Parameter Optimization of Key Components in Seed-metering Device for Pre-cut Seed Stems of Pennisetum Hydridum

Parameter Optimization of Key Components in Seed-metering Device for Pre-cut Seed Stems of Pennisetum Hydridum | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Parameter Optimization of Key Components in Seed-metering Device for Pre-cut Seed Stems of Pennisetum Hydridum Chong Liu, Xiongfei Chen, Qiang Xiong, Muhua Liu, Junan Liu, Jiajia Yu, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6926314/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Aug, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract To address the issues of missed seeding and seed stem jamming - factors that contribute to unstable performance in pennisetum hydridum planting device, this study optimize the key components of the pre-cut stem planting device and evaluated its operational performance, thereby improving planting quality. Based on the results of preliminary experiments and discrete element method (DEM) simulation analysis, the critical components of the seed-metering device and their key influencing parameters were identified. Single-factor experiments were conducted to determine the appropriate parameter range. These were followed by a quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination design for parameter optimization and the development of a response model for influencing factors. Finally, validation tests were performed to assess the effectiveness of the optimized parameters. The parameter optimization revealed that the optimal working parameter combination for the seed-metering device was: seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed (A) at 62.2 r/min, seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed (B) at 23 r/min, and conveyor belt operating speed (C) at 0.045 m/s. Under these conditions, the theoretically qualified seeding rate (Y 1 ) reached 92.5%, the missed seeding rate (Y 2 ) was 2.13%, and the reseeding rate (Y 3 ) was 5.37%. Validation experiment confirmed that Y 1 = 91.8%, Y 2 = 2.5%, Y 3 = 5.7%, with a relative error of 0.76%. The single-factor experimental results indicated that as A and B increased, Y 1 initially rose and then declined; as C increased, Y 1 gradually decreased. The interaction factor analysis of the orthogonal experimental results showed that the order of influence on seeding quality was: A > B > C. The verification tests confirmed the reliability of the optimized parameter scheme, providing both theoretical basis and technical support for improving the operational performance of the pennisetum hydridum seed-metering equipment. Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Pennisetum hydridum Mechanized planting Single-factor experiment Orthogonal experiment Parameter Optimization Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction Pennisetum hydridum is a high-quality forage grass known for its high survival rate, high biomass yield, and strong drought resistance. In addition to its agricultural value, it plays an important ecological role in combating desertification and conserving soil and water resources 1 – 4 . However, due to the naturally low germination rate of pennisetum hydridum seeds, farmers typically adopt the planting method involving the pre-cutting and planting of seed stems. This manual approach is inefficient, labor-intensive, and presents a major bottleneck to large-scale planting and industrialization. Therefore, developing a seed-metering device tailored to the physical characteristics of pre-cut pennisetum hydridum seed stems is of both economic and ecological significance. Such device would improve planting efficiency, reduce labor costs and expand the application of this species in desert greening. At present, the research on seed stem crop seeding machinery is mainly focused on the pre-cut seed stem seed-metering device, and some scholars have optimized the structure of these devices. For example, KAMAL KISAN, an Indian research institution, has developed a roller-type automatic seed-metering device that adopts alternating 20° inclined clamp plates to align seed stems, improving the qualified seed-metering rate by 9.66% compared with the original design. However, it is only suitable for small pre-cut seed stems; larger seed stems cannot be accommodated due to the limited size of seed metering groove, which easily leads to blockages in seed conveying pipelines 5 ; Zheng Shuhe et al. designed a roller-type seed-stem metering device with an optimized seed groove structure using elastic padding materials, which enhanced the smoothness and stability of seed metering and increased the qualified metering rate to 93.33% 6 ; Chen Lintao et al. developed a pre-cut seed-metering device featuring a friction-band precision seed-metering mechanism that showed excellent adaptability to various pre-cut seed-stem varieties, achieving the seed filling qualification index of 94.13% 7 ; Naik et al. designed a conveyor-belt-based pre-cut automatic seed-metering device. However, the first-stage belt conveyor exhibited relatively large seed delivery errors, with a qualification rate of only 88%, and the seed protection plate frequently collided with seed stems, causing axillary buds loss 8 ; Scholars such as Ale and Taghinezhad have conducted relevant research and improvements on seed-metering devices, for instance, by adding gravity-based seed cleaning mechanisms or improving the structure of the clamping plate to enhance seed-metering performance, yet issues like seed under-filling persist 9 – 12 . Some scholars have also improved the seeding performance by integrating additional functions into the seed-metering device. For example, Lungkapin et al. designed the pre-cut seed-metering device with integrated fertilization capability and operable on flat land and ridges, achieving an average seed-stem germination rate of 90% 13 . Li Shangping et al. designed a roller-rake type seed-metering mechanism that removes excess seed stems using a pressure plate and incorporates a self- regulating control system to manage metering pressure and flow, achieving uniform seed distribution 14 . Other researchers have also conducted extensive studies on efficient seed-metering technologies for seed stem crops 15 – 19 , but most remain at the technical development stage. The mechanical and physical characteristics of the pennisetum hydridum stems, such as their external dimensions, density, and surface friction properties, differ significantly from those of other crops propagated through pre-cut stems. As a result, existing seed-metering devices are unable to effectively carry out the seeding operations for pre-cut pennisetum hydridum stems. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a specialized pre-cutting seed stem seed-metering device for pennisetum hydridum and to improve its metering performance in order to address key issues such as seed stem jamming, high rates of missed seeding and excessive reseeding. This study is based on the previously developed pre-cut seed-stem sorting, conveying, and seed-metering device for pennisetum hydridum. Through single-factor experiments and a quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination design, the operational parameters of the device's key components were optimized. The goal is to enhance the performance of the seed-metering device, achieve efficient and stable seed metering, and provide a technical reference for advancing the mechanized planting of seed stem crops in China. Materials and methods Overall Structure and Key Components Overall Structure and Working Principle The overall structure of the pre-cut seed-stem seed-metering device for pennisetum hydridum is shown in Fig. 1 (a). It mainly consists of a seed box, seed-filling rubber roller, conveyor belt, seed-cleaning rubber roller, drive system and support frame. The seed-metering device employs a composite operation mode: seed stems are disturbed and filled by friction from the seed-filling rubber roller, conveyed via the belt, and cleaned by the rotating friction of seed-cleaning rubber roller. The workflow is divided into five zones (see Fig. 1 (b)): zone I (Seed Storage), zone II (Seed Filling), zone III (Seed Cleaning), zone IV (Conveying), zone V (Seeding). During the operation, the pre-cut seed stems are placed laterally into the seed storage box of zone I. The motor drives the active roller to operate the conveyor belt, allowing the seed-filling slots to rotate and engage the seed stems. As the seed stems enter zone II, they are embedded into the slots under the combined effects of the tangential friction from the seed-filling roller, inter-stem pressure, and the slot support force. When reaching zone III, the seed-cleaning rubber roller removes excess seed stems (falling back to zone I) through friction and gravity; a parallel seed-blocking plate above the roller prevents seed stems from rolling back into the seed filling slots. The seed stems are transported to the highest point in zone IV and then enter zone V, where they are finally discharged under the action of gravity. Key Components and Key Operational Parameters The seed-metering device completes the metering process through the combined actions of seed-filling rubber roller (for seeds filling), the seed-cleaning rubber roller (for seeds cleaning), and the conveyor belt (for seed stem transport). The force analysis of seed stems during seed filling, clearing, and transporting stages at any given moment (as shown in Fig. 2 ) reveals that varying the speed of any component - the seed-filling rubber roller, seed-cleaning rubber roller, or conveyor belt - alters the disturbance force and the flow behavior of the seed stems. These changes directly affect the seed-filling and seed-clearing performance, thereby impacting the overall seed-metering efficiency. Therefore, it is determined that the seed-clearing rubber roller, the seed-filling rubber roller, and the conveyor belt are the key components affecting the performance of the pennisetum hydridum seed-metering device. It can be seen from the simulation-based preliminary tests 20 that if the seed-cleaning rubber roller rotates too lowly, it fails to effectively remove excess seed stems, while excessively high rotation speeds forcibly dislodge qualified seed stems, reducing the seeding qualification rate. Similarly, insufficient rotation speed of the seed-filling rubber roller leads to untimely seed filling and causes missed seeding, whereas an excessively high speed causes the accumulation of seed stems, resulting in reseeding; The speed of conveyor belt simultaneously affects the performance of both seed-filling and seed-cleaning rubber rollers. Therefore, the rotation speed of seed-cleaning and seed-filling rubber rollers, and the operating speed of the conveyor belt are the key operational parameters. With a forward machine speed of 0.8 m/s, and based on the simulation test results, the recommended parameter ranges for these key components are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 The value range of key operational parameters. Experimental factors Seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed/(r·min -1 ) Seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed/(r·min -1 ) Conveyor belt operating speed/(m·s -1 ) Value range 50 ~ 90 17 ~ 29 0.03 ~ 0.07 Experimental Device and Material The experimental apparatus was powered by three 6GU-40K variable-speed stepper motors (each with a rated power of 200 W), which drove the chain shafts. Prior to testing, the speed of each chain shaft was calibrated using a DELIXI 880 laser digital tachometer. The test material is the cultivar “Reyan No. 4” 21 . A total of 200 seed stems with uniform specifications (length: 210mm; average diameter: 19.79 mm; small curvature) were randomly selected for experiments. Experimental Factors and Evaluation Indexes The experimental factors included the seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed (A), the seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed (B) and the conveyor belt operating speed (C). In accordance with the agronomic requirements and with reference to the national standard GB/T6973-2005 “Testing methods of single seed drills (precision drills)” 22 , the seed-metering qualified rate Y 1 , the missed seeding rate Y 2 , and the reseeding rate Y 3 were taken as the evaluation indices, and they were calculated as follows: Where n 1 is the total number of holes with 0 seed; n 2 is the total number of holes with 1 seed; n 3 is the total number of holes with 2 or more seeds; N is the theoretical number of seeding holes. Single Factor Experimental Plan Based on the selected parameter range and experimental design, the factor level gradient for each test factors are shown in Table 2 . During the experiment, 200 seed stems were sequentially placed in the seed box. The seed-filling rubber roller, seed-cleaning rubber roller and conveyor belt were driven by independent motors. The testing process was as follows: firstly, the driving motor for the seed-filling and seed-clearing rubber rollers were activated; once the filling area was fully loaded, the conveyor belt motor was engaged to begin transporting seed stems; the seed-metering process was monitored in real time and relevant data were recorded; after all seed stems were discharged, all power units were shut down. Each factor-level combination was repeated three times and labeled for traceability. A high-speed camera continuously recorded the seed seem movement trajectories. Image analysis and data processing were then employed to identify the influence patterns of each parameter on seed-metering performance 23 ; 24 . The single-factor experiments were conducted to explore the effects of individual parameters on metering performance, determine the optimal parameter ranges, and lay the foundation for the subsequent orthogonal experimental design. Table 2 The level gradient of experimental factors. Experimental factors Seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed/(r·min -1 ) Seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed/(r·min -1 ) Conveyor belt operating speed/(m·s -1 ) Level gradient 50 17 0.03 60 20 0.04 70 23 0.05 80 26 0.06 90 29 0.07 Results and discussion Single Factor Experimental Results and Analysis According to the single-factor experiment plan, a total of 15 test groups were conducted, with each group replicated three times. The results were averaged as shown below. As shown in Figure 5, with the increasing rotation speed of the seed-cleaning rubber roller, the qualified seed-metering rate first rose and then fell. When the rotation speed of the seed-cleaning rubber roller ranged from 50 to 70 r/min, the increase in speed facilitated a dynamic balance in seed-filling zone, effectively preventing the accumulation of seed stems while ensuring the stable filling. The qualified metering rate reached its peak at 70 r/min, accompanied by the lowest missed seeding and a relatively low reseeding rate. When the rotation speed of the seed-cleaning rubber roller exceeded 80 r/min, the excessive centrifugal force caused some previously filled seed stems to be forcibly dislodged. At 90 r/min, the fluidization effect was significantly enhanced, leading to a decline in the qualified metering rate and a simultaneous increase in both the missed seeding and the reseeding rates. The results of the single factor experiment on the seed-filling rubber roller speed (Figure 6) show that the qualified metering rate increased first and then decreased with the increasing roller speed. When the seed-filling rubber roller speed increased within the range of 17~26 r/min, the agitation effect on the seed stems was enhanced, making it easier for seed stems to enter into the seed-filling slots. As a result, the qualified rate improved - reaching its maximum at 26 r/min - while the missed seeding rate decreased. However, with the improving seed-filling performance, the seed-filling slot was easy to be filled with smaller seed stems, leading to a rise in the reseeding rate. When the seed-filling rubber roller speed exceeded 26 r/min, excessive centrifugal force caused severe accumulation of seed stems, significantly increasing the reseeding rate and decreasing the qualified metering rate. The results of the single factor experiment on conveyor belt operating speed, as shown in Figure 7, indicate that when the rotation speed of seed-cleaning and seed-filling rubber rollers remained constant, an increase in conveyor belt speed led to a weakening of both seed-filling and seed-cleaning effects, especially the filling performance. Therefore, with the increase of conveyor belt operating speed, the qualified metering rate decreased continuously, while the missed seeding rate greatly increased. Due to the progressively reduced seed-filling effectiveness, fewer seed stems were retained in the filling slots, leading to a gradual decline in the reseeding rate. Quadratic Regression Orthogonal Rotational Combination Experiment Experimental Plan In order to further analyze the influence of each parameter on seed-metering performance, a three-factor, five-level quadratic regression orthogonal rotational combination experiment was carried out, on the basis of the results of the single-factor analysis, and following the principles of the Central Composite Design using Design-Expert software 25 . The experimental procedure was consistent with that of single factor experiments, and the factor levels were shown in Table 3. Experimental Results A total of 23 experimental runs were conducted, and the results are shown in the table below: Regression Model Establishment and Analysis of Variance Regression fitting analysis of the experimental data was conducted using Design-Expert 12 software 26-30 to establish quadratic polynomial regression models. The significance tests were then conducted to evaluate the degree of interaction among the experimental factors and their influence on the performance indicators. Based on the analysis results, the regression models describing the relationships between the qualified seed-metering rate, missed seeding rate, reseeding rate, and the experimental factors were obtained as follows: The analysis results of variance are shown in tables 5~7. All regression models exhibited statistically significant goodness of fit (P < 0.05), confirming that the models effectively represent the correlations among the variables. The lack-of-fit test results showed P-values greater than 0.05, indicating that the model did not omit significant factor, and the regression models were well fitted. Reliability analysis (Table 8) further validated the robustness of the models. The coefficients of variation and adjusted coefficients of determination demonstrated that the models can effectively capture the influence patterns of the experimental factors on the performance indicators. Therefore, these regression models can be reliably used to analyze the effects of each factor and to predict the optimal combination of working parameters. As shown in Table 5, the linear terms for the seed-cleaning rubber roller speed (A) and the seed-filling rubber roller speed (B) had a significant influence on the qualified seed-metering rate (P 0.05). The order of influence of the primary factors was A > B > C. Among the second-order interaction terms, AB exhibited a highly significant influence on the qualified rate (P 0.05). The influence of the interaction terms followed the order of AB > AC > BC. As shown in Table 6, the linear terms for the seed-filling rubber roller speed (B) and the conveyor belt speed (C) had significant effects on the missed seeding rate (P 0.05). The primary factors influencing the missed seeding rate ranked in the order of C > B > Among the second-order interaction terms, AB and BC had a significant influence on the missed seeding rate (P 0.05). The order of influence among the interaction terms was AB > BC > AC. As shown in Table 7, the primary factors affecting the reseeding rate ranked in the order of A > B > C. Among the second-order interaction terms, AB had a significant influence on the reseeding rate (P AC > BC. Response Surface Analysis The effects of pairwise interaction among factors A, B and C on response variables Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 were analyzed by Central Composite response surface method in Design-Expert software By holding one factor at its median level and varying the other two, the response surface diagrams 31-33 illustrating the interaction effects on the evaluation indices were obtained, as shown in Figure 8~10. Figure 8 shows the response surfaces illustrating the influence of each interaction factor on the qualified metering rate. As shown in figure 8(a), the qualified rate decreased with the increase in both seed-cleaning and seed-filling rubber roller rotation speeds. The qualified rate remained at a higher level when both speeds are relatively low. indicating that these two parameters exert a significant influence on the qualified rate. In figure 8(b), the qualified rate increased first and then decreased as the speeds of seed-cleaning and the seed-filling rubber rollers increase. In Figure 8 (c), the qualified rate consistently decreased with the increase in the seed-filling rubber roller speed and the decrease in the conveyor belt speed. Figure 9 shows the response surface of the influence of each interaction factor on the missed seeding rate. As shown in Figure 9(a), the missed seeding rate increased linearly with increasing seed-cleaning and seed-filling rubber roller rotation speeds, The rate of increase is nearly identical along both axes, showing no obvious difference in their influence on the missed seeding rate. As shown in Figure 9(b), the missed seeding rate increased with the increase in the seed-clearing rubber roller speed and the decrease in the conveyor belt speed. The lowest missed seeding rate was observed when the seed-clearing rubber roller speed was at its minimum and the conveyor belt speed was at its maximum. As shown in Figure 9(c), the missed seeding rate increased with the increase in the seed-filling rubber roller speed and the decrease in the conveyor belt speed. Figure 10 shows the response surface plots of the influence of each interaction factor on the reseeding rate. As shown in Figure 10(a), the reseeding rate decreased initially and then increased with the increases in seed-cleaning rubber roller speed and the decreases in the seed-filling rubber roller speed. The lowest re-seeding rate was observed when both speeds were at their minimum values. Figure 10(b) reveals a similar trend to that in Figure 10(a). The minimum reseeding rate occurred when both speeds were both at intermediate levels. Figure 10(c) indicates a relatively mild variation in the reseeding rate, with the lowest value occurring when both speeds were low. Optimization of Experimental Results Based on the above experimental results, the optimal working parameters for the seed-metering device were obtained using the optimization module in Design-Expert. The parameter ranges were set as follows: the seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed between 60~80 r/min, the seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed between 23~29 r/min, and the conveyor belt operating speed between 0.03~0.05 m/s. Taking the maximum qualified rate and the minimum reseeding and missed seeding rates as the objectives of optimization, the objective function and the factors constraints are defined as follows: Based on optimization calculations conducted using the Optimization module in Design-Expert software, the optimal parameter combination was obtained: 62.2 r/min for the seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed, 23 r/min for the seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed, and 0.045m/s for the conveyor belt operating speed. Under these conditions, the qualified rate was 92.5%, the missed seeding rate was 2.13%, and the reseeding rate was 5.127%. To ensure the reliability of the optimization results, experimental validation was carried out under the same conditions. Bench Validation Experiment Consistent with the single-factor test procedure, the bench verification experiment showed that the optimized parameter combination (62.2 r/min for seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed, 23 r/min for seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed, and 0.045 m/s for conveyor belt operating speed) resulted in the qualified rate of 91.8%, the missed seeding rate of 2.5%, the reseeding rate of 5.7%, and the effective filling rate of 97.5%. These results closely matched the model predictions, with the relative error of only 0.76% in the qualified rate, indicating the reliability of the optimization results. Conclusions Single-factor bench tests, response surface optimization tests based on Central Composite Design and bench validation experiments were carried out on the pre-cut stem seed-metering device for pennisetum hydridum. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Theoretical analysis and preliminary simulation trials identified the key components affecting seeding performance as the seed-cleaning rubber roller, seed-filling rubber roller and conveyor belt. The critical working parameters and their value ranges were determined as follows: seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed A = 50~90 r/min; seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed B = 17~29 r/min; conveyor belt operating speed C = 0.03~0.07 m/s. (2) The single-factor experiment showed that with the increase in the seed-cleaning rubber roller speed, the qualified seed-metering rate first rose and then fell, reaching the maximum value at 70 r/min, where the lowest value of the missed seeding rate appeared and the reseeding rate was lower. Similarly, with the increase in the seed-filling rubber roller speed, the qualified rate first rose and then fell, peaked at 26 r/min, accompanied by a decrease in the missed seeding rate. With the increase in the conveyor belt operating speed, the qualified rate continuously decreased, and the missed seeding rate was increased substantially. (3) Interaction factor analysis of the orthogonal experiment results showed that the primary factors affecting the qualified rate and reseeding were, in order of significance: the seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed A, the seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed B, and the conveyor belt operating speed C. For the missed seeding rate, the order of influence was: the conveyor belt operating speed C, the seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed B, and the seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed A. (4) Parameter optimization was performed using Design-Expert software, the optimal parameter combination was found to be: 62.2 r/min for seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed, 23 r/min for seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed, and 0.045m/s for conveyor belt operating speed. Bench verification trials conducted with these optimized parameters yields the qualified rate of 91.8%, the missed seeding rate of 2.5%, the reseeding rate of 5.7%, and the effective seed-filling rate is 97.5%. These results confirm that the optimized pre-cut seed stem seed-metering device meets the operational requirements for seeding performance. Declarations Data availability The data supporting this study's findings are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all the funds for their support of this research, and other students for your help during the experimental process of this research. Author Contributions Conceptualization, C.L., X.C., Q.X., M.L. and J.L; Data curation, C.L.; Formal analysis, C.L. and Y.Z.; Funding acquisition, X.C. and M.L.; Investigation, C.L., Y.Z., C.Z. and Y.X.; Methodology, C.L., X.C., Q.X., M.L., J.L. and J.Y.; Project administration, Q.X. J.L. and J.Y.; Resources, X.C., M.L., J.L., J.Y. and P.F.; Software, C.L.; Supervision, X.C., Q.X. and J.L.; Validation, C.L.; Visualization, Q.X. and J.L.; Writing - original draft, C.L.; Writing - review and editing, C.L., X.C, Q.X., M.l. and J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding This research was funded by the Project of Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment (No. 20242BCC32127), and the Doctoral Research Start-up Fund of Jiangxi Agricultural University - Junan Liu (No. 9232306934). Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest . References He, L., Zhu, Q. L., Wang, Y. W., He, M. X. & Tan, F. R. Advances in research on the comprehensive utilization of a perennial grass Pennisetum Hydridum. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology . 26 , 705-712 (2020). Zhang, J. Y. Research on Economic Valueof King grass GermlasmResources for China (Hainan University, 2014). Tang, Y. L. et al. Treatment and using-up of adsorption wastewater generated from sludgeincineration by Pennisetum Hydridum. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering . 19 , 160-166 (2025). Wang, F. C. et al. A study of mixed microbial ensilage of rape straw and Ponnisetum Hydridumor. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6926314","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":476018567,"identity":"7549eb5e-182b-450e-8179-f077c09cf852","order_by":0,"name":"Chong Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chong","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":476018568,"identity":"c5a69af9-f826-4b9c-ad8c-409d873979d8","order_by":1,"name":"Xiongfei Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiongfei","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":476018569,"identity":"41485f81-f186-4b82-86b0-43020e75b251","order_by":2,"name":"Qiang Xiong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Xiong","suffix":""},{"id":476018570,"identity":"2739ff44-1770-43a3-8eec-3da0a1e44bf6","order_by":3,"name":"Muhua Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhua","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":476018571,"identity":"2a3a683e-93ec-4ef6-a274-a13b55dba1a8","order_by":4,"name":"Junan Liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmYgIQFmMh8wgIgl4NfChtDClkCkFgSTB6qDoBZ2oErLtjsM/LN7PhTz1Bxm4GfPMWD4uQOfw4BaJNueMUjcObvBcMaxwwySPW8MGHvPENRymIHhRu4Ggw9shxkMbuQYMDO2EaFF/kbOA4OEf4cZ7InWAjScweAjiCFBUAtbAYPEucMMhjfSDAxn9qXzSJx5VnCwF48Wfv7DG5glyg4zyN1IfmbM881ajr89eeODn3i0AAH7b2BU1jcAbQRFDA9I6ABeDUDA+AFCMz8gpHIUjIJRMApGJgAAbyBFcR6phzcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Junan","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":476018572,"identity":"6c3a55b4-e666-4cc4-a5f5-622bab1975e6","order_by":5,"name":"Jiajia Yu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiajia","middleName":"","lastName":"Yu","suffix":""},{"id":476018573,"identity":"4ad32bd6-a36d-474d-9ad7-b17d8e321c57","order_by":6,"name":"Peng Fang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peng","middleName":"","lastName":"Fang","suffix":""},{"id":476018574,"identity":"a9d6b3af-dcf9-4a0b-a1a8-8bab74278bb2","order_by":7,"name":"Yihan Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yihan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":476018575,"identity":"bc1b85f8-be73-4c83-ae9e-e52decbeb8c0","order_by":8,"name":"Chuanhong Zhan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chuanhong","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhan","suffix":""},{"id":476018576,"identity":"89f675f0-d8a2-40e6-9c71-8272093fa8d8","order_by":9,"name":"Yao Xiao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yao","middleName":"","lastName":"Xiao","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-19 00:23:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6926314/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6926314/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15080-y","type":"published","date":"2025-08-25T15:56:54+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85495621,"identity":"38404307-8a0b-47e9-80e7-74cb853f8929","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-26 13:47:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":113473,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThree-dimensional drawing of the seed-metering device: (a) Overall structure; (b) Working principle, with 1. Conveyor belt, 2. Seed box, 3. Seed-cleaning rubber roller, 4. Seed-filling rubber roller; Ⅰ. Seed-storage zone, Ⅱ. Seed-filling zone, Ⅲ. Seed-cleaning zone, Ⅳ. Conveying zone, Ⅴ. Seeding zone.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6926314/v1/cacaab2f5a5b63f977444dbc.png"},{"id":85495009,"identity":"e45e6a29-eaaf-4aa8-88bd-4e3840315ae3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-26 13:39:04","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":85055,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eForce analysis diagram of the seed stem: 1. Seed-filling rubber roller, 2. Seed-cleaning rubber roller, 3. Conveyor belt; A. Seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed, B. Seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed, C. Conveyor belt operating speed.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6926314/v1/2f95590ee9ac9d8ac00fa44c.png"},{"id":85495022,"identity":"7442de57-9495-404a-8f41-6edfdbdea37b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-26 13:39:05","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87565,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSimulation model: (a) Discrete element model of seed stem; (b) Model of seeding device.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6926314/v1/a1e54bff7d90ff5e5b572a17.png"},{"id":85495019,"identity":"1dccacc2-6e30-4559-9399-883a48bc9635","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-26 13:39:05","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":199052,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExperimental device and material: (a)Experiment bench; (b) Seed stems of pennisetum hydridum.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6926314/v1/48f6abad4a1decc430afebb5.png"},{"id":85495000,"identity":"7c317635-19f2-4ef9-ad42-bcb09c58c48e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-26 13:39:03","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58494,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect curve of seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed on seeding performance indicators: (a) Qualified rate; (b) Missed seeding rate and Reseeding rate.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6926314/v1/ea5754f8f30dd68c1227fadc.png"},{"id":85495006,"identity":"c770a2b7-6d33-425d-b388-92b5c8c88987","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-26 13:39:04","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59631,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect curve of seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed on seeding performance indicators: (a) Qualified rate; (b) Missed seeding rate and Reseeding rate.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6926314/v1/df8ce762c8452a9075053649.png"},{"id":85495624,"identity":"3ae2719c-ce0c-4e6b-aa8c-ecce95444d56","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-26 13:47:06","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54796,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect curve of conveyor belt operating speed on seeding performance indicators: (a) Qualified rate; (b) Missed seeding rate and Reseeding rate.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6926314/v1/53b54dc6bcf2efa617e31b28.png"},{"id":85495017,"identity":"be538379-f8be-4b63-b8a9-816c28c891d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-26 13:39:04","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124768,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfluence of interactive factors on the qualified rate of seeding: (a) C = 0.04 m/s; (b) B = 26 r/min; (c) A = 70 r/min.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6926314/v1/0a00d80a8d0cfa3bd88bbdf9.png"},{"id":85495032,"identity":"c80f5482-70d6-4de6-aa30-76c7d0d4e8d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-26 13:39:06","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":132055,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfluence of interactive factors on missed seeding rate of seeding: (a) C = 0.04 m/s; (b) B = 26 r/min; (c) A = 70 r/min.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6926314/v1/893d351e42a00f4dd692e7ee.png"},{"id":85495033,"identity":"69682045-42d7-46c2-8506-41b34ac3e5ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-26 13:39:06","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":135912,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfluence of interactive factors on reseeding rate of seeding: (a) C = 0.04 m/s; (b) B = 26 r/min; (c) A = 70 r/min.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6926314/v1/522a8cce868db3b2bdacac17.png"},{"id":90344842,"identity":"f1f11a67-4c4d-4049-8cec-8c104f8bcdb7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-01 16:05:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1823952,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6926314/v1/f617b2ce-13da-48e2-8b78-76443e430dae.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Parameter Optimization of Key Components in Seed-metering Device for Pre-cut Seed Stems of Pennisetum Hydridum","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePennisetum hydridum is a high-quality forage grass known for its high survival rate, high biomass yield, and strong drought resistance. In addition to its agricultural value, it plays an important ecological role in combating desertification and conserving soil and water resources\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, due to the naturally low germination rate of pennisetum hydridum seeds, farmers typically adopt the planting method involving the pre-cutting and planting of seed stems. This manual approach is inefficient, labor-intensive, and presents a major bottleneck to large-scale planting and industrialization. Therefore, developing a seed-metering device tailored to the physical characteristics of pre-cut pennisetum hydridum seed stems is of both economic and ecological significance. Such device would improve planting efficiency, reduce labor costs and expand the application of this species in desert greening.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt present, the research on seed stem crop seeding machinery is mainly focused on the pre-cut seed stem seed-metering device, and some scholars have optimized the structure of these devices. For example, KAMAL KISAN, an Indian research institution, has developed a roller-type automatic seed-metering device that adopts alternating 20\u0026deg; inclined clamp plates to align seed stems, improving the qualified seed-metering rate by 9.66% compared with the original design. However, it is only suitable for small pre-cut seed stems; larger seed stems cannot be accommodated due to the limited size of seed metering groove, which easily leads to blockages in seed conveying pipelines\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e; Zheng Shuhe et al. designed a roller-type seed-stem metering device with an optimized seed groove structure using elastic padding materials, which enhanced the smoothness and stability of seed metering and increased the qualified metering rate to 93.33%\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e; Chen Lintao et al. developed a pre-cut seed-metering device featuring a friction-band precision seed-metering mechanism that showed excellent adaptability to various pre-cut seed-stem varieties, achieving the seed filling qualification index of 94.13%\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e; Naik et al. designed a conveyor-belt-based pre-cut automatic seed-metering device. However, the first-stage belt conveyor exhibited relatively large seed delivery errors, with a qualification rate of only 88%, and the seed protection plate frequently collided with seed stems, causing axillary buds loss\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e; Scholars such as Ale and Taghinezhad have conducted relevant research and improvements on seed-metering devices, for instance, by adding gravity-based seed cleaning mechanisms or improving the structure of the clamping plate to enhance seed-metering performance, yet issues like seed under-filling persist\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Some scholars have also improved the seeding performance by integrating additional functions into the seed-metering device. For example, Lungkapin et al. designed the pre-cut seed-metering device with integrated fertilization capability and operable on flat land and ridges, achieving an average seed-stem germination rate of 90%\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e. Li Shangping et al. designed a roller-rake type seed-metering mechanism that removes excess seed stems using a pressure plate and incorporates a self- regulating control system to manage metering pressure and flow, achieving uniform seed distribution\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Other researchers have also conducted extensive studies on efficient seed-metering technologies for seed stem crops\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, but most remain at the technical development stage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mechanical and physical characteristics of the pennisetum hydridum stems, such as their external dimensions, density, and surface friction properties, differ significantly from those of other crops propagated through pre-cut stems. As a result, existing seed-metering devices are unable to effectively carry out the seeding operations for pre-cut pennisetum hydridum stems. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a specialized pre-cutting seed stem seed-metering device for pennisetum hydridum and to improve its metering performance in order to address key issues such as seed stem jamming, high rates of missed seeding and excessive reseeding. This study is based on the previously developed pre-cut seed-stem sorting, conveying, and seed-metering device for pennisetum hydridum. Through single-factor experiments and a quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination design, the operational parameters of the device's key components were optimized. The goal is to enhance the performance of the seed-metering device, achieve efficient and stable seed metering, and provide a technical reference for advancing the mechanized planting of seed stem crops in China.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eOverall Structure and Key Components\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eOverall Structure and Working Principle\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe overall structure of the pre-cut seed-stem seed-metering device for pennisetum hydridum is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(a). It mainly consists of a seed box, seed-filling rubber roller, conveyor belt, seed-cleaning rubber roller, drive system and support frame. The seed-metering device employs a composite operation mode: seed stems are disturbed and filled by friction from the seed-filling rubber roller, conveyed via the belt, and cleaned by the rotating friction of seed-cleaning rubber roller. The workflow is divided into five zones (see Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(b)): zone I (Seed Storage), zone II (Seed Filling), zone III (Seed Cleaning), zone IV (Conveying), zone V (Seeding). During the operation, the pre-cut seed stems are placed laterally into the seed storage box of zone I. The motor drives the active roller to operate the conveyor belt, allowing the seed-filling slots to rotate and engage the seed stems. As the seed stems enter zone II, they are embedded into the slots under the combined effects of the tangential friction from the seed-filling roller, inter-stem pressure, and the slot support force. When reaching zone III, the seed-cleaning rubber roller removes excess seed stems (falling back to zone I) through friction and gravity; a parallel seed-blocking plate above the roller prevents seed stems from rolling back into the seed filling slots. The seed stems are transported to the highest point in zone IV and then enter zone V, where they are finally discharged under the action of gravity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eKey Components and Key Operational Parameters\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe seed-metering device completes the metering process through the combined actions of seed-filling rubber roller (for seeds filling), the seed-cleaning rubber roller (for seeds cleaning), and the conveyor belt (for seed stem transport). The force analysis of seed stems during seed filling, clearing, and transporting stages at any given moment (as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) reveals that varying the speed of any component - the seed-filling rubber roller, seed-cleaning rubber roller, or conveyor belt - alters the disturbance force and the flow behavior of the seed stems. These changes directly affect the seed-filling and seed-clearing performance, thereby impacting the overall seed-metering efficiency. Therefore, it is determined that the seed-clearing rubber roller, the seed-filling rubber roller, and the conveyor belt are the key components affecting the performance of the pennisetum hydridum seed-metering device.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt can be seen from the simulation-based preliminary tests\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e that if the seed-cleaning rubber roller rotates too lowly, it fails to effectively remove excess seed stems, while excessively high rotation speeds forcibly dislodge qualified seed stems, reducing the seeding qualification rate. Similarly, insufficient rotation speed of the seed-filling rubber roller leads to untimely seed filling and causes missed seeding, whereas an excessively high speed causes the accumulation of seed stems, resulting in reseeding; The speed of conveyor belt simultaneously affects the performance of both seed-filling and seed-cleaning rubber rollers. Therefore, the rotation speed of seed-cleaning and seed-filling rubber rollers, and the operating speed of the conveyor belt are the key operational parameters. With a forward machine speed of 0.8 m/s, and based on the simulation test results, the recommended parameter ranges for these key components are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe value range of key operational parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperimental factors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed/(r\u0026middot;min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed-filling rubber roller rotation speed/(r\u0026middot;min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConveyor belt operating speed/(m\u0026middot;s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental Device and Material\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental apparatus was powered by three 6GU-40K variable-speed stepper motors (each with a rated power of 200 W), which drove the chain shafts. Prior to testing, the speed of each chain shaft was calibrated using a DELIXI 880 laser digital tachometer. The test material is the cultivar \u0026ldquo;Reyan No. 4\u0026rdquo;\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. A total of 200 seed stems with uniform specifications (length: 210mm; average diameter: 19.79 mm; small curvature) were randomly selected for experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental Factors and Evaluation Indexes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental factors included the seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed (A), the seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed (B) and the conveyor belt operating speed (C). In accordance with the agronomic requirements and with reference to the national standard GB/T6973-2005 \u0026ldquo;Testing methods of single seed drills (precision drills)\u0026rdquo; \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, the seed-metering qualified rate Y\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, the missed seeding rate Y\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and the reseeding rate Y\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e were taken as the evaluation indices, and they were calculated as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAf0AAACHCAYAAAAcAoCbAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAABP5SURBVHhe7d1BaBvZ/Qfwr/7kOI4P44PkwVCsan3zepImh6KFECldSian2mTJppIh1AvtIaJKwGb3kOTiLJaKXbAhyQYkQ6ipDV3QkG5x1nG7phS6kbyhlyDsQ9XR+GAdVM3RMD38o0F6li05lm058/3AEPR+b2THl++8N2/eeGzbtkFERETvvf8TG4iIiOj9xNAnIiJyCYY+ERGRSzD0iYiIXIKhT0RE5BIMfSIiIpdg6BMREbkEQ5+IiMglGPpEREQuwdAnIiJyCYY+ERGRSzD0iYiIXIKhT0RE5BIMfSIiIpdg6BMREbkEQ/+YmaYJv9+PhYUFhMNheDweRKNRsRsREVHbeWzbtsVGOhqmaSIYDGJzcxOyLGN5eRmGYWB0dBTLy8tQVVU8hYiIqG040j9GPp8PS0tLkGUZqVQKqqpCURTIsix2JSIiajuGfgcolUowDMP5nEwm4fF4kEwm6/oREREdBkO/A8XjcWQyGbGZiIjoUBj6RERELsHQP0amaWJ4eBilUgmjo6N4+vQprly54nzO5XLiKURERG3jitCPRqPweDzOUfuIXG3N7/fDNM26c9vJ5/NhY2MDtm1je3sbt27dwvb2tvP5qFbvW5aFcDiMcDgMy7LEsrOGwOPxQNd1sbxvvVrr6elpeNGi6zrXJhARdQhXhH46nUY2m4Usy0gkEkin03W1SCSCRCKBjY0N+Hy+unNPO9M08eGHH+Lbb78VS8DbUJ6bm0OxWESxWMTt27frgn2/ei6Xw+PHj5HNZjExMYG7d+/WXVSYpolXr14hHo87bUREdHJcEfoAoKoqUqkUJicn60akuVwOPT09720wVWcXEomEWIJlWZiensbMzAx8Ph98Ph9mZmYwPT0Ny7Ka1ldWVrCzswOv14uBgQGsr68jn8873//48WOMjY3V/UwiIjo5rgl9ALh06RKGhoacEallWXj48CFu3rwpdj1RyWQS165dw507d/bdrS8aje6abtd1fd9zauXzeRQKBSiK4rQpioJCoYB8Pt+0vh9d13H+/Pn3buaEiOg0c1XoS5KEqakprK+vY3V1Faurq7h48eKB76WLawTEo9XQ3Us8Hodt27Btu+5WhCidTmNxcdG5Z55MJrG4uLjvObUMw3BG6lVerxc7OzswDKNp/fLlyzhz5gy2trbw5s0bDA0NIRAIONP6mqY55xER0clzVejj7TT/1atXEY/H8eDBA9y4cUPs0lQ6nXZCudHRaui2Q/VneTyeus/HQVVVjI2N4dy5c5icnMTU1BQkSXKm9avvGWjHhRARER2e60IfAGKxGEqlEq5fv36s08/ijMC7HI28fv267t/D2NraQrlcFpsdYr06K1F9+qB2Wn98fBzBYBCVSgWGYXAVPxHRCXNl6Hu9XnR3d2NgYEAstbQF7rtO74szAu9yiKLRKEZGRmDbNkZGRvb82Y0oiuJMz9eSZRmKojSti3K5HF6+fAlN02BZFgzDwODgICRJgqIobbkoISKid+fK0N9PK1vgdsr0fjXwq/fONU07UPAHAgH09fXV7fu/srKCvr4+BAKBpvValmVB13Xcv3+/rp2IiDoHQ/8US6fTuxbLaZrW8KKj0ShbkiTEYjHnETzTNDE3N4dYLAZJkprWay0sLEDTNKe9dnRvmibW1tYwODhYdw4RER0v14V+MplEb28vNjc3ce3atZZHxadVdTHd/Pw8vv32W/zoRz+q26dA0zT8/Oc/R1dXF3p7ezEzM1N3IdGsjreP55XL5V1PQczOzsIwDPT29iIYDL63eyEQEZ0WHrvRjWKX03Udb968YUgREdF7xXUj/U5Q+yhbo4V/Yn2vPfOJiIgOgqF/Aqpb41YqFYRCIczPz9ftrFe7dW4mk8GLFy923UMnIiI6KIa+oNUtcNtFVVVcuHCBr9YlIqIjx9AXtLoFbrucPXsWz549Q3d3N4aHh4/01b5ERORuDP0O4PP5sLS0hHK5jPHxcbFMRETUFgz9DqGqKiYmJjA/P7/vboBERETviqHfQeLxOCKRCO7cubPrlblERESHxdDvMLOzswiFQrh9+zbv7xMRUVsx9DuMJEmYmppCuVzmND8REbUVQ/8EVSoVFAoFsRmqqiKVSonNREREh8LQPyHVdwA8efIEXV1du+7ha5qGRCJR10ZERHQY3HufiIjIJTjSJyIicgmGPhERkUsw9ImIiFyCoU9EROQSDH0iIiKXYOgTERG5BEOfiIjIJRj6RERELsHQJyIicgmGPhERkUsw9ImIiFyCoX9CTNOE3+/HwsICwuEwPB4PotGo2I2IiKht+MKdE2CaJoLBIDY3NyHLMpaXl2EYBkZHR7G8vAxVVcVTiIiIDo0j/RPg8/mwtLQEWZaRSqWgqioURYEsy2JXIiKitmHod5BSqQTDMMRmRKNReDwe9PT0IJfLiWUiIqKWMPQ7nK7rGBkZgW3bmJiYwN27d2FZltiNiIioKYZ+h9M0DZqmAQBu3LgBj8eDSqUidiMiImqKoX8CTNPE8PAwSqUSRkdH8fTpU1y5csX5vN8UfjAYhM/nE5uJiOiEPHr0CD/88IPYvKfPP/8cm5ubYvOx4Or9U+SPf/wjPvroI4Y+EVEHKJVK+PTTT/Hs2bNdC7EXFhaQSqXwxRdfIBgM1tVKpRJ+85vfYGJiAh9++GFd7ai5YqRfXQhXPWqfh6+t+f1+mKZZd26n0HUdhUKhLYFvWRbC4TDC4XDD9QHJZNL5m+i6Lpb3rVdrey061HUdyWRSbCYiOnU+/fRTfPHFF7sC//nz5/j3v/+Nv/zlL3XtVbIsY3Z2Fr/4xS+Of8Rvu0Q2m7VlWbYTiYRYsiORSMP2TpHJZOxIJGLbb/8ff/3rX8UuLSsWi3Z/f78NwA6FQnalUqmrZzIZu7+/3y4Wi07fTCbTUj2bzdoffPCBnc1m7UQisev7i8Wife/ePeczEdFp9Yc//MH+yU9+IjY7vvvuOxuA/d1334klx5dffml//PHHYvORck3o228DS5ZlO5vNOm3ZbNb+7W9/W9evkyQSCRuAc1QD97AahXKlUrFDodCukK/2a1ZPJBLO79fob33v3r22/O5ERCfN7/fbX375pdjsaCX019fXbQD2+vq6WDoyrpjer7p06RKGhoacx94sy8LDhw9x8+ZNsWvHiMfjeHtxBtu2sbGxsecUfzQa3TXdrut6y9v75vN5FAoFKIritCmKgkKhgHw+37S+H13Xcf78+T1/dyKi0+L58+fY2NjAT3/6U7F0INX7+Y8ePRJLR8ZVoS9JEqamprC+vo7V1VWsrq7i4sWL77ztrbhWQDxaDdt2SafTWFxcdO6ZJ5NJLC4uIp1Oi10bMgwDOzs78Hq9TpvX68XOzg4Mw2hav3z5Ms6cOYOtrS28efMGQ0NDCAQCME0Tr169ch49JCI6zf71r38BALq6usTSgfn9fvzzn/8Um4+Mq0IfAFRVxdWrVxGPx/HgwQPcuHFD7NKydDpdNwoXj1bDtp2qP9Pj8dR9Pg6qqmJsbAznzp3D5OQkpqamIEkSHj9+jLGxMeclQydxQURE1C4rKytAzUj9MH784x/j+++/F5uPjOtCHwBisRhKpRKuX79+ItPN4ozAYY5GXr9+XffvYWxtbaFcLovNDrFevR2xvb0NVVXrpvXHx8cRDAZRqVRgGAZX8RMRHTNXhr7X60V3dzcGBgbEEnCAve7fdXpfnBE4zCGKRqPOtr0jIyN7/g6NKIriTM/XkmUZiqI0rYtyuRxevnwJTdNgWRYMw8Dg4CAkSYKiKG25KCEiota5MvT3c5C97jtter8a+NV755qmHSj4A4EA+vr66l76s7Kygr6+PgQCgab1WpZlQdd13L9/v66diOi0u3z5MgBgbW1NLB1YqVSC3+8Xm48MQ19wmve6T6fTuxbLaZrW8OKj0ShbkiTEYjFMT0/DsiyYpom5uTnEYjFIktS0XmthYQGapjnttaN70zSxtraGwcHBunOIiE6D6qr9//73v2LJ8Z///AcA8Pe//10s1fn+++/xs5/9TGw+OuIzfO878bn36qY3jbyPm8nUbs4DYNez9LbwN6p9Jr/VeiaTabjZUfU5/2Z/dyKiTrffc/off/xxXc7sFbXV5/T3e5a/3bj3/j6OY6970zQRDAadrRgjkUjdyFysh0IhfP3117tG1kREdHwWFhaQTCYP9bjdo0eP8Kc//QnffPONWDoynN7fQzv3ut+Pz+fDxsYGKpUKQqEQ5ufn6zbYqdYTiQQymQxevHjBwCciOmGffPIJ/H4/nj9/LpZaUiqV8NVXX2Fubk4sHSmGfgO6rmNxcRHxeBy5XA5/+9vfxC5HQlVVXLhwoenrdYmI6OTNzs7i97///YFeq1v1u9/9Dl999RX6+/vF0pFi6AuSySSuXbuG+fl5eDweDA8P71qZflTOnj2LZ8+eobu7G8PDwx37xj8iIvr/x5W/+eYb/OMf/zjQ2/IePXqEW7dutWVzn4Ni6AsOstf9UfD5fFhaWkK5XMb4+LhYJiKiDvPZZ58daMR+0P7txNDvQKqqYmJiAvPz89y1joiI2oah36Hi8TgikQju3Lmz6815RERE74Kh38FmZ2cRCoVw+/Zt3t8nIqJDY+h3sOqrgMvlMqf5iYjo0Bj6HaJSqaBQKIjNUFUVqVRKbCYiIjowhn4HSCaT6O3txZMnT9DV1bXrHr6maUgkEnVtREREB8VteImIiFyCI30iIiKXYOgTERG5BEOfiIjIJRj6RERELsHQJyIicgmGPhERkUsw9ImIiFyCoU9EROQSDH0iIiKXYOgTERG5BEOfiIjIJRj6RERELsHQPwGmacLv92NhYQHhcBgejwfRaFTsRkRE1FZ8y94xM00TwWAQm5ubkGUZy8vLMAwDo6OjWF5ehqqq4ilERERtwZH+MfP5fFhaWoIsy0ilUlBVFYqiQJZlsSsREVFbMfQ7RKlUgmEYYjOSySQ8Hg96enqQy+XEMhERUcsY+h0sl8uhu7sbtm0jlUphenpa7EJERNQyhn4H8/l8+OSTTwAAi4uLGBkZEbsQERG1jKF/zEzTxPDwMEqlEkZHR/H06VNcuXLF+Vw7he/1erG6ugqPx4O1tTWcP3++7ruIiIgOwhWhH41G4fF4nKP28bjamt/vh2madee2m8/nw8bGBmzbxvb2Nm7duoXt7W3ns7h6X9M02LaNX//61/jlL38Jy7Lq6gdlWRbC4TDC4XDD76quIfB4PNB1XSzvW2+2/kDXdSSTSbGZiIiOi+0S2WzWlmXZTiQSYsmORCIN2ztJpVKxf/WrX9nFYlEstaxYLNr9/f02ADsUCtmVSqWunslk7P7+frtYLDp9M5lMS/VsNmt/8MEHdjabtROJxK7vLxaL9r1795zPRER0/Fwx0gcAVVWRSqUwOTlZNwrN5XLo6elBPB6v699p8vk8urq64PP5xFLLqrMMiURCLMGyLExPT2NmZgY+nw8+nw8zMzOYnp6GZVlN6ysrK9jZ2YHX68XAwADW19eRz+ed73/8+DHGxsbqfiYRER0v14Q+AFy6dAlDQ0O4e/euE2QPHz7EzZs3xa4doXYq/e7du7h//77YxRGNRndNt+u63vJOf/l8HoVCAYqiOG2KoqBQKCCfzzet70fXdZw/f/5QFyxERHR4rgp9SZIwNTWF9fV1rK6uYnV1FRcvXtx1H70V4joB8Wg1bPcTj8dh2zZs28aLFy8gSZLYxZFOp7G4uOjcM08mk1hcXEQ6nRa7NmQYhjNSr/J6vdjZ2YFhGE3rly9fxpkzZ7C1tYU3b95gaGgIgUAApmni1atX0DTNOY+IiE6Gq0Ifb6f5r169ing8jgcPHuDGjRtil5ak02knkBsdrYZtO1V/psfjqft8HFRVxdjYGM6dO4fJyUlMTU1BkiRnWr/6voF2XRAREdHBuS70ASAWi6FUKuH69evHPuUszggc5mjk9evXdf8extbWFsrlstjsEOvVmYnqUwi10/rj4+MIBoOoVCowDIOr+ImIToArQ9/r9aK7uxsDAwNiqeljZ1XvOr0vzggc5hBFo1GMjIzAtm2MjIzs+Ts0oiiKMz1fS5ZlKIrStC7K5XJ4+fIlNE2DZVkwDAODg4OQJAmKorTlooSIiA7GlaG/l4Nse9tp0/vVwK/eO9c07UDBHwgE0NfXV7f//8rKCvr6+hAIBJrWa1mWBV3X9114SEREx4+hX+M0b3ubTqd3LZbTNK3hxUejUbYkSYjFYs4jeKZpYm5uDrFYDJIkNa3XWlhYgKZpTnvt6N40TaytrWFwcLDuHCIiOgbig/vvu0QiYQNwjkgkUlfPZDI2AGcTmvdJ7eY8AGxZlu1sNlvXp/bvU7sxT6v1TCbTcKOjSqVih0Khhn9zIiI6Hh670c1hQjKZxJ///Gd8/fXXu0ayREREpxGn9/fw2Wefob+/H5VKRSy1Te1jbI0W/4n1vfbLJyIiagVDfw/t2Pa2meq2uJVKBaFQCPPz83W76tVum5vJZJpu0ENERLQfhn6Ng2x7226qquLChQu7Xq9LRETULgz9GgfZ9rbdzp49i2fPnqG7uxvDw8NH/opfIiJyH4Z+B/H5fFhaWkK5XMb4+LhYJiIiOhSGfodRVRUTExOYn5/nVrVERNRWDP0OFI/HEYlEcOfOnV2vyyUiInpXDP0ONTs7i1AohNu3b/P+PhERtQVDv0NJkoSpqSmUy2VO8xMRUVsw9DtApVJBoVAQm6GqKlKplNhMRET0Thj6JyyZTKK3txdPnjxBV1fXrnv4mqYhkUjUtREREb0L7r1PRETkEhzpExERuQRDn4iIyCUY+kRERC7xP5Tfb/iU4lg0AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e is the total number of holes with 0 seed; n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is the total number of holes with 1 seed; n\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is the total number of holes with 2 or more seeds; N is the theoretical number of seeding holes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSingle Factor Experimental Plan\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBased on the selected parameter range and experimental design, the factor level gradient for each test factors are shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. During the experiment, 200 seed stems were sequentially placed in the seed box. The seed-filling rubber roller, seed-cleaning rubber roller and conveyor belt were driven by independent motors. The testing process was as follows: firstly, the driving motor for the seed-filling and seed-clearing rubber rollers were activated; once the filling area was fully loaded, the conveyor belt motor was engaged to begin transporting seed stems; the seed-metering process was monitored in real time and relevant data were recorded; after all seed stems were discharged, all power units were shut down. Each factor-level combination was repeated three times and labeled for traceability. A high-speed camera continuously recorded the seed seem movement trajectories. Image analysis and data processing were then employed to identify the influence patterns of each parameter on seed-metering performance\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e; \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The single-factor experiments were conducted to explore the effects of individual parameters on metering performance, determine the optimal parameter ranges, and lay the foundation for the subsequent orthogonal experimental design.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"char\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe level gradient of experimental factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperimental factors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed/(r\u0026middot;min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed-filling rubber roller rotation speed/(r\u0026middot;min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConveyor belt operating speed/(m\u0026middot;s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel gradient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003ch2\u003eSingle Factor Experimental Results and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the single-factor experiment plan, a total of 15 test groups were conducted, with each group replicated three times. The results were averaged as shown below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figure 5, with the increasing rotation speed of the seed-cleaning rubber roller, the qualified seed-metering rate first rose and then fell. When the rotation speed of the seed-cleaning rubber roller ranged from 50 to 70 r/min, the increase in speed facilitated a dynamic balance in seed-filling zone, effectively preventing the accumulation of seed stems while ensuring the stable filling. The qualified metering rate reached its peak at 70 r/min, accompanied by the lowest missed seeding and a relatively low reseeding rate. When the rotation speed of the seed-cleaning rubber roller exceeded 80 r/min, the excessive centrifugal force caused some previously filled seed stems to be forcibly dislodged. At 90 r/min, the fluidization effect was significantly enhanced, leading to a decline in the qualified metering rate and a simultaneous increase in both the missed seeding and the reseeding rates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the single factor experiment on the seed-filling rubber roller speed (Figure 6) show that the qualified metering rate increased first and then decreased with the increasing roller speed. When the seed-filling rubber roller speed increased within the range of 17~26 r/min, the agitation effect on the seed stems was enhanced, making it easier for seed stems to enter into the seed-filling slots. As a result, the qualified rate improved - reaching its maximum at 26 r/min - while the missed seeding rate decreased. However, with the improving seed-filling performance, the seed-filling slot was easy to be filled with smaller seed stems, leading to a rise in the reseeding rate. When the seed-filling rubber roller speed exceeded 26 r/min, excessive centrifugal force caused severe accumulation of seed stems, significantly increasing the reseeding rate and decreasing the qualified metering rate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the single factor experiment on conveyor belt operating speed, as shown in Figure 7, indicate that when the rotation speed of seed-cleaning and seed-filling rubber rollers remained constant, an increase in conveyor belt speed led to a weakening of both seed-filling and seed-cleaning effects, especially the filling performance. Therefore, with the increase of conveyor belt operating speed, the qualified metering rate decreased continuously, while the missed seeding rate greatly increased. Due to the progressively reduced seed-filling effectiveness, fewer seed stems were retained in the filling slots, leading to a gradual decline in the reseeding rate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eQuadratic Regression Orthogonal Rotational Combination Experiment\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental Plan\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to further analyze the influence of each parameter on seed-metering performance, a three-factor, five-level quadratic regression orthogonal rotational combination experiment was carried out, on the basis of the results of the single-factor analysis, and following the principles of the Central Composite Design using Design-Expert software\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e. The experimental procedure was consistent with that of single factor experiments, and the factor levels were shown in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental Results\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 23 experimental runs were conducted, and the results are shown in the table below:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRegression Model Establishment and Analysis of Variance\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegression fitting analysis of the experimental data was conducted using Design-Expert 12 software\u003csup\u003e26-30\u003c/sup\u003e to establish quadratic polynomial regression models. The significance tests were then conducted to evaluate the degree of interaction among the experimental factors and their influence on the performance indicators. Based on the analysis results, the regression models describing the relationships between the qualified seed-metering rate, missed seeding rate, reseeding rate, and the experimental factors were obtained as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis results of variance are shown in tables 5~7. All regression models exhibited statistically significant goodness of fit (P \u0026lt; 0.05), confirming that the models effectively represent the correlations among the variables. The lack-of-fit test results showed P-values greater than 0.05, indicating that the model did not omit significant factor, and the regression models were well fitted. Reliability analysis (Table 8) further validated the robustness of the models. The coefficients of variation and adjusted coefficients of determination demonstrated that the models can effectively capture the influence patterns of the experimental factors on the performance indicators. Therefore, these regression models can be reliably used to analyze the effects of each factor and to predict the optimal combination of working parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 5, the linear terms for the seed-cleaning rubber roller speed (A) and the seed-filling rubber roller speed (B) had a significant influence on the qualified seed-metering rate (P \u0026lt; 0.05), while the conveyor belt operating speed (C) had no significant influence (P \u0026gt; 0.05). The order of influence of the primary factors was A \u0026gt; B \u0026gt; C. Among the second-order interaction terms, AB exhibited a highly significant influence on the qualified rate (P \u0026lt; 0.01), whereas AC and BC were not significant (P \u0026gt; 0.05). The influence of the interaction terms followed the order of AB \u0026gt; AC \u0026gt; BC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 6, the linear terms for the seed-filling rubber roller speed (B) and the conveyor belt speed (C) had significant effects on the missed seeding rate (P \u0026lt; 0.05), whereas the seed-cleaning rubber roller speed (A) had no significant influence (P \u0026gt; 0.05). The primary factors influencing the missed seeding rate ranked in the order of C \u0026gt; B \u0026gt; Among the second-order interaction terms, AB and BC had a significant influence on the missed seeding rate (P \u0026lt; 0.05), while AC was not significant (P \u0026gt; 0.05). The order of influence among the interaction terms was AB \u0026gt; BC \u0026gt; AC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 7, the primary factors affecting the reseeding rate ranked in the order of A \u0026gt; B \u0026gt; C. Among the second-order interaction terms, AB had a significant influence on the reseeding rate (P \u0026lt; 0.05). The influence of the interaction terms ranked as AB \u0026gt; AC \u0026gt; BC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResponse Surface Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of pairwise interaction among factors A, B and C on response variables Y\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, Y\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and Y\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e were analyzed by Central Composite response surface method in Design-Expert software By holding one factor at its median level and varying the other two, the response surface diagrams\u003csup\u003e31-33\u003c/sup\u003e illustrating the interaction effects on the evaluation indices were obtained, as shown in Figure 8~10.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 8 shows the response surfaces illustrating the influence of each interaction factor on the qualified metering rate. As shown in figure 8(a), the qualified rate decreased with the increase in both seed-cleaning and seed-filling rubber roller rotation speeds. The qualified rate remained at a higher level when both speeds are relatively low. indicating that these two parameters exert a significant influence on the qualified rate. In figure 8(b), the qualified rate increased first and then decreased as the speeds of seed-cleaning and the seed-filling rubber rollers increase. In Figure 8 (c), the qualified rate consistently decreased with the increase in the seed-filling rubber roller speed and the decrease in the conveyor belt speed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 9 shows the response surface of the influence of each interaction factor on the missed seeding rate. As shown in Figure 9(a), the missed seeding rate increased linearly with increasing seed-cleaning and seed-filling rubber roller rotation speeds, The rate of increase is nearly identical along both axes, showing no obvious difference in their influence on the missed seeding rate. As shown in Figure 9(b), the missed seeding rate increased with the increase in the seed-clearing rubber roller speed and the decrease in the conveyor belt speed. The lowest missed seeding rate was observed when the seed-clearing rubber roller speed was at its minimum and the conveyor belt speed was at its maximum. As shown in Figure 9(c), the missed seeding rate increased with the increase in the seed-filling rubber roller speed and the decrease in the conveyor belt speed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 10 shows the response surface plots of the influence of each interaction factor on the reseeding rate. As shown in Figure 10(a), the reseeding rate decreased initially and then increased with the increases in seed-cleaning rubber roller speed and the decreases in the seed-filling rubber roller speed. The lowest re-seeding rate was observed when both speeds were at their minimum values. Figure 10(b) reveals a similar trend to that in Figure 10(a). The minimum reseeding rate occurred when both speeds were both at intermediate levels. Figure 10(c) indicates a relatively mild variation in the reseeding rate, with the lowest value occurring when both speeds were low.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eOptimization of Experimental Results\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the above experimental results, the optimal working parameters for the seed-metering device were obtained using the optimization module in Design-Expert. The parameter ranges were set as follows: the seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed between 60~80 r/min, the seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed between 23~29 r/min, and the conveyor belt operating speed between 0.03~0.05 m/s. Taking the maximum qualified rate and the minimum reseeding and missed seeding rates as the objectives of optimization, the objective function and the factors constraints are defined as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on optimization calculations conducted using the Optimization module in Design-Expert software, the optimal parameter combination was obtained: 62.2 r/min for the seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed, 23 r/min for the seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed, and 0.045m/s for the conveyor belt operating speed. Under these conditions, the qualified rate was 92.5%, the missed seeding rate was 2.13%, and the reseeding rate was 5.127%. To ensure the reliability of the optimization results, experimental validation was carried out under the same conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBench Validation Experiment\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsistent with the single-factor test procedure, the bench verification experiment showed that the optimized parameter combination (62.2 r/min for seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed, 23 r/min for seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed, and 0.045 m/s for conveyor belt operating speed) resulted in the qualified rate of 91.8%, the missed seeding rate of 2.5%, the reseeding rate of 5.7%, and the effective filling rate of 97.5%. These results closely matched the model predictions, with the relative error of only 0.76% in the qualified rate, indicating the reliability of the optimization results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eSingle-factor bench tests, response surface optimization tests based on Central Composite Design and bench validation experiments were carried out on the pre-cut stem seed-metering device for pennisetum hydridum. The conclusions are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) Theoretical analysis and preliminary simulation trials identified the key components affecting seeding performance as the seed-cleaning rubber roller, seed-filling rubber roller and conveyor belt. The critical working parameters and their value ranges were determined as follows: seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed A = 50~90 r/min; seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed B = 17~29 r/min; conveyor belt operating speed C = 0.03~0.07 m/s.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2) The single-factor experiment showed that with the increase in the seed-cleaning rubber roller speed, the qualified seed-metering rate first rose and then fell, reaching the maximum value at 70 r/min, where the lowest value of the missed seeding rate appeared and the reseeding rate was lower. Similarly, with the increase in the seed-filling rubber roller speed, the qualified rate first rose and then fell, peaked at 26 r/min, accompanied by a decrease in the missed seeding rate. With the increase in the conveyor belt operating speed, the qualified rate continuously decreased, and the missed seeding rate was increased substantially.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(3) Interaction factor analysis of the orthogonal experiment results showed that the primary factors affecting the qualified rate and reseeding were, in order of significance: the seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed A, the seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed B, and the conveyor belt operating speed C. For the missed seeding rate, the order of influence was: the conveyor belt operating speed C, the seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed B, and the seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed A.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(4) Parameter optimization was performed using Design-Expert software, the optimal parameter combination was found to be: 62.2 r/min for seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed, 23 r/min for seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed, and 0.045m/s for conveyor belt operating speed. Bench verification trials conducted with these optimized parameters yields the qualified rate of 91.8%, the missed seeding rate of 2.5%, the reseeding rate of 5.7%, and the effective seed-filling rate is 97.5%. These results confirm that the optimized pre-cut seed stem seed-metering device meets the operational requirements for seeding performance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data supporting this study's findings are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank all the funds for their support of this research, and other students for your help during the experimental process of this research.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, C.L., X.C., Q.X., M.L. and J.L; Data curation, C.L.; Formal analysis, C.L. and Y.Z.; Funding acquisition, X.C. and M.L.; Investigation, C.L., Y.Z., C.Z. and Y.X.; Methodology, C.L., X.C., Q.X., M.L., J.L. and J.Y.; Project administration, Q.X. J.L. and J.Y.; Resources, X.C., M.L., J.L., J.Y. and P.F.; Software, C.L.; Supervision, X.C., Q.X. and J.L.; Validation, C.L.; Visualization, Q.X. and J.L.; Writing - original draft, C.L.; Writing - review and editing, C.L., X.C, Q.X., M.l. and J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was funded by the Project of Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment (No. 20242BCC32127), and the Doctoral Research Start-up Fund of Jiangxi Agricultural University - Junan Liu (No. 9232306934).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHe, L., Zhu, Q. L., Wang, Y. 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Eng.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e192\u003c/strong\u003e, 232-244 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Pennisetum hydridum, Mechanized planting, Single-factor experiment, Orthogonal experiment, Parameter Optimization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6926314/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6926314/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTo address the issues of missed seeding and seed stem jamming - factors that contribute to unstable performance in pennisetum hydridum planting device, this study optimize the key components of the pre-cut stem planting device and evaluated its operational performance, thereby improving planting quality. Based on the results of preliminary experiments and discrete element method (DEM) simulation analysis, the critical components of the seed-metering device and their key influencing parameters were identified. Single-factor experiments were conducted to determine the appropriate parameter range. These were followed by a quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination design for parameter optimization and the development of a response model for influencing factors. Finally, validation tests were performed to assess the effectiveness of the optimized parameters. The parameter optimization revealed that the optimal working parameter combination for the seed-metering device was: seed-cleaning rubber roller rotation speed (A) at 62.2 r/min, seed-filling rubber roller rotation speed (B) at 23 r/min, and conveyor belt operating speed (C) at 0.045 m/s. Under these conditions, the theoretically qualified seeding rate (Y\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) reached 92.5%, the missed seeding rate (Y\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) was 2.13%, and the reseeding rate (Y\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) was 5.37%. Validation experiment confirmed that Y\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e = 91.8%, Y\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e = 2.5%, Y\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e = 5.7%, with a relative error of 0.76%. The single-factor experimental results indicated that as A and B increased, Y\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e initially rose and then declined; as C increased, Y\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e gradually decreased. The interaction factor analysis of the orthogonal experimental results showed that the order of influence on seeding quality was: A \u0026gt; B \u0026gt; C. The verification tests confirmed the reliability of the optimized parameter scheme, providing both theoretical basis and technical support for improving the operational performance of the pennisetum hydridum seed-metering equipment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Parameter Optimization of Key Components in Seed-metering Device for Pre-cut Seed Stems of Pennisetum Hydridum","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-26 13:38:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6926314/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-07-07T07:33:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-05T22:09:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"70534426054522287208820627518254709324","date":"2025-07-03T12:33:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"293897075712714889221925711446988989227","date":"2025-06-27T07:00:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-24T08:15:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"23511921146393329253624413989786431003","date":"2025-06-24T05:39:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-24T05:29:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-24T05:16:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-24T05:13:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-21T03:39:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-06-21T03:36:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0e759adc-97bb-4ebf-90db-2308d8e4f252","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":50546938,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering"},{"id":50546939,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-01T15:59:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6926314","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15080-y","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-08-25 15:56:54","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 25th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-26 13:38:47","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-15080-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15080-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6926314","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6926314","identity":"rs-6926314","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}