Phyto-supplementation of Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal on growth performance, carcass attributes, haemo-biochemical and enzyme status of broiler chickens

Phyto-supplementation of Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal on growth performance, carcass attributes, haemo-biochemical and enzyme status of broiler chickens | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Phyto-supplementation of Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal on growth performance, carcass attributes, haemo-biochemical and enzyme status of broiler chickens Muyiwa H. Ogunsipe This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6829192/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: The study aimed to evaluate the growth performance, haemato-biochemical profile and enzyme status of broiler chickens fed Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal (OGLM) as phytogenic feed supplement in broiler chicken diet. Six diets were formulated and assigned as diet 1(0 g OGLM /100kg diet: positive control), diet 2(0 g OGLM /100kg diet + Antibiotic (A): negative control), diet 3(250 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 4(500 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 5(750 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 6(1000 g OGLM /100kg diet). Two hundred and forty (240) Arbor-Acre one-day old unsexed broiler chicks with average weight 37.92 ± 0.62 g were randomly distributed to 6 dietary treatments (40 birds/treatment; 8 birds/replicate). Results: Supplementation of OGLM up to 1000 g/100kg in broiler chicken diet recorded similar (P > 0.05) weight gain at starter phase compared with birds on the control groups (diets 1 and 2). Highest weight gain was recorded at the finisher and overall stages of birds’ growth on OGLM supplementation compared to the weight gain of birds on the control groups (diets 1 and 2). Carcass traits, haemato-biochemical, serum profile and liver enzyme status of birds on OGLM supplementation were better (P < 0.05) than those on the control groups (diet 1 and antibiotic treated diet: diet 2). Conclusion: OGLM as phytogenic/phytobiotic feed supplement did not compromise weight gain at the physiological growth phases of the birds but promoted the highest weight gain at the finisher and overall stages of growth, improved haemato-biochemical profile and synthesize more serum antioxidant enzymes compared to birds on the control groups (diet 1 and antibiotic treated diet: diet 2). Antioxidant enzymes haemato-biochemicals phytobiotic phytogenic weight gain Background The enzymatic reaction such as those involved in the respiratory chain, phagocytosis, prostaglandin synthesis, and the cytochrome P-450 system (Valko, Izakovic, Mazur, and Rhodes, 2004 ; Bahorun, Soobrattee, Luximon-Ramma, and Aruoma, 2006 ) and non-enzymatic reactions during oxidative phosphorylation such as aerobic respiration in the mitochondria (Droge 2002 ; Genestra 2007 ; Valko, Leibfritz, Moncola, and Cronin, 2007 ) are the sources of free radical like reactive oxygen species and nitrogen oxide in living cells that result to cells and tissues damage. The effects of free radicals on molecular cells has been associated with increased risk of cancer, heart disease, cataracts, and other chronic diseases (Miller and Britigan, 1997 ). Aside from these associated diseases, free radical is also the cause of oxidative stress, cells and tissue damage and impair the DNA, enzymes, proteins, lipids, and alterations in biochemical processes (Valko et al. 2007 ). The associated dangers of free radical to living cells and tissues are enough reasons to source for ways to mitigate these challenges. Herbs, plants and plant parts such as leaves, leaf/plant extracts, essential oils, roots, flowers and barks contain phytoconstituents having biological properties against free radicals, and that are cheaper alternatives without any side effects compare to synthetic drugs such as Anisodamine, Allicin, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and others that are either not available or having its own side effect. In addition to the therapeutic advantage of phytogens, they also contain appreciable quantity of phytonutrients such as minerals, protein, vitamins, amino acids, essential oils and are precursors of some hormones (Amaechi, 2009 ), and phytochemicals such as saponin, flavonoids, tannins, piperine, curcumin and many other phenolic compounds that can modulate the gut morphometry, populate beneficial bacterial in the gut, promote growth and enhance the health status of livestock. Many phytogenic additives of nutritional, phytochemical, phytobiotics and pharmacological importance have been exploited in livestock, particularly in broiler nutrition (Ogunsipe, Oloruntola, Agbede, and Igbasan, 2020 ; Oloruntola, Adu, Gbore, Falowo, and Olarotimi, 2021 ). The bioactive components in these plants or plant parts are potent as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antidiabetic, antioxidant owing to their phytochemical properties and activities. Many studies had been conducted on the use of botanicals either as sole or herbal mixtures as phytonutrient supplements, growth promoters, phytobiotic or pharmacological agents to enhance growth performance (Dhama et al. 2014 ; Alipour, Hassanabadi, Golian, and Nassiri-Moghaddam, 2015 ; Ayodele, Oloruntola, and Agbede, 2016 ; Oloruntola et al. 2021 ) and treatment of some diseases or ailments in broiler chickens (Prabhu, Lobo, Shirwaikar, and Shirwaikar, 2009 ; Negi, 2012 ; Oloruntola et al. 2020 ). The botanical of interest in this study is Ocimum gratissimum leaf as phytogenic supplement and antibiotic alternative (phytobiotic) in broiler chicken production. Ocimum gratissimum is an herbaceous plant of the family Lamiaceae (Labiatae). The plant is native to tropical, subtropical Africa and Asia and introduced and naturalized to North America and Oceania. The plant is called different names across the world. For instance, it is called Ram tulsi or Vriddhutulsi (Sanskirt) in India, Tchayo in Fon, Fobazen in Haiti, Mujaaja or Omujaaja in Uganda, Numnum in Ghana, Nunu Bush in Jamaica and Demakese in Ethiopia, Albahaca Africana by the Spanish, Basilic sauvage by the French and alfavaca-de-caboclo by the Portuguese. In Nigeria, the Yoruba called it Effinrin, Hausa called it Daidoya, and the Igbo called it Ahuji or Nchanwu (Rojas-Sandoval, 2018 ) The plant is noted for its medicinal properties across the world. For instance, in the Northeast of Brazil, it is used as condiment, medicinal and culinary purpose. In Nigeria, it is used in traditional and folklore and also spices and culinary herbs in human food and beverages. The essential oils extracted from the leaves contain eugenol and thymol that exhibit properties such as antimicrobial activity, anesthetic potential, anti-diabetic potency, antioxidant property, anti-carcinogenic efficacy, anti-inflammatory activity, and hypolipidemic effectiveness (Khalil, ur Rahman, Khan, and Sahar, 2017 ). The antimicrobial activity of eugenol is evident in its hydrophobic activity to penetrate the lipopolysaccharide cell membrane and enter the cytoplasm thus damaging the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-negative bacteria while thymol integrate into and accumulate within the cell membranes, resulting in conformational changes and disrupting the cell membrane of the microbes (Gill and Holley, 2006 ) and thymol has been used in traditional medicine as expectorant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and antiseptic agents, mainly in the treatment of the upper respiratory system (Willcox, Ash, and Catignani, 2004 ). The phytochemicals such as saponin, flavonoids and other phenolic compound in Ocimum gratissimum leaf are noted to be active in reducing the concentration of serum cholesterol, ameliorating the effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the activity of scavenging radicals such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase while reducing the activity of malondialdehyde (MDA) (Dhama et al. 2015 ). The phytonutrients, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of plant and plant parts are valuable sources of phytobiotic and nutrient additives that could enhance broiler chickens’ growth and maintain their well-being. This study aimed to access the phyto-supplementation of Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal on growth, erytogram, serum chemistry and liver enzymes of broiler chickens Methods Ethics approval The conduct of this experiment was in accordance with the guidelines of animal experimentation and animal protocol approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the Animal Production Unit, Department of Agricultural Science, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria. Collection and processing of leaves Leaves from free diseased and healthy Ocimum gratissimum plants were collected fresh at 10.00 am from the University environment. The leaves were washed under running water to remove every dirt, chopped with a stainless knife, air-dried under shade on a clean tarpaulin for 10 days, milled to the particulate size to produce leaf meal and stored before use. Chemical analysis The air-dried leaves were subjected to proximate composition and mineral contents (AOAC 2012 ). Phytochemical analysis was conducted to determine the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, saponin, flavonoids and tannins. The total phenolic contents were determined according to the method of Kujala, Loponen, Klika, and Pihlaja ( 2000 ), flavonoid content as described by Delcour and Varebeke (1985), saponin content was by the method Brunner ( 1984 ), terpenoids (Sofowora, 2008 ), alkaloids (Haborne, 1973) and tannin (Amorim et al. 2008 ). Chemical analyses were carried out in triplicate Feed preparation A basal diet using the conventional feed ingredient was formulated to meet the nutrient requirements for each phase of the birds (starter and finisher phases) (Table 1 ) (NRC, 2012). At each phase, the basal diet was divided into six equal portions, designated diets 1–6, and supplemented with Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal at graded levels. Diet 1 which is the positive control has neither antibiotic nor OGLM supplementation, diet 2 christened negative control has antibiotic supplement, while diets 3–6 have their feeds supplemented with OGLM at graded levels. Table 1 Feed composition of broiler chickens (kg/100kg) Broiler starter Broiler finisher Ingredients Maize 54.1 58.6 Rice bran 5.72 5.43 Wheat offal 6.16 6.41 Groundnut cake 10.1 9.41 Soybean meal 15.7 13.5 Fish meal 5.12 3.55 Lime stone 1.50 1.55 Dicalcium Phosphate 0.50 0.50 Premix 0.30 0.25 Lysine 0.15 0.15 Methionine 0.15 0.15 Salt 0.50 0.50 Nutrient composition Crude protein (%) 23.1 20.3 ME (kcal/kg) 3125 2918 The diets were supplemented to have: diet 1 (0 g OGLM /100kg diet: Positive control), diet 2 (0 g OGLM /100kg diet + Antibiotic (A): Negative control), diet 3 (250 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 4 (500 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 5 (750 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 6 (1000 g OGLM /100kg diet) Experimental design The design of the experiment was the completely randomized involving 240 Arbor-Acre one-day old unsexed broiler chicks with average weight 37.92 ± 0.62 g randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments of 40 birds to a treatment. Each dietary treatment was replicated 5 times of 8 birds to a replicate. Bird’s management The birds were housed in their group pens with wood shaving as the litter material on the floor. The temperature of the house was within the range of 32 ± 2 ºC on the first day to day 7 after which the temperature was reduced by 2 ºC on each successive week until a temperature of 28 ± 2 ºC was maintained till the end of the experiment. A lighting duration was 23 hours daily. Fresh feeds and clean cool water were served the birds ad libitum throughout the 8 weeks experimental period. Growth performance of the birds Growth rate of the birds were monitored 7-day interval to determine the weight gain while feed intake was taken every day to determine the quantity of feed consumed. The weight gain was calculated as the difference between the initial weight and the final weight while the feed intake was the difference between feed supplied and left-over feed, and feed conversion ratio was calculated as the ratio of average feed consumed to average weight gain. Slaughtering, blood collection and carcass evaluation On 56th day of the experiment, 15 birds were randomly selected from each treatment of 3 birds/replicate to make a total of 90 birds. The birds were fasted for 12 h, tagged, weighed, stunned and sacrificed by severing the jugular veins with a stainless-steel knife to allow free flow of blood. Blood samples were collected into two separate bottles. Blood collected into EDTA bottle was used for the haematological studies (PCV, RBC, Hb, WBC, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophil) (Shastry, 1983 ; Stockham and Scott, 2008 ) while sample collected into a plain sterile bottle without EDTA was used for the serum biochemicals and enzyme (total serum protein, serum cholesterol, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase) determination using Reflectron® Plus 8C79 (Roche Diagnostic, GombH Mahnheim, Germany), kits. The serum superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were determined according to Misra and Fridovich ( 1972 ), Aebi ( 1974 ) and Rotruck et al. (1973), respectively. The slaughtered birds were defeathered after scalding in hot water (55–60 ºC) for 30 seconds. The dressed birds were eviscerated for carcass and organ weight determination. The dressed percentage or carcass yield was estimated as the percentage of the slaughtered weight. The primal parts (wing, breast, back, thigh, drumstick) and the internal organs (liver, heart, kidney, spleen, pancreas, lung, gizzard + proventriculus) were estimated and expressed as % BW Data collection and analysis Data collected on daily feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits, haematological characteristics, serum biochemicals, liver enzymes and antioxidant enzymes were subjected to one-way analysis of variance using General Linear Model (GLM) of SPSS ( 2013 ). The model Yrt = µ + αr + βrt, was adopted in analysing the data, where Yrt = any of the response variable; µ = the overall mean; αr = effect of the rth treatment (T = diets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6); and βrt = random error due to experimentation. Differences among treatment means were compared using Duncan option of the statistical software. Results Table 2 shows the levels of chemical constituents present in the Ocimum gratissimum leaf used in this study. The levels of phytonutrients in this leaf attest to its usefulness as phytogenic feed supplements that can be exploited in broiler nutrition. Table 2 Chemical constituents of Ocimum gratissimum leaf Proximate compositions, % Mineral contents, mg/100g Phytochemical components, mg/g Major minerals Minor minerals Dry matter 94.61 ± 5.03 Ca 2451 ± 101.83 Fe 602 ± 27.19 Alkaloids 10.26 ± 0.73 Crude protein 13.22 ± 1.02 P 45.63 ± 7.26 Mn 10.32 ± 1.24 Saponin 12.43 ± 1.13 Crude fibre 8.23 ± 1.07 Na 128 ± 11 62 Zn 31.74 ± 6.58 Flavonoids 15.36 ± 1.08 Crude fat 2.21 ± 0.05 K 248 ± 15.05 Cu 1.09 ± 0.03 Tannin 0.04 ± 0.01 Ash 4.33 ± 0.29 Mg 2714 ± 96.81 Phenolics 18.16 ± 2.51 Carbohydrate 66.62 ± 3.11 Terpenoids 63.07 ± 3.64 The effect of Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal as phytogenic feed supplement on performance of broiler starters (1–28 days), broiler finishers (29–56 days) and overall (1–56 days) are shown on Table 3 . At the starter phase, OGLM as phytogenic feed supplement did not influence the weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and relative growth rate of the birds. But worthy of note is chicks on OGLM supplements recorded numerical weight gain (29.57–29.98 g) compared to chicks on the control diets (29.14–29.51 g) showing an improvement of 1.45–2.81% over chicks on diet 1 and 0.20–1.57% over chicks on antibiotic treated diet (diet 2). At the finisher phase, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were similar (P > 0.05). Similarly, weight gain of birds on antibiotic treated diet (diet 2) and those on OGLM supplements (diets 3–6) were not significant (P > 0.05). Worthy of note is OGLM supplements at 500–1000 g/100kg diet recorded significant (P < 0.05) improvement in the weight gain by 11.55–16.46% compared to birds on diet 1. The relative growth rate that determines the rate of growth with respect to the initial weight shows significant (P < 0.05) improvement in finisher birds fed phytogenic feed supplements compared to birds on diet 1 and birds on antibiotic treated diet (diet 2). The overall result (1–56 days) shows that while there is significant (P < 0.05) influence in weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens fed phytogenic feed supplements, particularly at 500–1000 g/100kg diet and birds on diet 1, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of birds on antibiotic treated diet (diet 2) and birds on phytogenic feed supplements (diets 3–6) were similar (P > 0.05). Table 3 Effect of OGLM supplements (g/100kg diet) on performance of broiler chickens Experimental diets 0 OGLM 0 OGLM + A 250 OGLM 500 OGLM 750 OGLM 1000 OGLM SEM P (diet 1) (diet 2) (diet 3) (diet 4) (diet 5) (diet 6) Live weight/bird Starter phase (1–28 days) Initial, g 37.99 37.87 37.96 37.91 37.80 37.88 0.14 0.86 Final, g 854.31 863.88 866.16 874.21 877.21 869.92 5.81 0.32 Total gain, g 816.42 826.02 828.21 836.31 839.40 831.99 3.83 0.35 Weight gain, g/d 29.14 29.51 29.57 29.86 29.98 29.72 0.27 0.34 Feed intake, g/d 50.27 50.49 51.71 51.02 50.89 50.43 0.35 0.26 Feed conversion 1.72 1.71 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.70 0.01 0.13 RGR, % 182.98 183.56 183.21 183.37 183.47 183.28 0.21 0.10 Finisher phase (29–56 days) Final, g 2280.76 b 2404.97 ab 2391.18 ab 2498.66 a 2583.87 a 2481.95 a 43.66 0.02 Total gain, g 1427.06 b 1542.11 ab 1525.03 ab 1624.61 a 1706.65 a 1613.05 a 31.79 0.03 Weight gain, g/d 50.94 b 55.05 ab 54.47 ab 58.04 a 60.98 a 57.59 a 3.55 0.02 Feed intake, g/d 136.07 146.19 139.58 141.93 145.71 152.43 4.11 0.19 Feed conversion 2.67 2.65 2.57 2.44 2.40 2.64 0.13 0.23 RGR, % 91.05 c 94.36 b 93.63 b 96.33 a 98.62 a 96.25 a 2.05 0.03 Overall (1–56 days) Initial, g 37.99 37.87 37.96 37.91 37.80 37.88 0.14 0.86 Final, g 2280.76 b 2404.97 ab 2391.16 ab 2498.66 a 2583.87 a 2481.92 a 13.66 0.002 Body gain, g 2243.62 b 2365.98 ab 2353.08 b 2461.18 a 2546.11 a 2444.01 b 10.91 0.003 Weight gain, g/d 40.08 b 42.26 ab 42.03 b 43.91 a 45.48 a 43.62 a 1.18 0.002 Feed intake, g/d 114.22 113.89 116.87 115.77 116.99 114.71 1.32 0.32 Feed conversion 2.85 b 2.68 ab 2.78 b 2.64 a 2.58 a 2.63 a 0.11 0.003 RGR, % 193.54 193.73 193.18 194.01 194.23 193.98 0.05 0.21 abc Means without common superscripts along the same row are different at P < 0.05 Note: The diets were supplemented to have: diet 1 (0 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 2 (0 g OGLM /100kg diet + A: 250mg antibiotic), diet 3 (250 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 4 (500 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 5 (750 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 6 (1000 g OGLM /100kg diet), RGR: Relative growth rate, OGLM: Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal The results of the carcass and organ descriptions as presented on Table 4 show the similarity (P > 0.05) in slaughtered (SLW) and dressed weights of birds on antibiotic treated diet and birds on phytogenic feed supplements. However, birds on these diets (diets 2–6) show significantly (P 0.05) irrespective of the diet imposed. Table 4 Effect of OGLM supplements (g/100kg diet) on carcass and organ description of broiler chickens Experimental diets 0 OGLM 0 OGLM + A 250 OGLM 500 OGLM 750 OGLM 1000 OGLM SEM P (diet 1) (diet 2) (diet 3) (diet 4) (diet 5) (diet 6) Carcass evaluation SLW, g 2481.78 b 2593.08 a 2603.12 a 2572.67 a 2664.94 a 2611.83 a 25.47 0.02 Dressed weight, g 2002.17 b 2112.21 a 2138.69 a 2148.15 a 2198.11 a 2201.89 a 18.81 0.02 Dressed % 80.67 b 81.45 b 82.17 ab 83.48 a 82.49 ab 84.31 a 1.13 0.03 Primal parts (% BW) Wings 6.17 6.55 6.53 6.79 6.81 6.68 0.03 0.26 Breast 18.16 18.36 18.44 18.58 18.63 18.51 0.06 0.14 Back 10.49 10.71 11.17 11.38 11.43 10.71 0.18 0.22 Thigh 10.13 10.49 10.65 10.71 10.84 10.56 0.11 0.17 Drumstick 10.07 10.32 10.38 10.49 10.42 10.37 0.19 0.10 Organs (% BW) Liver 1.51 1.64 1.42 1.38 1.41 1.44 0.08 0.15 Gizzard + Proventriculus 2.31 2.29 1.94 1.87 1.83 1.71 0.14 0.11 Lungs 0.41 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.38 0.42 0.03 0.18 Heart 0.32 0.34 0.31 0.39 0.33 0.32 0.02 0.15 Kidney 0.20 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.22 0.04 0.17 Spleen 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.02 0.10 Pancreas 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.11 abc Means without common superscripts along the same row are different at P < 0.05, A: 250mg antibiotic, SLW: Slaughter weight, BW: Body weight, OGLM: Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal The effect of OGLM as phytogenic feed supplement is shown on the PCV, RBC and Hb of the birds (Table 5 ). Phytogenic supplements promoted better (P 0.05) by dietary supplementation of OGLM Table 5 Effect of OGLM supplements (g/100kg diet) on haematological indices of broiler chickens 0 OGLM 0 OGLM + A 250 OGLM 500 OGLM 750 OGLM 1000 OGLM SEM P (diet 1) (diet 2) (diet 3) (diet 4) (diet 5) (diet 6) Haematological parameters PCV, % 31.30 c 32.31 a 31.72 bc 32.16 ab 32.37 a 32.38 a 0.17 0.001 RBC counts, 10 9 /ml 3.19 b 3.27 b 3.37 a 3.42 a 3.41 a 3.43 a 0.03 0.001 Hb, g/dL 10.19 c 10.25 c 10.46 b 10.79 a 10.80 a 10.81 a 0.05 0.001 MCV, fl 98.12 98.81 94.12 94.04 94.96 94.40 2.31 0.28 MCH, pg 31.94 31.35 31.04 31.55 31.67 31.52 0.17 0.14 MCHC, % 32.56 31.72 32.98 33.55 33.36 33.38 1.02 0.23 WBC counts, 10 9 /ml 8.90 9.04 8.65 9.04 8.97 9.02 0.13 0.34 Lym 10 9 /ml 3.13 3.17 3.08 3.11 3.06 3.14 0.07 0.13 Neu 10 9 /ml 2.04 2.15 2.09 2.26 2.21 2.34 0.05 0.18 Mon 10 9 /ml 2.11 2.07 2.17 2.07 2.19 2.16 0.08 0.15 Bas 10 9 /ml 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.29 0.24 0.30 0.09 0.11 Eos 10 9 /ml 2.28 2.39 2.21 2.26 2.19 2.23 0.06 0.14 abc Means without common superscripts along the same row are different at P < 0.05, A: 250mg antibiotic , Lym: Lymphocyte, Mon: Monocyte, Bas: Basophil, Neu: Neutrophil, Eos: Eosinophil, OGLM: Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal The serum chemistry, liver enzymes and serum antioxidant status of the birds were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by dietary supplementation of OGLM as phytogenic feed supplements in broiler diets (Table 6 ). Birds fed phytogenic feed supplements had higher TSP and lower cholesterol, AST, ALT and creatinine values compared to birds on diet 1 and in some cases in birds on antibiotic treated diet. The catalase (cat), superoxide dismutase (sod) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (serum antioxidant enzymes) of birds fed phytogenic feed supplements were significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to birds on non-phytogenic feed supplements (diets 1 and 2). Table 6 Effect of OGLM supplements (g/100kg diet) on serum metabolites, liver enzymes and serum antioxidant enzymes of broiler chickens 0 OGLM 0 OGLM + A 250 OGLM 500 OGLM 750 OGLM 1000 OGLM SEM P (diet 1) (diet 2) (diet 3) (diet 4) (diet 5) (diet 6) Serum metabolites and liver enzymes TSP, g/dL 3.80 c 3.82 bc 3.85 b 3.92 a 3.95 a 3.93 a 0.03 0.01 Chol, mg/dL 137.82 a 137.49 a 131.54 b 128.36 bc 127.39 bc 126.38 c 1.52 0.001 AST, u/l 196.12 a 181.54 b 179.27 b 178.11 b 171.67 b 175.48 b 2.39 0.004 ALT, u/l 2.17 a 2.14 a 2.10 a 1.95 b 1.84 bc 1.79 c 0.03 0.001 Creatinine, µ/l 41.43 a 43.17 a 38.66 ab 33.23 b 34.74 b 32.59 b 3.17 0.002 Serum antioxidant enzymes Cat, mM/ml/min 7.03 b 7.41 b 10.89 a 11.48 a 12.04 a 11.97 a 2.57 0.001 Sod, % 63.74 b 64.09 b 67.66 ab 73.71 a 70.87 a 72.91 a 3.11 0.002 GPx, µ/g 71.31 c 82.33 c 102.03 b 111.84 a 116.96 a 113.08 a 10.62 0.001 abc Means without common superscripts along the same row are different at P < 0.05, A: 250mg antibiotic, TSP: Total serum protein, Chol: Cholesterol, AST: Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase, Cat: Catalase, Sod: Superoxide dismutase, GPx: Glutathione peroxidase, OGLM: Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal Discussion The chemical composition of any sample or product allows the identification and classification of substances or compounds or composition of elements that make up such substance or compound with the aid to predict the properties and reactions of such substance or compound. The moisture content of Ocimum gratissimum leaf used in this study is within the values reported for some leafy vegetables (Olumide, Ajayi, and Akinboye, 2019 ; Oloruntola et al. 2021 ). Moisture content has been identified as an index that helps to assess the length of preservation, stability, and ease of deterioration from bacterial attack. Levels of moisture content also predict the energy content of such feed or feed ingredient and the bulkiness of it. The lower moisture content indicates the tendency of Ocimum gratissimum leaf to have longer preservation, stability, less prone to bacterial deterioration and possibly moderate energy level of the leaf. The protein content obtained in the leaf meal under investigation is higher than the 3.84–12.98% (Fagbohun, Lawal, and Ore, 2012 ; Mlitan, Sasi, and Alkherraz, 2014 ) but lower than the 14.35–16.51% (Calixto, 2000 ; Adebola, 2017 ; Olumide et al. 2019 ) reported for some leafy vegetables. The protein content reported in this study and previous studies suggest that Ocimum gratissimum leaf is a good source of protein, and thus can be exploited as phytonutrient supplement in broiler chicken diet. Dietary fibres have been reported to improve the process of digestion and promote gut health, reduce constipation, enhance bowel emptiness and maintain soft stool passage (Ishida, Yoshikawa, Nakazawa, and Kamidate, 2002 ; Nworgu, Alikwe, Egbunike, and Ohimain, 2015 ; Ogunsipe et al. 2020 ). The crude fibre obtained in the present study is within the values 8.07–11.38% reported on leafy vegetables (Fagbohun et al. 2012 ; Nworgu et al. 2015 ; Adebola, 2017 ). Crude fat enhances flavor and supplies energy by conversion of glycogen (animal fat) to glucose through the process of gluconeogenesis by series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and with the aid of glucagon hormone. The crude fat found in Ocimum gratissimum used in the present study falls within the range 2.08–4.81% (Adewole, 2014 ; Adebola, 2017 ) but lower than 10.25% for Vernonia amygdalina leaf (Yakubu, Amuzat, and Hamza, 2012 ; Tsado et al. 2015 ). Minerals are important constituents for good health and several biological processes. They function to build materials for bones, muscles and nerves functioning, regulate water balance in the body as well as being important components of many enzymes, hormones and co-factors of many metabolic processes (Kim et al. 2015 ; Fox and Zimba, 2018 ). The macro and micro minerals attest to the reports that Ocimum gratissimum leaf can be exploited as phytogenic feed supplement in broiler chicken diet (Oboh, Masodje, and Enabulele, 2009 ; Adewole, 2014 ; Olumide et al. 2019 ). Phytochemical substances have been reported for its low residual effects, potent against pathogenic bacteria, as antioxidant agents against free radicals that damage cells (Prabhu et al. 2009 ; Dhama et al. 2015 ; Oloruntola et al. 2021 ) and as herbal additives to improve animal health and enhance growth (Oloruntola et al. 2021 ). Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and other phenolic compounds have been reported to exert various biological and pharmacological activities (Mishra, Kumar, and Pandey, 2013 ). For instance, saponin, flavonoids, tannin and other phenolic compounds have been reported to promote the syntheses of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) (Goyal and Brahma, 2014 ). The phytochemicals present in Ocimum gratissimum confirm the pharmacological property of this leaf as phytogenic supplement that can be exploited in broiler nutrition. The variability in the weight gain, feed conversion and rate of growth among birds fed the dietary treatments at the starter and finisher phases and overall suggest that factors such as age, birds nutritional requirements, duration of feeding, response to the diets and management practices could influence the performance of the birds and that older animals tolerated leafy vegetable meals than younger ones (Nworgu et al. 2015 ). Although, there was similarity in the performance of broiler chicks across the dietary treatments but chicks on phyto-dietary supplements recorded numerical weight gain compared to chicks on the control diets. The improve weight gain and relative growth rate of broiler birds on dietary supplementation of OGLM compared to birds fed without OGLM supplementation could be attributed to biological activities of the phytogenic constituents in the leaf to maintain gut morphometry for nutrient digestion, absorption and utilization. Improved weight gain of broiler birds could also be due to the enrichment of the feeds with phytonutrients such as proteins, amino acids, minerals and other bioactive constituents in the leaf meal. Also, phytochemicals such as tannins, saponins, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds can exert biological effects to modulate the gut environment for nutrient absorption, enhance the population and activities of beneficial gut bacterial and promote the syntheses of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase to scavenge free radical and prevent oxidative cell damage (Prabhu et al. 2009 ; Mishra et al. 2013 ). The bioactive constituents in Ocimum gratissimum leaf might have exerted biological activities to improve weight gain, enhance relative growth rate and feed conversion of the birds. Since there were no differences in feed intake in the birds at every phase of growth, it could therefore be inferred that superior growth rate observed in the birds on phyto-supplemented diets could be due to the phytonutrient and pharmacological properties of Ocimum gratissimum leaf to improve the nutrient status of the feeds, enhance utilization and metabolism of nutrients. Fallah, Kiani, and Azarfar ( 2013 ) and Oloruntola, Agbede, Ayodele, and Oloruntola ( 2018 ) reported that phytogenic feed additives exerted biological activities to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacterial, reduce microbial toxic metabolites, maintain gut environment and gut ecology to enhance nutrient digestion, absorption and utilization. In broiler production, carcass evaluation is an important index to ascertain the value and quality attributes of the bird at slaughter. Variations in carcass evaluation could be attributed to factors such as strain of birds, duration in time fasted before slaughtering, dressing process, age, density of feather, nutrient utilization and diet (Adeyemi, Adekoya, and Sobayo, 2012 ). In this study, the improved carcass evaluation such as slaughtered weight, dressed weight and dressed percentage of broiler chickens fed phytogenic feed supplements could be due to the phytonutrient and pharmacological properties of the phytogen ( Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal) to supply bioactive constituents that are efficiently utilized and metabolized by the birds. The improved carcass attributes of broiler chickens fed phytogenic feed supplements in this study is in line with the previous works on Azadirachta indica leaf meal (Ogunsipe et al. 2020 ), Irvinga gabonensis kernel powder (Oloruntola et al. 2021 ), Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract (Egbeyale et al. 2021 ; Ezenwosu et al. 2022 ) and natural growth promoters (Valenzuela-Grijalva, Pinelli-Saavedra, Muhlia-Almazan, Dominguez-Diaz, and Gonzalez-Rios, 2017 ). The improved growth rate of broiler birds on phytogenic feed additives compared to birds on non-phytogenic feed additives could also be responsible for their superior carcass attributes. Animals with greater muscle have been reported to have higher carcass yield (Pečiulaitienė, Jukna, Meškinytė-Kaušilienė, Kerzienė, and Moleikaitienė, 2015 ). The similarity in the weights of the primal parts and organs of birds fed phytogenic and non-phytogenic feed supplements suggest that phytogen ( Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal) did not exert any negative effect on these parameters and thus the health of the birds was not hampered, suggesting that the levels of phyto-supplementation of the leaf meal is safe for the birds. The non-significant influence of phytogenic supplements in livestock feed had earlier been reported (Çabuk, Bozkurt, Alçiçek, Akbaþ, Küçükyýlmaz, 2005 ; Al-Kassie, AL-Nasrawi, and Ajeena, 2011 ; Amad, Wendler, and Zentek, 2011 ). Since the weights of the organs were not affected, it could be concluded that there was no pathological dysfunction of the organs and that the supplementation of the diets with this phytogen did not affect the quality of the feeds. Increase in fibre consumption can increase the activity or workload of the gizzard, and feeds with large particle size can make the gizzard do extra work in an attempt to reduce the particle size, resulting in higher gizzard weight. The fact that there was no gizzard and liver hypertrophy or hyperplasia, it could suggest that phyto-supplementation with Ocimum gratissimum leaf in broiler chicken diet did not compromise the physiological and biochemical functions of the liver and other organs. Blood analysis and composition represents a viable means to assess nutritional influence on health status of livestock in feeding trials. Thus, the significance of blood analysis is to find out how the body organs are functioning with a view to assessing the overall health of the animal, and or to track the cause(s) of disease(s). The commonly used haematological parameters in nutritional studies include PCV, RBC, haemoglobin, WBC and clotting time (Lording and Friend, 1991 ; Etim, Enyenihi, Williams, Udo, and Offiong, 2013 ; John, 2023 ). Aside from improving growth performance, application of botanicals or phytogens has been demonstrated to enhance blood syntheses, blood cell composition and boost the immune response of the animal against pathogenic attack with overall effect to maintain health status and wellbeing (Dhama et al. 2015 ; Adu, Gbore, Oloruntola, Falowo, and Olarotimi, 2020 ; Oloruntola et al. 2021 ). Significant increase in the PCV, RBC and haemoglobin concentration of birds on phytogenic supplements suggest the blood building capacity of Ocimum gratissimum leaf to promote blood formation and syntheses. The presence of folate, iron, copper, zinc and other blood building elements in Ocimum gratissimum leaf might have contributed to the hematopoiesis in birds fed this phytogenic supplement, or the phytoconstituents in the leaf might have exerted positive influence on the metabolism of some minerals and enhance the blood building capacity, and or utilization of blood building elements such as manganese, copper and iron. Phytochemicals have been reported to exert biological activities that can promote blood formation and syntheses (Adu et al. 2020 ). The increase in the PCV, RBC and haemoglobin concentration of birds in this study is in line with broiler chickens fed lye-processed moringa oleifera seed meal (Obadire, Obadire, Ige, Osofowora, and Oke, 2023 ). The steady increase in these blood parameters with increasing supplementation of Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal is in agreement with previous authors on broiler chickens fed leaf meal supplemented diets (Olumide and Akintola, 2018 ; Oguntoye et al. 2018 ; Onainor et al. 2023 ). The stability of other blood indices of broiler chickens across the treatment diets is a clear indication that Ocimum gratissimum leaf as phytogenic supplement did not compromise the haemocytoblasts in the bone marrow and hence the hematopoietic activity of the birds is not negatively affected, and that the nutritional profile of the test diets was good enough for high oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, particularly the haemoglobin in carrying out biological activities of life. The better blood composition in birds fed phytogenic feed supplements could have accounted for the improved weight gain of the broiler birds. Determination of serum chemistry and liver enzymes is vital to understand the state of organs and tissues, as well as the metabolic state of the animal to ascertain if the animal is diseased or not. In nutrition studies, serum chemistry and liver enzyme allow to assess the influence of dietary treatments or candidate ingredient imposed on the animal. Total serum protein is a reflection of protein retained in the animal body, thus the higher total protein in birds fed dietary supplementation of Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal could be attributed to the quantity and quality of dietary protein in the diets. High serum protein indicates good protein reserve, reflecting the ability of the birds to store protein for tissue synthesis. Substantial amount of blood cholesterol is required to build the structure of cell membranes, make hormones like oestrogen, testosterone and adrenal hormones, and promote the efficiency of metabolic process. High levels of blood cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) could deposit fats, impeding the free flow of blood with the high risk of heart disease, stroke and other cardiovascular diseases (Oloruntola et al. 2021 ). The lower serum cholesterol in birds fed phytogenic feed supplement could be associated to the biological activities of the phytoconstituents, particularly dietary fibre and phytochemicals in the phytogen. Fibre had an effect to lower lipid metabolism by adsorbing bile acids and thus help to lower cholesterol levels in the blood by binding it to the small intestine and prevent it from entering the blood stream (Oloruntola et al. 2021 ; Obadire et al. 2023 ). Soluble fiber had been reported to absorb cholesterol and reduce the amount of cholesterol the liver absorbs (Soliman, 2019 ). The phytoconstituents such as saponin and other phenolic compounds in Ocimum gratissimum leaf can exert hypocholesterolemic effect and impede the gut cholesterol uptake of cholesterol via the luminal wall of the intestinal tract (Oloruntola et al. 2016 ). The levels of AST and ALT, although significantly higher in birds on control diet did not pose any risk of liver damage or kidney dysfunction (Bolu, Aderibigbe, and Elegbeleye, 2014 ) as the levels were not close to the threshold level (200 U/L and 36U/L respectively) that could signal the potential risk of liver damage (Meluzzi, Primiceri, Giordani, and Fabris, 1992 ; Roodenburg, West, Hovenier, and Beynen, 1996 ; Simon and Gregory, 1997 ). The lower values recorded for the liver enzymes in birds on the phytogenic feed supplements suggest that the diets might not be deficient in vitamin A. Deficiency of vitamin A had been reported to elevate the levels of liver enzymes (Roodenburg et al. 1996 ). The higher levels of serum antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase could possibly be attributed to the phytogenic constituents such as tannins, saponin, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds, and vitamin C levels in the leaf meal. Tannins have been reported for its anti-inflammatory property to inhibit nitrogen oxide and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) (Wijesinghe et al. 2013 ) while flavonoids can activate the suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and regulate antioxidant synthesis (Mishra et al. 2013 ) and saponin has the potency to decrease blood cholesterol, reduce blood sugar glucose and regulate neurotransmitter activity (Nafiu and Ashafa, 2017 ). Serum antioxidant enzymes have been reported for stabilizing or deactivating free radicals before attacking cellular components and thus regulating free radicals neutralization (Jeeva et al. 2015 ). A higher than normal serum creatinine signals kidney dysfunction due to blocked urinary tract while very low concentration implies low production of creatine and could also result in chronic kidney disease, reduced kidney function, or malnutrition and the risk of type 2 diabetes. The levels of serum creatinine in birds fed phyto-supplemented diets and the control were within the levels (8.84–35.36 µ/l) for healthy birds (Fitri et al. 2021 ), hence the levels of creatinine reported in this study is not a cause for worry. The improved weight gain, feed utilization and good health status of the birds as evidenced in their organ description, blood chemistry, liver enzyme and serum antioxidant status could be traced to the biological activities of the phytoconstituents in Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal. Conclusions Ocimum gratissimum leaf is believed to have some phytoconstituent properties that can stimulate growth, enhance blood composition and syntheses, as well as improve the health status of broiler chickens. Phyto-supplementation of Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal up to 1000 g/100kg diet in broiler chicken diet improved body weight gain, particularly at the finisher phase (29–56 days) and overall (1–56 days), enhanced erythropoiesis of the birds, promote the syntheses of free radical scavengers such as sod, cat and GPx, activate the immunostimulatory and hypocholesterolemic activities of the birds. The utilization of this phytogen as dietary supplementation in broiler chicken diet will not only promote growth but also enhance the overall health status of broiler chickens. Supplementation of Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal above 1000 g/100kg diet could be further tested in broiler chicken feeding trial. Abbreviations A Antibiotic ALT Alanine aminotransferase AOAC Association of analytical chemists AST Aspartate aminotransferase Cat Catalase Chol Cholesterol DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid EDTA Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid GLM General linear model GPx Glutathionine peroxidase Hb Haemoglobin concentration MCH Mean cell haemoglobin MCHC Mean cell haemoglobin concentration MCV Mean cell volume MDA Malondialdehyde PCV Packed cell volume RBC Red blood cell RGR Relative growth rate ROS Reactive oxygen species SLW Slaughtered weight Sod Superoxide dismutase SPSS Statistical package for social sciences TSP Total serum protein WBC White blood counts %BW Percentage body weight Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The right to conduct the experiment was given by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Animal Production Unit, Department of Agricultural Science, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria. The birds were managed in accordance with the guidelines and recommendations of animal experimentation, nutrition and protocol. Consent for publication Not applicable Competing interests The author declares that they have no competing interests. Author information MHO Animal Production Unit, Department of Agricultural Science, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria Funding The study was not funded by any Institution, organization or any other entity Author Contribution MHO suggested the study, designed and coordinated it. The author carried out the feeding trial, sample collection, and analysis. He carried out statistical data analysis, search for literature, prepared the first draft of the manuscript and interpreted the results. 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Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 20, (4), 355–363 Oloruntola, O.D., Agbede, J.O., Ayodele, S.O., Oloruntola, D.A., 2018. Neem, pawpaw, and bamboo leaf meal dietary supplementation in broiler chickens: Effect on performance and health status. Journal of Food Biochemistry, e12723. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12723 Accessed 6 August 2024 Oloruntola, O.D., Ayodele, S.O., Adeyeye, S.A., Jimoh, A.O., Oloruntola, D.A., Omoniyi, S.I., 2020. Pawpaw leaf and seed meals composite mix dietary supplementation: effects on broiler chicken's performance, caecum microflora, and blood analysis. Agroforestry Systems, 94, 555–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-019-00424-1 Accessed 6 August 2024 Oloruntola, O.D., Ayodele, S.O., Agbede, J.O., Oloruntola, D.A., Ogunsipe, M.H., Omoniyi, I.S., 2016. Effect of Alchornea cordifolia leaf meal and enzyme supplementation on growth, haematological, immunostimulatory and serum biochemical response of rabbits. Asian Journal of Biological and Life Sciences, 5, (2), 190–195. Oloruntola, O.D., Adu, O.A., Gbore, F.A., Falowo, A.B., Olarotimi, O.J., 2021. Performance of broiler chicken fed diets supplemented with Irvinga gabonensis kernel powder and Ocimum gratissimum leaf powder. Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 54, (1), 7–20 https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/ 20210155536 Accessed February 12, 2024 Olumide, M.D., Akintola, A.S., 2018. Effect of scent leaf ( Ocimum gratissimum ) supplementation on performance, carcass and meat quality of broiler chicken. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 45, (3), 228–236 https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44513.436 Accessed 6 August 2024 Olumide, M.D., Ajayi, O.A., Akinboye, E.O., 2019. Comparative study of proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum , Vernonia amygdalina and Moringa oleifera . Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 13, (15), 351–356 DOI: 10.5897/JMPR20.6775 https:www.academicjournals.org/JMPR Accessed 24 July 2024 Onainor, E.R., Sorhue, U.G., Bratte, L., Omeje, I.S., Moemeka, A.M., Uguru, J., 2023. Blood and carcass characteristics of wo chicken strains subjected to Ocimum gratissimum leaf-based diets as substitute for synthetic antibiotics. Animal Review, 10, (1), 12–20 DOI: 10.18488/92.vlOil.34.01 Accessed 24 July 2024 Pečiulaitienė, N., Jukna, V., Meškinytė-Kaušilienė, E., Kerzienė, S., Moleikaitienė, S., 2015. Effects of weight and age on carcass yield and conformation of cattle. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 31, (1), 73–84 DOI: 10.2298/ BAH1501073P Accessed 19 July 2024 Prabhu, K.S., Lobo, R., Shirwaikar, A.A., Shirwaikar, A., 2009. Ocimum gratissimum : A review of its chemical, pharmacological and ethnomedicinal properties. The Open Complementary Medical Journal, 1, (1), 1–15 DOI: 10.2174/1876391X00901010001 Accessed 15 March 2024 Roodenburg, A.J., West, C.E., Hovenier, R., Beynen, A.C., 1996. Supplemental vitamin A enhances the recovery from iron deficiency in rats with chronic vitamin A deficiency. British Journal of Nutrition, 75, (4), 623–36. doi: 10.1079/bjn19960165 . PMID: 8672414. Accessed 24 July 2024 Rojas-Sandoval, J., 2018. Ocimum gratissimum (African basil). CABI Compendium https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.115839 Accessed 8 August 2024 Rotruk, J.T., Pope, A.L., Ganther, H.E., Haferman, D.G., Swanson, A.B., Hekstra, W.G., 1973. Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science, 179, (4073), 588–590 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.179.4073.588 Accessed 8 August 2024 Shastry, G.A., 1983. Veterinary Clinical Pathology (2nd ed.). New Delhi, India: CBS Publishers and Distributors New Delhi Simon, R.J.M., Gregory, Y.H.L., 1997. Free radicals and antioxidants in cardiovascular disease. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 44, (4), 307–317 doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1997.t01-1-00594.x Accessed 10 February 2024 Sofowora, A.A., 2008. Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in West Africa 3rd Ed. John Wiley and Sons. Ltd. New York pp. 200–203 Soliman, G.A., 2019. Dietary Fiber, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients, 11, (5), 1155. doi: 10.3390/nu11051155 . PMID: 31126110; PMCID: PMC6566984. Accessed 10 July 2024 SPSS 2013. Statistical Package for Social Sciences. S.P.S.S. Base 22.0 User’s Guide, Copyright ©2013 Stockham, S.L., Scott, M.A., 2008. Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2nd Edition. Blackwell Publishing Tsado, A.N., Lawal, B., Santali, E.S., Shaba, A.M., Chirama, D.N., Balarabe, M. M., Jiya, A. G., Alkali, H. M., 2015. Effect of different processing methods on nutritional composition of bitter leaf ( Vernonia amygdalina ). The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, 5, (6), 8–14 www.iorsphr.org Accessed 11September 2024 Valenzuela-Grijalva, N.V., Pinelli-Saavedra, A.P., Muhlia-Almazan, A., Dominguez-Diaz, D., Gonzalez-Rios, H., 2017. Dietary inclusion effects of phytochemicals as growth promoters in animal production. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 59, (8), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-017-0133-9 Accessed 10 July 2024 Valko, M., Izakovic, M., Mazur, M., Rhodes, C.J., 2004. Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence. Molecular and Cell Biochemistry, 266, (1–2), 37–56. doi: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000049134.69131.89 Accessed 2 August 2024 Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncola, J., Cronin, M.D., 2007. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Review. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 39, (1), 44–84 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001 Accessed 24 January 2024 Wijesinghe, W., Ahn G., Lee, W.W., Kang, M.C., Kim, E.A., Jeon, Y.J., 2013. Anti-inflammatory activity of phlorotannin-rich fermented Ecklonia cava processing by-products extract in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25: 1207–1213. Doi: 10.1007/s10811-012-9939-5 Accessed 19 July 2024 Willcox, J.K., Ash, S.L., Catignani, G. L., 2004. Antioxidants and prevention of chronic disease. Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44, (4), 275–295 DOI: 10.1080/10408690490468489 Accessed 5 July 2024 Yakubu, N., Amuzat, A.O., Hamza, R.U., 2012. Effect of processing methods on the nutritional contents of bitter leaf ( Vernonia amygdalina ). American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 2(1), 26–30 doi: 10.5251/ajfn.2012.2.1.26.30 Accessed 6 August 2024 This table is in page 6 in the text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files PhytosupplementationofOcimumgratissimumleafmealongrowthperformancecarcassattributeshaemobiochemicalandenzymestatusofbroilerchickens.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6829192","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":470159020,"identity":"c1f7c741-6646-4c87-b309-5b85868c17d0","order_by":0,"name":"Muyiwa H. Ogunsipe","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABA0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADHgYG5gMHEipsgGzGxgNEamFLfPDhTBpISwNRWkC6jA1nth0GM/Fq0W1vPvyad0edjDl7g5k0b9t5u7Xth4G21NhE49JiduZYmjXvmcM8lj0H0qR5zt1O3nYmEajlWFpuAy4tN3LMjHnbDvAY3Eg4Js1TdjvZ7ABQC2PDYUJa6ngM7j9sk+ZhO5dsdv4hQS3Gj3nbmIG2MDMbzmg7YGd2g5AtQL8wzm0D+SWNERjIyQlmN4C2JODzy/Hmwx/ettXZm7Of/wCMSjt7s/PpDx98qLHBqQUI2CRApAGUlwhWmYBbOQgwf0DWYo9f8SgYBaNgFIxEAABydGh9gyVWxgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Adeyemi Federal University of Education","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muyiwa","middleName":"H.","lastName":"Ogunsipe","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-05 12:38:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6829192/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6829192/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":84686505,"identity":"92d33bd9-e4f3-486f-9d15-19c44881840c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-16 08:57:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1299667,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829192/v1/cd19d859-e813-4072-a0e5-c915c3b3a487.pdf"},{"id":84683776,"identity":"587ceb04-137a-4a5f-8c4c-b42ecda97f61","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-16 08:41:04","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":89201,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PhytosupplementationofOcimumgratissimumleafmealongrowthperformancecarcassattributeshaemobiochemicalandenzymestatusofbroilerchickens.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6829192/v1/1444a4f59ed55d759b086cc7.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Phyto-supplementation of Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal on growth performance, carcass attributes, haemo-biochemical and enzyme status of broiler chickens","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe enzymatic reaction such as those involved in the respiratory chain, phagocytosis, prostaglandin synthesis, and the cytochrome P-450 system (Valko, Izakovic, Mazur, and Rhodes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Bahorun, Soobrattee, Luximon-Ramma, and Aruoma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) and non-enzymatic reactions during oxidative phosphorylation such as aerobic respiration in the mitochondria (Droge \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Genestra \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Valko, Leibfritz, Moncola, and Cronin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) are the sources of free radical like reactive oxygen species and nitrogen oxide in living cells that result to cells and tissues damage. The effects of free radicals on molecular cells has been associated with increased risk of cancer, heart disease, cataracts, and other chronic diseases (Miller and Britigan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Aside from these associated diseases, free radical is also the cause of oxidative stress, cells and tissue damage and impair the DNA, enzymes, proteins, lipids, and alterations in biochemical processes (Valko et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The associated dangers of free radical to living cells and tissues are enough reasons to source for ways to mitigate these challenges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbs, plants and plant parts such as leaves, leaf/plant extracts, essential oils, roots, flowers and barks contain phytoconstituents having biological properties against free radicals, and that are cheaper alternatives without any side effects compare to synthetic drugs such as Anisodamine, Allicin, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and others that are either not available or having its own side effect. In addition to the therapeutic advantage of phytogens, they also contain appreciable quantity of phytonutrients such as minerals, protein, vitamins, amino acids, essential oils and are precursors of some hormones (Amaechi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), and phytochemicals such as saponin, flavonoids, tannins, piperine, curcumin and many other phenolic compounds that can modulate the gut morphometry, populate beneficial bacterial in the gut, promote growth and enhance the health status of livestock. Many phytogenic additives of nutritional, phytochemical, phytobiotics and pharmacological importance have been exploited in livestock, particularly in broiler nutrition (Ogunsipe, Oloruntola, Agbede, and Igbasan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Oloruntola, Adu, Gbore, Falowo, and Olarotimi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The bioactive components in these plants or plant parts are potent as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antidiabetic, antioxidant owing to their phytochemical properties and activities. Many studies had been conducted on the use of botanicals either as sole or herbal mixtures as phytonutrient supplements, growth promoters, phytobiotic or pharmacological agents to enhance growth performance (Dhama et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Alipour, Hassanabadi, Golian, and Nassiri-Moghaddam, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Ayodele, Oloruntola, and Agbede, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Oloruntola et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and treatment of some diseases or ailments in broiler chickens (Prabhu, Lobo, Shirwaikar, and Shirwaikar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Negi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Oloruntola et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The botanical of interest in this study is \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf as phytogenic supplement and antibiotic alternative (phytobiotic) in broiler chicken production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e is an herbaceous plant of the family Lamiaceae (Labiatae). The plant is native to tropical, subtropical Africa and Asia and introduced and naturalized to North America and Oceania. The plant is called different names across the world. For instance, it is called Ram tulsi or Vriddhutulsi (Sanskirt) in India, Tchayo in Fon, Fobazen in Haiti, Mujaaja or Omujaaja in Uganda, Numnum in Ghana, Nunu Bush in Jamaica and Demakese in Ethiopia, Albahaca Africana by the Spanish, Basilic sauvage by the French and alfavaca-de-caboclo by the Portuguese. In Nigeria, the Yoruba called it Effinrin, Hausa called it Daidoya, and the Igbo called it Ahuji or Nchanwu (Rojas-Sandoval, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) The plant is noted for its medicinal properties across the world. For instance, in the Northeast of Brazil, it is used as condiment, medicinal and culinary purpose. In Nigeria, it is used in traditional and folklore and also spices and culinary herbs in human food and beverages. The essential oils extracted from the leaves contain eugenol and thymol that exhibit properties such as antimicrobial activity, anesthetic potential, anti-diabetic potency, antioxidant property, anti-carcinogenic efficacy, anti-inflammatory activity, and hypolipidemic effectiveness (Khalil, ur Rahman, Khan, and Sahar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The antimicrobial activity of eugenol is evident in its hydrophobic activity to penetrate the lipopolysaccharide cell membrane and enter the cytoplasm thus damaging the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-negative bacteria while thymol integrate into and accumulate within the cell membranes, resulting in conformational changes and disrupting the cell membrane of the microbes (Gill and Holley, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) and thymol has been used in traditional medicine as expectorant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and antiseptic agents, mainly in the treatment of the upper respiratory system (Willcox, Ash, and Catignani, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The phytochemicals such as saponin, flavonoids and other phenolic compound in \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf are noted to be active in reducing the concentration of serum cholesterol, ameliorating the effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the activity of scavenging radicals such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase while reducing the activity of malondialdehyde (MDA) (Dhama et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The phytonutrients, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of plant and plant parts are valuable sources of phytobiotic and nutrient additives that could enhance broiler chickens\u0026rsquo; growth and maintain their well-being. This study aimed to access the phyto-supplementation of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf meal on growth, erytogram, serum chemistry and liver enzymes of broiler chickens\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics approval\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The conduct of this experiment was in accordance with the guidelines of animal experimentation and animal protocol approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the Animal Production Unit, Department of Agricultural Science, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCollection and processing of leaves\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLeaves from free diseased and healthy \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e plants were collected fresh at 10.00 am from the University environment. The leaves were washed under running water to remove every dirt, chopped with a stainless knife, air-dried under shade on a clean tarpaulin for 10 days, milled to the particulate size to produce leaf meal and stored before use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eChemical analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe air-dried leaves were subjected to proximate composition and mineral contents (AOAC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Phytochemical analysis was conducted to determine the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, saponin, flavonoids and tannins. The total phenolic contents were determined according to the method of Kujala, Loponen, Klika, and Pihlaja (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), flavonoid content as described by Delcour and Varebeke (1985), saponin content was by the method Brunner (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e), terpenoids (Sofowora, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), alkaloids (Haborne, 1973) and tannin (Amorim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Chemical analyses were carried out in triplicate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFeed preparation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA basal diet using the conventional feed ingredient was formulated to meet the nutrient requirements for each phase of the birds (starter and finisher phases) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) (NRC, 2012). At each phase, the basal diet was divided into six equal portions, designated diets 1\u0026ndash;6, and supplemented with \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf meal at graded levels. Diet 1 which is the positive control has neither antibiotic nor OGLM supplementation, diet 2 christened negative control has antibiotic supplement, while diets 3\u0026ndash;6 have their feeds supplemented with OGLM at graded levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed composition of broiler chickens (kg/100kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroiler starter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroiler finisher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaize\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice bran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWheat offal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroundnut cake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoybean meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLime stone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDicalcium Phosphate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePremix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLysine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethionine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrient composition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude protein (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eME (kcal/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe diets were supplemented to have: diet 1 (0 g\u003c/em\u003e OGLM \u003cem\u003e/100kg diet: Positive control), diet 2 (0 g\u003c/em\u003e OGLM \u003cem\u003e/100kg diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Antibiotic (A): Negative control), diet 3 (250 g\u003c/em\u003e OGLM \u003cem\u003e/100kg diet), diet 4 (500 g\u003c/em\u003e OGLM \u003cem\u003e/100kg diet), diet 5 (750 g\u003c/em\u003e OGLM \u003cem\u003e/100kg diet), diet 6 (1000 g\u003c/em\u003e OGLM \u003cem\u003e/100kg diet)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe design of the experiment was the completely randomized involving 240 Arbor-Acre one-day old unsexed broiler chicks with average weight 37.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62 g randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments of 40 birds to a treatment. Each dietary treatment was replicated 5 times of 8 birds to a replicate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBird\u0026rsquo;s management\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe birds were housed in their group pens with wood shaving as the litter material on the floor. The temperature of the house was within the range of 32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 \u0026ordm;C on the first day to day 7 after which the temperature was reduced by 2 \u0026ordm;C on each successive week until a temperature of 28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 \u0026ordm;C was maintained till the end of the experiment. A lighting duration was 23 hours daily. Fresh feeds and clean cool water were served the birds ad libitum throughout the 8 weeks experimental period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGrowth performance of the birds\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrowth rate of the birds were monitored 7-day interval to determine the weight gain while feed intake was taken every day to determine the quantity of feed consumed. The weight gain was calculated as the difference between the initial weight and the final weight while the feed intake was the difference between feed supplied and left-over feed, and feed conversion ratio was calculated as the ratio of average feed consumed to average weight gain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSlaughtering, blood collection and carcass evaluation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn 56th day of the experiment, 15 birds were randomly selected from each treatment of 3 birds/replicate to make a total of 90 birds. The birds were fasted for 12 h, tagged, weighed, stunned and sacrificed by severing the jugular veins with a stainless-steel knife to allow free flow of blood. Blood samples were collected into two separate bottles. Blood collected into EDTA bottle was used for the haematological studies (PCV, RBC, Hb, WBC, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophil) (Shastry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e; Stockham and Scott, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) while sample collected into a plain sterile bottle without EDTA was used for the serum biochemicals and enzyme (total serum protein, serum cholesterol, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase) determination using Reflectron\u0026reg; Plus 8C79 (Roche Diagnostic, GombH Mahnheim, Germany), kits. The serum superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were determined according to Misra and Fridovich (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e), Aebi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e) and Rotruck et al. (1973), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe slaughtered birds were defeathered after scalding in hot water (55\u0026ndash;60 \u0026ordm;C) for 30 seconds. The dressed birds were eviscerated for carcass and organ weight determination. The dressed percentage or carcass yield was estimated as the percentage of the slaughtered weight. The primal parts (wing, breast, back, thigh, drumstick) and the internal organs (liver, heart, kidney, spleen, pancreas, lung, gizzard\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;proventriculus) were estimated and expressed as % BW\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData collected on daily feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits, haematological characteristics, serum biochemicals, liver enzymes and antioxidant enzymes were subjected to one-way analysis of variance using General Linear Model (GLM) of SPSS (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The model Yrt\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026micro;\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;αr\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;βrt, was adopted in analysing the data, where Yrt\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;any of the response variable; \u0026micro;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the overall mean; αr\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;effect of the rth treatment (T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;diets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6); and βrt\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;random error due to experimentation. Differences among treatment means were compared using Duncan option of the statistical software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the levels of chemical constituents present in the \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf used in this study. The levels of phytonutrients in this leaf attest to its usefulness as phytogenic feed supplements that can be exploited in broiler nutrition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical constituents of Ocimum gratissimum leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProximate compositions, %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMineral contents, mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical components, mg/g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor minerals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinor minerals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry matter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2451\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;101.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e602\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkaloids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude protein\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaponin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude fibre\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11 62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude fat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTannin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2714\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;96.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenolics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerpenoids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf meal as phytogenic feed supplement on performance of broiler starters (1\u0026ndash;28 days), broiler finishers (29\u0026ndash;56 days) and overall (1\u0026ndash;56 days) are shown on Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. At the starter phase, OGLM as phytogenic feed supplement did not influence the weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and relative growth rate of the birds. But worthy of note is chicks on OGLM supplements recorded numerical weight gain (29.57\u0026ndash;29.98 g) compared to chicks on the control diets (29.14\u0026ndash;29.51 g) showing an improvement of 1.45\u0026ndash;2.81% over chicks on diet 1 and 0.20\u0026ndash;1.57% over chicks on antibiotic treated diet (diet 2). At the finisher phase, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were similar (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Similarly, weight gain of birds on antibiotic treated diet (diet 2) and those on OGLM supplements (diets 3\u0026ndash;6) were not significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Worthy of note is OGLM supplements at 500\u0026ndash;1000 g/100kg diet recorded significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) improvement in the weight gain by 11.55\u0026ndash;16.46% compared to birds on diet 1. The relative growth rate that determines the rate of growth with respect to the initial weight shows significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) improvement in finisher birds fed phytogenic feed supplements compared to birds on diet 1 and birds on antibiotic treated diet (diet 2). The overall result (1\u0026ndash;56 days) shows that while there is significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) influence in weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens fed phytogenic feed supplements, particularly at 500\u0026ndash;1000 g/100kg diet and birds on diet 1, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of birds on antibiotic treated diet (diet 2) and birds on phytogenic feed supplements (diets 3\u0026ndash;6) were similar (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of OGLM supplements (g/100kg diet) on performance of broiler chickens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental diets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 OGLM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e750 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLive weight/bird\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarter phase (1\u0026ndash;28 days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial, g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal, g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e854.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e863.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e866.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e874.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e877.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e869.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal gain, g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e816.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e826.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e828.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e836.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e839.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e831.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight gain, g/d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed intake, g/d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed conversion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRGR, %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinisher phase (29\u0026ndash;56 days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal, g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2280.76\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2404.97\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2391.18\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2498.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2583.87\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2481.95\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal gain, g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1427.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1542.11\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1525.03\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1624.61\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1706.65\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1613.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight gain, g/d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.94\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.05\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.47\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.98\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.59\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed intake, g/d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed conversion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRGR, %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.05\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.36\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.63\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.62\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.25\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall (1\u0026ndash;56 days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial, g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal, g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2280.76\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2404.97\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2391.16\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2498.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2583.87\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2481.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody gain, g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2243.62\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2365.98\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2353.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2461.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2546.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2444.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight gain, g/d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.26\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.48\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.62\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed intake, g/d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed conversion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.85\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRGR, %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e Means without common superscripts along the same row are different at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote: The diets were supplemented to have: diet 1 (0 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 2 (0 g OGLM /100kg diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;A: 250mg antibiotic), diet 3 (250 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 4 (500 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 5 (750 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 6 (1000 g OGLM /100kg diet), RGR: Relative growth rate, OGLM: Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the carcass and organ descriptions as presented on Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e show the similarity (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in slaughtered (SLW) and dressed weights of birds on antibiotic treated diet and birds on phytogenic feed supplements. However, birds on these diets (diets 2\u0026ndash;6) show significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) higher SLW and dressed weight than birds on non-phytogenic feed supplement. The primal parts and organ weights of the birds were similar (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) irrespective of the diet imposed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of OGLM supplements (g/100kg diet) on carcass and organ description of broiler chickens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental diets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 OGLM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e750 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarcass evaluation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSLW, g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2481.78\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2593.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2603.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2572.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2664.94\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2611.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDressed weight, g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2002.17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2112.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2138.69\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2148.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2198.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2201.89\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDressed %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.45\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.17\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.48\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.49\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.31\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimal parts (% BW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBack\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrumstick\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrgans (% BW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiver\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGizzard\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Proventriculus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLungs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeart\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKidney\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpleen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePancreas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e Means without common superscripts along the same row are different at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, A: 250mg antibiotic, SLW: Slaughter weight, BW: Body weight, \u003cem\u003eOGLM: Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of OGLM as phytogenic feed supplement is shown on the PCV, RBC and Hb of the birds (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Phytogenic supplements promoted better (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) syntheses in these blood parameters compared to birds on non-phytogenic feed supplements. Other blood parameters were not influenced (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) by dietary supplementation of OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of OGLM supplements (g/100kg diet) on haematological indices of broiler chickens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 OGLM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e750 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaematological parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePCV, %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.30\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.31\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.72\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.16\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.37\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.38\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRBC counts, 10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.37\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.42\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHb, g/dL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.25\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.46\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.80\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.81\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCV, fl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCH, pg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCHC, %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWBC counts, 10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLym 10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeu 10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMon 10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBas 10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEos 10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e Means without common superscripts along the same row are different at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, \u003cem\u003eA: 250mg antibiotic\u003c/em\u003e, Lym: Lymphocyte, Mon: Monocyte, Bas: Basophil, Neu: Neutrophil, Eos: Eosinophil, \u003cem\u003eOGLM: Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe serum chemistry, liver enzymes and serum antioxidant status of the birds were significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) influenced by dietary supplementation of OGLM as phytogenic feed supplements in broiler diets (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Birds fed phytogenic feed supplements had higher TSP and lower cholesterol, AST, ALT and creatinine values compared to birds on diet 1 and in some cases in birds on antibiotic treated diet. The catalase (cat), superoxide dismutase (sod) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (serum antioxidant enzymes) of birds fed phytogenic feed supplements were significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) higher compared to birds on non-phytogenic feed supplements (diets 1 and 2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of OGLM supplements (g/100kg diet) on serum metabolites, liver enzymes and serum antioxidant enzymes of broiler chickens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 OGLM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e750 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000 OGLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(diet 6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum metabolites and liver enzymes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSP, g/dL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.80\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.82\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.95\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChol, mg/dL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.49\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.54\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128.36\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.39\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126.38\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAST, u/l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181.54\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179.27\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178.11\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175.48\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eALT, u/l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreatinine, \u0026micro;/l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.43\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.66\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.23\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.74\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.59\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum antioxidant enzymes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCat, mM/ml/min\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.41\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.89\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.48\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.97\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSod, %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.74\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.09\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.66\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.71\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.87\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGPx, \u0026micro;/g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.31\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.33\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.84\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.96\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e Means without common superscripts along the same row are different at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, A: 250mg antibiotic, TSP: Total serum protein, Chol: Cholesterol, AST: Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase, Cat: Catalase, Sod: Superoxide dismutase, GPx: Glutathione peroxidase, \u003cem\u003eOGLM: Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe chemical composition of any sample or product allows the identification and classification of substances or compounds or composition of elements that make up such substance or compound with the aid to predict the properties and reactions of such substance or compound. The moisture content of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf used in this study is within the values reported for some leafy vegetables (Olumide, Ajayi, and Akinboye, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Oloruntola et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Moisture content has been identified as an index that helps to assess the length of preservation, stability, and ease of deterioration from bacterial attack. Levels of moisture content also predict the energy content of such feed or feed ingredient and the bulkiness of it. The lower moisture content indicates the tendency of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf to have longer preservation, stability, less prone to bacterial deterioration and possibly moderate energy level of the leaf. The protein content obtained in the leaf meal under investigation is higher than the 3.84\u0026ndash;12.98% (Fagbohun, Lawal, and Ore, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Mlitan, Sasi, and Alkherraz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) but lower than the 14.35\u0026ndash;16.51% (Calixto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Adebola, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Olumide et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) reported for some leafy vegetables. The protein content reported in this study and previous studies suggest that \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf is a good source of protein, and thus can be exploited as phytonutrient supplement in broiler chicken diet. Dietary fibres have been reported to improve the process of digestion and promote gut health, reduce constipation, enhance bowel emptiness and maintain soft stool passage (Ishida, Yoshikawa, Nakazawa, and Kamidate, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Nworgu, Alikwe, Egbunike, and Ohimain, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Ogunsipe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The crude fibre obtained in the present study is within the values 8.07\u0026ndash;11.38% reported on leafy vegetables (Fagbohun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Nworgu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Adebola, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Crude fat enhances flavor and supplies energy by conversion of glycogen (animal fat) to glucose through the process of gluconeogenesis by series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and with the aid of glucagon hormone. The crude fat found in \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e used in the present study falls within the range 2.08\u0026ndash;4.81% (Adewole, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Adebola, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) but lower than 10.25% for Vernonia amygdalina leaf (Yakubu, Amuzat, and Hamza, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Tsado et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Minerals are important constituents for good health and several biological processes. They function to build materials for bones, muscles and nerves functioning, regulate water balance in the body as well as being important components of many enzymes, hormones and co-factors of many metabolic processes (Kim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Fox and Zimba, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The macro and micro minerals attest to the reports that \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf can be exploited as phytogenic feed supplement in broiler chicken diet (Oboh, Masodje, and Enabulele, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Adewole, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Olumide et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Phytochemical substances have been reported for its low residual effects, potent against pathogenic bacteria, as antioxidant agents against free radicals that damage cells (Prabhu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Dhama et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Oloruntola et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and as herbal additives to improve animal health and enhance growth (Oloruntola et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and other phenolic compounds have been reported to exert various biological and pharmacological activities (Mishra, Kumar, and Pandey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). For instance, saponin, flavonoids, tannin and other phenolic compounds have been reported to promote the syntheses of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) (Goyal and Brahma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The phytochemicals present in \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e confirm the pharmacological property of this leaf as phytogenic supplement that can be exploited in broiler nutrition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe variability in the weight gain, feed conversion and rate of growth among birds fed the dietary treatments at the starter and finisher phases and overall suggest that factors such as age, birds nutritional requirements, duration of feeding, response to the diets and management practices could influence the performance of the birds and that older animals tolerated leafy vegetable meals than younger ones (Nworgu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Although, there was similarity in the performance of broiler chicks across the dietary treatments but chicks on phyto-dietary supplements recorded numerical weight gain compared to chicks on the control diets. The improve weight gain and relative growth rate of broiler birds on dietary supplementation of OGLM compared to birds fed without OGLM supplementation could be attributed to biological activities of the phytogenic constituents in the leaf to maintain gut morphometry for nutrient digestion, absorption and utilization. Improved weight gain of broiler birds could also be due to the enrichment of the feeds with phytonutrients such as proteins, amino acids, minerals and other bioactive constituents in the leaf meal. Also, phytochemicals such as tannins, saponins, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds can exert biological effects to modulate the gut environment for nutrient absorption, enhance the population and activities of beneficial gut bacterial and promote the syntheses of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase to scavenge free radical and prevent oxidative cell damage (Prabhu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Mishra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The bioactive constituents in \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf might have exerted biological activities to improve weight gain, enhance relative growth rate and feed conversion of the birds. Since there were no differences in feed intake in the birds at every phase of growth, it could therefore be inferred that superior growth rate observed in the birds on phyto-supplemented diets could be due to the phytonutrient and pharmacological properties of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf to improve the nutrient status of the feeds, enhance utilization and metabolism of nutrients. Fallah, Kiani, and Azarfar (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) and Oloruntola, Agbede, Ayodele, and Oloruntola (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) reported that phytogenic feed additives exerted biological activities to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacterial, reduce microbial toxic metabolites, maintain gut environment and gut ecology to enhance nutrient digestion, absorption and utilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn broiler production, carcass evaluation is an important index to ascertain the value and quality attributes of the bird at slaughter. Variations in carcass evaluation could be attributed to factors such as strain of birds, duration in time fasted before slaughtering, dressing process, age, density of feather, nutrient utilization and diet (Adeyemi, Adekoya, and Sobayo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, the improved carcass evaluation such as slaughtered weight, dressed weight and dressed percentage of broiler chickens fed phytogenic feed supplements could be due to the phytonutrient and pharmacological properties of the phytogen (\u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf meal) to supply bioactive constituents that are efficiently utilized and metabolized by the birds. The improved carcass attributes of broiler chickens fed phytogenic feed supplements in this study is in line with the previous works on Azadirachta indica leaf meal (Ogunsipe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), Irvinga gabonensis kernel powder (Oloruntola et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf extract (Egbeyale et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Ezenwosu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and natural growth promoters (Valenzuela-Grijalva, Pinelli-Saavedra, Muhlia-Almazan, Dominguez-Diaz, and Gonzalez-Rios, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The improved growth rate of broiler birds on phytogenic feed additives compared to birds on non-phytogenic feed additives could also be responsible for their superior carcass attributes. Animals with greater muscle have been reported to have higher carcass yield (Pečiulaitienė, Jukna, Meškinytė-Kaušilienė, Kerzienė, and Moleikaitienė, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe similarity in the weights of the primal parts and organs of birds fed phytogenic and non-phytogenic feed supplements suggest that phytogen (\u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf meal) did not exert any negative effect on these parameters and thus the health of the birds was not hampered, suggesting that the levels of phyto-supplementation of the leaf meal is safe for the birds. The non-significant influence of phytogenic supplements in livestock feed had earlier been reported (\u0026Ccedil;abuk, Bozkurt, Al\u0026ccedil;i\u0026ccedil;ek, Akba\u0026thorn;, K\u0026uuml;\u0026ccedil;\u0026uuml;ky\u0026yacute;lmaz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Al-Kassie, AL-Nasrawi, and Ajeena, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Amad, Wendler, and Zentek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Since the weights of the organs were not affected, it could be concluded that there was no pathological dysfunction of the organs and that the supplementation of the diets with this phytogen did not affect the quality of the feeds. Increase in fibre consumption can increase the activity or workload of the gizzard, and feeds with large particle size can make the gizzard do extra work in an attempt to reduce the particle size, resulting in higher gizzard weight. The fact that there was no gizzard and liver hypertrophy or hyperplasia, it could suggest that phyto-supplementation with \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf in broiler chicken diet did not compromise the physiological and biochemical functions of the liver and other organs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood analysis and composition represents a viable means to assess nutritional influence on health status of livestock in feeding trials. Thus, the significance of blood analysis is to find out how the body organs are functioning with a view to assessing the overall health of the animal, and or to track the cause(s) of disease(s). The commonly used haematological parameters in nutritional studies include PCV, RBC, haemoglobin, WBC and clotting time (Lording and Friend, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; Etim, Enyenihi, Williams, Udo, and Offiong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; John, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Aside from improving growth performance, application of botanicals or phytogens has been demonstrated to enhance blood syntheses, blood cell composition and boost the immune response of the animal against pathogenic attack with overall effect to maintain health status and wellbeing (Dhama et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Adu, Gbore, Oloruntola, Falowo, and Olarotimi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Oloruntola et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Significant increase in the PCV, RBC and haemoglobin concentration of birds on phytogenic supplements suggest the blood building capacity of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf to promote blood formation and syntheses. The presence of folate, iron, copper, zinc and other blood building elements in \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf might have contributed to the hematopoiesis in birds fed this phytogenic supplement, or the phytoconstituents in the leaf might have exerted positive influence on the metabolism of some minerals and enhance the blood building capacity, and or utilization of blood building elements such as manganese, copper and iron. Phytochemicals have been reported to exert biological activities that can promote blood formation and syntheses (Adu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The increase in the PCV, RBC and haemoglobin concentration of birds in this study is in line with broiler chickens fed lye-processed moringa oleifera seed meal (Obadire, Obadire, Ige, Osofowora, and Oke, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The steady increase in these blood parameters with increasing supplementation of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf meal is in agreement with previous authors on broiler chickens fed leaf meal supplemented diets (Olumide and Akintola, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Oguntoye et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Onainor et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The stability of other blood indices of broiler chickens across the treatment diets is a clear indication that \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf as phytogenic supplement did not compromise the haemocytoblasts in the bone marrow and hence the hematopoietic activity of the birds is not negatively affected, and that the nutritional profile of the test diets was good enough for high oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, particularly the haemoglobin in carrying out biological activities of life. The better blood composition in birds fed phytogenic feed supplements could have accounted for the improved weight gain of the broiler birds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermination of serum chemistry and liver enzymes is vital to understand the state of organs and tissues, as well as the metabolic state of the animal to ascertain if the animal is diseased or not. In nutrition studies, serum chemistry and liver enzyme allow to assess the influence of dietary treatments or candidate ingredient imposed on the animal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal serum protein is a reflection of protein retained in the animal body, thus the higher total protein in birds fed dietary supplementation of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf meal could be attributed to the quantity and quality of dietary protein in the diets. High serum protein indicates good protein reserve, reflecting the ability of the birds to store protein for tissue synthesis. Substantial amount of blood cholesterol is required to build the structure of cell membranes, make hormones like oestrogen, testosterone and adrenal hormones, and promote the efficiency of metabolic process. High levels of blood cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) could deposit fats, impeding the free flow of blood with the high risk of heart disease, stroke and other cardiovascular diseases (Oloruntola et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The lower serum cholesterol in birds fed phytogenic feed supplement could be associated to the biological activities of the phytoconstituents, particularly dietary fibre and phytochemicals in the phytogen. Fibre had an effect to lower lipid metabolism by adsorbing bile acids and thus help to lower cholesterol levels in the blood by binding it to the small intestine and prevent it from entering the blood stream (Oloruntola et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Obadire et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Soluble fiber had been reported to absorb cholesterol and reduce the amount of cholesterol the liver absorbs (Soliman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The phytoconstituents such as saponin and other phenolic compounds in \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf can exert hypocholesterolemic effect and impede the gut cholesterol uptake of cholesterol via the luminal wall of the intestinal tract (Oloruntola et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The levels of AST and ALT, although significantly higher in birds on control diet did not pose any risk of liver damage or kidney dysfunction (Bolu, Aderibigbe, and Elegbeleye, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) as the levels were not close to the threshold level (200 U/L and 36U/L respectively) that could signal the potential risk of liver damage (Meluzzi, Primiceri, Giordani, and Fabris, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Roodenburg, West, Hovenier, and Beynen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Simon and Gregory, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). The lower values recorded for the liver enzymes in birds on the phytogenic feed supplements suggest that the diets might not be deficient in vitamin A. Deficiency of vitamin A had been reported to elevate the levels of liver enzymes (Roodenburg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe higher levels of serum antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase could possibly be attributed to the phytogenic constituents such as tannins, saponin, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds, and vitamin C levels in the leaf meal. Tannins have been reported for its anti-inflammatory property to inhibit nitrogen oxide and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) (Wijesinghe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) while flavonoids can activate the suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and regulate antioxidant synthesis (Mishra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) and saponin has the potency to decrease blood cholesterol, reduce blood sugar glucose and regulate neurotransmitter activity (Nafiu and Ashafa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Serum antioxidant enzymes have been reported for stabilizing or deactivating free radicals before attacking cellular components and thus regulating free radicals neutralization (Jeeva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). A higher than normal serum creatinine signals kidney dysfunction due to blocked urinary tract while very low concentration implies low production of creatine and could also result in chronic kidney disease, reduced kidney function, or malnutrition and the risk of type 2 diabetes. The levels of serum creatinine in birds fed phyto-supplemented diets and the control were within the levels (8.84\u0026ndash;35.36 \u0026micro;/l) for healthy birds (Fitri et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), hence the levels of creatinine reported in this study is not a cause for worry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe improved weight gain, feed utilization and good health status of the birds as evidenced in their organ description, blood chemistry, liver enzyme and serum antioxidant status could be traced to the biological activities of the phytoconstituents in \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf meal.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf is believed to have some phytoconstituent properties that can stimulate growth, enhance blood composition and syntheses, as well as improve the health status of broiler chickens. Phyto-supplementation of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf meal up to 1000 g/100kg diet in broiler chicken diet improved body weight gain, particularly at the finisher phase (29\u0026ndash;56 days) and overall (1\u0026ndash;56 days), enhanced erythropoiesis of the birds, promote the syntheses of free radical scavengers such as sod, cat and GPx, activate the immunostimulatory and hypocholesterolemic activities of the birds. The utilization of this phytogen as dietary supplementation in broiler chicken diet will not only promote growth but also enhance the overall health status of broiler chickens. Supplementation of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf meal above 1000 g/100kg diet could be further tested in broiler chicken feeding trial.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eALT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlanine aminotransferase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAOAC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociation of analytical chemists\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAST\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAspartate aminotransferase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCat\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatalase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eChol\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCholesterol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDNA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeoxyribonucleic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eEDTA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthylene diamine tetra acetic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGLM\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral linear model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGPx\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlutathionine peroxidase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHb\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaemoglobin concentration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMCH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean cell haemoglobin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMCHC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean cell haemoglobin concentration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMCV\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean cell volume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMDA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalondialdehyde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePCV\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePacked cell volume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eRBC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed blood cell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eRGR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative growth rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eROS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReactive oxygen species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSLW\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlaughtered weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSod\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuperoxide dismutase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSPSS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical package for social sciences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eTSP\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal serum protein\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eWBC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite blood counts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e%BW\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage body weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe right to conduct the experiment was given by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Animal Production Unit, Department of Agricultural Science, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria. The birds were managed in accordance with the guidelines and recommendations of animal experimentation, nutrition and protocol.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe author declares that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAuthor information\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMHO Animal Production Unit, Department of Agricultural Science, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was not funded by any Institution, organization or any other entity\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMHO suggested the study, designed and coordinated it. The author carried out the feeding trial, sample collection, and analysis. He carried out statistical data analysis, search for literature, prepared the first draft of the manuscript and interpreted the results.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecial acknowledgement to The Central University Laboratory (STEP B) for carrying out the laboratory analysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdebola, A., 2017. Proximate composition and mineral content of \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaves (African basil). The International Journal of Science and Technololedge, 5, (11), 65\u0026ndash;67 www.theijst.com Accessed 16 May 2024\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdewole, E., 2014. 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Doi: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/s10811-012-9939-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10811-012-9939-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e Accessed 19 July 2024\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWillcox, J.K., Ash, S.L., Catignani, G. L., 2004. Antioxidants and prevention of chronic disease. Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44, (4), 275\u0026ndash;295 DOI: 10.1080/10408690490468489 Accessed 5 July 2024\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYakubu, N., Amuzat, A.O., Hamza, R.U., 2012. Effect of processing methods on the nutritional contents of bitter leaf (\u003cem\u003eVernonia amygdalina\u003c/em\u003e). American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 2(1), 26\u0026ndash;30 doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.5251/ajfn.2012.2.1.26.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5251/ajfn.2012.2.1.26.30\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e Accessed 6 August 2024\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis table is in page 6 in the text\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Antioxidant enzymes, haemato-biochemicals, phytobiotic, phytogenic, weight gain","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6829192/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6829192/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eThe study aimed to evaluate the growth performance, haemato-biochemical profile and enzyme status of broiler chickens fed \u003cem\u003eOcimum gratissimum\u003c/em\u003e leaf meal (OGLM) as phytogenic feed supplement in broiler chicken diet. Six diets were formulated and assigned as diet 1(0 g OGLM /100kg diet: positive control), diet 2(0 g OGLM /100kg diet + Antibiotic (A): negative control), diet 3(250 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 4(500 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 5(750 g OGLM /100kg diet), diet 6(1000 g OGLM /100kg diet). Two hundred and forty (240) Arbor-Acre one-day old unsexed broiler chicks with average weight 37.92 ± 0.62 g were randomly distributed to 6 dietary treatments (40 birds/treatment; 8 birds/replicate).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eSupplementation of OGLM up to 1000 g/100kg in broiler chicken diet recorded similar (P \u0026gt; 0.05) weight gain at starter phase compared with birds on the control groups (diets 1 and 2). Highest weight gain was recorded at the finisher and overall stages of birds’ growth on OGLM supplementation compared to the weight gain of birds on the control groups (diets 1 and 2). Carcass traits, haemato-biochemical, serum profile and liver enzyme status of birds on OGLM supplementation were better (P \u0026lt; 0.05) than those on the control groups (diet 1 and antibiotic treated diet: diet 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eOGLM as phytogenic/phytobiotic feed supplement did not compromise weight gain at the physiological growth phases of the birds but promoted the highest weight gain at the finisher and overall stages of growth, improved haemato-biochemical profile and synthesize more serum antioxidant enzymes compared to birds on the control groups (diet 1 and antibiotic treated diet: diet 2).\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Phyto-supplementation of Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal on growth performance, carcass attributes, haemo-biochemical and enzyme status of broiler chickens","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-16 08:40:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6829192/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"33f1c216-9fa4-4a56-9307-11e8daccb38f","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"162163669261292156466800159022671399667","date":"2026-05-21T11:58:45+00:00","index":35,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-16T08:40:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-16 08:40:59","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6829192","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6829192","identity":"rs-6829192","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}