Comparative Acute Toxicity and Safety Indices of Organophosphate Insecticides on Apis mellifera

Comparative Acute Toxicity and Safety Indices of Organophosphate Insecticides on Apis mellifera | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative Acute Toxicity and Safety Indices of Organophosphate Insecticides on Apis mellifera Liyaqat Ayoub, Munazah Yaqoob, Raihana H. Kanth, Fehim Jeelani Wani, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4411141/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract European honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.) plays a vital role as a pollinator, contributing significantly to global ecosystems and agricultural productivity. However, their populations are increasingly threatened, primarily due to exposure to pesticides, particularly organophosphates, commonly used in agriculture for pest control. In this study, insecticides including chlorpyriphos 20 EC, dimethoate 30 EC, and profenophos 50 EC were evaluated at various concentrations (0.005–0.09%) through topical and oral application methods. Results showed significant mortality in experimental bees across all concentrations of the insecticides, with higher mortality observed in oral exposure. Mortality increased with concentration and time, with chlorpyriphos 20 EC exhibiting mortality percentages ranging from 6.67–100%, dimethoate 30 EC from 0.00–100%, and profenophos 50 EC from 8.33–100%. Toxicity assessment revealed lowest LC50 values in chlorpyriphos 20 EC (0.008) and dimethoate 30 EC (0.007) through topical and oral methods at 24 hours after treatment (HAT), respectively. Relative toxicity, extrapolated from LD50 values, was highest in chlorpyriphos 20 EC (1.62) and dimethoate 30 EC (1.85) through topical and oral methods at 24 HAT, respectively. Profenophos 50 EC exhibited the lowest safety index (0.26) through topical application and dimethoate 30 EC (0.23) through oral application at 24 HAT. Overall, the study highlights the negative impact of insecticides on A. mellifera and underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive evaluation of the risks posed by current pest control practices to honey bees and other essential pollinators. honey bee organophosphate pollinators Relative toxicity Safety index Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4411141","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":307832643,"identity":"8818b732-6cf1-4778-a478-5a799c0339ee","order_by":0,"name":"Liyaqat Ayoub","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmYEm43hA4hkJ6CFDaLFAMxmnIEQwaOFAUkLMw+IIqiFncfww5uaP/IGx3vMHtv82iYPdCrjh485+BzGYyw555iB4YYzZ8yNc/tuG7YxMzBLztyGV4uBNA+bAeOGGzlm0rk9txmBWtiYefFrMf7N88/AHqzFsue2PTFazKR52wwSwVoYftxOJEILW5nl3D7j5JlnjpUb9jbcTm5jZmzG6xd+/sObb7z5Jmfbd7x524Mff27bzm9vPvjhIx4tDAwcBgyg6FA4ACQY20AijA341AMB+wOwFnmwuj8EFI+CUTAKRsGIBACBnkpnXoKKqgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liyaqat","middleName":"","lastName":"Ayoub","suffix":""},{"id":307832644,"identity":"0671fb20-0159-4172-ae1e-dbd54652ccd8","order_by":1,"name":"Munazah Yaqoob","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Munazah","middleName":"","lastName":"Yaqoob","suffix":""},{"id":307832645,"identity":"ec8f1ba8-a806-422c-b81d-247959641879","order_by":2,"name":"Raihana H. Kanth","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Raihana","middleName":"H.","lastName":"Kanth","suffix":""},{"id":307832646,"identity":"e60e8443-919c-43c8-bed2-91b19832dc9d","order_by":3,"name":"Fehim Jeelani Wani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fehim","middleName":"Jeelani","lastName":"Wani","suffix":""},{"id":307832647,"identity":"7df9058f-fce3-4c6f-badd-0a2ab56e1383","order_by":4,"name":"Fazil Fayaz Wani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fazil","middleName":"Fayaz","lastName":"Wani","suffix":""},{"id":307832648,"identity":"0d9d9811-ffed-4187-a222-fce0d71041be","order_by":5,"name":"Audil Gull","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Audil","middleName":"","lastName":"Gull","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-13 06:44:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4411141/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4411141/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":57585948,"identity":"b2cf95b5-4164-407c-8f17-bbd1df3f20b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-03 03:24:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":603397,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Papernew.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4411141/v1_covered_bc828ab5-19ce-47a4-aa9d-654c386d022a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparative Acute Toxicity and Safety Indices of Organophosphate Insecticides on Apis mellifera","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"honey bee, organophosphate, pollinators, Relative toxicity, Safety index","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4411141/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4411141/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEuropean honey bee (\u003cem\u003eApis mellifera\u003c/em\u003e L.) plays a vital role as a pollinator, contributing significantly to global ecosystems and agricultural productivity. However, their populations are increasingly threatened, primarily due to exposure to pesticides, particularly organophosphates, commonly used in agriculture for pest control. In this study, insecticides including chlorpyriphos 20 EC, dimethoate 30 EC, and profenophos 50 EC were evaluated at various concentrations (0.005\u0026ndash;0.09%) through topical and oral application methods. Results showed significant mortality in experimental bees across all concentrations of the insecticides, with higher mortality observed in oral exposure. Mortality increased with concentration and time, with chlorpyriphos 20 EC exhibiting mortality percentages ranging from 6.67\u0026ndash;100%, dimethoate 30 EC from 0.00\u0026ndash;100%, and profenophos 50 EC from 8.33\u0026ndash;100%. Toxicity assessment revealed lowest LC50 values in chlorpyriphos 20 EC (0.008) and dimethoate 30 EC (0.007) through topical and oral methods at 24 hours after treatment (HAT), respectively. Relative toxicity, extrapolated from LD50 values, was highest in chlorpyriphos 20 EC (1.62) and dimethoate 30 EC (1.85) through topical and oral methods at 24 HAT, respectively. Profenophos 50 EC exhibited the lowest safety index (0.26) through topical application and dimethoate 30 EC (0.23) through oral application at 24 HAT. 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