Symbiotic nutrient exchange enhances the long-term survival of cassiosomes, the autonomous stinging-cell structures ofCassiopea

Medusae of the widely distributed and locally invasive upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea release autonomous, mobile stinging structures. These so-called cassiosomes are a major contributor to ‘contactless’ stinging incidents in (sub-)tropical shallow waters. While the presence of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in cassiosomes has previously been observed, their potential contribution to the metabolism and long-term survival of cassiosomes is unknown. Combining stable isotope labeling and correlative SEM and NanoSIMS imaging with a long-term in vitro experiment, this study reveals a mutualistic symbiosis based on nutritional exchanges in dinoflagellate-bearing cassiosomes. We were able to show that organic carbon input from the dinoflagellates fuels the metabolism of the host tissue and enables anabolic nitrogen assimilation. Thanks to this symbiotic nutrient exchange, cassiosomes showed enhanced survival in the light compared to dark conditions for at least one month in vitro . Overall, this study demonstrates that cassiosomes, in analogy with Cassiopea medusae, are photosymbiotic holobionts. Cassiosomes thus promise to be a powerful new miniaturized model system for in-depth ultrastructural and molecular investigation of cnidarian photosymbioses.