In Vivo Antidiabetic and Ex-vivo Antioxidant Activities of Dichloromethane Extract of Xerophyta Spekei

In Vivo Antidiabetic and Ex-vivo Antioxidant Activities of Dichloromethane Extract of Xerophyta Spekei | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article In Vivo Antidiabetic and Ex-vivo Antioxidant Activities of Dichloromethane Extract of Xerophyta Spekei Michael Musila Ndile, Wycliffe Arika Makori, Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4816038/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 13 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Clinical Phytoscience → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The medicinal plant X. spekei is used among Embu and Mbeere communities to manage diabetes mellitus. However, there is limited information regarding its effectiveness. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the quantitative phytochemical and antidiabetic potential of the plant. Samples of the plant were collected and extracted using Dichloromethane (DCM). The quantitative analysis of phytochemicals was conducted using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). To evaluate the efficacy of the extract in managing diabetes, a total of seven groups were formed, each consisting of five mice. These groups included a normal control, a diabetic control, positive control (Glibenclamide), and four extract-administered groups (50, 100, 150, and 200mg/kg body weight). Alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes. Blood glucose of the mice was determined on an hourly basis for the first six hours, and once after 12 and 24 hours on the first day. Thereafter, the blood glucose in mice was determined once a week for three weeks. During the experimental period of three weeks, body weights were determined on the initial day and after every seven days. After 21 days, the mice were euthanized and blood was drawn to determine any changes in renal and liver biochemical markers. The liver, kidney, and pancreas were also detached and their homogenates were used for ex vivo antioxidant assays. Results The classes of phytochemicals identified using GC-MS included flavonoids, phenolic acids, phytosterols, terpenoids, fatty acids, tocopherols and alkaloids. The DCM plant extract of X. spekei attenuated loss of body weight, hyperglycaemia, and aberrant biochemical parameters. Furthermore, the extract reduced levels of malonaldehyde and enhanced enzymatic antioxidant activities in diabetic mice. Conclusions The study confirms that the X. spekei plant extract contains phytochemicals with antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Therefore, this finding authenticates the folkloric use of X. spekei in managing diabetes mellitus. The medicinal plant shows potential in developing anti-diabetic agents. Antidiabetes Antioxidant Diabetes mellitus Phytochemical Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 13 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Clinical Phytoscience → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 04 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 02 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 31 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 29 Jul, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 28 Jul, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4816038","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":336850764,"identity":"a603eaae-e01e-4101-8ca5-dc68591c56de","order_by":0,"name":"Michael Musila Ndile","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAw8YGBjb2BkYgTQDDx9RWhJAWpgZmA1AWtiIsgakpYGZgU0CxCGoRXdG+sMDCTV3ZPuYmY9Vfs2xk2FjYH746AYeLWY3cgwOJBx7ZtzGzJZ2W3ZbMtBhbMbGOfi1AP3CdjixjZnH7LbkNmagFh42afxa0h8cSPgH0sL/rVhyWz0xWhIMDiS2gW1hY/y47TARWs68AWrpOwzyi7E047bjPGzMhPxyPP3xhw/fDsvOb29++PHntmp7fvbmh4/xaUEBzDxgkljlIMD4gxTVo2AUjIJRMGIAADC5SeBO7hI/AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Kenyatta University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michael","middleName":"Musila","lastName":"Ndile","suffix":""},{"id":336850766,"identity":"c9ad58c9-0c8d-4340-bf61-59f84ff4ce2f","order_by":1,"name":"Wycliffe Arika Makori","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kenyatta University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wycliffe","middleName":"Arika","lastName":"Makori","suffix":""},{"id":336850768,"identity":"3576f5c6-9320-4b2e-98a4-c8c5cdfd5de5","order_by":2,"name":"Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technical University of Mombasa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cromwell","middleName":"Mwiti","lastName":"Kibiti","suffix":""},{"id":336850770,"identity":"ebdfcc2e-d150-4d52-8b27-211b570ccaa5","order_by":3,"name":"Mathew Piero Ngugi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kenyatta University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mathew","middleName":"Piero","lastName":"Ngugi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-28 09:29:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4816038/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4816038/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-024-00387-6","type":"published","date":"2025-01-13T15:57:22+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":74284797,"identity":"81158166-f987-439e-91fc-30f02d9de157","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-20 16:12:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":638114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4816038/v1_covered_0e40d873-5bb7-4348-a4dd-9090c1a9d0ea.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eIn Vivo Antidiabetic and Ex-vivo Antioxidant Activities of Dichloromethane Extract of Xerophyta Spekei\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"clinical-phytoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cphy","sideBox":"Learn more about [Clinical Phytoscience](http://clinphytoscience.springeropen.com/)","snPcode":"40816","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40816/3","title":"Clinical Phytoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Antidiabetes, Antioxidant, Diabetes mellitus, Phytochemical","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4816038/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4816038/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe medicinal plant \u003cem\u003eX. spekei\u003c/em\u003e is used among Embu and Mbeere communities to manage diabetes mellitus. However, there is limited information regarding its effectiveness. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the quantitative phytochemical and antidiabetic potential of the plant. Samples of the plant were collected and extracted using Dichloromethane (DCM). The quantitative analysis of phytochemicals was conducted using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). To evaluate the efficacy of the extract in managing diabetes, a total of seven groups were formed, each consisting of five mice. These groups included a normal control, a diabetic control, positive control (Glibenclamide), and four extract-administered groups (50, 100, 150, and 200mg/kg body weight). Alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes. Blood glucose of the mice was determined on an hourly basis for the first six hours, and once after 12 and 24 hours on the first day. Thereafter, the blood glucose in mice was determined once a week for three weeks. During the experimental period of three weeks, body weights were determined on the initial day and after every seven days. After 21 days, the mice were euthanized and blood was drawn to determine any changes in renal and liver biochemical markers. The liver, kidney, and pancreas were also detached and their homogenates were used for \u003cem\u003eex vivo\u003c/em\u003e antioxidant assays.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe classes of phytochemicals identified using GC-MS included flavonoids, phenolic acids, phytosterols, terpenoids, fatty acids, tocopherols and alkaloids. The DCM plant extract of \u003cem\u003eX. spekei\u003c/em\u003e attenuated loss of body weight, hyperglycaemia, and aberrant biochemical parameters. Furthermore, the extract reduced levels of malonaldehyde and enhanced enzymatic antioxidant activities in diabetic mice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study confirms that the \u003cem\u003eX. spekei\u003c/em\u003e plant extract contains phytochemicals with antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Therefore, this finding authenticates the folkloric use of \u003cem\u003eX. spekei\u003c/em\u003e in managing diabetes mellitus. The medicinal plant shows potential in developing anti-diabetic agents.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"In Vivo Antidiabetic and Ex-vivo Antioxidant Activities of Dichloromethane Extract of Xerophyta Spekei","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-26 15:09:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4816038/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-09-27T02:56:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-04T07:33:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-02T20:10:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-08-31T19:46:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"217416731219593593512389631974690750472","date":"2024-08-29T16:44:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"45087313609234787856678713835212087938","date":"2024-08-29T09:36:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"104839297758626452821736242350202025247","date":"2024-08-29T07:20:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"174293523345096803706156633941287708595","date":"2024-08-27T07:26:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-08-27T07:17:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-29T18:39:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-07-29T18:37:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Clinical Phytoscience","date":"2024-07-28T09:28:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"clinical-phytoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cphy","sideBox":"Learn more about [Clinical Phytoscience](http://clinphytoscience.springeropen.com/)","snPcode":"40816","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40816/3","title":"Clinical Phytoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"23deb73a-67de-45b3-b75d-64ea3a480f10","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 26th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-20T16:05:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4816038","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-024-00387-6","journal":{"identity":"clinical-phytoscience","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Clinical Phytoscience"},"publishedOn":"2025-01-13 15:57:22","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 13th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-26 15:09:49","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40816-024-00387-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-024-00387-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4816038","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4816038","identity":"rs-4816038","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}