Numerical Analysis of the Desktop CPU's Straight Heatsink via a CFD Simulation Method to Achieve the Optimum Heatsink

Numerical Analysis of the Desktop CPU's Straight Heatsink via a CFD Simulation Method to Achieve the Optimum Heatsink | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Numerical Analysis of the Desktop CPU's Straight Heatsink via a CFD Simulation Method to Achieve the Optimum Heatsink Md Nazmul Hasan Dipu, Mahbub Hasan Apu, Pritidipto Paul Chowdhury This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4297826/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in International Journal of Pioneering Technology and Engineering → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The straight heat sink is one of the most common heat transfer components for desktop CPUs in order to manage the dissipation of heat generated by the microprocessor. The primary goal of this study was to find out the optimal straight heat sink, initially by investigating three different fin thicknesses and several fin numbers in order to get the global minimum microprocessor temperature situation for each of those three different fin thicknesses, and finally by considering the mass and temperature of the heat sink in each of those three critical situations in order to get the optimal one. The CFD simulation method was applied to analyze the present study. Solidworks® software was used for both creating CAD models and performing simulations. Initially, it was found that each of the three different fin thicknesses had a turning point at which the microprocessor’s temperature was at its minimum. Later, the weight of the heat sink was also measured at those turning points. Firstly, the heat sink, whose thickness was 1 mm, had a microprocessor temperature of about 83.52 degrees Celsius and a weight of 307.80 grams. Secondly, the heat sink, whose thickness was 1.5 mm, had a microprocessor temperature of about 86.50 degrees Celsius and a weight of 388.80 grams. Thirdly, the heat sink, whose thickness was 2mm, had a microprocessor temperature of about 89.60 degrees Celsius and weighs 448.2 grams. Therefore, the heat sink with less fin thickness was the best one under the criteria of minimum microprocessor temperature and minimum heat sink mass. Because an optimum heat sink—for studied model, fin thickness of 1mm and number of fins of 21—provides a panacea for minimum material cost, light weight, and minimum microprocessor temperature. Mechanical Engineering Electrical Engineering Heat sink CFD simulation Thermal analysis Numerical analysis Forced convection Heat transfer Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction In modern times, rapid innovation in technology boosts the performance of electronics and computer applications. So, the performance of many electronic devices— microprocessor of desktop CPUs—has been increasing with miniature size. On the negative side, these developments lead the microprocessor to increase power consumption, which results in a high amount of heat as waste [ 1 ]. And this increment of power dissipation is corroborated as a trend [ 2 ]. Hence, one of the most critical dependability issues for electronic devices is thermal management [ 3 ]. Thermal mismanagement is a major cause of the failure of the microprocessor shown by Patel and Matawala [ 4 ]. Therefore, the temperature of the CPU on a desktop must be kept within the desired operating temperature level by effectively removing the excess heat generated by the CPU. A heat sink is a device made of conductive metal used to absorb heat from high-temperature parts and dissipate it to the surrounding environment. Heat sinks are commonly used in many industrial devices, such as computer processors and air conditioning systems. Fins are used frequently in various types of heat sinks to increase heat transfer, and they are regarded as a good technique [ 5 , 6 ]. One of the most widely used augmentation designs in a heat sink is the straight fin [ 7 ]. For many years, performance analysis and optimization of straight type heat sinks have been carried out [ 8 – 10 ]. One of the typical metals used in the production of heat sinks is aluminum. To increase the heat dissipation area, most heat sinks have fins attached to the heat sink base. Active and passive techniques are the two main types of heat transfer improvement [ 11 , 12 ]. While passive techniques don't rely on any source of power, active techniques use a variety of external powers to improve the performance of heat transfer, such as fluid suction or injection, surface fluid vibrations, etc. [ 13 – 15 ]. The rate of heat dissipation depends on the surface area, the material of the fin and the rpm of the cooling fan, etc. The optimal design of a heat sink aims to improve heat removal while using less mass, size, frictional losses, cost, and weight [ 16 ]. Figure 1 indicates a common attachment of components: microprocessor, heat sink, thermal interface material, and motherboard. The cooling fan in the desktop CPU forces the air on the heat sink; likewise, the airflow direction in the figure. Literature Review Several papers were reviewed pertaining to heat sinks. One of those research papers, published by Ozturk and Tari, analyzed the temperature fields and flow of three CPU heat sink designs available on the market under forced air-cooling conditions by using CFD software packages to improve them. For analysis, the performances of the whole computer chassis for these three different heat sinks were compared. The fin shape, the number of fins, the fin and base materials, and the base thickness were considered for the performance improvement paths for the selected heat sinks. The data, including temperature differences and specific thermal resistances, obtained from numerical simulation were compared with the available experimental results to validate the numerical analysis. It was observed that, although they had different geometries, all three heat sinks had similar specific thermal resistances. Based on analysis, the best heat sink was improved by altering the shape and material to reduce the maximum temperature distribution in the heat sink [ 17 ]. In another study, Mohan and Govindarajan compared some specific heat sinks to evaluate the optimal parameters of a heat sink to improve thermal performance. To obtain the data, 27 different chassis models with distinct combinations of heat sink models with the same entire computational domain were analyzed by CFD simulations. In model development, the dimensions of available ATX chassis were taken after some modification. The models were also verified by using the experiment results. From the data, the number of fins, fin material, fin geometry, and base plate thickness were evaluated to attain an optimal design for better thermal performance. Moreover, it could also be concluded from the data that the air recirculation due to flow obstructions in the chassis affects the heat sink temperature distribution. However, using a plate-fin-type heat sink could reduce the recirculation [ 18 ]. Another study performed by Prabisha and Ramesh demonstrated the relevance of designing a heat sink with an optimum profile that provides optimal thermal performance considering existing environmental factors and the effect of material selection through modeling new designs and comparing them with an existing one. And through data analysis, it was found that two designed models, namely the straight corrugated heat sink and the straight tapered heat sink, performed better in different aspects than the existing one. Furthermore, this paper called for additional work considering other parameters for analysis [ 19 ]. Another paper, done by Hussain et al., numerically analyzed the influence of selected parameters, i.e., the flow direction and fillet profile, on the thermal performance of plate-fin heat sinks to improve the performance of the heat sink based on these parameters. In this research, a CFD simulation model of a conventional design was developed and validated with the experimental results found in the extant literature, followed by the development of three sets of CFD simulation models varying the abovementioned parameters and compared with the conventional design. From the results, it was concluded that adding a fillet profile and changing the traditional flow direction, i.e., from impinging flow to parallel flow, would improve the thermal performance of the heat sink [ 20 ]. A research work by Abdelmohimen et al. arithmetically analyzed the effect of the addition of rods through a plate-fin heat sink on its heat transfer performance. For analysis, four arrangements with zero, two, four, and six rods were used in this study using the shear-stress transport (SST) K–ω model. Two flow directions, i.e., suction flow and impinging flow directions, pumping power, thermal resistance, and Nusselt number, were considered as parameters of the study. From the analysis, it was found that the thermal resistance drops, and the required pumping power rises with an increase in the number of rods. The optimum arrangement under the studied ranges was the arrangement with four rods through fins. Again, the impinging flow direction performed better than the suction flow direction. Moreover, for all studies, the Reynolds number and the Nusselt number increased, causing more cooling and a higher pressure drop [ 21 ]. Another research paper carried out by Ramakrishnan et al. showed an available model of high-end desktop unlocked CPUs—the Intel i9 9900k—was used with high workloads to examine the performance of three different heat sinks—air-cooled, cold plates, and two-phase immersion boilerplates—while overclocking desktop CPUs. From the experiment, it was concluded that cold plates as well as two-phase immersion cooling technologies consistently produced better results than air cooling technologies in different aspects, namely more stable higher frequencies, higher performance and efficiency regarding heat transfer, and higher virtual machine performance compared to air cooling. The research also suggested that an increment in the fin density of the heat sink, airflow, vapor chambers, and/or heat pipes could be used to increase the efficiency of the air-cooled solution [ 22 ]. A research paper was performed by S. N. et al. tried to justify the inclusion of dimples and protrusions in the common plate-fin heat sink geometry to enhance the thermal performance of the heat sink and heat transfer. In the analysis, coerced convection was considered at nine distant velocities and 12 different geometrical shapes of heat sink at constant heat flux to find out the changed in thermal resistance and base temperature of the heat sink. After validating the analytical result experimentally, it was confirmed that the inclusion of dimples increased the thermal performance of the heat sink [ 23 ]. One more research paper executed by Habib et al. found out the effect of different parameters of the heat sink on the heat transfer rate of an L-shape heat sink as well as the optimal design since it was a proposed design to increase the heat transfer rate. In the research, experiments were done under natural convection to validate the results found using simulation under the same conditions. In addition, an analysis of the effect of input parameters—namely fin height, fin numbers, and heat sink size—on heat transfer rate was done using Anova and Taguchi statistical methods. Thus, the optimal dimension for the sink was proposed [ 24 ]. 1.3 Research gaps In the existing literature, many research works are found where the heat transfer of a straight fin was improved by incorporating some design modifications i.e., creating holes, interrupted and rough surfaces, etc [ 7 ]. However, hardly any studies have been found in the literature reviews hitherto for desktop CPU heat sink optimization via CFD simulation under consideration of different fin thicknesses (which are subjected to optimum fin numbers) and heat sink weight. It is noteworthy to mention a straight heat sink—one of the most popular heat sinks—whose design should be optimized to find out optimal fin thickness and mass because the mass and fin thickness of a heat sink are important material cost factors, so their optimization is necessary. 1.4 Objectives of this present study The primary goal of this study is to find the optimal straight heat sink, initially by investigating three different fin thicknesses and several fin numbers in order to get the global minimum microprocessor temperature situation for each of those three different fin thicknesses, and finally by considering the mass and temperature of the heat sink in each of those three critical situations in order to get the optimal one. Material and methods After reviewing germane literature on previous work on desktop heat sinks, a research gap was found. Hence, an objective—finding the optimal straight heat sink—was set to carry on this present study to cover that gap. The necessary CAD models were created based on the ideal dimensions for each one in Solidworks® 2023. Necessary assumptions and boundary conditions were made in light of both literature reviews and pertinent sources in order to perform the simulation analysis. The preparation of CAD files and entering the boundary conditions were done to run a pilot simulation analysis to check up on everything before moving forward to apply simulation analysis for 1mm fin thickness, where the number of fins varied from 2 to 40 (by linear pattern feature increasing in Solidworks® 2023). Each time, the result goal—the maximum temperature of the microprocessor—was recorded in MS Excel in Sheet 1. Because Sheet 1 became Table 1 for this present study. Similarly, Sheet 2 and Sheet 3 were made on MS Excel for 1.5mm fin thickness and 2mm fin thickness, respectively. Sheet 2 and Sheet 3 represented Table 2 and Table 3 , respectively. Three line-graphs were created in MS Excel for Table 1 , Table 2 , and Table 3 . Each had a global critical point, and that information—temperature, and fin numbers—was recorded in Sheet 4, which became Table 4 . Again, modification was done in order to go back to each critical situation's fin numbers to measure the mass of the heat sink for each of the three critical situations and record it in Table 4 . A clustered bar chart was made in light of Table 4 . A discussion and a conclusion were written for the present study. 2.2 Boundary conditions and necessary assumptions: The fin was subjected to forced convection heat transfer. Ramakrishnan et al. wrote that the Intel i9 9900k had a thermal design power 95 watts [22]. Additionally, it was found that the average Thermal Design Power (TDP) is 95 watts for Intel i9 9900k according to the Intel data sheet [25]. Another source mentioned that Intel core i9 9900k, at 5 GHz, never really crossed the 100 watts limit [26]. Therefore, in this study, it was assumed that the CPU's microprocessor generated constant heat power which was 100 watts. Standard ambient temperature was taken for the environment's air as a 25-degree Celsius temperature [27], and atmospheric pressure was considered 101325 pascal pressure. The fan was internally mounted (inside the casing), and it was a "JMC 7015-12H axial product". It was a pre-defined fan in Solidworks ® 2023 software. It was chosen from the "conditions command manager," that is why it is not shown in assembled CAD model. Materials for the casing, heat sink, microprocessor, thermal interface material (thermal paste), and motherboard were mild steel, aluminum 6061, copper, GR25A, and PCB 4-layers from the Solidworks ® 2023 standard material library (pre-defined materials). Here, Al-6061 was chosen for this study’s heat sink because the 6061-aluminum alloy properties i.e., low weight, high strength, ease of processing, low-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and low maintenance are all advantages [28–29]. GR25A Series is a highly conformable and high thermal conductive gel material [30]. Fig. 3 shows straight heat sink geometrical parameters. In this present study, length, width, height, and base thickness were constant, and they were 100mm, 100m, 40mm, and 3 mm, respectively. However, each fin thickness varied—1mm, 1.5 mm, and 2mm—in order to perform the analysis, as did the space between two fins, and the number of total fins also varied. When the number of fins varied from 2 to 40 for a particular heat sink, the space between two fins changed, respectively. This analysis was performed under the boundary condition of external flow instead of internal flow analysis. Because not only the cooling fan allowed contact with room temperature and pressure between ambient fluid and casing inside the fluid, but also three air vents did. Instead of auto mesh, a manual mesh was chosen—20 values for each number of cells per X, Y, and Z—for all different analyses when the heat sink was modified for thicknesses and fin numbers. A specific mesh was useful to maintain consistency for analysis, which led to better results. Computational domain is a crucial step in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) [31]. The computational domain is an external volumetric region that surrounds the model and is used to discretize and solve the basic flow equations. A typical domain of cuboid shape has six boundaries that define its extents. These are mostly non-physical boundaries. Non-physical boundaries should be placed far enough away from the model to avoid significant influences on the results and to keep the results accurate [32]. The computational domain was considered constant throughout the entire study, so the comparison of the results was logical. A total of four lids—a Solidworks ® 2023 tool, namely “Creating Lids,” which is a mandatory requirement in Solidworks ® 2023 to perform flow simulation analysis where the electronics enclosure has at least one cutout hole—were created. One of them was used for applying the inlet fan boundary condition, and the other three were used for applying fluid exhaust. 2.3 Tools Four software tools—Solidworks® 2023, Microsoft Excel®, Microsoft Visio®, and Photoshop®—were used in the present study. Solidworks® 2023 software, which is a solid modeling computer-aided design and computer-aided engineering application published by Dassault Systèmes, was used for this study to create CAD models and to run simulation analysis. Microsoft Excel was used as a tool for plotting graphs and creating tables. Microsoft Visio was used to create flowcharts. Photoshop was used to create Fig. 1 . Advanced computational capacity and analytic algorithm, commercial CFD codes have seen a significant increase in use for analyzing flow and thermal fields in industrial applications in recent years. Furthermore, many optimization techniques have been developed in order to obtain the best solutions. As a result, much emphasis has been placed on optimizing fluid/thermal systems by combining CFD and optimization algorithms [ 33 – 34 ]. Albeit the CFD method requires much time to perform an analysis, its result is highly accurate for thermal analysis despite the complex geometry of the model [ 35 ]. Moreover, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations could be used for thermal analyses and sink geometry enrichment [ 3 ]. Therefore, Solidworks® flow simulation was used in this study as a CFD simulation tool. A contour line (also known as isoline) can be described as a line indicative of some property that is constant in space. A contour plotting presents a useful and effective graphic technique that is frequently utilized in viewing CFD results [ 36 ]. In this study, temperature contour plots were created. 2.4 CAD Models All Solidworks® 2023 part files—a straight heat sink, a casing, a PCB as a common motherboard, a microprocessor, and thermal interface material—were assembled like in Fig. 4 . Attachment of motherboard, microprocessor, thermal interface material, and heat sink was followed by an earlier mention in Fig. 1 . Firstly, the part case had an overall dimension of 400mm×170mm×420mm and a 170mm diameter hole for the inlet cooling fan boundary condition purpose. Moreover, it had three air vent holes on the rear surface in order to exhaust the airflow. The casing hull thickness was 1mm. The casing material was mild steel. Secondly, the motherboard had an overall dimension of 304.8mm×243.84mm×1.5mm. Thirdly, the microprocessor size was considered 37.5mm×37.5mm×5mm in order to mimic the Intel i9 9900k microprocessor’s lid size [ 22 ]. Its material was copper. In this present study, microprocessor engendered 100 watts of heat during simulation analysis. The dimension of the heat sink was considered as earlier mentioned. Fourthly, the thickness of the thermal interface material was considered to be 0.1mm between the heat sink base and the microprocessor. Its length and width were the same as those of the microprocessor. Finally, the heat sink had dimensions according to the boundary conditions of the present study. Results and Discussion A total of 117 simulation analyses were executed, with 39 simulation analyses for each of the three different fin thicknesses—1mm fin thickness, 1.5mm fin thickness, and 2mm fin thickness—from fin number 2 to fin number 40. The microprocessor’s maximum temperature was recorded each time in Table 1 for a fin thickness of 1mm when the number of fins was varied from 2 to 40 during simulation analysis. Similarly, Table 2 and Table 3 were created for fin thicknesses of 1.5mm and 2 mm, respectively. Figure 5 shows the microprocessor's maximum temperature vs. number of fins for three different fin thicknesses: Fig. 5 a, 1mm fin thickness; Fig. 5 b, 1.5mm fin thickness; Fig. 5 c, 2mm fin thickness. In Figs. 5 a–c, it is evinced that the heat sink had a global minimum point (critical turning) for each of the three different fin thicknesses. It has been found from Table 1 that a global minimum temperature occurred for 1mm fin thickness when the number of fins was 21 and the microprocessor temperature was 83.52°C at that moment. Similarly, Table 2 and Table 3 demonstrate that a global minimum temperature occurred for 1.5mm and 2mm fin thicknesses when the number of fins was 19 and 17, respectively. Moreover, Table 2 and Table 3 indicate that microprocessor temperatures at the global minimum were 86.5°C and 89.35°C, respectively. It is proven that the heat transfer rate is proportional to the total surface area [ 37 ]. Besides, it could be inferred that the surface area of the heat sink was increased with the augmentation in the number of fins. As a result, the heat transfer rate of forced convection was improved, which reduced the maximum temperature of the microprocessor. However, after reaching a certain number of fins by gradual increment in the number of fins, the space between two consecutive fins became so narrowed that airflow became downfall. So, the heat transfer rate started to fall, and the microprocessor’s maximum temperature started increasing. That situation was the critical point. Moreover, an increment in the number of fins succeeding at the critical point was continuously deteriorating the heat transfer rate and increasing the microprocessor’s maximum temperature. As Figs. 5 a–c demonstrate that the heat sink had a global minimum point (critical turning situation) for each of the three different fin thicknesses. Hence, three temperature cut-plots were created—shown in Figs. 6 a–c—at the midplane of the heat sink in order to show the temperature contours: 6a represents temperature contour for 1mm fin thickness with 21 fin numbers; 6b represents for 1.5mm fin thickness with 19 fin numbers; and 6c represents for 2mm fin thickness with 17 fin numbers. Extreme indigo portions indicate the room temperature, which was coerced from the left to the right by a cooling fan directed at the heat sink. Red portions—microprocessor, thermal interface material, and little portions of the heat sink as well as the motherboard—demonstrate the maximum temperature. A green portion can be seen at the top of the casing because comparatively hot air tended to go upward. A light blue portion can be seen at the bottom of the casing because this air was supposed to go out from the casing to the ambient air via three back air vents. Above, Fig. 7 was created based on Table 4 in order to compare all three global minimum situations: different fin thickness with fin numbers, the microprocessor's maximum temperature, and the weight of the heat sink. This clustered bar chart displays that a heat sink whose fin thickness was 1mm has not only the lowest minimum temperature but also the lowest minimum weight compared to the other two heat sinks. Albeit this 1mm-thick fin had more fin numbers compared to others, the cost of material and performance of the heat sink got more priority. Conclusions To conclude, the research work addresses the critical issue of optimizing the heat sink design to reduce the required material, which results in a lower production cost and weight of the heat sink while decreasing the temperature of the microprocessor. This is accomplished by performing a CFD simulation of the adopted design of a commercially available desktop CPU. From the analysis, it is evident that the less the fin thickness, the more fins are required to get to the optimal point. On the other hand, in brief, less fin thickness (at optimal conditions) reduces both the weight of the heat sink and the microprocessor’s critical temperature turning point. Overall, therefore, the optimal fin number and fin thickness of the specific heat sink are 21 and 1 mm for this present study, as this combination gives the minimal microprocessor's temperature and mass of the heat sink. The modern world has been shifting towards miniature and lightweight computers at a minimal price. So, the research work provides a real-life panacea to a complex problem by providing a solution that satisfies all objectives. And this proposed result adds novelty to the field of modification of the design of the desktop heat sink. 4.2 Limitations of this study and future works However, the motherboard has many electrical components like resistors, capacitors, transistors, IC, and so on. Besides, these components have an impact on the inside air temperature of the enclosure. Thus, to avoid the complexity of the simulation analysis, those components were excluded from the simulation model, which is a drawback of this research work. Hence, future studies should try to optimize similar designs, incorporating the complexities, to show a true representation of the CPU. Again, future research should validate the result by performing the experimental method. Another future study may be carried out in order to find out the optimized situation of a circular heat sink via the same method as this study. List of abbreviations CFD Computational fluid dynamics °C Degree Celsius mm Millimeter CAD Computer-aided design CPU Central processing unit L Length of heat sink W Width of heat sink H Height of heat sink b Base thickness of heat sink s Space between fin to fin t Thickness of each fin Al Aluminum Declarations Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Credit authorship contribution statement Md Nazmul Hasan Dipu worked on idea generation, research method development, tool selection, CAD model development, and performed simulation analysis for 1mm fin thickness. Mahbub Hasan Apu worked on Photoshop tasks, Excel graphs plotting, and performed simulation analysis for 1.5mm fin thickness. Pritidipto Paul Chowdhury worked on critically revising the whole work and performed simulation analysis for a 2mm fin thickness. The manuscript was written through the contributions of all authors. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. Data availability All data generated through Solidworks® during this research is included in the appendix section of this article. CAD model can be given upon request. Funding The authors did not receive any founding or support from any organization or institution. Acknowledgements Not applicable in this section. References Wang C-C (2017) A Quick Overview of Compact Air-Cooled Heat Sinks Applicable for Electronic Cooling—Recent Progress. Inventions 2:5. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions2010005 Bar-Cohen A (2017) Gen 3 “Embedded” Cooling: Key Enabler for Energy Efficient Data Centers. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 7:1206–1211. https://doi.org/10.1109/tcpmt.2017.2724922 Khattak Z, Ali HM (2019) Air cooled heat sink geometries subjected to forced flow: A critical review. 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Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 45:347–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/10407780490250391 Madhavan S, P B RD, Gundabattini E, Mystkowski A (2022) Thermal Analysis and Heat Management Strategies for an Induction Motor, a Review. Energies 15:8127. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218127 Tu J, Yeoh G-H, Liu C (2018) Computational Fluid Dynamics: A Practical Approach. Butterworth-Heinemann. Yalcin HG, Baskaya S, Sivrioglu M (2008) Numerical analysis of natural convection heat transfer from rectangular shrouded fin arrays on a horizontal surface. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 35:299–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2007.07.009 Tables Table 1 Maximum microprocessor temperature values for various fin numbers while fin thickness remained constant at 1mm. Fin thickness (mm) Number of fins Maximum microprocessor's temperature (°C) Comment for maximum microprocessor's temperature 1 2 185.08 --- 1 3 167.86 decreasing 1 4 157.02 decreasing 1 5 146.27 decreasing 1 6 140.83 decreasing 1 7 135.52 decreasing 1 8 128.30 decreasing 1 9 120.96 decreasing 1 10 116.93 decreasing 1 11 110.74 decreasing 1 12 106.65 decreasing 1 13 102.14 decreasing 1 14 99.24 decreasing 1 15 95.48 decreasing 1 16 92.29 decreasing 1 17 88.98 decreasing 1 18 87.84 decreasing 1 19 85.42 local minimum 1 20 85.48 local maximum 1 21 83.52 global minimum 1 22 84.00 increasing 1 23 84.06 local maximum 1 24 83.73 local minimum 1 25 85.89 local maximum 1 26 85.85 local minimum 1 27 86.23 increasing 1 28 87.14 increasing 1 29 87.32 increasing 1 30 87.35 increasing 1 31 89.26 local maximum 1 32 88.87 local minimum 1 33 91.07 increasing 1 34 92.26 increasing 1 35 92.61 increasing 1 36 93.39 increasing 1 37 93.51 increasing 1 38 95.81 local maximum 1 39 95.46 local minimum 1 40 97.13 increasing Table 2 Maximum microprocessor temperature values for various fin numbers while fin thickness remained constant at 1.5mm. Fin thickness Number of fins Maximum microprocessor's temperature (°C) Comment for maximum microprocessor's temperature 1.5 2 183.05 --- 1.5 3 167.37 decreasing 1.5 4 156.38 decreasing 1.5 5 146.06 decreasing 1.5 6 141.03 decreasing 1.5 7 134.71 decreasing 1.5 8 127.06 decreasing 1.5 9 119.84 decreasing 1.5 10 115.39 decreasing 1.5 11 109.71 decreasing 1.5 12 105.28 decreasing 1.5 13 100.83 decreasing 1.5 14 96.92 decreasing 1.5 15 93.45 decreasing 1.5 16 91.21 decreasing 1.5 17 88.37 decreasing 1.5 18 86.61 decreasing 1.5 19 86.50 global minimum 1.5 20 87.89 local maximum 1.5 21 86.86 local minimum 1.5 22 88.41 increasing 1.5 23 89.34 local maximum 1.5 24 87.77 local minimum 1.5 25 90.93 increasing 1.5 26 91.29 increasing 1.5 27 93.35 increasing 1.5 28 94.10 increasing 1.5 29 94.78 increasing 1.5 30 97.21 increasing 1.5 31 98.63 increasing 1.5 32 100.33 increasing 1.5 33 101.77 increasing 1.5 34 103.55 increasing 1.5 35 105.77 increasing 1.5 36 107.28 increasing 1.5 37 108.32 increasing 1.5 38 110.96 increasing 1.5 39 113.02 increasing 1.5 40 114.96 increasing Table 3 Maximum microprocessor temperature values for various fin numbers while fin thickness remained constant at 2mm. Fin thickness Number of fins Maximum microprocessor's temperature (°C) Comment for maximum microprocessor's temperature 2 2 183.39 --- 2 3 165.97 decreasing 2 4 154.72 decreasing 2 5 145.21 decreasing 2 6 140.93 decreasing 2 7 131.67 decreasing 2 8 126.56 decreasing 2 9 118.65 decreasing 2 10 114.15 decreasing 2 11 108.98 decreasing 2 12 103.96 decreasing 2 13 98.51 decreasing 2 14 95.42 decreasing 2 15 92.01 decreasing 2 16 91.50 decreasing 2 17 89.35 global minimum 2 18 90.40 increasing 2 19 90.73 increasing 2 20 92.82 local maximum 2 21 91.48 local minimum 2 22 94.46 increasing 2 23 96.63 increasing 2 24 97.21 increasing 2 25 99.41 increasing 2 26 101.56 increasing 2 27 103.70 increasing 2 28 106.09 increasing 2 29 108.02 increasing 2 30 111.30 increasing 2 31 113.64 increasing 2 32 114.65 increasing 2 33 114.73 increasing 2 34 118.18 increasing 2 35 119.39 local maximum 2 36 119.04 local minimum 2 37 120.80 increasing 2 38 122.07 local maximum 2 39 119.50 local minimum 2 40 124.36 increasing Table 4 Properties of the heat sinks at the three mentioned global minimum points Properties Fin thickness 1mm Fin thickness 1.5mm Fin thickness 2mm Optimum number of fins 21 19 17 Microprocessor's temperature ( °C ) at global minimum 83.5197 86.5044 89.2501 Total mass of the heat sink (gram) 307.8 388.8 448.2 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in International Journal of Pioneering Technology and Engineering → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4297826","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":293509299,"identity":"6ac9f3c8-9142-4386-93b0-14e17c4ac637","order_by":0,"name":"Md Nazmul Hasan Dipu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCwyDCAMarAGJm5gYStBw4A9LCSEDLAWTOwTYQSUAL33HeYxIMBXfkGPjPGH/+OK82mr8dqOVHxTacWiQP86VJMBg8M2aQyDGTOLjteO6Mw4wNjD1nbuPUYnCYxwyo5XBigwSPGcPBbcdyG4BamBnbCGupbwA67MPBOcdy5xOrJYGBIcdA4mBDTe4GQlqAfkm2SDB4ZtgmkVYmcebYgdyNQC0H8fmF7/zZgzc+/Lkjz89/ePOHipq63HnnDx988KMCtxYGBh4GhgRg7LBBeOCYRY0srFqQ1NThVzwKRsEoGAUjEgAAJJ1a0sKt0wkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-4918","institution":"Shahjalal University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md","middleName":"Nazmul Hasan","lastName":"Dipu","suffix":""},{"id":293509480,"identity":"1db25ce5-8a7e-4148-ab79-b107adcdee70","order_by":1,"name":"Mahbub Hasan Apu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sylhet Engineering College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahbub","middleName":"Hasan","lastName":"Apu","suffix":""},{"id":293509481,"identity":"834b6b2d-43e6-4efb-953c-36398dab4c6b","order_by":2,"name":"Pritidipto Paul Chowdhury","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shahjalal University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pritidipto","middleName":"Paul","lastName":"Chowdhury","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-20 14:08:26","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4297826/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4297826/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.56158/jpte.2025.113.4.01","type":"published","date":"2025-06-24T00:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55133742,"identity":"6ef97bd9-93c7-4ec3-a7cf-a85874b4c547","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 05:23:42","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103797,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA common attachment of microprocessor, heat sink, thermal interface material, and motherboard.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Heatsink.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4297826/v1/4c567bb5b9d12eeed9ac4402.png"},{"id":55133745,"identity":"fb04909b-2720-4b82-bf27-5b82a167636b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 05:23:42","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5741586,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA flowchart of the present study’s method.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Flowchartvisio.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4297826/v1/c88033dc16b0432993552268.jpg"},{"id":55133744,"identity":"9818ba45-fa29-479f-80f6-ef2630625a72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 05:23:42","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":64241,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStraight heat sink geometrical parameters.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"StraightHeatsinkGeometricalParameters.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4297826/v1/78963eec9e263b3ce5f6d900.png"},{"id":55133743,"identity":"3c2ea546-55b5-4628-95e4-7704cdfd6388","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 05:23:42","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33581,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAssembled model in Solidworks\u003csup\u003e®\u003c/sup\u003e 2023.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.4AssembledmodelinSolidworks2023.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4297826/v1/566e9ecf6f9f6dac9cc0f82f.png"},{"id":55133748,"identity":"f322d79e-f0f8-4fc8-a565-712bbfc18751","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 05:23:42","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":427966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicroprocessor's maximum temperature vs. number of fins for three different fin thicknesses.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figureabcoflinegraphs.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4297826/v1/31a61ef0190b2ea068515f02.jpg"},{"id":55133747,"identity":"c7eecf23-c942-44bd-abef-b3b7c3ef112e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 05:23:42","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":382477,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTemperature contours at the heat sink's midplane when the microprocessor reached a global minimum temperature.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figureabcofcutplotsfortemperaturecontours.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4297826/v1/d31a2f4ee1b203fd234988d5.png"},{"id":55134131,"identity":"2a851f2d-b43f-47ce-8a1c-b819788eb506","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 05:31:42","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47583,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA clustered bar chart of three different fin thicknesses when they got the optimal situation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.7Aclusteredbarchartofthreedifferentfinthicknesseswhentheygottheoptimalsituation.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4297826/v1/868e32abed4360620f6c44a2.png"},{"id":85495785,"identity":"0c15d1a6-6140-4f62-8f63-ecb6de4cd143","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-26 13:51:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":8165174,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4297826/v1/a8dee514-351e-44ab-915f-bfc70a6d0605.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumerical Analysis of the Desktop CPU's Straight Heatsink via a CFD Simulation Method to Achieve the Optimum Heatsink\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn modern times, rapid innovation in technology boosts the performance of electronics and computer applications. So, the performance of many electronic devices\u0026mdash; microprocessor of desktop CPUs\u0026mdash;has been increasing with miniature size. On the negative side, these developments lead the microprocessor to increase power consumption, which results in a high amount of heat as waste [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. And this increment of power dissipation is corroborated as a trend [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Hence, one of the most critical dependability issues for electronic devices is thermal management [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Thermal mismanagement is a major cause of the failure of the microprocessor shown by Patel and Matawala [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, the temperature of the CPU on a desktop must be kept within the desired operating temperature level by effectively removing the excess heat generated by the CPU.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA heat sink is a device made of conductive metal used to absorb heat from high-temperature parts and dissipate it to the surrounding environment. Heat sinks are commonly used in many industrial devices, such as computer processors and air conditioning systems. Fins are used frequently in various types of heat sinks to increase heat transfer, and they are regarded as a good technique [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. One of the most widely used augmentation designs in a heat sink is the straight fin [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. For many years, performance analysis and optimization of straight type heat sinks have been carried out [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. One of the typical metals used in the production of heat sinks is aluminum. To increase the heat dissipation area, most heat sinks have fins attached to the heat sink base. Active and passive techniques are the two main types of heat transfer improvement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. While passive techniques don't rely on any source of power, active techniques use a variety of external powers to improve the performance of heat transfer, such as fluid suction or injection, surface fluid vibrations, etc. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rate of heat dissipation depends on the surface area, the material of the fin and the rpm of the cooling fan, etc. The optimal design of a heat sink aims to improve heat removal while using less mass, size, frictional losses, cost, and weight [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e indicates a common attachment of components: microprocessor, heat sink, thermal interface material, and motherboard. The cooling fan in the desktop CPU forces the air on the heat sink; likewise, the airflow direction in the figure.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Literature Review","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral papers were reviewed pertaining to heat sinks. One of those research papers, published by Ozturk and Tari, analyzed the temperature fields and flow of three CPU heat sink designs available on the market under forced air-cooling conditions by using CFD software packages to improve them. For analysis, the performances of the whole computer chassis for these three different heat sinks were compared. The fin shape, the number of fins, the fin and base materials, and the base thickness were considered for the performance improvement paths for the selected heat sinks. The data, including temperature differences and specific thermal resistances, obtained from numerical simulation were compared with the available experimental results to validate the numerical analysis. It was observed that, although they had different geometries, all three heat sinks had similar specific thermal resistances. Based on analysis, the best heat sink was improved by altering the shape and material to reduce the maximum temperature distribution in the heat sink [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn another study, Mohan and Govindarajan compared some specific heat sinks to evaluate the optimal parameters of a heat sink to improve thermal performance. To obtain the data, 27 different chassis models with distinct combinations of heat sink models with the same entire computational domain were analyzed by CFD simulations. In model development, the dimensions of available ATX chassis were taken after some modification. The models were also verified by using the experiment results. From the data, the number of fins, fin material, fin geometry, and base plate thickness were evaluated to attain an optimal design for better thermal performance. Moreover, it could also be concluded from the data that the air recirculation due to flow obstructions in the chassis affects the heat sink temperature distribution. However, using a plate-fin-type heat sink could reduce the recirculation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother study performed by Prabisha and Ramesh demonstrated the relevance of designing a heat sink with an optimum profile that provides optimal thermal performance considering existing environmental factors and the effect of material selection through modeling new designs and comparing them with an existing one. And through data analysis, it was found that two designed models, namely the straight corrugated heat sink and the straight tapered heat sink, performed better in different aspects than the existing one. Furthermore, this paper called for additional work considering other parameters for analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother paper, done by Hussain et al., numerically analyzed the influence of selected parameters, i.e., the flow direction and fillet profile, on the thermal performance of plate-fin heat sinks to improve the performance of the heat sink based on these parameters. In this research, a CFD simulation model of a conventional design was developed and validated with the experimental results found in the extant literature, followed by the development of three sets of CFD simulation models varying the abovementioned parameters and compared with the conventional design. From the results, it was concluded that adding a fillet profile and changing the traditional flow direction, i.e., from impinging flow to parallel flow, would improve the thermal performance of the heat sink [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA research work by Abdelmohimen et al. arithmetically analyzed the effect of the addition of rods through a plate-fin heat sink on its heat transfer performance. For analysis, four arrangements with zero, two, four, and six rods were used in this study using the shear-stress transport (SST) K\u0026ndash;ω model. Two flow directions, i.e., suction flow and impinging flow directions, pumping power, thermal resistance, and Nusselt number, were considered as parameters of the study. From the analysis, it was found that the thermal resistance drops, and the required pumping power rises with an increase in the number of rods. The optimum arrangement under the studied ranges was the arrangement with four rods through fins. Again, the impinging flow direction performed better than the suction flow direction. Moreover, for all studies, the Reynolds number and the Nusselt number increased, causing more cooling and a higher pressure drop [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother research paper carried out by Ramakrishnan et al. showed an available model of high-end desktop unlocked CPUs\u0026mdash;the Intel i9 9900k\u0026mdash;was used with high workloads to examine the performance of three different heat sinks\u0026mdash;air-cooled, cold plates, and two-phase immersion boilerplates\u0026mdash;while overclocking desktop CPUs. From the experiment, it was concluded that cold plates as well as two-phase immersion cooling technologies consistently produced better results than air cooling technologies in different aspects, namely more stable higher frequencies, higher performance and efficiency regarding heat transfer, and higher virtual machine performance compared to air cooling. The research also suggested that an increment in the fin density of the heat sink, airflow, vapor chambers, and/or heat pipes could be used to increase the efficiency of the air-cooled solution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA research paper was performed by S. N. et al. tried to justify the inclusion of dimples and protrusions in the common plate-fin heat sink geometry to enhance the thermal performance of the heat sink and heat transfer. In the analysis, coerced convection was considered at nine distant velocities and 12 different geometrical shapes of heat sink at constant heat flux to find out the changed in thermal resistance and base temperature of the heat sink. After validating the analytical result experimentally, it was confirmed that the inclusion of dimples increased the thermal performance of the heat sink [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne more research paper executed by Habib et al. found out the effect of different parameters of the heat sink on the heat transfer rate of an L-shape heat sink as well as the optimal design since it was a proposed design to increase the heat transfer rate. In the research, experiments were done under natural convection to validate the results found using simulation under the same conditions. In addition, an analysis of the effect of input parameters\u0026mdash;namely fin height, fin numbers, and heat sink size\u0026mdash;on heat transfer rate was done using Anova and Taguchi statistical methods. Thus, the optimal dimension for the sink was proposed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.3 Research gaps\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the existing literature, many research works are found where the heat transfer of a straight fin was improved by incorporating some design modifications i.e., creating holes, interrupted and rough surfaces, etc [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. However, hardly any studies have been found in the literature reviews hitherto for desktop CPU heat sink optimization via CFD simulation under consideration of different fin thicknesses (which are subjected to optimum fin numbers) and heat sink weight. It is noteworthy to mention a straight heat sink\u0026mdash;one of the most popular heat sinks\u0026mdash;whose design should be optimized to find out optimal fin thickness and mass because the mass and fin thickness of a heat sink are important material cost factors, so their optimization is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.4 Objectives of this present study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primary goal of this study is to find the optimal straight heat sink, initially by investigating three different fin thicknesses and several fin numbers in order to get the global minimum microprocessor temperature situation for each of those three different fin thicknesses, and finally by considering the mass and temperature of the heat sink in each of those three critical situations in order to get the optimal one.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter reviewing germane literature on previous work on desktop heat sinks, a research gap was found. Hence, an objective\u0026mdash;finding the optimal straight heat sink\u0026mdash;was set to carry on this present study to cover that gap. The necessary CAD models were created based on the ideal dimensions for each one in Solidworks\u0026reg; 2023. Necessary assumptions and boundary conditions were made in light of both literature reviews and pertinent sources in order to perform the simulation analysis. The preparation of CAD files and entering the boundary conditions were done to run a pilot simulation analysis to check up on everything before moving forward to apply simulation analysis for 1mm fin thickness, where the number of fins varied from 2 to 40 (by linear pattern feature increasing in Solidworks\u0026reg; 2023). Each time, the result goal\u0026mdash;the maximum temperature of the microprocessor\u0026mdash;was recorded in MS Excel in Sheet 1. Because Sheet 1 became Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e for this present study. Similarly, Sheet 2 and Sheet 3 were made on MS Excel for 1.5mm fin thickness and 2mm fin thickness, respectively. Sheet 2 and Sheet 3 represented Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, respectively. Three line-graphs were created in MS Excel for Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, and Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Each had a global critical point, and that information\u0026mdash;temperature, and fin numbers\u0026mdash;was recorded in Sheet 4, which became Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Again, modification was done in order to go back to each critical situation\u0026apos;s fin numbers to measure the mass of the heat sink for each of the three critical situations and record it in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. A clustered bar chart was made in light of Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. A discussion and a conclusion were written for the present study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Boundary conditions and necessary assumptions:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003col class=\"decimal_type\" start=\"1\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe fin was subjected to forced convection heat transfer.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRamakrishnan et al. wrote that the Intel i9 9900k had a thermal design power 95 watts [22]. Additionally, it was found that the average Thermal Design Power (TDP) is 95 watts for Intel i9 9900k according to the Intel data sheet [25]. Another source mentioned that Intel core i9 9900k, at 5 GHz, never really crossed the 100 watts limit [26]. Therefore, in this study, it was assumed that the CPU\u0026apos;s microprocessor generated constant heat power which was 100 watts.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStandard ambient temperature was taken for the environment\u0026apos;s air as a 25-degree Celsius temperature [27], and atmospheric pressure was considered 101325 pascal pressure.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe fan was internally mounted (inside the casing), and it was a \u0026quot;JMC 7015-12H axial product\u0026quot;. It was a pre-defined fan in Solidworks\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e 2023 software. It was chosen from the \u0026quot;conditions command manager,\u0026quot; that is why it is not shown in assembled CAD model.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMaterials for the casing, heat sink, microprocessor, thermal interface material (thermal paste), and motherboard were mild steel, aluminum 6061, copper, GR25A, and PCB 4-layers from the Solidworks\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e 2023 standard material library (pre-defined materials). Here, Al-6061 was chosen for this study\u0026rsquo;s heat sink because the 6061-aluminum alloy properties i.e., low weight, high strength, ease of processing, low-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and low maintenance are all advantages [28\u0026ndash;29]. GR25A Series is a highly conformable and high thermal conductive gel material [30].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFig. 3 shows straight heat sink geometrical parameters. In this present study, length, width, height, and base thickness were constant, and they were 100mm, 100m, 40mm, and 3 mm, respectively. However, each fin thickness varied\u0026mdash;1mm, 1.5 mm, and 2mm\u0026mdash;in order to perform the analysis, as did the space between two fins, and the number of total fins also varied. When the number of fins varied from 2 to 40 for a particular heat sink, the space between two fins changed, respectively.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThis analysis was performed under the boundary condition of external flow instead of internal flow analysis. Because not only the cooling fan allowed contact with room temperature and pressure between ambient fluid and casing inside the fluid, but also three air vents did.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInstead of auto mesh, a manual mesh was chosen\u0026mdash;20 values for each number of cells per X, Y, and Z\u0026mdash;for all different analyses when the heat sink was modified for thicknesses and fin numbers. A specific mesh was useful to maintain consistency for analysis, which led to better results.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eComputational domain is a crucial step in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) [31]. The computational domain is an external volumetric region that surrounds the model and is used to discretize and solve the basic flow equations. A typical domain of cuboid shape has six boundaries that define its extents. These are mostly non-physical boundaries. Non-physical boundaries should be placed far enough away from the model to avoid significant influences on the results and to keep the results accurate [32]. The computational domain was considered constant throughout the entire study, so the comparison of the results was logical.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA total of four lids\u0026mdash;a Solidworks\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e 2023 tool, namely \u0026ldquo;Creating Lids,\u0026rdquo; which is a mandatory requirement in Solidworks\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e 2023 to perform flow simulation analysis where the electronics enclosure has at least one cutout hole\u0026mdash;were created. One of them was used for applying the inlet fan boundary condition, and the other three were used for applying fluid exhaust.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Tools\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFour software tools\u0026mdash;Solidworks\u0026reg; 2023, Microsoft Excel\u0026reg;, Microsoft Visio\u0026reg;, and Photoshop\u0026reg;\u0026mdash;were used in the present study. Solidworks\u0026reg; 2023 software, which is a solid modeling computer-aided design and computer-aided engineering application published by Dassault Syst\u0026egrave;mes, was used for this study to create CAD models and to run simulation analysis. Microsoft Excel was used as a tool for plotting graphs and creating tables. Microsoft Visio was used to create flowcharts. Photoshop was used to create Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdvanced computational capacity and analytic algorithm, commercial CFD codes have seen a significant increase in use for analyzing flow and thermal fields in industrial applications in recent years. Furthermore, many optimization techniques have been developed in order to obtain the best solutions. As a result, much emphasis has been placed on optimizing fluid/thermal systems by combining CFD and optimization algorithms [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Albeit the CFD method requires much time to perform an analysis, its result is highly accurate for thermal analysis despite the complex geometry of the model [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations could be used for thermal analyses and sink geometry enrichment [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, Solidworks\u0026reg; flow simulation was used in this study as a CFD simulation tool.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA contour line (also known as isoline) can be described as a line indicative of some property that is constant in space. A contour plotting presents a useful and effective graphic technique that is frequently utilized in viewing CFD results [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, temperature contour plots were created.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4 CAD Models\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll Solidworks\u0026reg; 2023 part files\u0026mdash;a straight heat sink, a casing, a PCB as a common motherboard, a microprocessor, and thermal interface material\u0026mdash;were assembled like in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Attachment of motherboard, microprocessor, thermal interface material, and heat sink was followed by an earlier mention in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirstly, the part case had an overall dimension of 400mm\u0026times;170mm\u0026times;420mm and a 170mm diameter hole for the inlet cooling fan boundary condition purpose. Moreover, it had three air vent holes on the rear surface in order to exhaust the airflow. The casing hull thickness was 1mm. The casing material was mild steel. Secondly, the motherboard had an overall dimension of 304.8mm\u0026times;243.84mm\u0026times;1.5mm. Thirdly, the microprocessor size was considered 37.5mm\u0026times;37.5mm\u0026times;5mm in order to mimic the Intel i9 9900k microprocessor\u0026rsquo;s lid size [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Its material was copper. In this present study, microprocessor engendered 100 watts of heat during simulation analysis. The dimension of the heat sink was considered as earlier mentioned. Fourthly, the thickness of the thermal interface material was considered to be 0.1mm between the heat sink base and the microprocessor. Its length and width were the same as those of the microprocessor. Finally, the heat sink had dimensions according to the boundary conditions of the present study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 117 simulation analyses were executed, with 39 simulation analyses for each of the three different fin thicknesses\u0026mdash;1mm fin thickness, 1.5mm fin thickness, and 2mm fin thickness\u0026mdash;from fin number 2 to fin number 40. The microprocessor\u0026rsquo;s maximum temperature was recorded each time in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e for a fin thickness of 1mm when the number of fins was varied from 2 to 40 during simulation analysis. Similarly, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e were created for fin thicknesses of 1.5mm and 2 mm, respectively. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the microprocessor's maximum temperature vs. number of fins for three different fin thicknesses: Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea, 1mm fin thickness; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb, 1.5mm fin thickness; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ec, 2mm fin thickness. In Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea\u0026ndash;c, it is evinced that the heat sink had a global minimum point (critical turning) for each of the three different fin thicknesses. It has been found from Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e that a global minimum temperature occurred for 1mm fin thickness when the number of fins was 21 and the microprocessor temperature was 83.52\u0026deg;C at that moment. Similarly, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e demonstrate that a global minimum temperature occurred for 1.5mm and 2mm fin thicknesses when the number of fins was 19 and 17, respectively. Moreover, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e indicate that microprocessor temperatures at the global minimum were 86.5\u0026deg;C and 89.35\u0026deg;C, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is proven that the heat transfer rate is proportional to the total surface area [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Besides, it could be inferred that the surface area of the heat sink was increased with the augmentation in the number of fins. As a result, the heat transfer rate of forced convection was improved, which reduced the maximum temperature of the microprocessor. However, after reaching a certain number of fins by gradual increment in the number of fins, the space between two consecutive fins became so narrowed that airflow became downfall. So, the heat transfer rate started to fall, and the microprocessor\u0026rsquo;s maximum temperature started increasing. That situation was the critical point. Moreover, an increment in the number of fins succeeding at the critical point was continuously deteriorating the heat transfer rate and increasing the microprocessor\u0026rsquo;s maximum temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea\u0026ndash;c demonstrate that the heat sink had a global minimum point (critical turning situation) for each of the three different fin thicknesses. Hence, three temperature cut-plots were created\u0026mdash;shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea\u0026ndash;c\u0026mdash;at the midplane of the heat sink in order to show the temperature contours: 6a represents temperature contour for 1mm fin thickness with 21 fin numbers; 6b represents for 1.5mm fin thickness with 19 fin numbers; and 6c represents for 2mm fin thickness with 17 fin numbers. Extreme indigo portions indicate the room temperature, which was coerced from the left to the right by a cooling fan directed at the heat sink. Red portions\u0026mdash;microprocessor, thermal interface material, and little portions of the heat sink as well as the motherboard\u0026mdash;demonstrate the maximum temperature. A green portion can be seen at the top of the casing because comparatively hot air tended to go upward. A light blue portion can be seen at the bottom of the casing because this air was supposed to go out from the casing to the ambient air via three back air vents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbove, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e was created based on Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e in order to compare all three global minimum situations: different fin thickness with fin numbers, the microprocessor's maximum temperature, and the weight of the heat sink. This clustered bar chart displays that a heat sink whose fin thickness was 1mm has not only the lowest minimum temperature but also the lowest minimum weight compared to the other two heat sinks. Albeit this 1mm-thick fin had more fin numbers compared to others, the cost of material and performance of the heat sink got more priority.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo conclude, the research work addresses the critical issue of optimizing the heat sink design to reduce the required material, which results in a lower production cost and weight of the heat sink while decreasing the temperature of the microprocessor. This is accomplished by performing a CFD simulation of the adopted design of a commercially available desktop CPU.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the analysis, it is evident that the less the fin thickness, the more fins are required to get to the optimal point. On the other hand, in brief, less fin thickness (at optimal conditions) reduces both the weight of the heat sink and the microprocessor\u0026rsquo;s critical temperature turning point. Overall, therefore, the optimal fin number and fin thickness of the specific heat sink are 21 and 1 mm for this present study, as this combination gives the minimal microprocessor's temperature and mass of the heat sink.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe modern world has been shifting towards miniature and lightweight computers at a minimal price. So, the research work provides a real-life panacea to a complex problem by providing a solution that satisfies all objectives. And this proposed result adds novelty to the field of modification of the design of the desktop heat sink.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Limitations of this study and future works\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the motherboard has many electrical components like resistors, capacitors, transistors, IC, and so on. Besides, these components have an impact on the inside air temperature of the enclosure. Thus, to avoid the complexity of the simulation analysis, those components were excluded from the simulation model, which is a drawback of this research work. Hence, future studies should try to optimize similar designs, incorporating the complexities, to show a true representation of the CPU. Again, future research should validate the result by performing the experimental method. Another future study may be carried out in order to find out the optimized situation of a circular heat sink via the same method as this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"List of abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCFD Computational fluid dynamics\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026deg;C Degree Celsius\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emm Millimeter\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAD Computer-aided design\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCPU Central processing unit\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL Length of heat sink\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eW Width of heat sink\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH Height of heat sink\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eb Base thickness of heat sink\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003es Space between fin to fin\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003et Thickness of each fin\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl Aluminum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Competing Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCredit authorship contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMd Nazmul Hasan Dipu worked on idea generation, research method development, tool selection, CAD model development, and performed simulation analysis for 1mm fin thickness. Mahbub Hasan Apu worked on Photoshop tasks, Excel graphs plotting, and performed simulation analysis for 1.5mm fin thickness. Pritidipto Paul Chowdhury worked on critically revising the whole work and performed simulation analysis for a 2mm fin thickness. The manuscript was written through the contributions of all authors. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated through Solidworks\u0026reg; during this research is included in the appendix section of this article. CAD model can be given upon request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors did not receive any founding or support from any organization or institution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable in this section.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang C-C (2017) A Quick Overview of Compact Air-Cooled Heat Sinks Applicable for Electronic Cooling\u0026mdash;Recent Progress. Inventions 2:5. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions2010005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBar-Cohen A (2017) Gen 3 \u0026ldquo;Embedded\u0026rdquo; Cooling: Key Enabler for Energy Efficient Data Centers. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 7:1206\u0026ndash;1211. https://doi.org/10.1109/tcpmt.2017.2724922 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhattak Z, Ali HM (2019) Air cooled heat sink geometries subjected to forced flow: A critical review. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 130:141\u0026ndash;161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.08.048 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePatel H, Matawala VK (2019) Performance Evaluation and parametric optimization of a Heat Sink for Cooling of Electronic Devices with Entropy Generation Minimization. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research 3:. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejosdr/5896 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKraus AD, Aziz A, Welty J (2002) Extended Surface Heat Transfer. John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHolman, J.P. (2009) Heat Transfer. 10th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh PK, Patil AK (2015) Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement Through Embossed Fin Heat Sink Under Natural Convection. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 61:24\u0026ndash;33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2014.10.01 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLedezma G, Bejan A (1996) Heat sinks with sloped plate fins in natural and forced convection. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 39:1773\u0026ndash;1783. https://doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(95)00297-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChang SW, Su LM, Yang TL, Chiou SF (2004) Enhanced heat transfer of forced convective fin flow with transverse ribs. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 43:185\u0026ndash;200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2003.06.006 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePark K, Oh P-K, Lim H-J (2006) The application of the CFD and Kriging method to an optimization of heat sink. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 49:3439\u0026ndash;3447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.03.009\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJadhav M, Awari R, Bibe D., et al (2016) Review on Enhancement of Heat Transfer by Active Method. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology 221\u0026ndash;225\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSonawane T, Patil P, Chavhan A, Dusane M (2016) A Review On Heat Transfer Enhancement By Passive Methods. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 3:1567\u0026ndash;1574\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePaul G, Chopkar M, Manna I, Das PK (2010) Techniques For Measuring The Thermal Conductivity Of Nanofluids: A Review. Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews 14:1913\u0026ndash;1924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.03.017 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMogra A, Pandey PK, Gupta KK (2020) Enhancement of Boiling Heat Transfer Performance Using Nano Coating - A Review. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 71:100\u0026ndash;116. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.71.1.100116 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePic\u0026oacute;n-N\u0026uacute;\u0026ntilde;ez M, C. Melo-Gonz\u0026aacute;lez J, Luis Garc\u0026iacute;a- Castillo J (2019) Use of Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques In The Design Of Heat Exchangers. Advances In Heat Exchangers. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78953 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDhaiban HT, Hussein MA (2020) The Optimal Design of Heat Sinks: A Review. Applied And Computational Mechanics 6:1030\u0026ndash;1043. https://doi.org/10.22055/jacm.2019.14852 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOzturk E, Tari I (2008) Forced Air Cooling of Cpus with Heat Sinks: A Numerical Study. IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 31:650\u0026ndash;660 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrabisha M, Ramesh DR (2015) Thermal Performance Evaluation of Heat Sink for Various Fin Profiles. International Journal of Science, Technology and Management 4:462\u0026ndash;470\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHussain AA, Freegah B, Khalaf BS, Towsyfyan H (2019) Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement in Plate-Fin Heat Sinks: Effect of flow direction and fillet profile. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 13:100388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2018.100388 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdelmohimen MAH, Algarni S, Almutairi K, et al (2020) Improving Heat Transfer of Plate-Fin Heat Sinks Using Through Rod Configurations. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications 13. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4046984 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMohan R, Govindarajan P (2011) Experimental and CFD Analysis of Heat Sinks with Base Plate for CPU Cooling. Journal Of Mechanical Science and Technology 25:2003\u0026ndash;2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-011-0531-8 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamakrishnan B, Alissa H, Manousakis I, et al (2021) CPU Overclocking: A Performance Assessment of Air, Cold Plates, And Two-Phase Immersion Cooling. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 11:1703\u0026ndash;1715.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1109/tcpmt.2021.3106026 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS N SK, S S, H R P (2021) Heat Transfer Analysis of Plate Fin Heat Sink with Dimples and Protrusions: Investigation of New Designs. International Journal of Heat and Technology 39:1861\u0026ndash;1870. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390621 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHabib N, Siddiqi M, Tahir M (2022) Thermal Analysis and Optimization Of L-Shape Fin Heat Sink Under Natural Convection Using ANOVA And Taguchi. Thermal Science 26:1519\u0026ndash;1530. https://doi.org/10.2298/tsci210612317h \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIntel\u0026reg; CoreTM i9-9900K Processor (16M Cache, up to 5.00 GHz) - Product Specifications | Intel. In: Intel. https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/sku/186605/intel-core-i99900k-processor-16m-cache-up-to-5-00-ghz/specifications.html \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWallossek I (2018) Intel Core i9-9900K, i7-9700K and i5-9600K in review \u0026ndash; Hot Tightrope Walk Between Overtaking and Braking Lane. In: Intel Core i9-9900K, i7-9700K and i5-9600K In Review \u0026ndash; Hot Tightrope Walk Between Overtaking and Braking Lane \u0026ndash; Page 13 \u0026ndash; Igor\u0026rsquo;s LAB. https://www.igorslab.de/en/intel-core-i9-9900k-i7-9700k-i5-9600k-in-test-review/13/ \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtkins P, Paula J de (2001) Elements of Physical Chemistry, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWubieneh TA, Tegegne ST (2022) Fabrication and Characterization of Aluminum (Al-6061) Matrix Composite Reinforced with Waste Glass for Engineering Applications. Journal of Nanomaterials 2022:1\u0026ndash;8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8409750 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSenapati AK, Abhishek-Kumar, Anurag-Kumar (2018) Investigation on Mechanical properties of Al-6061 Alloy based MMC. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 410:012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/410/1/012016 (2012) Fujipoly New Product Technical Information Sarcon GR25A Series\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSosnowski M (2018) Computational domain discretization in numerical analysis of flow within granular materials. EPJ Web of Conferences 180:02095. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818002095 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbu-Zidan Y, Mendis P, Gunawardena T (2021) Optimising the computational domain size in CFD simulations of tall buildings. Heliyon 7: e06723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06723\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbe K, Kondoh T, Nagano Y (1996) A two-equation heat transfer model reflecting second-moment closures for wall and free turbulent flows. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 17:228\u0026ndash;237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-727x(96)00037-9 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePark K, Choi D-H, Lee K-S (2004) Optimum Design of Plate Heat Exchanger with Staggered Pin Arrays. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 45:347\u0026ndash;361. https://doi.org/10.1080/10407780490250391 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMadhavan S, P B RD, Gundabattini E, Mystkowski A (2022) Thermal Analysis and Heat Management Strategies for an Induction Motor, a Review. Energies 15:8127. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218127 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTu J, Yeoh G-H, Liu C (2018) Computational Fluid Dynamics: A Practical Approach. Butterworth-Heinemann. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYalcin HG, Baskaya S, Sivrioglu M (2008) Numerical analysis of natural convection heat transfer from rectangular shrouded fin arrays on a horizontal surface. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 35:299\u0026ndash;311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2007.07.009\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum microprocessor temperature values for various fin numbers while fin thickness remained constant at 1mm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFin thickness (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of fins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum microprocessor's temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComment for maximum microprocessor's temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal minimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal maximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e83.52\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eglobal minimum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal maximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal minimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal maximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal minimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal maximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal minimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal maximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal minimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum microprocessor temperature values for various fin numbers while fin thickness remained constant at 1.5mm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFin thickness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of fins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum microprocessor's temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComment for maximum microprocessor's temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e86.50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eglobal minimum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal maximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal minimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal maximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal minimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum microprocessor temperature values for various fin numbers while fin thickness remained constant at 2mm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFin thickness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of fins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum microprocessor's temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComment for maximum microprocessor's temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edecreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e89.35\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eglobal minimum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal maximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal minimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal maximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal minimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal maximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elocal minimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eincreasing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties of the heat sinks at the three mentioned global minimum points\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFin thickness 1mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFin thickness 1.5mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFin thickness 2mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOptimum number of fins\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMicroprocessor's temperature (\u003c/b\u003e\u0026deg;C\u003cb\u003e) at global minimum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.5197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.5044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.2501\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal mass of the heat sink (gram)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e307.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e388.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e448.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Heat sink, CFD simulation, Thermal analysis, Numerical analysis, Forced convection, Heat transfer","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4297826/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4297826/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe straight heat sink is one of the most common heat transfer components for desktop CPUs in order to manage the dissipation of heat generated by the microprocessor. The primary goal of this study was to find out the optimal straight heat sink, initially by investigating three different fin thicknesses and several fin numbers in order to get the global minimum microprocessor temperature situation for each of those three different fin thicknesses, and finally by considering the mass and temperature of the heat sink in each of those three critical situations in order to get the optimal one. The CFD simulation method was applied to analyze the present study. Solidworks\u0026reg; software was used for both creating CAD models and performing simulations. Initially, it was found that each of the three different fin thicknesses had a turning point at which the microprocessor\u0026rsquo;s temperature was at its minimum. Later, the weight of the heat sink was also measured at those turning points. Firstly, the heat sink, whose thickness was 1 mm, had a microprocessor temperature of about 83.52 degrees Celsius and a weight of 307.80 grams. Secondly, the heat sink, whose thickness was 1.5 mm, had a microprocessor temperature of about 86.50 degrees Celsius and a weight of 388.80 grams. Thirdly, the heat sink, whose thickness was 2mm, had a microprocessor temperature of about 89.60 degrees Celsius and weighs 448.2 grams. Therefore, the heat sink with less fin thickness was the best one under the criteria of minimum microprocessor temperature and minimum heat sink mass. Because an optimum heat sink\u0026mdash;for studied model, fin thickness of 1mm and number of fins of 21\u0026mdash;provides a panacea for minimum material cost, light weight, and minimum microprocessor temperature.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Numerical Analysis of the Desktop CPU's Straight Heatsink via a CFD Simulation Method to Achieve the Optimum Heatsink","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-23 05:23:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4297826/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"99a8db1c-5e8c-4f8c-9cae-c4b7eb8bc38f","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":30935393,"name":"Mechanical Engineering"},{"id":30935394,"name":"Electrical Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-26T13:51:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4297826","link":"https://doi.org/10.56158/jpte.2025.113.4.01","journal":{"identity":"international-journal-of-pioneering-technology-and-engineering","isVorOnly":true,"title":"International Journal of Pioneering Technology and Engineering"},"publishedOn":"2025-06-24 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"June 24th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-23 05:23:37","video":"","vorDoi":"10.56158/jpte.2025.113.4.01","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56158/jpte.2025.113.4.01","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4297826","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4297826","identity":"rs-4297826","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}