demmig-Adams et al. 2020). This variability may contribute to maintaining the functional stability of beech populations through ecological complementarity, in which trees with different physiological responses collectively enhance the population’s resilience to heat stress. The sources of variation showed that, for ΦPSII, the treatment had a significant effect on photosystem integrity, while the temporal evolution during recovery reflected the ability of leaves to partially restore photosynthetic functionality. The observed decreases in ΦPSII after heat shock indicate persistent photoinhibition, whereas the variable recovery among defoliation classes points to incomplete photosystem resilience. A similar response, characterized by sustained photoinhibition and incomplete PSII recovery, has been reported in beech and other forest species exposed to high temperatures (Kurjak et al. 2019; Húdoková et al. 2022). In the case of ETR, recovery day represented the main source of variation, highlighting the importance of temporal mechanisms in restoring photochemical flux. The variance source represented by trees contributed moderately, indicating individual differences in the capacity to regulate electron transport, possibly related to phenotypic plasticity or genetic differences (Pšidová et al. 2018). The heat shock caused a pronounced initial decrease in ETR, followed by progressive recovery; however, values remained below control levels, indicating a temporary impairment of photochemical flux. These findings are consistent with previous studies on beech and other forest species, where ETR reduction under heat stress reflects functional adaptations and photoprotective regulatory processes (Kurjak et al. 2019; Húdoková et al. 2022). Thus, ΦPSII reflects the photochemical efficiency of PSII under operational conditions, whereas ETR provides information about the effective electron flow; the complementary analysis of both parameters allows a deeper understanding of recovery mechanisms and individual variability in PSII response. The progressive but incomplete recovery of ETR aligns with the findings of Pšidová et al. (2018), who reported that beech provenances from higher altitudes maintain higher electron transport rates and lower PSII excitation pressure, indicating more efficient photoprotective mechanisms. Conversely, low-altitude provenances exhibited limited electron transport and structural changes in light-harvesting complexes. For F v /F m , treatment was the main factor determining variation, reflecting the direct impact of heat stress on PSII photochemical efficiency, consistent with previous evidence of photoinhibition in forest trees (Maxwell & Johnson 2000; Takahashi & Murata 2008; Kurjak et al. 2019). Recovery day contributed moderately, indicating the ability of leaves to partially regain photosystem functionality after stress. Overall, our findings support the observations of Winter et al. (2024), who demonstrated that immediate F v /F m measurements after exposure to heat stress do not necessarily indicate irreversible foliar damage, emphasizing the importance of monitoring recovery processes to assess PSII resilience over time. In this context, Fagus sylvatica occurs in Moldova in small and fragmented populations located at the edge of its natural distribution range. This marginal position increases the sensitivity of local populations to abiotic stress factors, including extreme temperatures and defoliation. The results obtained on PSII recovery and intra-specific variability provides relevant insights for assessing the resilience of beech populations under marginal conditions and may inform strategies for their conservation and sustainable management. Our data indicate that the complementarity of variance sources and the heterogeneity of PSII physiological responses constitute a fundamental mechanism for maintaining the functional integrity of the tree. For example, in the case of F v /F m , treatment was the main determinant of the initial decrease, whereas recovery was visibly influenced by the variance source represented by trees, highlighting a complementarity between the levels of biological organization involved in the response to heat stress. Thus, the functional integrity of the tree coexists with the heterogeneity of physiological components, including the diversity of responses at the photosynthetic apparatus level. This intra-individual variability reflects the modular nature of trees, in which leaves, as semi-autonomous units, express distinct, heterogeneous, and complementary physiological responses. The internal diversity of these responses contributes decisively to maintaining organismal functionality, allowing fine adjustment to environmental conditions and explaining the differences observed among trees with different defoliation classes. The results show that PSII parameters are controlled by distinct and complementary variance sources, and this heterogeneity of the marginal population, shaped by genetic, epigenetic, and microclimatic factors, supports tree resilience to heat stress. Our interpretation aligns with the synthesis of Des Roches et al. (2018), who emphasized that functional trait variability does not represent biological noise, but an essential adaptive mechanism enabling organisms to maintain performance under fluctuating environmental conditions. Overall, our study connects tree responses to heat shock across multiple levels of biological organization, and the differences observed during recovery reflect intrinsic variability among individuals and their initial physiological state. These results demonstrate that the fine-scale mechanisms of PSII correlate with tree performance at the individual level, in accordance with the principles of Passioura (1979), highlighting how fine physiological processes generate ecologically relevant consequences for beech resilience under heat stress. Conclusions The study highlights the recovery of PSII photosynthetic parameters, including the chlorophyll index, ΦPSII, ETR, and F v /F m , in the leaves of European beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) originating from a marginal population and exposed to a thermal shock of 50°C for 10 minutes. All analyzed parameters decreased immediately after treatment, confirming the high thermal sensitivity of PSII. Trees with low defoliation (classes I-II) showed a faster and more complete recovery of photosynthetic parameters, whereas severely defoliated trees (classes III-IV) exhibited reduced resilience. The variance component analysis revealed that treatment, recovery period, and tree were the main sources determining the variation in photosynthetic parameters. Recovery day and treatment best explained the variation in ΦPSII, reflecting photochemical efficiency and the degree of persistent photoinhibition. Variation in ETR was dominated by the influence of the recovery period, describing the dynamics of electron transport and confirming the coordinated nature of the recovery process. In contrast, thermal treatment had the strongest effect on F v /F m , while the influence of the recovery period was modest and dependent on the tree source of variation. The tree effect had a more pronounced influence on the chlorophyll index than the defoliation classes, highlighting the role of initial vitality in the response to thermal shock. The chlorophyll index can therefore serve as an indicator of the physiological resilience and adaptability of marginal Fagus sylvatica populations to thermal stress. Integrating the results shows that variations in PSII parameters at the leaf level reflect complementary contributions of the sources of variation, which together support the functional integrity of each tree. This complementarity explains the differences observed between trees and represents an essential adaptive mechanism for the resilience of marginal beech populations across defoliation classes under thermal stress. The results confirm the relevance of a hierarchical approach to physiological functions: fine-scale mechanisms at the PSII level generate detectable differences at the individual level. Assessing photosynthetic responses in relation to initial vitality and defoliation class provides a predictive framework for understanding beech resilience to thermal stress. Declarations Data availability The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AuthorsContribution P. Cuza collected the field data and described the results. N. Platovschii and N. Zduaruk performed the laboratory experiments and constructed the graphs for the photosystem II parameters. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8529001","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":584341889,"identity":"0662dc6b-c6a4-49d7-94f4-78d7ae8073ee","order_by":0,"name":"Petru Cuza","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFADZuaDDz5UgBkNhJRCaXa2ZMMZZ0ACjMRq4ecxE+ZtA7EIaDFn7z/2mafmsD1/M48ZA++82mj+dqCWHxXbcGqx7DnMPJvn2GFmicNsZQ8ktx3PnXGYsYGx58xtnFoMbiQzM/M2HGZjOMy83cBw27HcBqAWZsY2PFruPwZr4ZE/zGAmkTjnWO58glpuMIO1SBgcZjGTONhQk7uBkBbLnmRjxjnH0g0MDwMDueHYgdyNQC0H8fnFnP3gY4Y3Ndb2cucPH3z8p6Yudx6Q8eBHBR6HofEPg8kDONVj0VKHT/EoGAWjYBSMUAAAXnxYdHkkhTgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0192-4427","institution":"Moldova State University: Universitatea de Stat din Moldova","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Petru","middleName":"","lastName":"Cuza","suffix":""},{"id":584341890,"identity":"9e193feb-f51c-423c-b85f-5e1d6a6905aa","order_by":1,"name":"Nicolai Platovschii","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Moldova State University: Universitatea de Stat din Moldova","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nicolai","middleName":"","lastName":"Platovschii","suffix":""},{"id":584341891,"identity":"02de8be1-1084-4d0e-a34d-b48a46d099a9","order_by":2,"name":"Nina Zdioruk","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Moldova State University: Universitatea de Stat din Moldova","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nina","middleName":"","lastName":"Zdioruk","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-06 09:07:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8529001/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8529001/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101851293,"identity":"850fc8e2-bb49-4b8a-b7c0-b424196e5cce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-04 10:05:39","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDynamics of the chlorophyll index in leaves of European beech (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e) during the ten-day recovery period following exposure to heat shock (50°C for 10 min)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLegend: Solid lines indicate control (no heat shock), and dashed lines indicate heat-shock treatments. Roman numerals I-IV represent defoliation classes; (Control) – control treatment, (ST) – heat-shock\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8529001/v1/7728269b64c1d59eb453496b.png"},{"id":101942803,"identity":"57e19c90-ad2d-4031-886b-212c736bf6b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-05 09:38:21","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44566,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDynamics of the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) in leaves of European beech (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e) during the ten-day recovery period following exposure to heat shock (50°C for 10 min)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLegend: Solid lines indicate control (no heat shock), and dashed lines indicate heat-shock treatments. Roman numerals I-IV represent defoliation classes; (Control) – control treatment, (ST) – heat-shock\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8529001/v1/22179d60bb80ee28412d9710.png"},{"id":101851295,"identity":"72b0e608-4510-4705-9892-26510d215ba5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-04 10:05:39","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45687,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDynamics of electron transport rate in European beech (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e) leaves during the ten-day recovery period following heat shock exposure (50°C for 10 min)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLegend: Solid lines indicate control (no heat shock), and dashed lines indicate heat-shock treatments. Roman numerals I-IV represent defoliation classes; (Control) – control treatment, (ST) – heat-shock\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8529001/v1/62bb29ea099599afd43dd208.png"},{"id":101851296,"identity":"e767fcd7-2b34-4159-9cd2-8d037b96e557","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-04 10:05:39","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43000,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDynamics of the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II in European beech (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e) leaves during the ten-day recovery period following heat shock exposure (50°C for 10 min)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLegend: Solid lines indicate the control (no heat shock), while dashed lines indicate the heat shock treatment. Roman numerals (I-IV) represent defoliation classes; (Control) – control treatment, (ST) – heat shock treatment\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8529001/v1/8674d1b7dad897a7c596b558.png"},{"id":102295011,"identity":"8b053dca-9ccd-4db9-916c-41de7dfa9b9f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 10:07:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2660587,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8529001/v1/ac103801-0e4d-4ca1-8c8d-ed8daaa38c97.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Impact of natural defoliation and heat shock on the recovery of photosystem ii parameters in european beech (Fagus sylvatica)","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEuropean beech (\u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e) is a keystone forest species in European ecosystems, with considerable ecological and economic importance (Houston Durrant et al. 2016). Its wide distribution supports forest diversity and structure, provides habitats for numerous associated species, and contributes to nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability (Walentowski et al. 2014; Jansone et al. 2023). In the context of climate change, beech forests face increasing exposure to heat waves and thermal stress, which can impair photosynthesis, growth, and regeneration. However, detailed physiological data on beech responses to such stresses remain limited, particularly in Eastern Europe (Vitasse et al. 2019; Roibu et al. 2022; Shah Rukh et al. 2023). Beech is considered among the most vulnerable deciduous species to extreme climatic events, showing stress-induced decline and increased mortality under severe droughts (Schuldt et al. 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA thorough understanding of the physiological processes through which \u003cem\u003eF. sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e responds to thermal stress, depending on tree health status, is essential for promoting forest resilience to natural disturbances within the species\u0026rsquo; range. Assessing the health status of beech stands based on photosynthetic parameters represents a key tool for maintaining ecosystem stability and supporting forest productivity (Pflug et al. 2018, Longo-Minnolo et al. 2025). These parameters, sensitive to temperature extremes, can serve as relevant ecological indicators for diagnosing stress and monitoring the adaptive capacity of beech forests under climate change (Pila\u0026scaron; et al. 2015, S\u0026aacute;nchez-G\u0026oacute;mez et al. 2024). In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the impact of natural defoliation and heat shock on the recovery of photosynthetic parameters in European beech, contributing to a better understanding of the physiological adaptation mechanisms of this species to climatic stress.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePerceiving how beech responds and recovers following thermal stress or natural defoliation is crucial for analyzing the physiological processes involved in regulating plant homeostasis. The main mechanisms associated with European beech responses to high temperatures have been intensively studied over the last decades. Numerous studies have shown that heat waves and extreme temperatures affect photosynthetic processes, stem and leaf growth, xylem hydraulic function, and carbohydrate metabolism (Weber et al. 2013, Aranda et al. 2015, Pflug et al. 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF. sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e is considered a moderately anisohydric species, which confers functional flexibility in regulating water balance and allows optimization of the photosynthetic assimilation rate (A_N) under moderate stress by simultaneously adjusting photosystem II efficiency and leaf-level water use (Peuke et al. 2002, Prigoliti et al. 2023, Kurath et al. 2025). This fine-tuned regulation of photosynthetic activity and water loss constitutes a key physiological resilience mechanism, contributing to the maintenance of functional integrity and the stability of forest productivity during periods of high temperature and drought. Consequently, assessing photosystem II parameters provides a direct perspective on how beech adjusts photosynthetic efficiency during stress and the post-thermal recovery phase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecent studies have shown that the maximum efficiency of photosystem II, expressed as the F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e ratio, is sensitive to thermal stress, exhibiting significant declines under both high and low temperatures (Neri et al. 2024). These results highlight a physiological trade-off between tolerance and resilience in photosystem II function under thermal extremes, confirming the universal role of the F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e ratio as an indicator of plant sensitivity and adaptive capacity to climatic stress. Accordingly, F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e is recognized as a central functional parameter for diagnosing and monitoring the photosynthetic capacity of trees subjected to thermal and water stress.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn European beech, physiological measurements have shown that F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e values remain high under moderate stress, indicating the maintenance of photosystem II efficiency and leaf-level photosynthetic potential. Niemczyk et al. (2023) demonstrated that, across a range of deciduous species including \u003cem\u003eF. sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e, significant declines in F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e occur only when the soil volumetric water content falls below the critical threshold of 5%, reflecting the onset of photo inhibition and irreversible impairment of photosynthetic activity. This ability to sustain high photochemical efficiency even under extreme dehydration suggests a notable physiological resilience in beech, allowing rapid photosynthetic recovery following episodes of water or heat stress and, consequently, supporting growth and regeneration during periods of climatic perturbation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterspecific comparative studies provide further insight into the photosynthetic plasticity of beech. For instance, Einhorn et al. (2004) investigated seedlings of \u003cem\u003eF. sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e and ash (\u003cem\u003eFraxinus excelsior\u003c/em\u003e) grown under three natural light levels (open, gap, and shaded conditions). Dark-adapted leaf F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e values indicated that ash exhibited higher photochemical efficiency than beech under open and gap conditions, suggesting greater photoinhibition in beech. Light-response curves, including operational PSII efficiency (F\u0026prime;\u003csub\u003eq\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u0026prime;\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e), electron transport rate (ETR), and photochemical efficiency factor (F\u0026prime;\u003csub\u003eq\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u0026prime;\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e), revealed greater variability in ash, whereas NPQ responses were similar in both species. These results indicate superior photosynthetic plasticity in ash, yet highlight a compensatory capacity in beech, which maintains biomass accumulation even in the presence of more pronounced photo inhibition, a trait potentially reflecting an adaptive mechanism for sustaining functional stability under stress conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom a scientific perspective, understanding the response of European beech in natural populations, with varying defoliation, to extreme temperatures is essential. Tree health was assessed visually following Dobbertin (2005), widely used in European monitoring. Integrating these observations with photosynthetic measurements enables correlations between canopy damage and photosynthetic performance, offering insights into the adaptive capacity and resilience of beech forests. Such integrated approaches are rare, particularly for populations at the species\u0026rsquo; range margin. This study combines defoliation classification with detailed photosynthetic analyses to provide a comprehensive view of tree vitality and inform sustainable management under thermal stress.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and photosynthetic responses of European beech (\u003cem\u003eF. sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e) trees with varying degrees of defoliation subjected to heat shock. To achieve this aim, the following specific objectives were established:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ei. to analyze the dynamics of leaf recovery processes in control and heat-shocked trees, based on chlorophyll content, effective quantum yield of photosystem II (\u0026Phi;PSII), electron transport rate (ETR), and the F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e ratio;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eii. to compare photosynthetic parameters among leaves from trees belonging to different defoliation classes, treatments, and recovery time points;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiii. to assess the combined effects of defoliation, treatment, and recovery period on photosynthetic parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1. Stand characterization and leaf sampling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn July 2025, a European beech (\u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e L.) population was selected within the forest fund of the H\u0026acirc;rjauca Forest District, located at the margin of the species\u0026rsquo; natural range. Following a detailed field survey, five beech trees representing different defoliation classes were selected according to the classification proposed by \u003cstrong\u003eDobbertin (2005)\u003c/strong\u003e: Class I (vigorous trees), Class II (slightly affected), Class III (visibly affected), and Class IV (severely declining). The selected trees were approximately 90 years old.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe stand develops on a north-facing slope at an elevation of 350 m, on a typical brown soil. The forest type is a mixed forest of sessile oak (\u003cem\u003eQuercus petraea\u003c/em\u003e), European beech (\u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e), and small-leaved lime (\u003cem\u003eTilia cordata\u003c/em\u003e), with \u003cem\u003eCarex pilosa\u003c/em\u003e in the herb layer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom each tree, one hundred leaves were collected from the lower and southern portions of the crown for photosynthetic analyses. The leaves of each individual were placed in labeled paper envelopes indicating the defoliation class and tree number. Samples were then stored in a portable refrigerator and transported to the laboratory for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2. Determination of photosystem II parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the laboratory, the leaves collected for each defoliation class and each tree were divided into two groups:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Control sample, consisting of untreated leaves;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Treated sample, consisting of leaves subjected to a heat shock at \u003cstrong\u003e50\u0026deg;C for 10 minutes\u003c/strong\u003e, using a \u003cstrong\u003eUniversal Ultrathermostat UTU4\u003c/strong\u003e (Hungary).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe heat treatment was applied on the first day after bringing the leaves to the laboratory. Subsequently, both treated and control leaves were maintained under \u003cstrong\u003eartificially controlled conditions\u003c/strong\u003e: constant temperature of \u003cstrong\u003e25\u0026deg;C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e85% relative humidity\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003elight intensity of 200 lux\u003c/strong\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand a\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003ephotoperiod of 16 hours of light followed by 8 hours of darkness\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeasurements of the photosynthetic parameters were performed under controlled conditions at \u003cstrong\u003e1, 3, 7, and 10 days\u003c/strong\u003e after the application of the heat shock, using \u003cstrong\u003eten leaves\u003c/strong\u003e from each experimental variant (control and treated). At each time point, different leaves were used, originating from the same trees and maintained under controlled conditions, so that the effect of the recovery day would not be confounded with repeated measurements on the same leaves.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following \u003cstrong\u003ephotosystem II parameters\u003c/strong\u003e were analyzed in the study: \u003cstrong\u003echlorophyll index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eeffective quantum yield of photosystem II (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026Phi;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePSII)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eelectron transport rate (ETR)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003emaximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDetermination of the chlorophyll index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe chlorophyll index was determined using a portable chlorophyll meter \u003cstrong\u003eCCM-200 Plus\u003c/strong\u003e (\u003cem\u003eOpti-Sciences, Germany\u003c/em\u003e). Measurements were performed while avoiding prolonged exposure to strong light, which could alter the chlorophyll content. This index serves as an indicator of the \u003cstrong\u003ephotosynthetic status\u003c/strong\u003e of leaves, being correlated with the actual chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency (\u003cstrong\u003eRichardson et al., 2002\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDetermination of the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026Phi;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePSII)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u0026Phi;PSII parameter was measured using a portable fluorometer \u003cstrong\u003ePAM-2100\u003c/strong\u003e (\u003cem\u003eHeinz Walz GmbH, Germany\u003c/em\u003e). The value of \u0026Phi;PSII was calculated according to the following equation:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3. Statistical procedures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses were performed using the \u003cstrong\u003eStatgraphics Centurion XVI software package\u003c/strong\u003e (Statgraphics technologies, 2023). A \u003cstrong\u003evariance components analysis\u003c/strong\u003e was applied to the measured photosynthetic parameters (chlorophyll index, \u0026Phi;PSII, ETR, and F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) to assess the contribution of each source of variation to the total observed variability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince the assumption of homogeneity of variances was rejected according to Levene\u0026apos;s test (p \u0026lt; 0.05), the analysis of variance of the photosynthetic parameters was conducted using a general linear model (GLM) with Type III sums of squares. The model included fixed factors (defoliation class, applied treatment, and recovery day) and a random factor (tree). The random effect \u0026quot;tree\u0026quot; was estimated as the variance among individual trees, and the associated degrees of freedom reflect how the GLM algorithm calculates this variance, independently of the total number of trees included in the experiment. Values measured on the ten leaves for each tree \u0026times; treatment combination were averaged to ensure that the random effect of each tree was properly estimated. The model was specified as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParameter ~ DefoliationClass + Treatment + RecoveryDay + (1|Tree).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe adequacy of the model was assessed using an Observed vs. Predicted plot for each parameter, in which points were approximately symmetrically distributed around the line of identity (y = x), indicating an appropriate fit of the model. Results were reported using \u003cstrong\u003eType III sums of squares\u003c/strong\u003e, degrees of freedom, mean squares, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e-ratios, and \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-values for each factor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coefficients of the general linear model, calculated with \u003cstrong\u003e95% confidence intervals\u003c/strong\u003e and considering the tree as a random effect, were used to evaluate the significance of factors and reference levels. This approach allowed the identification of significant differences between defoliation classes, applied treatments (heat shock vs. control), and recovery days relative to reference levels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e, given that the curves corresponding to the defoliation classes of the control samples overlapped, the \u003cstrong\u003eLeast Significant Difference (LSD) test (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;= 0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e was applied to compare the means of the heat-shocked samples and to identify homogeneous groups among the defoliation classes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Chlorophyll index in relation to defoliation class\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn control samples, trees from class I showed an initial decline in the chlorophyll index, followed by partial recovery and a subsequent slowdown toward the end of the observation period, suggesting incomplete restoration. In class II, the initial chlorophyll index values were lower than in class I, followed by a moderate increase in the middle of the observation period and a slight decrease thereafter. In class III, the values remained consistently low (\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;16\u0026ndash;17 a.u.), reflecting pronounced chlorophyll degradation and reduced resilience. The trend was even more evident in class IV, where control leaves exhibited significant decreases (\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;14\u0026ndash;15 a.u.), indicating severe impairment of the photosynthetic apparatus and clear limitations in the recovery mechanisms (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegend: Solid lines indicate control (no heat shock), and dashed lines indicate heat-shock treatments. Roman numerals I-IV represent defoliation classes; (Control) \u0026ndash; control treatment, (ST) \u0026ndash; heat-shock\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn leaves of trees from the analyzed defoliation classes exposed to heat shock, recovery processes were markedly reduced compared with control leaves (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Trees from defoliation class I exhibited a moderate decline in the chlorophyll index during the first three days, followed by slow recovery up to day seven and a slight decrease thereafter. Final values remained higher than in class II, where the chlorophyll index declined steadily from 17.2 to 15.7 a.u. In class III, degradation was more pronounced, with a significant reduction in the chlorophyll index. In class IV, after three days of observation, the index stabilized at low levels (\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;12.6\u0026ndash;12.9 a.u.), indicating substantial deterioration of the physiological condition of the trees (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of variance components of the chlorophyll index showed that the largest part of the total variation was explained by differences among trees (53.4%), followed by the recovery day and other factors with smaller contributions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance components analysis of the chlorophyll index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of variation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance components\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10179.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefoliation class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e671.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.593\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e552.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138.171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4508.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173.397\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.798\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e847.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80702\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2255.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e895\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51967\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the variance component analysis were confirmed by general linear model (type III) analysis, with tree considered as a random effect. All included factors, tree, defoliation class, applied treatment, and recovery day, had statistically significant effects on the measured values (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral linear model (type III) for the analysis of variance of the chlorophyll index, with tree considered as a random effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of variation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-\u003cem\u003evalue\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e314.766\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefoliation class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2244.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e748.275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e543.462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e543.462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236.978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.993\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7052.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.785\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10179.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe coefficients of the linear model indicate that trees from defoliation classes I and II exhibited significantly higher chlorophyll index values compared with class IV (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed between classes III and IV (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Trees subjected to heat shock showed lower chlorophyll index values than controls (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The temporal dynamics of the chlorophyll index, as reflected by the model coefficients, showed significantly higher recovery values on first day (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), lower values on third day (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and no significant differences on seventh day (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficients of the general linear model for the chlorophyll index with 95% confidence intervals, with tree considered as a random effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel compared with reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient estimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% Lower CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% Upper CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-\u003cem\u003evalue\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefoliation class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI vs. IV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;1.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.397\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII vs. IV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;1.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII vs. IV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat shock vs. control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.668\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.803\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.533\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 vs. 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0.718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.947\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 vs. 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.409\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.642\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 vs. 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Effective quantum yield of photosystem II in relation to defoliation class\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn trees from defoliation class I, values of control leaves remained high and stable throughout the ten-day recovery period (\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u0026ndash;0.30), confirming the high functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus. Leaves subjected to heat shock initially exhibited lower values, followed by a rapid recovery until the third day and stabilization up to the seventh day, with a slight decrease on the tenth day, indicating partial but effective recovery. Compared with leaves from more affected trees (classes III-IV), leaves from class I showed significantly greater recovery (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn leaves of trees from defoliation class II, control values were slightly lower than those in class I, reflecting moderately reduced vitality. Following heat shock, ΦPSII initially exhibited low values, similar to those observed in class I, but although it increased significantly by the third day, it remained below the levels of leaves from defoliation class I. By the end of the observation period, ΦPSII values were intermediate between classes I and III, indicating incomplete recovery relative to controls and a moderate capacity to compensate for heat stress (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eLegend\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolid lines indicate control (no heat shock), and dashed lines indicate heat-shock treatments. Roman numerals I-IV represent defoliation classes; (Control) \u0026ndash; control treatment, (ST) \u0026ndash; heat-shock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn control leaves from defoliation class III, ΦPSII values showed a slight decline until the third day, followed by modest recovery and stabilization until the end of the observation period, indicating relatively constant photosynthetic functionality. In leaves subjected to heat shock, recovery was partial: although an increase in values was observed during the first seven days, they did not reach control levels and subsequently remained consistently lower.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor trees in defoliation class IV, control values were the lowest (\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u0026ndash;0.23), confirming a degraded physiological status. After heat shock, ΦPSII increased slightly during the first seven days; however, values remained consistently below those of the other classes and decreased by the tenth day, indicating an intensification of foliar tissue deterioration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e indicate that recovery day and treatment are the main factors explaining almost the entire variation of the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (81.95%). Variations among individual trees contributed only modestly to the total variation, while defoliation classes had a negligible effect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance components analysis of the effective quantum yield of photosystem II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of variation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance components\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefoliation class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe general linear model with tree as a random effect showed that defoliation class, treatment, and recovery day significantly affected ΦPSII (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The most pronounced statistical effects were associated with treatment and defoliation class, whereas recovery day contributed less to the local variation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). However, the variance component analysis (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) indicates that treatment and recovery day account for the largest proportion of the total variation in ΦPSII, while the effect of defoliation class remains minor.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral linear model (Type III) for the analysis of variance of the effective quantum yield of photosystem II, with tree considered as a random effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of variation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-\u003cem\u003evalue\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefoliation class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.514\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.711\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.711\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e496.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1258\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.733\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe coefficients of the general linear model indicate that trees in defoliation classes I and II exhibited significantly higher ΦPSII than those in class IV, whereas class III did not differ significantly from class IV. Heat shock significantly reduced ΦPSII compared to the control (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Recovery day, analyzed overall, showed that ΦPSII was significantly lower on day one than on day ten (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while significant increases were observed on days three and seven, although these remained lower than on day ten (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficients of the general linear model for the effective quantum yield of photosystem II with 95% confidence intervals, tree considered as a random effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel compared with reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient estimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% Lower CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% Upper CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-\u003cem\u003evalue\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefoliation class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI vs. IV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII vs. IV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII vs. IV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat shock vs. control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 vs. 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 vs. 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 vs. 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Electron transport rate in relation to defoliation degree\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn trees of defoliation class I, whose leaves were maintained under favorable conditions, ETR in control samples increased steadily throughout the recovery period, reaching levels characteristic of complete recovery. In class II, values of this parameter were significantly lower from the first day, but showed a moderate increase by day three, after which the process stabilized, indicating near-complete recovery compared to class I. In leaves from class III, ETR was initially close to that of class I, but remained relatively constant throughout the entire period, exhibiting only slight fluctuations without a clear trend of increase or decrease. This pattern indicates incomplete recovery compared with the first two classes. In class IV, ETR showed a gradual decline, remaining at a significantly lower level than the other classes, reflecting a pronounced disturbance of the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membranes (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegend: Solid lines indicate control (no heat shock), and dashed lines indicate heat-shock treatments. Roman numerals I-IV represent defoliation classes; (Control) \u0026ndash; control treatment, (ST) \u0026ndash; heat-shock\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn leaves exposed to heat shock, ETR was significantly lower compared with control samples, regardless of defoliation class (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The curves representing this response across defoliation classes decline progressively from vigorous trees in class I to severely declining trees in class IV. Nevertheless, recovery processes were evident in all defoliation classes: ETR was strongly affected on the first day, followed by a gradual increase, indicating that recovery mechanisms predominated over degradation processes. Despite this, recovery remained partial, as ETR values during the observation period remained below those of the control samples (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance component analysis for ETR indicated that most of the variability was explained by recovery day (72.11%), followed by tree, with a moderate contribution (22.03%). Other sources of variation (defoliation class, treatment, and leaf) had negligible influence on this parameter (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance component analysis for electron transport rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of variation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance components\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12962E6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefoliation class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35250.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11750.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81606.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20401.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250494.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9634.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e242.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27994.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e734272.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e926\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e792.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e792.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll sources of variation analyzed, tree, defoliation class, treatment, and recovery day, significantly affected ETR (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), indicating a clear effect of heat stress and defoliation class on PSII function (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral linear model (Type III) for the analysis of variance of electron transport rate, with tree considered as a random effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of variation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003cem\u003e-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69731.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17432.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefoliation class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48576.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16192.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66115.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66115.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33994.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11331.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e924150.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e739.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12962E6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe coefficients of the general linear model revealed significant differences among all defoliation classes (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) for ETR. Application of heat shock resulted in a significant reduction of ETR compared with control samples. Temporal analysis showed a significant decrease in ETR on day one relative to day ten (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), followed by a significant recovery on day three, with values on day seven approaching initial levels (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficients of the general linear model for electron transport rate with 95% confidence intervals, with tree considered as a random effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel compared to reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient estimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% Lower CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% Upper CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-\u003cem\u003evalue\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefoliation class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI vs. IV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0.221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;2.624\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII vs. IV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;9.708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII vs. IV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;2.807\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;5.544\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat shock vs. control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;7.259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;8.764\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;5.755\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 vs. 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;6.202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;8.768\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;3.636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 vs. 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;8.185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 vs. 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;3.606\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.624\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II in relation to defoliation degree\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe graphical representation revealed that F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e values recorded in trees across the four defoliation classes for the control samples were almost overlapping. These values remained relatively stable, ranging between 0.77 and 0.81 units, indicating that the maximum efficiency of PSII was maintained at a physiologically normal level (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegend: Solid lines indicate the control (no heat shock), while dashed lines indicate the heat shock treatment. Roman numerals (I-IV) represent defoliation classes; (Control) \u0026ndash; control treatment, (ST) \u0026ndash; heat shock treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing heat shock application, significant differences were observed in the dynamics of photochemical recovery among trees belonging to different defoliation classes. Trees in class I exhibited the highest F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e values compared with the other classes. In this category, F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e values were initially reduced, followed by a gradual increase until day seven, indicating a superior recovery capacity. A similar, but slower pattern was observed in class II trees, in which F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e increased steadily until day seven, after which the recovery process stabilized (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrees in defoliation class III exhibited an initial level similar to that of class II; however, their subsequent recovery was more limited, reaching approximately 0.52 by the end of the observation period. The most pronounced inhibition was recorded in trees from class IV, where Fv/Fm values dropped to a minimum immediately after the heat shock (0.12) and remained low throughout the observation period, showing only partial recovery by day seven, followed by a renewed decline.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe LSD (95%) analysis confirmed a significant separation of defoliation classes into two homogeneous groups: trees from classes I and II displayed higher F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e values, whereas classes III and IV were characterized by significantly lower values (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II among defoliation classes after heat shock in \u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e using the Least Significant Difference test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefoliation class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of observations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomogeneous group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e434,39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422,72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22,71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300,75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269,86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27,82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e: Classes labeled with different letters (A and B) are significantly different from each other (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Observations were obtained from sets of leaves analyzed at different recovery times, originating from five trees per defoliation class.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe variance components analysis revealed that most of the variability in F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e was accounted for by the treatment effect (74.34%), followed by the recovery day (16.55%). The variability associated with the tree factor was considerably lower (9.11%), whereas the contribution of defoliation class and individual leaf was negligible (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance components analysis of the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of variation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance components\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.257E7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefoliation class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.460E5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.820E5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.424E7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.560E6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.240E4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.966E6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.141E5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.872E3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.173E5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.665E3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.498E6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.612E4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.612E4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Influence of defoliation degree on the recovery of photosynthetic parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results indicate that the defoliation class significantly influences the recovery capacity of photosystem II and the photosynthetic performance of \u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e trees. The analyzed parameters, chlorophyll index, effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), electron transport rate (ETR), and maximal quantum yield of PSII (F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e), showed significantly higher values in trees from defoliation classes I (vigorous) and II (slightly affected) compared to those from classes III (visibly affected) and IV (severely declining) after exposure of leaves to a 50\u0026deg;C heat shock for 10 minutes. The coefficients of the general linear model confirmed statistically significant differences among defoliation classes throughout the ten-day recovery period under controlled laboratory conditions. These findings are consistent with other studies demonstrating that the degree of defoliation directly affects chlorophyll content and photosystem II efficiency, both in Mediterranean forests (Lovreškov et al. 2022) and in thermophilous forests of Tuscany, where reductions in chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf chlorophyll content were found to depend on species and local environmental conditions (Pollastrini et al. 2016).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom a physiological perspective, the observed differences suggest that \u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e trees with a low degree of defoliation are able to maintain a higher photosynthetic capacity, likely due to the preservation of chlorophyll-protein complexes and the integrity of the thylakoid membrane. In contrast, severely defoliated trees appear to exhibit photo inhibition and a reduction in PSII efficiency, which may reflect impaired pigment regeneration and diminished antioxidant protection. Similar results were reported by Berezovska et al. (2021) for silver birch (\u003cem\u003eBetula pendula\u003c/em\u003e), where 30% defoliation significantly reduced F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e values, and 60% defoliation further amplified this decline, confirming a direct relationship between the degree of defoliation and photosystem II efficiency. Interestingly, plants infected with \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora plurivora\u003c/em\u003e showed a higher performance index (PI) than defoliated plants, suggesting that physiological recovery depends not only on the extent of foliage loss but also on the type of stress and the plant\u0026rsquo;s compensatory mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe recovery processes observed in both control samples and after heat shock indicate that the intensity of defoliation affects not only the absolute values of photosynthetic parameters but also the rate and efficiency of leaf functional restoration. Trees from defoliation classes I and II exhibited rapid and efficient recovery of ΦPSII, ETR, and F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e; however, their values did not reach those of the control samples. In contrast, trees from classes III and IV showed a slow and incomplete recovery of all analyzed photosynthetic parameters, with values remaining significantly lower than those of the controls throughout the observation period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results are consistent with previous experimental and observational studies showing that the photosynthetic response to foliage loss depends fundamentally on the nature of the damage. For example, natural herbivory may trigger compensatory responses, reflected by an increase in the F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e ratio and a decrease in F\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e values, whereas mechanical defoliation produces the opposite effect on F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e (Retuerto et al. 2006). This tendency suggests that the reduced recovery of photosystem II observed in trees from defoliation classes III and IV reflects not only the loss of leaf mass and the decline in physiological vitality of \u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e trees but also the absence of herbivore-induced biochemical signals that could otherwise stimulate protective compensatory mechanisms. Therefore, the type of damage, the physiological condition of the leaves, and the intensity of defoliation are critical factors determining the direction and magnitude of the photosynthetic response of European beech following heat shock.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of defoliation on photosynthesis are well documented and depend on severity, spatial pattern of leaf loss, and the compensatory capacity of the crown. Our results, highlighting incomplete recovery in trees from classes III-IV, align with previous observations: some studies have reported compensatory photosynthesis in the inner crown layer after partial defoliation (Eyles et al., 2011), whereas others have documented reductions in photosystem II parameters (ΦPSII, ETR, F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) in severely defoliated vines and trees (Pe\u0026ntilde;a-Olmos et al. 2013; Berezovska et al. 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the context of defoliation stress, Barry and Pinkard (2013) demonstrated that young eucalypts (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus globulus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eE. nitens\u003c/em\u003e) can compensate for the loss of approximately 40% of their leaves, or simultaneous loss of leaves and buds, through adjustments in biomass allocation and increased photosynthetic rates. Although height and diameter growth were initially reduced, the trees were able to maintain leaf area and photosynthetic capacity by the end of the recovery period. These observations indicate that both the type and severity of defoliation influence photosynthetic parameters and compensatory dynamics, highlighting the physiological plasticity that enables trees to adjust their metabolism and resource allocation to support the restoration of photosynthetic function.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual assessment of defoliation classes, following the methodology of Dobbertin (2005), is supported by measurements of photosystem II parameters and can be applied within European forest monitoring programs, such as ICP Forests, to evaluate forest health and guide management interventions. However, forest managers should interpret these assessments with caution, as defoliating insect attacks can trigger compensatory effects and activate molecular protective mechanisms, thereby modifying photosynthetic responses and potentially leading to underestimation or overestimation of the actual stress experienced by the trees.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Effect of the treatment on the dynamics of photosynthetic parameter recovery\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur investigations indicate that the values of photosynthetic parameters were significantly higher in control samples compared to those exposed to heat shock throughout the ten-day recovery period. The chlorophyll index declined sharply following the treatment and showed only partial recovery in trees of class I, without reaching control levels, indicating accelerated degradation of the photosynthetic pigment. Similar findings have been reported by Jespersen et al. (2016), suggesting that heat stress-induced chlorophyll loss is primarily associated with accelerated pigment degradation rather than inhibition of synthesis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimultaneously, ΦPSII followed a similar trend, with a rapid decline immediately after the heat shock and partial recovery by the third day. This suggests that the reduction in the chlorophyll index, reflecting decreased pigment content, contributes to the decline in photosystem II efficiency, but does not fully explain the observed variations, as noted by Baker (2008).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur data show that ETR was significantly reduced in leaves subjected to heat shock, indicating vulnerability of the electron transport chain and suggesting an imbalance between light absorption and energy consumption in photosynthetic reactions. Studies on citrus trees have demonstrated that exposure to combined stressors, such as heat, drought, and high radiation, affects PSII integrity and the redox balance of the electron transport chain, while physiological and molecular responses, including the activation of PSII repair mechanisms, contribute to the partial maintenance of photosynthetic efficiency (Balfag\u0026oacute;n et al. 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the observation period, F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e exhibited limited recovery, with the lowest values recorded on the first day. Partial recovery was subsequently observed, followed by stabilization toward the end of the period, without reaching control leaf levels. F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e values remained dependent on defoliation class (I-IV), confirming that this parameter reflects leaf vitality and highlights the cumulative effect of heat stress on PSII integrity. These observations support the notion that F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e represents a robust and sensitive indicator of leaf vitality and photosystem II integrity, as documented in the literature (Percival 2005; Baker 2008; Maxwell \u0026amp; Johnson 2000).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeither ΦPSII nor F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e fully returned to control levels, although recovery processes were evident. This result indicates that the heat shock applied to beech leaves was sufficiently severe to induce lasting adjustments in PSII functioning over the ten-day recovery period. Partial recovery may be explained by an incomplete balance between photodamage processes and the repair cycle of the D1 protein in PSII, as also reported in previous studies (Aro et al. 1993; Murata \u0026amp; Nishiyama 2018).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe photosynthetic parameters analyzed in beech leaves suggest that, following heat shock, damaging processes predominate over recovery processes, which do not return to the initial physiological equilibrium; this effect has also been observed in our previous studies (Dascaliuc \u0026amp; Cuza 2008; Cuza et al. 2021). The reduction in recovery processes, observed prior to the onset of visible symptoms such as leaf fall, suggests that the analyzed parameters may serve as sensitive bio-indicators of heat stress in trees, reflecting impaired PSII integrity and photosynthetic efficiency. In line with these observations, the literature emphasizes that rapid measurement of chlorophyll content and PSII fluorescence parameters can provide a valuable tool for early monitoring of heat stress in forests and trees, offering an opportunity for intervention before visible leaf damage occurs (Maxwell \u0026amp; Johnson 2000; Percival 2005).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3. Variance components of photosynthetic parameters in response to heat stress\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of variance components shaping the variation of photosystem II parameters revealed complementary roles of treatment, recovery day, and between-tree variability, each contributing differently depending on the parameter measured. This complementarity suggests that the variation in PSII parameters is regulated simultaneously at multiple levels: structural (integrity of protein complexes), functional-temporal (recovery of photochemical flux over time), and individual (intra-population differences among beech trees).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe contribution of the variance source represented by trees to the chlorophyll index, as highlighted by variance component analysis, was the greatest, exceeding the effect of defoliation degree. This result indicates that the photosynthetic response to heat shock largely depends on the intrinsic characteristics of each tree, while differences between defoliation classes play a secondary role. This observation is consistent with studies showing that intra-specific variability can significantly modulate the photosynthetic response to abiotic stress, including short-term high temperatures (Corcuera et al. 2011; Zaka et al. 2016). Our data suggest that intra-specific variability may buffer or amplify the effects of defoliation on photosynthetic recovery, providing useful insights into the mechanisms of forest resilience to thermal stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe major contribution (53.4%) of between-tree variability observed for the chlorophyll index indicates the presence of intra-population heterogeneity in tolerance and recovery mechanisms. Such differentiation may be driven by genetic, microclimatic, and physiological factors influencing PSII repair capacity and electron transport efficiency (Valladares et al. 2014; Demmig-Adams et al. 2020). This variability may contribute to maintaining the functional stability of beech populations through ecological complementarity, in which trees with different physiological responses collectively enhance the population\u0026rsquo;s resilience to heat stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sources of variation showed that, for ΦPSII, the treatment had a significant effect on photosystem integrity, while the temporal evolution during recovery reflected the ability of leaves to partially restore photosynthetic functionality. The observed decreases in ΦPSII after heat shock indicate persistent photoinhibition, whereas the variable recovery among defoliation classes points to incomplete photosystem resilience. A similar response, characterized by sustained photoinhibition and incomplete PSII recovery, has been reported in beech and other forest species exposed to high temperatures (Kurjak et al. 2019; H\u0026uacute;dokov\u0026aacute; et al. 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the case of ETR, recovery day represented the main source of variation, highlighting the importance of temporal mechanisms in restoring photochemical flux. The variance source represented by trees contributed moderately, indicating individual differences in the capacity to regulate electron transport, possibly related to phenotypic plasticity or genetic differences (Pšidov\u0026aacute; et al. 2018). The heat shock caused a pronounced initial decrease in ETR, followed by progressive recovery; however, values remained below control levels, indicating a temporary impairment of photochemical flux. These findings are consistent with previous studies on beech and other forest species, where ETR reduction under heat stress reflects functional adaptations and photoprotective regulatory processes (Kurjak et al. 2019; H\u0026uacute;dokov\u0026aacute; et al. 2022). Thus, ΦPSII reflects the photochemical efficiency of PSII under operational conditions, whereas ETR provides information about the effective electron flow; the complementary analysis of both parameters allows a deeper understanding of recovery mechanisms and individual variability in PSII response.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe progressive but incomplete recovery of ETR aligns with the findings of Pšidov\u0026aacute; et al. (2018), who reported that beech provenances from higher altitudes maintain higher electron transport rates and lower PSII excitation pressure, indicating more efficient photoprotective mechanisms. Conversely, low-altitude provenances exhibited limited electron transport and structural changes in light-harvesting complexes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e, treatment was the main factor determining variation, reflecting the direct impact of heat stress on PSII photochemical efficiency, consistent with previous evidence of photoinhibition in forest trees (Maxwell \u0026amp; Johnson 2000; Takahashi \u0026amp; Murata 2008; Kurjak et al. 2019). Recovery day contributed moderately, indicating the ability of leaves to partially regain photosystem functionality after stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, our findings support the observations of Winter et al. (2024), who demonstrated that immediate F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e measurements after exposure to heat stress do not necessarily indicate irreversible foliar damage, emphasizing the importance of monitoring recovery processes to assess PSII resilience over time. In this context, \u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e occurs in Moldova in small and fragmented populations located at the edge of its natural distribution range. This marginal position increases the sensitivity of local populations to abiotic stress factors, including extreme temperatures and defoliation. The results obtained on PSII recovery and intra-specific variability provides relevant insights for assessing the resilience of beech populations under marginal conditions and may inform strategies for their conservation and sustainable management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur data indicate that the complementarity of variance sources and the heterogeneity of PSII physiological responses constitute a fundamental mechanism for maintaining the functional integrity of the tree. For example, in the case of F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e, treatment was the main determinant of the initial decrease, whereas recovery was visibly influenced by the variance source represented by trees, highlighting a complementarity between the levels of biological organization involved in the response to heat stress. Thus, the functional integrity of the tree coexists with the heterogeneity of physiological components, including the diversity of responses at the photosynthetic apparatus level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis intra-individual variability reflects the modular nature of trees, in which leaves, as semi-autonomous units, express distinct, heterogeneous, and complementary physiological responses. The internal diversity of these responses contributes decisively to maintaining organismal functionality, allowing fine adjustment to environmental conditions and explaining the differences observed among trees with different defoliation classes. The results show that PSII parameters are controlled by distinct and complementary variance sources, and this heterogeneity of the marginal population, shaped by genetic, epigenetic, and microclimatic factors, supports tree resilience to heat stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur interpretation aligns with the synthesis of Des Roches et al. (2018), who emphasized that functional trait variability does not represent biological noise, but an essential adaptive mechanism enabling organisms to maintain performance under fluctuating environmental conditions. Overall, our study connects tree responses to heat shock across multiple levels of biological organization, and the differences observed during recovery reflect intrinsic variability among individuals and their initial physiological state. These results demonstrate that the fine-scale mechanisms of PSII correlate with tree performance at the individual level, in accordance with the principles of Passioura (1979), highlighting how fine physiological processes generate ecologically relevant consequences for beech resilience under heat stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study highlights the recovery of PSII photosynthetic parameters, including the chlorophyll index, ΦPSII, ETR, and F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e, in the leaves of European beech (\u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e) originating from a marginal population and exposed to a thermal shock of 50\u0026deg;C for 10 minutes. All analyzed parameters decreased immediately after treatment, confirming the high thermal sensitivity of PSII. Trees with low defoliation (classes I-II) showed a faster and more complete recovery of photosynthetic parameters, whereas severely defoliated trees (classes III-IV) exhibited reduced resilience. The variance component analysis revealed that treatment, recovery period, and tree were the main sources determining the variation in photosynthetic parameters. Recovery day and treatment best explained the variation in ΦPSII, reflecting photochemical efficiency and the degree of persistent photoinhibition. Variation in ETR was dominated by the influence of the recovery period, describing the dynamics of electron transport and confirming the coordinated nature of the recovery process. In contrast, thermal treatment had the strongest effect on F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e, while the influence of the recovery period was modest and dependent on the tree source of variation. The tree effect had a more pronounced influence on the chlorophyll index than the defoliation classes, highlighting the role of initial vitality in the response to thermal shock. The chlorophyll index can therefore serve as an indicator of the physiological resilience and adaptability of marginal \u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e populations to thermal stress. Integrating the results shows that variations in PSII parameters at the leaf level reflect complementary contributions of the sources of variation, which together support the functional integrity of each tree. This complementarity explains the differences observed between trees and represents an essential adaptive mechanism for the resilience of marginal beech populations across defoliation classes under thermal stress. The results confirm the relevance of a hierarchical approach to physiological functions: fine-scale mechanisms at the PSII level generate detectable differences at the individual level. Assessing photosynthetic responses in relation to initial vitality and defoliation class provides a predictive framework for understanding beech resilience to thermal stress.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthorsContribution\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP. Cuza collected the field data and described the results. N. Platovschii and N. Zduaruk performed the laboratory experiments and constructed the graphs for the photosystem II parameters.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccite\u003eAranda I, Rodriguez-Calcerrada J, Robson TM, Cano FJ, Alt\u0026eacute; L, S\u0026aacute;nchez-G\u0026oacute;mez D. \u003c/cite\u003e\u003ccite\u003e(\u003c/cite\u003e\u003ccite\u003e2012). \u003c/cite\u003e\u003ccite\u003eStomatal and non-stomatal limitations on leaf carbon assimilation in beech (\u003c/cite\u003e\u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e\u003ccite\u003e L.) seedlings under natural conditions. \u003c/cite\u003e\u003cem\u003eFor. Syst.\u003c/em\u003e\u003ccite\u003e 21: 405-417. https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/2012213\u003c/cite\u003e\u003ccite\u003e‑\u003c/cite\u003e\u003ccite\u003e02348\u003c/cite\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAro EM, Virgin, I, Andersson B. (1993). Photoinhibition of photosystem II. Inactivation, protein damage and turnover. Biochim. Biophys. 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Intraspecific variation in thermal acclimation of photosynthesis across a range of temperatures in a perennial crop. \u003cem\u003eAoB PLANTS\u003c/em\u003e 8: plw035. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plw035\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"acta-physiologiae-plantarum","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"acpp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Acta Physiologiae Plantarum](http://link.springer.com/journal/11738)","snPcode":"11738","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/acpp/default2.aspx","title":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Fagus sylvatica, natural defoliation, heat shock, chlorophyll index, ΦPSII, ETR, Fv/Fm, tree vitality","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8529001/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8529001/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMarginal populations of European beech (\u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e) are vulnerable to heatwaves and prolonged droughts, which affect photosynthetic function and tree resilience. The aim of this study was to investigate the leaf-level responses of European beech trees, depending on defoliation class (I-IV), to a heat shock and to compare the recovery processes of PSII parameters. For each defoliation class, five trees were selected. Detached leaves were exposed to a heat shock of 50\u0026deg;C for 10 minutes, and during ten days of recovery, chlorophyll content, the effective quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), the electron transport rate (ETR), and the maximum quantum yield (F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) were measured. Trees from classes I and II exhibited moderate initial values of photosynthetic parameters and showed faster recovery, although final values did not fully reach control levels. In contrast, trees from classes III and IV had lower initial values and exhibited slow and incomplete recovery, indicating reduced PSII resilience. On the first day of recovery, ΦPSII, ETR, and F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e values decreased significantly, but recovery dynamics moderately accelerated thereafter, without reaching control levels. Variation component analysis revealed that the source of variation represented by individual trees largely influenced chlorophyll content, whereas treatment and recovery day primarily explained variations in ΦPSII, ETR, and F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e. ΦPSII values reflected photochemical efficiency and persistent PSII photoinhibition, while ETR provided complementary information on electron flux dynamics, suggesting that PSII recovery involves a coordinated process among parameters. Integration of the contributions from different sources of variation indicates that leaf recovery in European beech depends on the complex interaction between inter-individual variability and heat shock, highlighting the role of initial vitality and physiological state of the trees in PSII resilience.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of natural defoliation and heat shock on the recovery of photosystem ii parameters in european beech (Fagus sylvatica)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-04 10:05:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8529001/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-02T12:42:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-10T08:21:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","date":"2026-01-06T04:06:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"acta-physiologiae-plantarum","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"acpp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Acta Physiologiae Plantarum](http://link.springer.com/journal/11738)","snPcode":"11738","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/acpp/default2.aspx","title":"Acta Physiologiae Plantarum","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4dbf6f2f-e28a-4dba-bbcb-37931caf9d57","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 4th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-04T10:05:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-04 10:05:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8529001","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8529001","identity":"rs-8529001","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}