METTL5, an 18S rRNA-specific m6A methyltransferase, modulates expression of stress response genes

RNA N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) modification is present in different RNA molecules, including protein-coding mRNAs and non-coding RNAs such as ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). Previous studies identified m 6 A in both the 18S and 28S rRNAs, but the roles of these methylation events are poorly understood due to the lack of knowledge of the responsible methyltransferases. Here, we report that mammalian METTL5, a member of a highly conserved methyltransferase family, specifically methylates adenosine 1832 (A1832) in the 18S rRNA in vivo and in vitro . We identify TRMT112 as a near stoichiometric partner of METTL5 important for the enzymatic activity of METTL5. By mapping the positions of translating ribosomes (Ribo-seq), we found translation of multiple stress response-related mRNAs, including Atf4 mRNA, is selectively reduced in the Mettl5 knockout (KO) mouse B16 melanoma cells. Atf4 is a key transcription factor that mediates the Integrated Stress Response (ISR), as exemplified by the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress. Consistently, transcription of ISR effector genes is reduced in Mettl5 KO cells during ER stress, suggesting a compromised ISR. Our findings reveal a new mechanism that regulates expression of stress response genes and suggest that chemical modifications of ribosomal RNAs may play a key role in selectively impacting translation and possibly ISR.